SHS
Inquiries, Investigation, and
Immersion
Quarter 1: Module 4- Lesson 3
Understanding Data
and Ways to Collect Data
(Data Collection Procedure)
1
SHS Applied Subject: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (3I’s)
Quarter 1 Module 4 - Lesson 3: Understanding Data and Ways to Collect Data
(Data Collection procedure)
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2
Module
4
Understanding Data and Ways to Collect
Data
Lesson 3 – Data Collection Procedure
In the previous weeks, you learned about the research designs and
sampling population, that demand data collection.
In this module, you are welcome to explore Lesson on Data Collection
Procedure.
Learning Target
The lesson specifically aims to describe the data collection procedure of
the study.
Vocabulary List
Data Collection Procedure - is the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
Interview - are used to collect data from a small group of subjects on a
broad range of topics. You can use structured or
unstructured interviews. Structured interviews are comparable to a
questionnaire, with the same questions in the same order for each
subject and with multiple choice answers
Questionnaire/Survey - is the main instrument for collecting data
in survey research. Basically, it is a set of standardized questions,
often called items, which follow a fixed scheme in order
to collect individual data about one or more specific topics.
Sometimes questionnaires are confused with interviews.
Observation - is a qualitative research technique where researchers
observe participants' ongoing behavior in a natural situation.
Depending on the type of observation research and the goal of
the study, the market researcher will have varying levels of
participation in the study.
1
Warming Up
.If you want to know how many active friends can respond to your message
in three minutes, try to contact your friends as many as you can in two minutes by
sending them message of greetings. When you find someone who answers
positively, count them. Each person can only be counted once. When you
complete all the counting, classify and find out how many friends replied positively
to your greetings, how many did not, or how many replied you with bitterness. In
this way, you already collect data, which has something to do with lesson for today.
1. In your own words, what is data collection?
2. Mention at least 3 tools in data collection that you have in mind? Define
each.
Learning About It
Collecting data is a necessary skill for any individual. Data is used in
a variety of situations, such as writing up research reports in school, finding
a specific item or getting necessary information for a job. Regardless of the
reason for the data, there are similar tools used to find information and
collect data.
Computer and Internet
The Internet can collect a wide range of data in a short period of time. A
simple search through a search engine will result in several websites that
are useful for data collection. Though the Internet has a large amount of
information available, there are weaknesses as well. The main weakness
when looking for data on the Internet is inaccurate information or
inappropriate websites for the necessary information. When looking for data
online, finding legitimate websites takes time. School websites and
government websites are a good source of accurate information. Depending
on the necessary data, organization websites are also legitimate.
Surveys
Surveys are an excellent data collection tool. These are useful in
businesses, mental health studies, school projects or any other data
collection that requires information from a large number of people. Surveys
ask specific questions that are filled out by individuals. The answers
provided in the survey provide data about a variety of subject, such as
customer satisfaction about specific products or services.
2
Interviews
Interviews are a data collection method that is used to gain information
about a specific subject. Interviews are commonly given to experts in a
specific field, such as interviewing a psychologist that specializes in
children’s mental health when collecting data about a childhood mental
health problem. Interviews are commonly used by news reporters to gain
first-hand information about a specific story.
Observation
Data collection is not always about asking questions or researching online,
but also about paying attention and observing as well. This is first-hand data
rather than second-hand data from another source. Observation data
collection includes specific items that are measured, seen or that others can
reproduce.
Books
Books are a primary tool for data collection. While old books might have
outdated information, even old books are used for historical studies or data
collection. There are books available about any subject that ranges from
mythology to history to science and math. The wide range of subj ects
available in books allows for finding data about any specific subject. One of
the main weaknesses with collecting data from a book is locating the
necessary data and time constraints. Books are available for free reading
and researching from libraries around the country.
Source:
Penn State: Observation: An Underused Method to Collect Data
Education Resources Information Center: Strategies and Tools Used to Collect Data
Florida State University: Criminology: Using the Internet to Collect Data
The above information can be wrapped up to what qualitative data contains.
Source: Department of Education
3
Group interviews can be classified into two types:
1. Focus groups – participants are selected by the researcher according to the
specific sampling criteria.
2. Natural groups – participants belong to a group that exists independently of
the study.
3.
There are two kinds of observation:
1. Observation Checklist – quantitative in nature, and make use of
ratings or numerical rankings.
2. Observation Guide – more qualitative, and allow more general
descriptive documents.
4
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The
data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including
physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by
discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the
same.
The importance of ensuring accurate and appropriate data collection
Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data
(quantitative, qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the
integrity of research. Both the selection of appropriate data collection instruments
(existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly delineated instructions for their
correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.
Consequences from improperly collected data include:
1. inability to answer research questions accurately
2. inability to repeat and validate the study
3. distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
4. misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
5. compromising decisions for public policy
6. causing harm to human participants and animal subjects
While the degree of impact from faulty data collection may vary by discipline and
the nature of investigation, there is the potential to cause disproportionate harm
when these research results are used to support public policy recommendations.
Issues related to maintaining integrity of data collection:
The primary rationale for preserving data integrity is to support the detection
of errors in the data collection process, whether they are made intentionally
(deliberate falsifications) or not (systematic or random errors).
Most, Craddick, Crawford, Redican, Rhodes, Rukenbrod, and Laws (2003)
describe ‘quality assurance’ and ‘quality control’ as two approaches that can
preserve data integrity and ensure the scientific validity of study results. Each
approach is implemented at different points in the research timeline (Whitney, Lind,
Wahl, 1998):
1. Quality assurance - activities that take place before data collection begins
2. Quality control - activities that take place during and after data collection
5
Quality Assurance
Since quality assurance precedes data collection, its main focus
is 'prevention' (i.e., forestalling problems with data collection). Prevention is the
most cost-effective activity to ensure the integrity of data collection. This proactive
measure is best demonstrated by the standardization of protocol developed in
a comprehensive and detailed procedures manual for data collection. Poorly
written manuals increase the risk of failing to identify problems and errors early in
the research endeavor.
These failures may be demonstrated in a number of ways:
1. Uncertainty about the timing, methods, and identify of person(s)
responsible for reviewing data
2. Partial listing of items to be collected
3. Vague description of data collection instruments to be used in lieu of
rigorous step-by-step instructions on administering tests
4. Failure to identify specific content and strategies for training or
retraining staff members responsible for data collection
5. Obscure instructions for using, making adjustments to, and calibrating
data collection equipment (if appropriate)
6. No identified mechanism to document changes in procedures that
may evolve over the course of the investigation.
An important component of quality assurance is developing a rigorous and
detailed recruitment and training plan. Implicit in training is the need to effectively
communicate the value of accurate data collection to trainees (Knatterud,
Rockhold, George, Barton, Davis, Fairweather, Honohan, Mowery, O'Neill, 1998).
The training aspect is particularly important to address the potential problem of
staff who may unintentionally deviate from the original protocol. This phenomenon,
known as ‘drift’, should be corrected with additional training, a provision that
should be specified in the procedures manual.
Given
the
range
of
qualitative
research
strategies
(nonparticipant/ participant observation, interview, archival, field study,
ethnography, content analysis, oral history, biography, unobtrusive research) it is
difficult to make generalized statements about how one should establish a
research protocol in order to facilitate quality assurance. Certainly, researchers
conducting non-participant/participant observation may have only the broadest
research questions to guide the initial research efforts. Since the researcher is the
main measurement device in a study, many times there are little or no other data
collecting instruments. Indeed, instruments may need to be developed on the spot
to accommodate unanticipated findings.
6
Quality Control
While quality control activities (detection/monitoring and action) occur during
and after data collection, the details should be carefully documented in the
procedures manual. A clearly defined communication structure is a necessary precondition for establishing monitoring systems. There should not be any uncertainty
about the flow of information between principal investigators and staff members
following the detection of errors in data collection. A poorly developed
communication structure encourages lax monitoring and limits opportunities for
detecting errors.
Detection or monitoring can take the form of direct staff observation during
site visits, conference calls, or regular and frequent reviews of data reports to
identify inconsistencies, extreme values or invalid codes. While site visits may not
be appropriate for all disciplines, failure to regularly audit records, whether
quantitative or quantitative, will make it difficult for investigators to verify that data
collection is proceeding according to procedures established in the manual. In
addition, if the structure of communication is not clearly delineated in the
procedures manual, transmission of any change in procedures to staff members
can be compromised
Quality control also identifies the required responses, or ‘actions’ necessary
to correct faulty data collection practices and also minimize future occurrences.
These actions are less likely to occur if data collection procedures are vaguely
written and the necessary steps to minimize recurrence are not implemented
through feedback and education (Knatterud, et al, 1998)
Examples of data collection problems that require prompt action include:
errors in individual data items
systematic errors
violation of protocol
problems with individual staff or site performance
fraud or scientific misconduct
In the social/behavioral sciences where primary data collection involves
human subjects, researchers are taught to incorporate one or more secondary
measures that can be used to verify the quality of information being collected from
the human subject. For example, a researcher conducting a survey might be
interested in gaining a better insight into the occurrence of risky behaviors among
young adult as well as the social conditions that increase the likelihood and
frequency of these risky behaviors.
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To verify data quality, respondents might be queried about the same
information but asked at different points of the survey and in a number of different
ways. Measures of ‘Social Desirability’ might also be used to get a measure of
the honesty of responses. There are two points that need to be raised here, 1)
cross-checks within the data collection process and 2) data quality being as much
an observation-level issue as it is a complete data set issue. Thus, data quality
should be addressed for each individual measurement, for each individual
observation, and for the entire data set.
Each field of study has its preferred set of data collection instruments. The
hallmark of laboratory sciences is the meticulous documentation of the lab
notebook while social sciences such as sociology and cultural anthropology may
prefer the use of detailed field notes. Regardless of the discipline, comprehensive
documentation of the collection process before, during and after the activity is
essential to preserving data integrity.
Six Steps or procedures for successful data collection:
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting data. ...
Step 2: Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and set goals. ...
Step 3: Plan an approach and methods. ...
Step 4: Collect data. ...
Step 5: Analyze and interpret data. ...
Step 6: Act on results.
8
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+collection+methods&oq=data+collection&aqs=c
hrome.3.69i59l2j69i57j0l2j69i60l3.13913j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Keeping You in Practice
Practice Task 1.
Identify the data
gathering tools
appropriate to use in
your study
Practice Task 2.
Describe the data collection
procedure of your study.
9
Practice Task 3.
As you write, consider the
factors and various
approaches in determining the
data collection procedure of
your study.
Additional Tasks
Task 1:
Re-evaluate the data collection procedure.
Choose the data gathering tool
appropriate to your study and
formulate interview and
observation guide.
Rubrics :
Creativity
Critical Thinking
Appropriateness
Content
Organization
Total
Task 2:
-
10%
20%
20%
30%
20%
-
100%
Present the manuscript of data collection procedure.
10
Cooling Down
I.
Identification
Instruction: Answer the following questions and write your answers on
your notebook or a separate answer sheet.
____________1. It is the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that
enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
____________2. These are used to collect data from a small group of subjects on
a broad range of topics. You can use structured or
unstructured interviews. Structured interviews are comparable
to a questionnaire, with the same questions in the same order
for each subject and with multiple choice answers
____________3. It is the main instrument for collecting data in survey research.
Basically, it is a set of standardized questions, often called items,
which follow a fixed scheme in order to collect individual data
about
one
or
more
specific
topics.
Sometimes questionnaires are confused with interviews.
____________4. It is a qualitative research technique where researchers
observe participants' ongoing behavior in a natural situation.
Depending on the type of observation research and the goal of
the study, the market researcher will have varying levels of
participation in the study.
____________5. It is a necessary skill for any individual. Data is used in a
variety of situations, such as writing up research reports in
school, finding a specific item or getting necessary
information for a job. Regardless of the reason for the data,
there are similar tools used to find information and collect
data.
____________6. It can collect a wide range of data in a short period of time.
A simple search through a search engine will result in
several websites that are useful for data collection.
___________7. These are an excellent data collection tool. These are
useful in businesses, mental health studies, school
projects or any other data collection that requires
information from a large number of people.
___________8. These are a data collection method that is used to gain
information about a specific subject. Interviews are
commonly given to experts in a specific field, such as
interviewing a psychologist that specializes in children’s
mental health when collecting data about a childhood
mental health problem. Interviews are commonly used by
news reporters to gain first-hand information about a
specific story.
11
___________9. This is first-hand data rather than second-hand data from
another source. This includes specific items that are
measured, seen or that others can reproduce.
___________10. These are a primary tool for data collection. While old
books might have outdated information, even old books
are used for historical studies or data collection. There are
books available about any subject that ranges from
mythology to history to science and math.
____________11. These group’s participants belong to a group that exists
independently of the study.
____________12. It is quantitative in nature, and make use of ratings or
numerical rankings.
____________13. This is more qualitative, and allow more general descriptive
documents.
____________14. It precedes data collection, its main focus is 'prevention' (i.e.,
forestalling problems with data collection). Prevention is the
most cost-effective activity to ensure the integrity of data
collection. These includes activities that take place before data
collection begins
____________15. It occurs during and after data collection, the details should be
carefully documented in the procedures manual. A clearly
defined communication structure is a necessary pre-condition
for establishing monitoring systems. These include activities
that take place during and after data collection
II.
Enumeration
Instruction: Provide answers to the following items below.
16-17 Two types of Group interviews:
18-19 Two kinds of observation tools:
20-25 Six Steps or procedures for successful data collection:
26-31 Consequences from improperly collected data include
inability to answer research questions accurately
32-37 Examples of data collection problems that require prompt action include:
III.
Essay
Instruction: Answer the questions below briefly and concisely.
38-40. What are the identified data gathering tools to be used in a study?
41-45. In your own words, describe each data gathering tool considering its
importance in the study.
46-50. As a researcher, how will you use interview and observation as data gathering
tools in your study?
12
Learning Challenge
Task 1. Interpretation of data
Have an advance reading on data interpretation. After gathering the
data, it will be computed, tabulated and interpreted.
Task 2. Data analysis
Study how to analyze data. Soon the data is already computed,
tabulated and interpreted, the data needs to be analyzed to arrive into putting
inference and implications.
Points to Ponder
Data collection procedure allows the researcher to adjust time or
prepare time table in order to get timely, valid and reliable data that needs to be
computed, tabulated, interpreted, inferred and given implications.
Answer Key
WARMING UP
Pretest: Answers vary.
Practice Tasks 1: Answer may vary.
Practice Tasks 2: Answer may vary.
Practice Tasks 3: Answer may vary.
Additional Tasks
Task 1: Answer may vary depending on their research problem.
Task 2. Answer may vary.
COOLING DOWN
I. Identification
1. Data Collection Procedure
2. Interview
13
3. Questionnaire/Survey
4. Observation
5. Collecting data
6. Computer and Internet
7. Surveys
8. Interviews
9. Observation data collection
10. Books
11. Focus groups
12. Observation Checklist
13. Observation Guide
14. Quality assurance
15. Quality control
II.
Enumeration
16-17. Group interviews can be classified into two types:
Focus
Natural groups
18-19. There are two kinds of observation:
Observation Checklist – quantitative in nature, and make use of ratings or
numerical rankings.
Observation Guide – more qualitative, and allow more general descriptive
documents.
20-25. Six Steps or procedures for successful data collection:
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting data. ...
Step 2: Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and set goals. ...
Step 3: Plan an approach and methods. ...
Step 4: Collect data. ...
Step 5: Analyze and interpret data. ...
Step 6: Act on results.
26-31. Consequences from improperly collected data include
26.inability to answer research questions accurately
27. inability to repeat and validate the study
28.distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
29.misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
30.compromising decisions for public policy
31.causing harm to human participants and animal subjects
32-36. Examples of data collection problems that require prompt action include:
errors in individual data items
14
systematic errors
violation of protocol
problems with individual staff or site performance
fraud or scientific misconduct
III.
Essay: Answers may vary.
LEANING CHALLENGES
Task 1: Answer may vary.
Task 2: Answer may vary.
References
Knatterud.,G.L., Rockhold, F.W., George, S.L., Barton, F.B., Davis, C.E., Fairweather,
W.R., Honohan, T., Mowery, R, O’Neill, R. (1998). Guidelines for quality assurance in
multicenter trials: a position paper. Controlled Clinical Trials, 19:477-493.
Most, .M.M., Craddick, S., Crawford, S., Redican, S., Rhodes, D., Rukenbrod, F.,
Laws, R. (2003). Dietary quality assurance processes of the DASH-Sodium controlled
diet study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(10): 1339-1346.
Whitney, C.W., Lind, B.K., Wahl, P.W. (1998). Quality assurance and quality control
in longitudinal studies. Epidemiologic Reviews, 20(1): 71-80.
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+collection+procedure&oq=data+collection&
aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j0l3j69i60l3.3465j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/n_illinois_u/datamanagement/dctopic.html#:~:t
ext=Data%20collection%20is%20the%20process,test%20hypotheses%2C%20and%
20evaluate%20outcomes.
15