READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY -Topic 1“We are not makers of history. We are made by history” – Martin Luther King, Jr. Explanation: “A generation which ignores history has no past and no future” – Robert Heinlein Explanation: Meaning and Concepts of History Etymology: Historia (Latin) – Inquiry or Investigation Histor or Istor (Greek) – knowing or learned Estorie or Historie (Old French) – account of events or chronicle Theories of History: Great people “Winds of Change” Difficulty and Response Dialectics Unexpected As a field of study: It is an art and science of investigating and recording past human events. History was an attempt to understand and interpret the past, to explain the causes and origins of things in intelligible terms. The historian had to demonstrate that one thing caused another. Chronicle, on the other hand, was the mere cataloguing of events without any attempt to make connections between them. The chronicler was content to show that one thing followed another. Importance of Studying History History Helps Us Understand People and Societies History offers a storehouse of information about how people and societies behave. Data from the past must serve as our most vital evidence in the quest to figure out why our complex species behaves as it does in societal settings. This, fundamentally, is why we cannot stay away from history: it offers the only extensive evidential base for the contemplation and analysis of how societies function, and people need to have some sense of how societies function simply to run their own lives. History Helps Us Understand Change And How The Society We Live In Came To Be The past causes the present, and so the future. Any time we try to know why something happened we have to look for factors that took shape earlier. We need to look further back to identify the causes of change. History Contributes To Moral Understanding History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation. Studying the stories of individuals and situations in the past allows a student if history to test his or her own moral sense, to hone it against some of the real complexities individuals has faces in difficult settings. Sources in History Primary Sources Secondary Sources -materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic under consideration, either as participant or as witnesses. -could be unwritten such as coins, works of art, film, recordings or archaeological remains. -oral sources such as interviews with WW2 veterans or Holocaust survivors. -books and articles in scholarly journals that comment on and interpret primary sources. Reading secondary sources is the simplest and quickest way to be informed on what is already known about the subject you are studying. -reading SS will inform you how historians understood and interpreted events. Historical Criticism External (Lower criticism) When it was written? Where it was written? Why did it survive? (evidence) Who was the author? Authenticity or genuineness of the data or document? Internal (Highly Criticism) Primary or Secondary source? Why it was written? Consistency? Checks the validity and reliability of the source, and the accuracy of the content. -Topic 2Territorial borders: Taiwan bounds the country on the north, on the west by Philippine Sea and Vietnam, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, and on the south by the Celebes Sea and Indonesia. Climate: Tropical and monsoonal, with two seasons – wet season and Indonesia. Area: 300,000 sq. km (115,830.65 sq. mi) Pacific Lost Continent It was believed that the Philippines was a remnant of a vast continent in the Pacific that had sunk during pre-historic times. The lost Pacific continent was called “Mu.” Its remnants aside from the Philippines were Borneo, Cebeles, Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the Pacific. Charles-Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg- A French Archaeologist, in 1864 theorize the existence of a lost continent. Volcanic Origin According to Dr. Bailey Willis, the Philippines was born due to the eruptions of sea volcanoes in remote epochs. When the spewed magma piled up and cooled down, this resulted in the formation of islands in the Philippines. This theory explains that the cores of our mountain systems are similar to the rocks found beneath the ocean. Land Bridges This theory suggests that the Philippines was once part of a landmass bridging China and the Asian Mainland, to Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea, and even Australia. This theory is supplied by the following plausible reason: 1. The similarity of fauna and flora in Asia and the Philippines 2. The similarity of rock structure. 3. Existence of the shallow China Sea between the Asia Mainland and the Philippines. 4. The presence of a foredeep at the eastern margin of the Philippines indicating the archipelago was once the edge of Asia continental Platform. Theories on the first people of the Philippines: 1. The Story of God’s Creation in the Bible 2. Legends and myths made up by imaginative people 3. The Story of Evolution made by human scientists Armand Salvador Mijares, leader of an international multidisciplinary team, presents the fossils of the newly discovered Homo luzonensis dug up inside Callao Cave in Penablanca, Cagayan province. Foot bone of Homo luzonensis and Five of the seventh teeth attributed to the Homo luzonensis. Austronesian Diffusion Theory/ Out-of-Taiwan Theory Peter Bellwood believed that between 4500-4000 BC, the agricultural technology development in Yunnan Plateau, Mainland China created pressures that drove certain people to migrate to Taiwan. These people were called Austronesians, who used ProtoAustronesian as their language. From Taiwan, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, as well as voyaging further east to reach Marianas Islands and to the west in Madagascar. The Nusantao Maritime Trading Network For Wilhelm Solheim, it is an alternative model based on the maritime movement of people over different directions and routes. It suggests that the Nusantao (an artificial term derived from Austronesian root words nusa “South” and tao “people”) in the Southeastern Islands, possibly in the present-day coastal eastern Vietnam and Southern China, around 5000 BC or possibly earlier. These seafarers traversed Asia-Pacific Region from southward going northward. Core Population Theory F.L. Jocano, a UP Professor and anthropologist, hypothesized that there were clear finite waes of migration and that there were early humans in the Philippines who lived thousands of years ago with similar culture (base culture), but due through the gradual process over time, were driven by environmental factors, then differentiated themselves with one another. He related the three important characteristics of his theory: 1. They stand co-equal as ethic groups without anyone being the dominant group, racially or culturally. 2. The differences are due to the differences in their response to their environment. 3. Similarities are due to the adjustment to their environment. -Topic 3The Pre-Colonial Philippines Manunggul Jar (890-710 BC) - Discovered in 1964, Manunggul, was part of the archaeologically significant Tabon Cave Complex in Lipunan Point, Quezon, Palawan – a Neolithic burial site. The front figure is the deceased man with hands crossed on his chest which was a widespread practice in the Philippines when arranging the corpse. The rear figure, on the other hand, is holding a steering paddle directing the boat and soul of the man to the afterlife. The Maitum Anthropomorphic Jars (2500 y.a – 190 BC to 500 AD) The Balangay of Butuan Boat is an ancient Austronesian vessel that defines the maritime heritage of the Philippines, and to some extent, its relations to our Asian neighbors before the Age of Exploration. The Balangay utilizing a wooden boat technology is purely Southeast Asian product. The first time the term Balangay was ever recorded in a westerners account was that from Antonio Pigafetta, when the Magellan fleet was met by the rule of Mazzaua on boats: “Two hours later, we saw approaching two long boats, which they called Ballanghai full of men, and in the larger was their King seated below an awning made of mats.” The Laguna Copperplate (LCI) – 10TH CE The Laguna Copperplate inscription is the name of an inscription written using an early Kewi script ( Javanese Writing System) on an artifact that has great significance for the understanding of the history of the Philippines during the 10th century AD. “Hall in the Saka-year 822; the month of March-April: according to the astronomer, the fourth day of the dark half of the moon; on Monday. His Honor the Leader of Puliran, Kasumuran; His Honor the Leader of Pailah, representing Ganashakti, and His Honor the Leader of Binwangan, representing Bisruta.” It has been suggested that the inscription is a “semi-official certificate of acquittal of a debt incurred by a person in high office, together with his whole family, all relatives and descendants.” The Butuan Relics ( 960- 1270 CE) The Butuan Ivory Seal or BIS is an ivory stamp or seal stamp or a privy seal associated with a Rhinoceros Ivory Tuak, dated 9th-12th century, was found in Libertad, Butuan in Agusan del Norte in southern Philippines. Inscribed on the seal is the word Butuan in stylized Kawi ( Javanese Writing System). Butban was presumed to stand for Butuan. Ceramica dating back to the Age of Contract with the Great Traditions of Asia, coeval with the Yueh type waves to Ming Dynasties of Ancient China from the 10th century to the 16th century AD, were discovered in Butuan. The Golden Tara Discovered in 1918 by Belay Campos along the Agusan River in Esperanza town, Agusan del Sur, the Golden Tara is considered as one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the Philippines. The Golden Tara, dated 900-950 A.D, is a figure of the Hindu-Buddhist goddess Tara. The golden statue is made of 21-karat gold, weighs 4 pounds and measures 5 inches in height. It was kept in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois since 1922. THE BOXER CODEX In 1947, famed historian Charles Ralph Boxer bought an auction a 16th century codex- a handwritten book - of unknown origin. Written in Spanish, the manuscript was an anthology of reports and descriptions of the various ethnic groups of the South China Sea. The manuscript was especially notable for the beautiful illustrations of indigenous peoples. Boxer translated a portion of the text and published his findings, and scholars recognized the Boxer Codex as a valuable book at Asia through the eyes of the 16th century Europeans. Tagalog royalty in red (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife. Tagalog maginoo (noble class) wearing blue (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife. Native Visayah aripon (slaves) Pintados (possibly Cebuano or Waray) from Bohol, showing their tattoos. Aeta or Negrito hunters Zambal hunters hunting. A native Binukot lady (possibly Visayan) Native common wearing simple clothes and headscarves (likely Muslims from Maynila in the 1500s) Barangay used to be their form of government. The name barangay is originated from balangay, a Malay word for a sailboat. It may compose of about 30-100 families and is ruled by either Datu or Maginoo. Laws may be written or not. Unwritten laws are spoken laws that are paseed by word of mouth and may be passed through generations. On the other hand, written laws are made by the Datu together with the Council of Elders as his advisers. A dispute between datus or between residents of different barangay was sometimes settled by arbitration. When the barangay court does not readily decide the case, a trial by order was resorted to. There are three kinds and classes of people: 1. Nobles/ Maginoo 2. Freeman/ Timawa 3. Dependents/ Alipin Prior to the coming of monotheism, early Filipinos worshipped spirits which they believed dwell in objects like trees, mountains, rivers, etc. They worshipped nature, the sun, the moon, and the stars (tala). They also practiced divination, to see whether the weapons were to be useful and lucky for their professor whenever occasion should offer. Pre-Hispanic writings had been written on barks of trees, leaves, or bamboos. These were in baybayin, our native syllabary, composed of three vowels (a/e/i/o/u) and 14 consonants (b,d,g,h,k,l,m,n,ng,p,s,t,w,and y). WOMEN’S POSITION IN THE SOCIETY The Filipino women, before the arrival of the Spaniards, enjoyed high position in society. They were equal of men in ancient Filipino society. They could own and inherit property and sell it, they could engage in trade and industry, and they could succeed to chieftains of her community or the barangay in the absence of a male heir. Wives also enjoyed the right to give names to their children. THE HOUSES The ancient house was built of bamboo, wood, and nipa palm. This kind of house was suited to the tropical climate of the country. CLOTHING Kangan – The upper part was a jacket with short sleeves for male. Bahag – The lower part of the clothing for male. Saya – or skirt, the women were usually naked from the waist up. Patadyong – lower part clothing of the female Visayan’s. Tapis – A piece of white or red cloth usually wrapped around the waist or the chest. Putong – Male’s headgear, a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. The Coming of Islam in the Philippines (12th-15th CE) Tuan Mashaika (est. 1280 AD) Brought Islamic faith in Sulu Married with a local and established a first Islamic community Tuan Mashaika’s came when the people of Jolo were still worshipping stones and other inanimated objects. Karim UI-Makhdum (1380 AD) Also known as Tuan Sharif Awiiyah Contributed to the spread of consolidation of Islam in the archipelago Rajah Baguinda (1390 AD) Came to Jolo from Menangkabaw, Sumatra Insinuated himself in Sulu leadership on the basis of his being a Muslim Strengthen Islamic consciousness in the area Sayid Abu Bakar (1450 AD) Came to Buansa and lived with Rajah Baguinda Founded the Sultanate of Sulu and referred to as Sultan Sharief ul Hashim Consolidated Islam in Buansa and shaped the political institutions along Islamic lines. Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan (c. 1515) From Johore, Malacca Arrived in Slangan and came to the mouth of Pulangi River Established the Sultanate of Maguindanao Siat Saen (early 15th century before the coming of Magellan in 1521) A muslim trader from Borneo who introduced Islam in the town of Balayan, Batangas Other muslim traders dessimated the teachings of Islam in Mindoro, Manila, Batangas, and Pampanga.
