What are the three different state of
matter
SOLID, LIQUID, GAS
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies
space
(E.g. Everything and anything around us :
Water , gas , rocks, table , juice, plants ,
animals)
Example of SOLID
Table , key , bottle
Example of LIQUID
Water , juice , glue , oil ,
Examples of GAS
Oxygen, CO2 , neon ,Hydrogen , Air
(mixture of gas)
Properties of SOLID
Properties of LIQUID






Definite shape
Definite volume
Molecules are tightly packed.
Very little space between molecules.
Strongest force of attraction
Molecules vibrate in its position.





Takes shape of the container
Definite volume
Less closely packed
Molecules can slide over each other
Weaker
force
of
attraction
compared to solid




Properties of GAS
Definite mass
Takes the shape of the container.
Fills the volume of container.
Molecules are randomly spread
throughout the container.
 Molecules are least closely packed
 Weaker
force
of
attraction
compared to liquid and solid.
 More space between molecules.
SOLID --- LIQUID
Process is called melting.
When heat is applied Solid changes to
liquid by melting.
LIQUID -- GAS
Process is called Evaporation / boiling.
When heat is applied liquid changes to
gas by the process of evaporation.
GAS--- LIQUID
Process is called condensation.
When heat is removed from gas it
changes to liquid by the process of
condensation.
LIQUID ---SOLID
Process is called Freezing. When heat is
removed from a liquid it changes to solid
by the process of freezing.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of movement.
Kinetic molecular theory
 All matter is composed of small
particles (atoms, molecules or ions)
 They are in constant, random motion
(either vibrating, sliding or moving
away)
 constantly collide with each other and
with the walls of their container.
Diffusion
Spontaneous mixing of the particles of
two substances caused by their random
motion
The kinetic energy of gas molecules is
proportional to their?
Temperature
What causes a gas to exert pressure
when confined in a container
From collisions
As the temperature of a gas decreases
what change occurs in the amount of
kinetic energy
Energy decreases as it slows down
What is the relationship between
temperature & molecular motion
when hot molecules move fast , colder
molecules move slow
Increase in the temperature of a gas
confined in a rigid container cause an
increase in the pressure of the gas .
Why?
Cause molecules to move faster which
increases the no. of collisions & pressure
According to the kinetic molecular
theory, which substances are made of
particles
All matter
According to the kinetic- molecular
theory particles of a gas
Neither attract nor repel each other but
collide
Which is an example of gas diffusion
The odor of perfume spreading
throughout a room
By which process do gases take shape
of their container
Diffusion
If a gas with an odor is real eased in a
room, it quickly can be detected across
the room because it
Diffuses
Diffusion between two gasses occurs
most rapidly if the gasses are at a
High temperature & molecules are small
slope of heating curve
temperature⬆️
kinetic energy⬆️
potential energy↔️
particle motion⬆️
plateau of heating curve
temperature↔️
kinetic energy↔️
potential energy⬆️
particle motion (moves apart)= phase
change
HEATING CURVE
a plot of temperature vs time when the
system is heated and energy is transferred
into it
ie: liquid - - gas, solid - - liquid
COOLING CURVE
a plot of temperature vs time when the
heating system is allowed to cool. energy
is released and bonds are formed.
ie: liquid - - solid, gas - - liquid
TEMPERATURE
related to the average kinetic energy of
the molecules of a substance
HEAT
a measurement of the total energy in a
substance, which is made up of not only
the kinetic energies but also potential
energies of the molecule
SOLID --> LIQUID
Melting
LIQUID --> SOLID
Freezing / Solidification
LIQUID --> GAS
Evaporation
GAS --> LIQUID
Condensation
Change of state
Conversion of a substance from one
physical form to another
Melting
Solid to liquid
Liquid to solid
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
Boiling
Liquid to vapour
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Sublimation
Solid directly to gas
Deposition
Gas to solid
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles
from a area of higher concentration to a
area of lower concentration.
It does not require energy.
Why when there is a higher
temperature will there be a faster
diffusion rate?
More energy so move faster
In terms of gas what happens in a
sealed container that is filled with gas?
Gas particles are colliding with each other
so they then smash onto the walls of the
container creating an outward force.
What happens if the container size is
increased?
If the same amount of gas is put into a
larger container there will be fewer
Collisions with the walls of the container,
so the pressure will decrease
What happens if the same amount of
gas is poured into a smaller container?
There will be Collisions on the walls as
particles are being squashed together.
The reassure will increase
Diffusion In everyday life includes ?
Smelling scents
Oxygen getting into bodies
Chlorine moving through the swimming
pool.
How do pollen grains move in water?
They move in a zig zag
A random pattern
Pollen grains move in zig zag random
pattern.
Why does this happen?
Smaller molecules are bouncing into
bigger ones which creates a pattern
Define diffusion
The net movement of particles from high
to low concentration.
What affects the rate of diffusion
Temperature
Surface area
concentration
Why Can’t Diffusion occur in solids
The bonds between solids’ particles are
too strong
Gas molecules are always in what type
of motion ?
Constant and random motion
The kinetic energy of gas molecules is
proportional to their?
Temperature
What causes a gas to exert pressure
when confined in a container
From collisions
As the temperature of a gas decreases
what change occurs in the amount of
kinetic energy
Energy decreases as it slows down
What property of gas particles is
measured by temperature
The movement of particles
What is the relationship between
temperature & molecular motion
when hot molecules move fast, colder
molecules move slow
In the temperature of a gas confines in
a rigid container cause an increase in
the pressure of the gas
Cause molecules to move faster which
increases the # of collisions & pressure
According to the kinetic molecular
theory , which substances are made of
particles
All matter
According to the kinetic- molecular
theory particles of a gas
Neither attract nor repel each other but
collide
If a gas with an odor is real eased in a
room, it quickly can be detected across
the room because it
Diffuses
Diffusion between two gasses occurs
most rapidly if the gasses are at a
High temperature & molecules are small
Boiling point of pure water
1000C
Melting point of pure water
O0 C
What is the boiling temperature of iron
in the heating curve below?
2550 0C