PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND
DETERMINATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS
IN SELECTED BOREHOLE WATER
BY
SHEHU ABDULRAHMAN
1610202053
APRIL, 2021
INTRODUCTION
• Borehole water always contains a certain amount of minerals and trace
elements, collected throughout their geological course and from
anthropogenic sources. These inorganic element and their interactions are
essentials for the functioning of the human. However , certain range of
these factors enhances microbial growth and are harmful to human body
when in excess.
• Man needs water for consumption, industrial developments, navigation,
irrigation to grow food, enhancement of fish, wildlife and host of other
purposes. This led man to greater quest for a good water source
qualitatively and quantitatively, to meet his need.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
• AIM
To carryout physiochemical analyses based on parameters of interest such as
pH, hardness, turbidity, temperature etc and determine the level of
concentration of some heavy metals.
• OBJECTIVES
i.
Compare the values obtained from analysis with that of national and
international standards with a view to improve the quality of underground
water.
ii. To sensitize the public on the dangers and consequences of consuming or
using polluted water
METHODS
• Sampling
• Measurement of pH
• Measurement of Temperature
• Taste and odor
• Colour and appearance
• Measurement of total hardness
• Measurement of turbidity
• Measurement of total dissolved solid (TDS)
• Sample digestion for Heavy metals determination
RESULTS
• Physiochemical Parameters in Borehole Waters
S/N
Parameters
SAMPLE
SAMPLE B
SAMPLE C
A
SAMPLE D
SAMPLE
D
E
SON
1
pH
7.38±0.007
7.26±0.014
7.14±0
7.73±0.042
7.42±0.07
6.5-8.5
2
Temperature(OC)
28.60±0.014
28.90±0
28.30±0
28.50±0.01
27.90±0.01
23-40
3
Turbidity (NTU)
0.69±0.01
2.00±0
1.00±0
1.30±0.01
2.00±0.01
5.00
4
T D S (mg/l)
10±0
3±0.02
1±0.02
5±0.031
2±0.02
500
5
Total hardness
44.93
52.66
56.06
65.20
95.00
300
6
Color
5.00±0
7.00±0.02
2.00±0.02
5.00±0.031
3.00±0.02
15.00
7
Taste
Tasteless
Tasteless
Tasteless
Tasteless
Tasteless
Tasteless
8
Odor
Odorless
Odorless
Odorless
Odorless
Odorless
Odorless
RESULTS
• Heavy Metals Concentration in Borehole Waters
S/N
HEAVY
SAMPLE
METALS
A
1
Arsenic
0.002±0.002
2
Cadmium
3
4
SAMPLE B
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SON
C
D
E
BDL
BDL
0.008±0.0058
0.004±0
0.010
BDL
0.004±0
0.005±0.00058
BDL
0.002±0
0.003
Lead
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.01
Zinc
1.200±0.001
1.044±0
0.066±0
0.020±0
0.005±0
3.0
RESULTS
• PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
• pH
The pH of all the samples falls within Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) limit for drinking water
with sample having the lowest pH level of 7.14 and sample D with the highest value of 7.73, while the
range for portable water set by SON is 6.5-8.5 which indicates the neutrality of water.
• Turbidity
Turbidity in the water sample are A=0.69mg/l, B=2.00mg/l, C=1.00mg/l, D=1.30mg/l and E=2.50mg/l.
with all the samples having values below the limits set by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON).
• Total Dissolved solid (TDS)
The total dissolved solid (TDS) in the study area varied from A= 10 mg/L, B=3 mg/L, C= 1 mg/L, D=
5mg/L and E=2 mg/L at the borehole water samples, are generally within the SON permissible limit for
portable water, and the water are non- Saline. It is known that where TDS are high the water may be saline
and the applicable parameters are non-salinity (WHO, 1993).
RESULTS
• Temperature
The temperature of the water samples A=28.60, B=28.90, C=28.30, D=28.50 and E=27.90
are acceptable, as
set by SON. Temperature level set by standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) for a portable and drinkable water
range from 23-40 OC.
• Total Hardness
Hardness of water in the study area implies that all the samples analyzed are soft, except for sample D=65.20 and
E=95.00 which shows the water to be moderate. The maximum limit of hardness in water set by SON is 500mg/l.
• Odor, Color and Taste
• From the results in the table, it can be seen that the water appearance was clear, it was odorless
and tasteless. The values for color falls within permissible limit of SON with sample D having the highest value
D=7.00 followed by sample B=5.00 and other regulatory bodies. This is due to
absence of particles and non accumulation of solids and slits
RESULT
• Heavy Metals:
The heavy metals’ concentration in these water samples according to the
results is permissible and acceptable, as none of the samples contains
concentration above SON limits except for Cadmium. Cd (Cadmium)
concentration was undetected in sample A and D but are present in
B=0.004, C=0.005 indicate higher Cadmium concentration and E=0.002
with SON limit set as 0.003. Pb (lead) was below detection limit in all
samples, Zn (Zinc) is present in all samples but with values below the limit
set for an acceptable drinking water by SON.
CONCLUSION
• Borehole water contaminations are often correlated with hygienic level of cer
tain areas. Minimizing fecal pollution of boreholes must be an integrated appr
oach. Developing some water resource
management programs will be crucial to economic growth, food security and
maintenance of natural system.
• The present studies have led me to conclude that the quality of these water
samples studied is acceptable from the majority of physicochemical
parameters.
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