Film Analysis OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Explain the elements of film. 2. Appreciate the importance film analysis. What makes you think that the movie that you are watching is good? Are you analyzing the film that you are watching? Why Analyze Films? By Joseph M. Boggs “... Film analysis takes place only in the mind.” “The analytical approach enables us to see and understand how each part functions to contribute its vital energy to the pulsing, dynamic whole.” The Relationship of Elements in a Film • Film has a language of its own like mise-en-scene, cinematography, editing and sound. • For its story, it borrows elements from literature like plot, characterization, setting, dialogue and theme. • Mise-en-scene (pronounced ,mez an sen) is a Cinematography French term borrowed from theatre and now used in film that means "the putting up of the set“ (props, the costume, and even make-up of the actors) • Cinematography refers to how a film is photographed. • Series of still pictures. • It is the reel or the film that moves. • After each frame, we don't see the black spaces in between because the reel moves too fast having 24 frames per second. • Our eye cannot register the black spaces in between; it is called Persistence of Vision. • Before the digital camera, a movie is a series of still pictures Story Film Editing Acting • • • Star Wars: Episode II-Attack of the Clones by George Lucas and Slumdog Millionaire (2008), directed by Danny Boyle. the first major movie to be shot entirely on digital video. first digital motion picture to receive Best Cinematography in the Oscars. Compiled by: SAMF According to Alexander and Blakely (2014), major filmmakers are divided in terms of their preference in shooting film. (Some are nostalgic about the use of the 35mm film while others prefer the deftness of the digital camera.) • Director of Photography, s/he is responsible for the visual elements of the film like lighting, angle, level, distance, camera movement and framing. (Regardless of the use of the celluloid or the digital camera, the cinematographer's responsibility remains the same.) LIGHTING Low-key lighting - the set is dimly lit, with rich shadows and occasional highlights; this is to provide a dark and brooding atmosphere. High-key Lighting - the set is brightly lit; commonly used in comedy and musical films. Artificial Lighting - often used in fantasy, horror and science fiction films A shot is a continuous length of film exposed in the camera without a break (Martin & Jacobus 2000). These are the following types of shot employed by the cinematographer in terms of angle Compiled by: SAMF ANGLE Straight on Angle (Eye-level shot) The High Angle (Bird's Eyeview shot) - positions the viewer to be looking down at the material within the frame. The Low Angle (Worm's eyeview shot) - positions the viewer to be looking down at the mate rial within the frame. Canted (Dutch Tilt) - the framed horizon and poles are at diagonal angles. Canted is also called a Dutch Tilt where the camera is tilted to one side,. when filming to create variation from filming horizontally or vertically. Filming drunk or injured people is effective when this is used. DISTANCE The Extreme Long Shot/Establishing Shot- The The Long Shot- Figures are more prominent, but the human figure is barely background still dominates visible; this is the framing for landscapes, bird's eye-views of cities, and other extensive entities. The Plan Americain ("American Shot or % shot")The human figure is framed from the knees up; permits a balance of figure and surroundings. Shots at the same distance of nonhuman subjects are called medium long shot. The Medium Shot- frames the human body from the waist up; gesture and expression now become more visible. The Medium Close-up frames the body from the chest up. The Close-up- is traditionally the shot showing just the head, hands, feet, or a small object. It emphasizes facial expression, the details of a gesture, or a significant object. Compiled by: SAMF The Extreme Close-up- singles out a portion of the face (eyes or lips), isolates a detail, magnifies the minute. CAMERA MOVEMENT The Pan (short for "panorama") movement: the The Tilt Movement camera as a whole does not displace itself. the camera's "head" swivels up On screen, the pan gives the impression of a frame or down. horizontally scanning space. On screen, the tilt movement It is as if the camera "turns its head" right or left. yields the impression of unrolling a space from top to bottom or bottom to top. The Tracking (or dolly or trucking) Shot the camera as a whole does change position, travelling in any direction along the ground—forward, backward, circularly, diagonally, or from side to side. The Crane Shot the camera is lifted off the ground and can travel not only forward and backward, in and out, but also up and down. Variations of the crane shot are helicopter and airplane shots, which allow the camera to above the ground. The Zoom Shot -it is not strictly a camera movement. - The camera is static and the focal length of the lens is the one altered. -A Crash Zoom -is an extremely fast zoom in. -It is widely used in horror or action films for more dramatic and speeded scenes. -giving the effect on screen of approaching towards or receding from the subject. Point-of-view shot • The camera records what the character must be seeing; when the camera moves, it implies that the character's gaze moves. Following shot • The camera keeps a moving figure in the frame, usually keeping pace with the figure EDITING • process of selecting, arranging, and juxtaposing of materials in order to bring forth or reveal a subject or event in the most dramatic manner or effective way. • "Director's Cut“ • Editing is a crucial stage because the structuring of the scenes forms the film. Compiled by: SAMF • Through editing, the irrelevant is eliminated while the relevant is highlighted. The editor places the shots in order, oftentimes with the instructions of the director, after the filming is done. Shot Transitions 1. Straight Cut • Fade - presents the image as evenly emerging out of or retreating into complete darkness • Iris - presents the image as evenly emerging from a circular mask or the reverse, the image becomes a small picture then disappears • Dissolve or Melt • Superimposition • 6. Wipe The editor creates certain relationships between takes and s/he uses some of the following shot transitions. Montage Sequence - it is a segment of a film that summarizes a topic or compresses a passage of time into brief symbolic or typical images. Montage means a series of superimposed or overlapping images FILM SOUND The Purposes of Music in Film 1. To accompany the main titles of the film 2. To heighten the dramatic effect 3. To give a sense of locale 4. To create or support pace and movement 5. To identify character qualities 6. To predict things to come 7. To establish, maintain, and change mood PLOT UNITY The unity of effect is determining what effect you would like to have on a reader and carrying that effect through all the elements of your story or poem. Compiled by: SAMF DANCE OBJECTIVES At the end of the session the students will be able to; • Define Dance • Discuss the components of dance • Identify the kinds of dance Dance is rhythmical movement of the body, usually with music, to express an idea or emotion, to narrate a story, or simply to enjoy and take pleasure in the movement itself. Dance it started when it was harnessed to a rhythm, probably the stamping of the feet and clapping of the hands. Components 1. Dancer- portrays the art of dancing through movements. 2. Choreographer- arranges dances either for a soloist or for a group. -the most important /significant figure in dance history. The QUALITY and NATURE of the dance is determined through the physical, emotional, and natural characteristics of a dancer. Kinds of Dance 1. Natural or untutored dance- (trained and untrained dancers) 2. Solo or group dance- (one dancer demonstrate a specific style) 3. Ethnic dance- (traditional, performed by certain race/minorities) 4. Ballroom dance- (social/popular dance performed by couples) 5. Theatrical dance- (classical dance like ballet performed by physically trained performers/eloquent form of dance) 6. Modern dance- (form of group dancing in discotheque and rock-and-roll) TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCES OF THE PHILIPPINES The Itik-Itik from Surigao Itik-itik is a mimetic folk dance in The Philippines. It originated in the province of Surigao in Mindanao. The tagalog word for "duck"- the dance steps imitate the movements of ducks among rice paddies and swamplands. The Tinikling from Leyte and the Visayas Regions Tinikling is a traditional Philippine dance which originated from Leyte during the Spanish colonial era. Its movements imitate the movement of the tinikling bird as it walks around through tall grass and between tree branches. The Sayaw sa Bangko from Pangasinan Sayaw sa Bangko or Sayaw ed Tapew na Bangko (dance on top of a bench), is a dance which originates from Pangasinan. Performers dance on top of a narrow bench that is normally six inches wide, inching and hopping from one end to another. Dancers need good balance as they go through a series of movements that include some impressive acrobatics. Compiled by: SAMF The Binasuan from Pangasinan Dancers carefully balance three half-filled glasses of rice wine on their heads and hands as they gracefully spin and roll on the ground. The arms are rotated over and under the shoulder in order to keep the palms facing up so as not to spill the liquid while nevertheless allowing the radius to cross over the ulna via pronunciation. The Pandanggo sa Ilaw from Mindoro Pandanggo sa Ilaw is a very popular folk dance in the Philippines. It is similar to a Spanish Pandango. The phrase sa "ilaw" is Tagalog for "in light" and it refers to the three oil lapms that a dancer has to balnce- one on the head and one on the back each hand. The Maglalatik from Binan, Laguna The Maglalatik also known as Magbabao is a mock-war dance that depicts a fight over coconut meat, a highly-prized food. Coconut shell halves are secured onto the dancers' hand and on vests upon which are hung four or six more coconut shell halves. The Kuratsa from the Visayas Regions The Spanish-influenced Kuratsa or Curacha is described as a dance of courtship and is often performed at weddings and other social occassions. LA JOTA MONCADENA FROM ILOCOS THE KAPPA MALONG-MALONG FROM MINDANAO THE PANTOMINA FROM BICOL REGION THE HABANERA BOTOLENA FROM ZAMBALES THE SURTIDO FROM CEBU AND SAMAR THE SINGKIL FROM MARANAO THE POLKABAL LA ESTUDIANTINA FROM SAMAR AND QUEZON THE PASIGUIN FROM CAPIZ THE CARINOSA FROM PANAY THE MAZURKA BOHOLANA FROM BOHOL THE ALCOMFOR FROM LEYTE Compiled by: SAMF PHOTOGRAPHY Photography- is art created by light. -is an art form like drawing and painting. -photographers use their camera to make us see life in a different way, feel emotions, and record stories and events. How a camera works… (Notice the inverted or upside-down tree) When the shutter of a camera is opened, light passes through the lens and onto the film. The film is covered with chemicals that create a pattern of light on the film. This becomes the negative. DIGITAL CAMERA- a camera that captures the photo not on film, but in an electronic imaging sensor that takes the place of film. PIXEL (Picture Element)- digital photographs are composed of thousands or millions of them; they are the building blocks of a digital photo. THERE ARE 3 BASIC STYLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY LANDSCAPE- is a photograph of the environment/outside. It could be the forest, mountains, oceans, or your backyard. PORTRAIT- photo of a person or animal. It is important to show an emotion (scared, angry, etc). It can also be the whole body. DOCUMENTARY- presents facts without changing anything. Good documentary photograph make you wonder what the story is behind the photograph. It can be a portrait or landscape. Where do you find documentary photographs? -Newspaper -Magazine -Books -Internet CONTRAST- refers to the brightness between the light and shadow areas of a picture. -is the difference between light and shadow. Tools to help you MASTER the art of photograph.. RULE OF THIRDS A photo is more interesting if the subject is NOT directly in the center. Try placing your subject 1/3 to the left or right, or 1/3 from top or bottom. POINT OF VIEW Try selecting an unusual point of view. (Eye Level, Above or Bird’s Eye View, Below or Worm’s Eye View) PROXIMITY- closer to the subject (malapit) “One should really use the camera as though tomorrow you’d be stricken blind.”- Dorthea Lange Compiled by: SAMF
