Delirium - short term confusion - acute onset – can be caused by medical condition/ effects of substance/ deprived sleep - it is not a disease but a syndrome - reduced focus and attention, disoriented, decreased memory Dementia (Major/ Mild Neurocognitive Disorder – DSM5) - gradual impairment in cognitive functions- affects memory, executive functioning (planning/decision making) judgment, language, even motor skills are affected. - Major or Mild has the same symptoms of cognitive deterioration - the difference is that Mild Dementia has a modest impairments meaning individual who’s diagnosed with mild dementia can still function independently with the help of lists, and schedules - 4 A’s or dementia – amnesia- loss of memory, agnosia- inability to name/ recognize objects, aphasia- loss of language, apraxia- inability to perform learned (familiar) movements ataxia- uncoordinated movement Major Causes of Dementia: Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: - Irreversible, - Initial cognitive disturbances are loss of memory, inability to identify/remember/recognize objects things/ schedules (makakalimutin) - women are more at risk for Alzheimer’s – the logic behind this is because women live longer and that dementia and Alzheimer are more prone to older groups - the course of Alzheimer is gradual and chronic - 50-75% of dementia are caused by Alzheimer’s Vascular Dementia (Vascular Major Neurocognitive disorder) - initial features are declines in speed of information processing and executive functioning - concerned with the infarctions in the blood vessels in the subcortical white matter in the brain (subcortical contains nerve fibers surrounded by myelin) (Binswanger’s disease , also known as subcortical arteriosclerosis encephalopathy)- infarctions are defined as loss or inadequate supply of blood which causes death of tissues - Common in men- logic behind this is because men are prone to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks but it’s not the same as the Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) which is a brief episode of stroke 5-15 minutes that do not lead to dementia. - can be treated with the reversal of strokes. Frontotemporal Neurocognitive disorder (Pick’s Disorder) - atrophy, neuronal loss, gliosis, intraneural deposit - two types: 1. Declines in appropriate behavior 2. Language- problem w/ speech finding the right word/ naming object - onset is during 40-50yrs old. - individual with declines in behavior type has a symptom of Klüver Bucy syndrome(hypersexuality/ hyperorality/ placidity) Major Neurocognitive disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury (Dementia due to TBI) - common in boxers (dementia pugilistica) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy - caused by accidents, falls , suicide attempt and/or assaults NCD due to Lewy Body - deposits of protein that damage the brain cells over time. - buildup of abnormal protein particles in their brain tissue, called Lewy bodies. causes tissue decay - initial feature is impaired alertness and attention, vivid hallucination and motor impairment. same symptom with Parkinson’s disease - patients with Lewy body also have Capgras syndrome defined as delusion of doublesthey believe that their loved one is replaced by another person or object NCD due to Parkinson’s disease - people with Parkinson’s has a stooped posture, slow body movement known as bradykinesia, tremors and jerkiness in walking and speaking in a monotone voice. - slow motor movements is caused by damaged dopamine pathway - if a patient w/ Parkinson’s survive more than 10 years, eventually develops NCD(dementia) NCD due to HIV - initial features: cognitive slowness, impaired attention, and forgetfulness, they also tend to be clumsy. has tremors and leg weakness. - people with this tend to be apathetic and socially withdrawn - impaired thinking usually appear in the later stages. Huntington’s disease - 42.5% diagnosed with Huntington has MILD cognitive impairments - characterized by chorea-involuntary movements - genetic disease- people who have parents with Huntington’s has a 50% risk of developing the disease NCD due to Prion’s disease - proteins that reproduce themselves eventually damaging the brain cells - contracted through accidental inoculation (wrong vaccination eg. animal vaccine injected to human) - also contracted by cannibalism – most women in Papua, New Guniea eats the body / brain of the deceased thus, causing kuru (accidental inoculation via cannibalism) - can also contracted by eating infected cow with spongiform also known as Creutzfeldt Jakob disease / mad cow disease Substance/ Medication induced NCD - Prolonged use of medication or substance abuse such as alcohol abuse can damage brain cells causing NCD
