Hello These are the rates charged by a painter, a plumber and an electrician who do some work for Literary Terms & D evices Quick-Reference Mr Sharma. This quick -referenc e chart c ont ains c oncise definitions f or all 136 lit erary devic es and t erms we c over . Click on the he ading f or any t erm t o see it s comple te explana tion, plus ex amples, on www .litchart s.com. Acr os tic — An acr ostic is a piec e of writing in which a p articular se t of letters —typic ally the firs t le tter of e ach line, wor d, or p aragr aph—spells out a wor d or phr ase with special signific anc e to the t ext. Acr ostics ar e mos t commonly writ ten as a f orm of poe try, but the yc an also be f ound in pr ose or used as wor d puzzles. Alle gor y — An alle gory is a work tha t conve ys a hidden me aning—usually mor al, spiritual, or politic al— thr ough the use of symbolic char acters and event s. The s tory of "The T ort oise and The Har e" is a well-known alle gory with a mor al tha t a slow and s teady appr oach (symboliz ed by the T ort oise) is better than a has ty and over confident appr oach (symboliz ed by the Har e). Allit er ation — Allit eration is a figur e of speech in which the same sound repe ats in a gr oup of wor ds, such as the “b ” sound in: “Bob br ought the bo x of bricks t o the b asement .” The r epe ating sound mus t oc cur either in the firs t letter of e ach wor d, or in the s tressed syllables of those wor ds. Allusion — In lit eratur e, an allusion is an unexplained r eferenc e to someone or some thing out side of the t ext. Writ ers c ommonly allude t oo ther lit erary works, f amous individuals, his toric al e vent s, or philosophic al ide as, and the y do so in or der t o layer associa tions and me anings fr om these sour ces ont o their own work . Allusions c an also oc cur in media o ther than lit eratur e, such as film, visual art s, or e ven c asual c onversa tion. If you've e ver r esponded t o betrayal with a dr ama tic cr y of "E t tu, Brut e?" ("Y ou t oo , Brutus ?"), then you've made an allusion— to a f amous line fr om Shak espe are's Julius Caesar . Anachr onism — An anachr onism is a person or a thing plac ed in the wr ong time period. F or ins tanc e, if a novel se t in Medie val England f eatur ed a trip t o a movie -the ater, tha t would be an anachr onism. Although the de vic ec an be used f or many diff erent purposes, authors oft en use anachr onisms t o mak e it easier f or audienc es t o rela te to o ther his toric al periods, or t o add an element of humor and surprise t oas tory. Anadiplosis — Anadiplosis is a figur e of speech in which a wor d or gr oup of wor ds loc ated a t the end of one clause or sent enc e is r epe ated a t or ne ar the beginning of the f ollowing clause or sent enc e. This line fr om the novelis t Henr y James is an ex ample of anadiplosis: "Our doub t is our p assion, and our passion is our t ask ." Analog y — An analog y is a c omp arison tha t aims t o explain a thing or ide a by likening it t o some thing else. F or ex ample, a c areer c oach might say , "Being the suc cessful boss or CEO of a c omp any is lik e being an or ches tra c onduc tor: jus t as the c onduc tor needs t os tand up fr ont wher ee ver yone —e ven the musicians in the b ack r ow—c an see him, a g ood CEO needs t o mak e sur e he or she is visible and av ailable t o all of the c omp any' s employees. " The c areer coach is no t saying tha t CEOs ar e ex actly lik e or ches tra c onduc tors in e ver y way. Ra ther , comp aring CEOs t oc onduc tors thr ough analog y allows the coach t o articula te an import ant le adership quality in a memor able w ay. Anapes t — An anapes t is a thr ee-syllable me tric al p attern in poe try in which two uns tressed syllables ar e followed by a s tressed syllable. The wor d "unders tand" is an anapes t, with the uns tressed syllables of "un" and " der" followed by the s tressed syllable, “ stand”: Un-der -stand. Anaphor a — Anaphor a is a figur e of speech in which wor ds r epe at at the beginning of suc cessive clauses, phr ases, or sent enc es. F or ex ample, Martin Luther King' s famous "I Have a Dr eam" speech c ont ains anaphor a: " So le t freedom ring fr om the pr odigious hillt ops of Ne w Hampshir e. L et fr eedom ring fr om the mighty mount ains of Ne wY ork . Let fr eedom ring fr om the height ening Alle ghenies of P ennsylv ania... " Ant ag onis t — An ant agonis t is usually a char acter who opposes the protagonis t (or main char acter) of a s tory, but the ant agonis t can also be a group of char acters, ins titution, or f orce ag ains t which the pr otagonis t mus t cont end. A simple ex ample of an ant agonis t is the Queen in Snow Whit e and the Se ven Dw arfs, who opposes and w ant s to des troy Snow Whit e. Ant anaclasis — Ant anaclasis is a figur e of speech in which a wor d or phr ase is repe ated within a sent enc e, but the wor d or phr ase me ans some thing diff erent e ach time it appe ars. A f amous ex ample of ant anaclasis is Benjamin Franklin' s statement tha t: "We mus t all hang t ogether , or assur edly we shall all hang sep arately ." In this ex ample, the firs t time "hang" appe ars it me ans "stay" or " stand, " while the sec ond time it r efers t o being "hang ed. " Anthr opomorphism — Anthr opomorphism is the attribution of human char acteris tics, emo tions, and behaviors to animals or o ther non-human things (including objec ts, plant s, and superna tur al beings). Some f amous examples of anthr opomorphism include Winnie the P ooh, the Lit tle Engine tha t Could, and Simb a fr om the movie The Lion King. Antime tabole — Antime tabole is a figur e of speech in which a phr ase is repe ated, but with the or der of wor ds r eversed. John F . Kennedy' s wor ds, "Ask no t wha t your c ountr yc an do f or you, ask wha t you c an do f or your countr y," is a f amous ex ample of antime tabole. Antithesis — Antithesis is a figur e of speech tha t jux taposes two c ontr asting or opposing ide as, usually within p arallel gr amma tical s truc tur es. F or ins tanc e, Neil Arms trong used antithesis when he s tepped ont o the surf ace of the moon in 1969 and said, "Tha t's one small s tep f or a man, one giant le ap for mankind. " This is an ex ample of antithesis bec ause the two halves of the sent enc e mirr or e ach o ther in gr amma tical s truc tur e, while t ogether the two halves emphasiz e the incr edible c ontr ast be tween the individual experienc e AA Get explanations o f more literary terms a t www.litcharts.c om ©2017 LitChart s LL C v.001 www.LitCharts.c om Page 1 of t aking an or dinar y step, and the ex traor dinar y pr ogr ess tha t Arms trong' s step symboliz ed f or the human r ace. Aphorism — An aphorism is a saying tha t concisely expr esses a mor al principle or an obser vation about the world, pr esenting it as a g ener al or universal truth. The R olling S tones ar e responsible f or penning one of the mos t catchy aphorisms of all time: "Y ou c an't alw ays g et wha t you w ant ." Aphorisms ar e oft en (though no t alw ays) wit ty or humor ous, and the y're used ever ywher e, fr om philosophic al t exts and gr eat works of lit eratur e, t o pop songs and e ver yday c onversa tion. Aphorismus — Aphorismus is a type of figur e of speech tha t calls int o ques tion the w ay a wor d is used. Aphorismus is used no t to ques tion the me aning of a wor d, but whe ther it is ac tually appr opria te to use tha t wor d in ap articular situa tion. F or ins tanc e, in Shak espe are's Richar d II , King Richar d asks "How c an you say t o me I am a king ?" as a w ay of expr essing tha t, although he is t echnic ally a king, he doesn't f eel he ac tually possesses the qualities of a king and tha t ther efore perhaps the wor d should no t apply t o him. Aporia — Aporia is a rhe toric al de vic e in which a spe aker expr esses unc ert ainty or doub t—oft en pr etended unc ert ainty or doub t—about some thing, usually as a w ay of pr oving a point . An ex ample of aporia is the famous Eliz abe th Barr ett Br owning poem which be gins, "How do I love thee? Let me c ount the w ays. " Br owning' s pr etense tha t she might no t remember all "the w ays" is wha t gives her an opportunity t o enumer ate them. Apos trophe — Apos trophe is a figur e of speech in which a spe aker dir ectly addr esses someone (or some thing ) tha t is no t pr esent or c anno t respond in reality . The entity being addr essed c an be an absent , de ad, or imaginar y person, but it c an also be an inanima te objec t (lik es tars or the oc ean), an abs tract ide a (lik e love or f ate), or a being (such as a Muse or g od). Assonanc e —A ssonanc e is a figur e of speech in which the same vowel sound repe ats within a gr oup of wor ds. An ex ample of assonanc e is: "Who g ave Ne wt and Sc oo ter the blue tuna? It w as t oo soon!" Asynde ton — An asynde ton (some times c alled asynde tism) is a figur e of speech in which c oor dina ting c onjunc tions —wor ds such as "and" , "or" , and "but" tha t join o ther wor ds or clauses in a sent enc e int o rela tionships of equal import anc e—ar e omit ted. The use of asynde ton c an speed up the rhythm of a phr ase, mak e it mor e memor able or ur gent , or off er o ther s tylis tic effects. F or ins tanc e, t ake the sent enc e: "I expec t my dog t o che w my pillows, my c at to claw my furnitur e." Her e, the writ er omit s the "and" fr om be tween "pillows" and "my" . This omission tr ansf orms the sent enc e fr om one tha t mer ely s tates wha t the pe ts oft en do , to one tha t implies ex asper ation as well as a f atalis tic sense tha t the pe ts' ac tions ar e ine vitable and unchang eable. Ballad —Ab allad is a type of poem tha t tells a s tory and w as tr aditionally se t to music. English languag eb allads ar e typic ally c omposed of f our -line stanz as tha t follow an ABCB rhyme scheme. Ballade —Ab allade is a f orm of lyric poe try tha t origina ted in medie val Franc e. Ballades f ollow a s tric t rhyme scheme ("ab abbcbc"), and typic ally have thr ee eight -line s tanz as f ollowed by a short er f our -line s tanz ac alled an envoi . The las t line of e ach s tanz a— the refrain —is alw ays the same. Bildungsr oman — Bildungsr oman is a g enr e of novel tha t shows a young protagonis t's journe y fr om childhood t o adulthood (or imma turity t o ma turity), with a f ocus on the trials (d) Write down the ratio of the amount Mr Sharma pays to the painter, the plumber and the electrician. Give your answer in its lowest terms. painter : plumber : electrician = .................. : .................. : .................. [2] Electrician $48 per hour for the first 2 hours then $32 per hour ........................................ hours [2] ........................................ hours [2] 2 y 3 –14 –12 –10 – 8 B – 6 C – 4 – 2 14 12 10 –2 –4 –6 –8 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 A 6 8 Literary Terms & D evices Quick-Reference 1 This quick -referenc e chart c ont ains c oncise definitions f or all 136 lit erary devic es and t erms we c over . Click on the he ading f or any t erm t o see it s comple te explana tion, plus ex amples, on www .litchart s.com. Acr os tic — An acr ostic is a piec e of writing in which a p articular se t of letters —typic ally the firs t le tter of e ach line, wor d, or p aragr aph—spells out a wor d or phr ase with special signific anc e to the t ext. Acr ostics ar e mos t commonly writ ten as a f orm of poe try, but the yc an also be f ound in pr ose or used as wor d puzzles. Alle gor y — An alle gory is a work tha t conve ys a hidden me aning—usually mor al, spiritual, or politic al— thr ough the use of symbolic char acters and event s. The s tory of "The T ort oise and The Har e" is a well-known alle gory with a mor al tha t a slow and s teady appr oach (symboliz ed by the T ort oise) is better than a has ty and over confident appr oach (symboliz ed by the Har e). Allit er ation — Allit eration is a figur e of speech in which the same sound repe ats in a gr oup of wor ds, such as the “b ” sound in: “Bob br ought the bo x of bricks t o the b asement .” The r epe ating sound mus t oc cur either in the firs t letter of e ach wor d, or in the s tressed syllables of those wor ds. Allusion — In lit eratur e, an allusion is an unexplained r eferenc e to someone or some thing out side of the t ext. Writ ers c ommonly allude t oo ther lit erary works, f amous individuals, his toric al e vent s, or philosophic al ide as, and the y do so in or der t o layer associa tions and me anings fr om these sour ces ont o their own work . Allusions c an also oc cur in media o ther than lit eratur e, such as film, visual art s, or e ven c asual c onversa tion. If you've e ver r esponded t o betrayal with a dr ama tic cr y of "E t tu, Brut e?" ("Y ou t oo , Brutus ?"), then you've made an allusion— to a f amous line fr om Shak espe are's Julius Caesar . Anachr onism — An anachr onism is a person or a thing plac ed in the wr ong time period. F or ins tanc e, if a novel se t in Medie val England f eatur ed a trip t o a movie -the ater, tha t would be an anachr onism. Although the de vic ec an be used f or many diff erent purposes, authors oft en use anachr onisms t o mak e it easier f or audienc es t o rela te to o ther his toric al periods, or t o add an element of humor and surprise t oas tory. Anadiplosis — Anadiplosis is a figur e of speech in which a wor d or gr oup of wor ds loc ated a t the end of one clause or sent enc e is r epe ated a t or ne ar the beginning of the f ollowing clause or sent enc e. This line fr om the novelis t Henr y James is an ex ample of anadiplosis: "Our doub t is our p assion, and our passion is our t ask ." Analog y — An analog y is a c omp arison tha t aims t o explain a thing or ide a by likening it t o some thing else. F or ex ample, a c areer c oach might say , "Being the suc cessful boss or CEO of a c omp any is lik e being an or ches tra c onduc tor: jus t as the c onduc tor needs t os tand up fr ont wher ee ver yone —e ven the musicians in the b ack r ow—c an see him, a g ood CEO needs t o mak e sur e he or she is visible and av ailable t o all of the c omp any' s employees. " The c areer coach is no t saying tha t CEOs ar e ex actly lik e or ches tra c onduc tors in e ver y way. Ra ther , comp aring CEOs t oc onduc tors thr ough analog y allows the coach t o articula te an import ant le adership quality in a memor able w ay. Anapes t — An anapes t is a thr ee-syllable me tric al p attern in poe try in which two uns tressed syllables ar e followed by a s tressed syllable. The wor d "unders tand" is an anapes t, with the uns tressed syllables of "un" and " der" followed by the s tressed syllable, “ stand”: Un-der -stand. Anaphor a — Anaphor a is a figur e of speech in which wor ds r epe at at the beginning of suc cessive clauses, phr ases, or sent enc es. F or ex ample, Martin Luther King' s famous "I Have a Dr eam" speech c ont ains anaphor a: " So le t freedom ring fr om the pr odigious hillt ops of Ne w Hampshir e. L et fr eedom ring fr om the mighty mount ains of Ne wY ork . Let fr eedom ring fr om the height ening Alle ghenies of P ennsylv ania... " Ant ag onis t — An ant agonis t is usually a char acter who opposes the protagonis t (or main char acter) of a s tory, but the ant agonis t can also be a group of char acters, ins titution, or f orce ag ains t which the pr otagonis t mus t cont end. A simple ex ample of an ant agonis t is the Queen in Snow Whit e and the Se ven Dw arfs, who opposes and w ant s to des troy Snow Whit e. Ant anaclasis — Ant anaclasis is a figur e of speech in which a wor d or phr ase is repe ated within a sent enc e, but the wor d or phr ase me ans some thing diff erent e ach time it appe ars. A f amous ex ample of ant anaclasis is Benjamin Franklin' s statement tha t: "We mus t all hang t ogether , or assur edly we shall all hang sep arately ." In this ex ample, the firs t time "hang" appe ars it me ans "stay" or " stand, " while the sec ond time it r efers t o being "hang ed. " Anthr opomorphism — Anthr opomorphism is the attribution of human char acteris tics, emo tions, and behaviors to animals or o ther non-human things (including objec ts, plant s, and superna tur al beings). Some f amous examples of anthr opomorphism include Winnie the P ooh, the Lit tle Engine tha t Could, and Simb a fr om the movie The Lion King. Antime tabole — Antime tabole is a figur e of speech in which a phr ase is repe ated, but with the or der of wor ds r eversed. John F . Kennedy' s wor ds, "Ask no t wha t your c ountr yc an do f or you, ask wha t you c an do f or your countr y," is a f amous ex ample of antime tabole. Antithesis — Antithesis is a figur e of speech tha t jux taposes two c ontr asting or opposing ide as, usually within p arallel gr amma tical s truc tur es. F or ins tanc e, Neil Arms trong used antithesis when he s tepped ont o the surf ace of the moon in 1969 and said, "Tha t's one small s tep f or a man, one giant le ap for mankind. " This is an ex ample of antithesis bec ause the two halves of the sent enc e mirr or e ach o ther in gr amma tical s truc tur e, while t ogether the two halves emphasiz e the incr edible c ontr ast be tween the individual experienc e AA Get explanations o f more literary terms a t www.litcharts.c om ©2017 LitChart s LL C v.001 www.LitCharts.c om Page 1 of t aking an or dinar y step, and the ex traor dinar y pr ogr ess tha t Arms trong' s step symboliz ed f or the human r ace. Aphorism — An aphorism is a saying tha t concisely expr esses a mor al principle or an obser vation about the world, pr esenting it as a g ener al or universal truth. The R olling S tones ar e responsible f or penning one of the mos t catchy aphorisms of all time: "Y ou c an't alw ays g et wha t you w ant ." Aphorisms ar e oft en (though no t alw ays) wit ty or humor ous, and the y're used ever ywher e, fr om philosophic al t exts and gr eat works of lit eratur e, t o pop songs and e ver yday c onversa tion. Aphorismus — Aphorismus is a type of figur e of speech tha t calls int o ques tion the w ay a wor d is used. Aphorismus is used no t to ques tion the me aning of a wor d, but whe ther it is ac tually appr opria te to use tha t wor d in ap articular situa tion. F or ins tanc e, in Shak espe are's Richar d II , King Richar d asks "How c an you say t o me I am a king ?" as a w ay of expr essing tha t, although he is t echnic ally a king, he doesn't f eel he ac tually possesses the qualities of a king and tha t ther efore perhaps the wor d should no t apply t o him. Aporia — Aporia is a rhe toric al de vic e in which a spe aker expr esses unc ert ainty or doub t—oft en pr etended unc ert ainty or doub t—about some thing, usually as a w ay of pr oving a point . An ex ample of aporia is the famous Eliz abe th Barr ett Br owning poem which be gins, "How do I love thee? Let me c ount the w ays. " Br owning' s pr etense tha t she might no t remember all "the w ays" is wha t gives her an opportunity t o enumer ate them. Apos trophe — Apos trophe is a figur e of speech in which a spe aker dir ectly addr esses someone (or some thing ) tha t is no t pr esent or c anno t respond in reality . The entity being addr essed c an be an absent , de ad, or imaginar y person, but it c an also be an inanima te objec t (lik es tars or the oc ean), an abs tract ide a (lik e love or f ate), or a being (such as a Muse or g od). Assonanc e —A ssonanc e is a figur e of speech in which the same vowel sound repe ats within a gr oup of wor ds. An ex ample of assonanc e is: "Who g ave Ne wt and Sc oo ter the blue tuna? It w as t oo soon!" Asynde ton — An asynde ton (some times c alled asynde tism) is a figur e of speech in which c oor dina ting c onjunc tions —wor ds such as "and" , "or" , and "but" tha t join o ther wor ds or clauses in a sent enc e int o rela tionships of equal import anc e—ar e omit ted. The use of asynde ton c an speed up the rhythm of a phr ase, mak e it mor e memor able or ur gent , or off er o ther s tylis tic effects. F or ins tanc e, t ake the sent enc e: "I expec t my dog t o che w my pillows, my c at to claw my furnitur e." Her e, the writ er omit s the "and" fr om be tween "pillows" and "my" . This omission tr ansf orms the sent enc e fr om one tha t mer ely s tates wha t the pe ts oft en do , to one tha t implies ex asper ation as well as a f atalis tic sense tha t the pe ts' ac tions ar e ine vitable and unchang eable. Ballad —Ab allad is a type of poem tha t tells a s tory and w as tr aditionally se t to music. English languag eb allads ar e typic ally c omposed of f our -line stanz as tha t follow an ABCB rhyme scheme. Ballade —Ab allade is a f orm of lyric poe try tha t origina ted in medie val Franc e. Ballades f ollow a s tric t rhyme scheme ("ab abbcbc"), and typic ally have thr ee eight -line s tanz as f ollowed by a short er f our -line s tanz ac alled an envoi . The las t line of e ach s tanz a— the refrain —is alw ays the same. Bildungsr oman — Bildungsr oman is a g enr e of novel tha t shows a young protagonis t's journe y fr om childhood t o adulthood (or imma turity t o ma turity), with a f ocus on the trials 0x (a) –10 Describe fully the single transformation that maps (i) triangle A onto triangle B, (b) (c) Draw the image of triangle A after a translation by the vector e -5 o. -10 [2] [2] [Turn over ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (ii) triangle A onto triangle C. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. [3] Draw the image of triangle A after a reflection in the line y = 4. © UCLES 2021 0580/42/F/M/21 3 (a) a° 126° c° b° The diagram shows two straight lines intersecting two parallel lines. Find the values of a, b and c. NOT TO SCALE 4 (b) Q 58° x° P a = ................................................ b = ................................................ c = ................................................ [3] NOT TO SCALE R S Points R and S lie on a circle with diameter PQ. RQ is parallel to PS. Angle RPQ = 58°. 63°
