UniPrep RefStart
A resource to help you start using APA 7th referencing at ECU
Introduction
Edith Cowan University (ECU) uses the APA (7th edition) referencing style in most of its courses, unless
otherwise stated. This resource has been developed to help UniPrep students learn how to use the APA 7th
referencing style. It contains examples of the types of sources most commonly referenced. For more detail,
please refer to ECU’s Referencing Library Guide, or go to APA Style. The Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (2020) is available on the Library shelf: 808.06615 PUB. If you need
help referencing a challenging source, email your query to library@ecu.edu.au and a librarian will assist
you.
Why Reference?
Referencing is showing where you have used other people’s ideas in your work. It is an essential part of
writing at university. By referencing all the sources of information you have used in your work, you will
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respect the intellectual property of others (give due credit to the author or originator of the ideas);
show you have consulted a range of credible sources and researched widely;
demonstrate you have supported your opinions and arguments (establish your credibility); and
enable others (or yourself) to trace the sources you used.
Acknowledging where you have used others’ ideas in your work will also help you avoid plagiarism.
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is presenting other people’s work (words, ideas, arguments, concepts, images, figures, tables,
creations) as your own, without a proper reference to the source. Plagiarism, whether deliberate or
unintentional, is a serious form of academic misconduct and can lead to possible exclusion from a course.
Reusing your previous work, without acknowledgement, is considered self-plagiarism. However, using
common knowledge in your assignment is not considered plagiarism. Common knowledge is information
that the average, educated reader would accept as reliable without having to look it up (e.g., the chemical
formula for water is H2O, or Joe Biden is the president of the United States of America). Common
knowledge can vary depending on your culture, geographic location, age, or other factors.
What is Academic Integrity?
Academic integrity is fundamental to your learning at ECU. Acting with academic integrity includes not
plagiarising, copying, colluding, buying assignments online, or contracting out academic work to others.
What is APA Referencing?
APA is the referencing style set by the American Psychological Association. It consists of two parts:
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in-text citation – a short reference (author, date) contained within the text (body) of your
assignment. When directly quoting from a text you must also include a page number in the citation
(author, date, page number). The date is usually the year of publication of the source.
end-text reference – the full citation details of each in-text reference used in the text of your
assignment (i.e., all the information required to locate your source).
Every time you use information from another author, place an in-text citation in that sentence to
acknowledge the author. Each in-text citation should have a corresponding end-text reference in the
reference list at the end of your assignment (except personal communications, p. 5). Reference lists are
arranged alphabetically by the first word of each entry (e.g., first author’s surname). See p. 8 for details.
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
In-Text Citations
You must always include an in-text citation when you use the words or ideas of another writer. In-text
citations have two formats: parenthetical (within round brackets/parentheses) and narrative.
A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence. When a parenthetical citation is at
the end of a sentence, place the full stop, or other end punctuation, after the closing parenthesis:
• Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue
(Koehler, 2016).
In a narrative citation, the author is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the date
generally appears in parentheses immediately after the author’s name:
• Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
Quoting
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All direct quotations from a work should be reproduced word for word, keeping the original
spelling and internal punctuation (even where it is incorrect).
Incorporate short direct quotations within your text, enclosed in double quotation marks (“. . .”).
Direct quotations must include a reference to the page number or specific location of the quote in
the original work (author, date, page number).
For electronic (online) sources where there is no page number, use a heading or section name
(abbreviate in quotation marks if too long) and/or a paragraph number:
o (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4)
o (Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1)
o (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, “What Can You Do” section)
If quotes appear at the end of a sentence, the full stop is placed after the brackets of the citation.
If quotations appear mid-sentence, the source is cited in brackets directly after the quotation
marks, and the sentence is continued.
If you are adding information to a quote, adding emphasis, correcting errors, or clarifying
ambiguous place names, identify this by using square brackets [ ].
If you are omitting parts of a quote, use an ellipsis (. . .) to indicate that you have removed
material. It is not usually necessary to use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation.
Vary the way in which you incorporate quotations to make your writing more interesting:
o According to Palladino and Wade (2010, p. 147), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind”.
o In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
o In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).
o “A flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and Wade’s (2010, p. 147)
longitudinal study.
o Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p.
147).
Long quotations (40 words or more) are displayed in block format, which means that the quote
starts on a new line, indented from the left margin. It has double-line spacing and no quotation
marks. The full stop is placed before the brackets of the citation at the end.
Paraphrasing
A paraphrase restates another’s idea in your own words. Paraphrasing can take a number of forms,
depending on how you choose to structure your sentence. You are not required to include a page number
for a paraphrase, but you may include one to help the reader locate the relevant passage. It will also help
you keep track of your sources.
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Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course showed . . . (Kessler, 2014).
Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . .
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2014, p. 28) showed . . .
In 2014, Kessler’s study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
Summarising
Summarising involves taking the main ideas from a text (one or more paragraphs, an entire article, a
chapter, or a complete work) and rewriting them in your own words. A summary is significantly shorter
than the original text and tends to give an overview of a topic. As with paraphrasing, you must indicate
your source, both in-text and in your reference list.
Synthesising
Synthesising pulls together the information you have gained from your reading from a number of sources
and makes it your own. When you synthesise, you paraphrase and summarise to produce new ideas or
arguments. Unlike paraphrasing or summarising, which only use one author’s idea at a time, synthesising
combines the work of two or more sources to produce a new, more complex product. Citations for the
ideas of others must be included, both in-text and in your reference list.
Integrating Others’ Ideas Into Your Writing
When you summarise or paraphrase someone else's information in several sentences, putting a citation at
the end of each sentence looks awkward, and is awkward to read. Avoid this by using a lead-in at the
beginning of your paragraph. Introduce the source you are summarising or paraphrasing at the beginning
of the paragraph, and then refer back to the source when needed, to ensure your reader understands you
are still using the same source:
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Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health. According to a recent study by
Willemssen (2010), frogs are very sensitive to changes in pH caused by acid rain, and they are also
very sensitive to different types of pollution. The study notes that when frog populations in a
wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetland. In addition, when
oddities in frog morphology appear, like frogs with five legs or two heads, one can also assume
something is going wrong in the wetland environment (Willemssen, 2010).
In the following paragraph, the citation occurs only at the end, so the reader does not know exactly which
information comes from the source. Do not do this:
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Frogs are excellent indicator species to measure wetland health. They are sensitive to changes in
pH caused by acid rain, and they are also very sensitive to different types of pollution. When frog
populations in a wetland plummet, one can be sure that something is going wrong in the wetlands.
In addition, when oddities in frog morphology appear, like frogs with five legs or two heads, one
can also assume something is going wrong in the wetland environment (Willemssen, 2010).
Johnson, D. (2018, June 26). Can I use one citation at the end of a multiple sentence paragraph, or do I have to cite for every sentence? Library and
Learning Services, Rasmussen College. https://rasmussen.libanswers.com/friendly.php?slug=faq/32328In
Authors
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An author may be
o an individual,
o multiple people,
o a group (institution, government agency, organisation), or
o a combination of people and groups.
In the reference list, invert the names of all individual authors, providing the surname first,
followed by a comma and the initials: Author, A. A.
In-text references do not include initials of individual authors, e.g., (Koehler, 2016).
Cite authors (in-text and in the end reference list) in the order in which they have been listed on
the source. Never change the order of the authors as this order reflects the relative contributions
of those involved.
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
In an in-text citation, the information provided depends upon the number of authors.
• Single author: When citing a single author in an in-text citation, insert the surname of the author.
o It has been suggested that . . . (Davies, 2012).
o Davies (2012) suggests . . .
• Two authors: When there are two authors, both surnames should be used in every in-text citation.
When citing two authors, use an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation and in a narrative
citation (within a sentence) use ‘and’ (the word).
o It has been demonstrated that . . . (Davidson & Porter, 2012).
o Davidson and Porter (2012) demonstrated that . . .
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The Latin abbreviation et al. means and others.
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Three to 20 authors: When there are three to 20 authors, include the surname of only the first
author followed by et al. in every in-text citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would
create ambiguity. The end-text citation will list all authors.
o The study concluded . . . (Smith et al., 2015).
o Smith et al. (2015) suggest . . .
21 or more authors: When there are 21 or more authors, include the surname of only the first
author followed by et al. in every in-text citation.
o It was shown that . . . (Kalnay et al., 1996).
o According to Kalnay et al. (1996), . . .
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For the end-text reference, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (but no
ampersand), and then add the final author’s surname:
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White,
G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C.,
Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year
reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471.
https://doi.org/fg6rf9
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Groups as authors: If you wish to abbreviate the name of a group (if citing it three or more times),
write the name in full the first time that it occurs in an in-text citation, followed by the abbreviation
in parentheses. Use square brackets [ ] if the abbreviation is inside parentheses. In subsequent
citations, you can just use the abbreviation. The abbreviation is not included in the end-text
reference as it is not part of the official title.
o First mention: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2014).
o Subsequent mentions: (ABS, 2014).
o First mention: According to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC, 2017) . . .
o Subsequent mentions: According to the ABC (2017) . . .
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Multiple works by the same author: If there is more than one source by the same author, list the
end-text references in date order.
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Multiple works by the same author and same date: If there is more than one source by the same
author (or by authors in the same order), with the same publication date, identify them using
lower-case letters of the alphabet after the year; repeat the year.
Assign the letters alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter or complete work):
o (Jones, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c).
o Several studies (Jones, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) indicate . . .
o Past research (Thornlie & Winters, 2015a, 2015b) . . .
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Multiple works by different authors: If citing multiple works, list the citations in alphabetical order
by the first author’s surname, and use a semi-colon to separate each citation.
o Studies of student perceptions of peer assessments have produced mixed results (Moore &
Teather, 2013; Mostert & Snowball, 2013; Mulder et al., 2014).
o Several studies (Moore & Teather, 2013; Mostert & Snowball, 2013; Mulder et al., 2014) . . .
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
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Author referred to by another author (secondary sources): A primary source reports original
content; a secondary source refers to content first reported in another source. Cite secondary
sources sparingly; you should endeavour to find the primary source. In your writing, identify the
primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used. Include the year of
publication of both the primary and secondary sources.
If Fong’s (1987) research is cited in Bertram (1997) and you did not read Fong’s work:
o Fong’s 1987 study (as cited in Bertram, 1997) found that older students’ memory can be as
good as that of young people, but this depends on how memory is tested.
o . . . (Fong, 1987, as cited in Bertram, 1997).
o Fong (1987; as cited in Bertram, 1997) determined . . .
o Fong (1987), as cited in Bertram (1997), found . . .
For the end-text reference, only list the secondary source that you read (i.e., Bertram, 1997).
Note that a secondary citation is not necessary just because an author cites other works. This is a
normal and expected part of academic writing. A secondary citation is not required if the work you
have read provides analysis, interpretation, evaluation or synthesis (paraphrase) of the ideas cited
from the primary source. However, a secondary citation is required if you are reporting details of
another researcher’s work, or a quote, cited in the secondary source you have read.
Personal Communications
Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. These
include emails, text messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded
classroom lectures, memos, and letters. Use these sources sparingly, if at all; more credible sources are
preferred. Your references should have scholarly relevance.
Personal communications are not included in the reference list; they are cited in-text only because readers
cannot retrieve the information. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact
a date as possible:
• . . . (P. Nelligan, personal communication, February 21, 2020).
• T. Moss (personal communication, November 27, 2019) advises . . .
PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes From a Classroom Website
If the slides or lecture notes are available online to anyone, provide the site name on which they are hosted
in the source element of the reference, followed by the URL of the slides. Refer to the example on p. 14.
If the slides or lecture notes come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g.,
Blackboard, Canvas, or Moodle), or company intranet, and you are writing for an audience with access to
that resource (e.g., your tutor), provide the name of the site and the URL for the login page. Refer to the
example on p. 14. If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides or lecture
notes, cite the resource as a personal communication (see above).
No Publication Date
When a work has no publication date, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date) to indicate that the source’s
publication date is not available:
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These strategies have been successfully used . . . (Browning, n.d.).
Browning (n.d.) used a number of successful strategies . . .
When citing webpages do not use a copyright date from the footer because this date may not indicate
when the content on the site was published. If a note indicates the “last updated” date of the page, use
that date if it applies to the content you are citing. Provide the most specific date possible (e.g., year,
month, and day; year and month; or year only).
If no separate date of publication is indicated on the webpage for the work you are citing, treat the work as
having no date (n.d.).
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
Reporting Verbs
In academic writing, you refer to ideas or research of others by using reporting verbs. Your choice of
reporting verb can show the reader how you feel about the research you are quoting or paraphrasing. It is
important you understand and know how to use the verb correctly before placing it in a sentence, and that
you use past or present tense as appropriate. Using the same reporting words makes your writing sound
repetitive. Vary your reporting verbs for more interesting writing.
Examples
Your Position
Smith (2013) notes that using a variety of reporting verbs can
improve students’ writing style.
It has been suggested that using a variety of reporting verbs
can improve students’ writing style (Smith, 2013).
Smith’s (2013) study affirms that using a variety of reporting
verbs can improve students’ writing style.
A study by Smith (2013) challenges the view that using a
variety of reporting verbs can improve students’ writing style.
Neutral
Tentative – other opinions may be
present
Strong – evidence in favour of an
argument
Strong – evidence against an
argument
James Cook University. (n.d.). Reporting verbs. https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/104215/jcu_131158.pdf
Some of the common reporting verbs below could appear in more than one of the columns:
Neutral
shows
demonstrates
investigates
explores
states
reports
lists
describes
outlines
notes
comments
expresses
remarks
declares
informs
discusses
defines
infers
addresses
presents
reveals
finds
views
adds
acknowledges
justifies
indicates
Tentative
suggests
proposes
advises
recommends
speculates
hypothesises
reasons
implies
postulates
claims
admits
concedes
doubts
alleges
intimates
determines
maintains
surmises
Strong (in favour)
asserts
advocates
encourages
argues
affirms
believes
appraises
concludes
stresses
emphasises
accentuates
urges
insists
recommends
convinces
satisfies
confirms
supports
applauds
extols
alerts
highlights
Strong (against)
challenges
disputes
disagrees
refutes
negates
objects
contradicts
dismisses
cautions
doubts
opposes
criticises
denies
discards
discounts
rejects
counters
warns
questions
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
Effective Quoting and Paraphrasing Examples
Wright, S. (2010). Understanding creativity in early childhood. Sage.
Example 1:
Yet as Egan (1999) urges, imagination is precisely what is needed to keep us intellectually flexible and
creative in modern societies.
Example 2:
In addition, as Gardner (1983, 1993a, 1993b) pointed out, people tend to be creative or intelligent in some
specific domains but not necessarily in others.
Example 3:
Golomb (2004, p. 191) emphasizes that composition in art is an ongoing process of revision, of “monitoring
the performance, planning actions, inspecting the outcome, deciding on its merits and flaws”.
Example 4:
This is because schools often perceive writing letters, words and numbers as a “higher status” mode of
representation (Anning & Ring, 2004). Yet, as Pahl and Rowsell (2005, p. 43) noted, many children are
constrained by a literacy curriculum that only allows writing. They asserted that a multimodal approach
“lets in more meaning”.
MacNaughton, G., & Williams, G. (2009). Techniques for teaching young children: Choices for theory and
practice (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Australia.
Example 5:
New technologies offer possibilities for this work. For instance, O’Hara (2004) described several case
studies from the UK in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) were used to support
children working and thinking together.
Example 6:
In an American Head Start project, Medvin et al. (2003) used simple rules to encourage sharing and helping
behaviours in a computer peer-led learning centre.
Example 7:
The following extract from Sterling (1998, p. 68) provides insights into the active skill development teachers
can focus on in order to ensure that classroom meetings support rather than undermine community
building within a service: . . .
Example 8:
Ramsey (2004) offered useful guidelines about how to incorporate co-operative learning into everyday
activities with young children: . . .
Example 9:
Whalley et al. (2001, p. 8) also highlighted the need within a learning community to build the capacity of
“children, parents and staff . . . to be good decision-makers, able to question, challenge and make choices”.
Example 10:
For Goldstein (1997), commitment to teaching with love is central to building community within early
childhood settings. She characterised building community as “the development of intimacy, a critical
component of teaching with love” (p. 80) and saw the development of deep connections with children as
core to community building.
Example 11:
Pinar et al. (1995, p. 105) described Dewey’s arguments against classical curriculum as “insightful and
unrelenting” in the following summary of his position on curriculum: . . .
Example 12:
Osterman (2000) reviewed research on the links between children’s sense of belonging in a school
community and learning. She highlighted the following links between children’s learning and children’s
sense of belonging in a school: . . .
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
End-Text References
Every work in the end-text reference list should have a corresponding in-text citation. Personal
communications are an exception to this rule (see p. 5).
The end-text reference list provides full citation details of a work based on the following four elements:
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Who produced the work (i.e., details of the author)
When was the work produced (i.e., date of publication)
What is the work you are referring to (i.e., title of the work)
Where did this work come from (i.e., publisher or online source)
Reference Lists (see sample p. 16)
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Start on a new page at the end of your assignment with the word References (in bold), centred at
the top of the page.
All entries are listed in alphabetical order according to the surname of the first author or editor, or
the group author’s name. If there is no author, list according to the first main word of the title.
The reference list is double-line spaced (both within and between entries).
Each entry begins flush with the left hand margin. Use a hanging indent for subsequent lines. Use
the paragraph formatting function of your word processing program to apply the hanging indent.
Formatting Source Titles in Reference Lists
APA Style has two capitalisation methods that are used in different contexts:
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Title case – capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, and all the major words, including the
second part of hyphenated words (e.g., Role-Playing)
Sentence case – capitalise only the first word of the title and subtitle
Major words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and all words of four or more letters.
Always capitalise proper nouns and the first word after a colon, dash, or end punctuation in a title. Always
check if italics are required.
For works that stand alone (books, reports, webpages, YouTube/streaming videos, etc.), italicise the title,
and capitalise it using sentence case.
For works that are part of a greater whole (journal/newspaper/magazine articles, edited book/e-book
chapters, TV episodes, etc.), do not italicise the title or use quotation marks; capitalise it using sentence
case.
Referring to Titles in Text
When you refer to the titles of sources in the body of your document, the format is different from how the
titles appear in a reference list.
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For stand-alone sources (books, reports, webpages, YouTube/streaming videos, etc.), italicise and
capitalise all major words in the title (title case):
o In the book History of Science, . . .
o The journal Practically Primary, . . .
o A comparison of Gone With the Wind and The Wizard of Oz . . .
For sources that are part of a greater whole (journal/newspaper/magazine articles, book/e-book
chapters, TV episodes, etc.) place titles in double quotation marks, capitalise all main words (title
case), but do not italicise:
o The point of the article “Studies of Patient Satisfaction” . . .
o The chapter “Planning a Career” . . .
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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UniPrep RefStart
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
The URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of
your internet browser. The DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a
persistent link to its location on the internet.
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Provide the URL for most online works that do not have a DOI (database URLs are not required).
URLs in references should link directly to the cited work.
A DOI should be formatted in the reference list as follows:
https://doi.org/xxxxx
Do not add a full stop after the DOI or URL because it may interfere with link functionality.
Links should be live (hyperlinked) if the work is to be read online (e.g., Turnitin), or published.
Books (and Other Stand-Alone Works)
This is the general end-text referencing format for stand-alone sources:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the work. Source.
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The titles of stand-alone works are italicised and written in sentence case.
The name of the publisher is included in the source element. Do not include the publisher location.
Do not include the designations of business structure (e.g., Inc., Ltd.) in the publisher name.
When the author and publisher of a book, report, or webpage are the same, the publisher is
omitted.
Place a full stop after the publisher information, followed by a DOI or URL as applicable.
Rabinowitz, F. E. (2019). Deepening group psychotherapy with men: Stories and insights for the journey.
American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000132-000
Journal Articles
Periodicals, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are published on a regular basis. This is the
general end-text referencing format for journal articles:
Author, A. A. (year). Article title: Subtitle. Title of Journal, volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxx
•
•
•
•
The article is part of a greater whole – the journal – so the title of the article is not italicised. It is
written in sentence case.
The title of the journal that the article is found in is italicised and written in title case.
The volume number is italicised, but not the issue number. There is no space between the volume
and issue: 44(2)
The page range numbers are listed without the pp. abbreviation: 327–344
Harris, A., & Wyn, J. (2009). Young people’s politics and the micro-territories of the local. Australian Journal
of Political Science, 44(2), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140902865308
Chapters in edited books are also considered part of a greater whole. Refer to the example on p. 10.
Referencing Abbreviations (APA)
Some parts of books, reports, and other publications are abbreviated in the reference list to save space.
Abbreviation
ed.
Rev. ed.
2nd ed.
Ed. (Eds.)
Trans.
Pt.
Meaning
edition
revised edition
second edition
editor (editors)
translator(s)
part
Abbreviation
n.d.
p. (pp.)
para. (paras.)
Vol. (Vols.)
No.
et al.
Meaning
no date
page (pages)
paragraph (paragraphs)
volume (volumes)
number
and others
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
9
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Components of a Reference
Book
Author
Date
Book title
Publisher
Mikic, M. (1998). International trade. Macmillan Press.
Journal article
Authors
Date
Article title
Smith, G. M., & Li, Q. (2010). The role of occupation in an integrated
boycott model: A cross-regional study in China. Journal of Global
Marketing, 23(2), 109–126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08911761003673421
Volume(Issue)
Page numbers
Government report
(Corporate) Author
Date
DOI
Journal Title
Report title
Bureau of Meteorology. (2019). Corporate plan, 2019-20. Department
of the Environment and Energy.
http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/Bureau-of-Meteorology-CorporatePlan-2019-20.pdf
Parent Organisation/Publisher
Webpage
Author
Date
Web address (URL)
Title of page
Website Name
Freeman, S. (2000, April 1). How anesthesia works. HowStuffWorks.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/anesthesia.htm
Web address (URL)
Chapter in an edited book
Chapter Authors
Date
Chapter title
Editors of book
Benson, A. M., & Wearing, S. (2012). Volunteer tourism: Commodified
trend or new phenomenon? In O. Moufakkir & P. M. Burns (Eds.),
Controversies in tourism (pp. 242–254). CABI Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845938130.0000
Title of book
DOI (if available)
(Chapter page numbers)
Publisher
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
10
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Sample References
Source
In-Text Citation
End-Text Reference and Notes
Journal article
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
With a DOI
(online or print)
(Allen et al., 2018)
Allen, B., Chandrasekaran, D., & Basuroy, S. (2018).
Design crowdsourcing: The impact on new
product performance of sourcing design
solutions from the “crowd”. Journal of
Marketing, 82(2), 106–123.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0481
If a source has a DOI, always include it.
With no DOI
(online or print)
(Trevena, 2018)
Trevena, L. (2018). Minimally disruptive medicine
for patients with complex multimorbidity.
Australian Journal of General Practice, 47(4),
175–179.
Academic articles with no DOI do not require a URL.
3–20 authors
(Morey et al., 2015)
Morey, C. C., Cong, Y., Zheng, Y., Price, M., & Morey,
R. D. (2015). The color-sharing bonus: Roles
of perceptual organization and attentive
processes in visual working
memory. Archives of Scientific Psychology,
3(1), 18–29.
https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
Include the names of all authors.
21 or more
authors
(Wiskunde et al., 2019)
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van
den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U.,
Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P.,
Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R.,
McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G.,
Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop
rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots,
Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal
of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–
1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
Include the first 19 authors, followed by an ellipsis
(. . .), then the last author's name.
Magazine
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
Magazine
(Schaefer & Shapiro, 2019)
Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September
6). New middle chapter in the story of
human evolution. Science, 365(6457),
981–982.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
11
UniPrep RefStart
Source
In-Text Citation
End-Text Reference and Notes
Book
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
With a DOI
(online or print),
with edition
(Brown, 2018)
Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist theory (2nd ed.).
American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
With no DOI
(online or print),
with edition
(Sennewald & Baillie, 2016)
Edited book
(Riggs & Edgar, 2018)
Chapter in
an edited
book
(Dillard, 2020)
If a source has a DOI, always include it.
Sennewald, C. A., & Baillie, C. (2016). Effective
security management (6th ed.).
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Use the full name of the publisher (omit Inc., Pty
Ltd., etc.).
Riggs, T., & Edgar, K. J. (Eds.). (2018). Immigration
and migration. Gale.
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of
persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J.
Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in
theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129).
Routledge.
Include DOI details if they are available.
Report
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
Authored report
(Stewart et al., 2014)
Stewart, J., Hedwards, B., Richards, K., Willis, M., &
Higgins, D. (2014). Indigenous youth justice
programs evaluation. Australian Institute of
Criminology.
https://aic.gov.au/publications/special/005
Report by a
government
agency or other
organisation
(online PDF)
Australian
Curriculum
document
(Department of Agriculture
and Fisheries, 2016)
(Australian Curriculum,
Assessment and Reporting
Authority [ACARA], 2014)
Subsequent mention:
(ACARA, 2014)
Technical report
(Australian Bureau of
Statistics [ABS], 2016)
Subsequent mention:
(ABS, 2016)
Include the publisher, unless they are also the
author.
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. (2016).
Queensland biosecurity manual.
https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_
file/0004/379138/QLD_Biosecurity_Manual_
2016.pdf
Do not include the publisher if they are also the
author.
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting
Authority. (2014). Foundation to year 10
curriculum: Language for interaction
(ACELA1428).
https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f10curriculum/english/?layout=1#cdcode=ACEL
A1428&level=F
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Land
management and farming in Australia,
2014-15 (Cat. No. 4627.0).
https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.n
sf/Lookup/4627.0Main+Features102014-15
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
12
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Source
In-Text Citation
End-Text Reference and Notes
Reference work
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
Entry in a
dictionary
(online)
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In MerriamWebster.com dictionary. Retrieved
September 9, 2019, from
https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/culture
When an online reference work is continually
updated, use n.d. as the year of publication and
include a retrieval date.
Park, C., & Allaby, M. (2013). A dictionary of
environment and conservation. Oxford
University Press.
Jensen, R. (2015). Advocacy journalism. In W.
Donsbach (Ed.), The concise encyclopedia of
communication (pp. 94–95). Wiley
Blackwell.
Print dictionary
(Park & Allaby, 2013)
Entry in an
encyclopaedia –
individual
author
(online or print)
(Jensen, 2015)
Newspaper
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
Newspaper
article (print)
Newspaper
article
(online with
print version
available)
(Hess, 2019)
Hess, A. (2019, January 3). Cats who take direction.
The New York Times, C1.
Caro, J. (2018, June 22). How to tame trolls. The
Sydney Morning Herald.
https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-andrelationships/how-to-tame-trolls-20180621p4zmtc.html
Follow the format for a chapter in an edited book.
(Caro, 2018)
Article from
(Gunders, 2020)
online-only
news source
(no print version
available)
Audiovisual
material
Film/motion
picture
YouTube or
other streaming
video
TED Talk
The title is formatted as a source that is part of a
greater whole.
Gunders, P. (2020, January 29). Meet Australia’s
other commuters. ABC News.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-0129/meet-the-bush-commuters/11758372
The title is formatted as a stand-alone source.
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
(Scott, 1984)
Scott, R. (Director). (1984). Bladerunner [Film].
Warner Brothers.
McDonnell, C. [charlieissocoollike]. (2011, May 17).
Stop procrastinating [Video].
https://www.youtube.com/charlie#p/u/4/qj
IsdbBsE8g
(McDonnell, 2011)
(Blake, 2019)
The author is the name of the account that
uploaded the video. Include the author’s screen
name in square brackets, if applicable.
Blake, Y. (2019, May). For the love of fangirls
[Video]. TED Conferences.
https://www.ted.com/talks/yve_blake_for_
the_love_of_fangirls
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
13
UniPrep RefStart
Source
In-Text Citation
End-Text Reference and Notes
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
(Aedy, 2019)
Aedy, R. (Host). (2019, July 11). Apprenticeships and
traineeships [Audio podcast episode]. In The
money. ABC.
https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/prog
rams/themoney/apprenticeships-andtraineeships/11270726
Internet
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
Webpage
(group author)
(National Institute of Mental
Health, 2018)
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July).
Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, National Institutes of
Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxi
ety-disorders/index.shtml
Audiovisual
material (cont.)
Podcast episode
Webpage
(individual
author)
Website
(entire)
PowerPoint
slides available
online
(Giovanetti, 2019)
We created our survey using
Qualtrics
(https://www.qualtrics.com).
(Jones, 2016)
(School of Education, 2020)
PowerPoint
slides from a
classroom
website
(such as
Blackboard,
Canvas, Moodle)
Blog post
(Saunders, 2018)
The title is formatted as a stand-alone source.
Include the publisher, unless they are also the
author.
Giovanetti, F. (2019, November 16). Why we are so
obsessed with personality types. Medium.
https://medium.com/the-business-ofwellness/why-we-are-so-obsessed-withpersonality-types-577450f9aee9
The title is formatted as a stand-alone source.
Include the publisher, unless they are also the
author.
When citing an entire website, it is sufficient to give
the address of the site in the text (no entry is
needed in the reference list).
Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making
the most of it [PowerPoint slides].
SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/g
uided-reading-making-the-most-of-it
School of Education. (2020). 20-1 expo secondary
education [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard.
https://blackboard.ecu.edu.au/
Use the School as the author. If a date of publication
is not visible, use n.d. Write the title as it appears on
the site (omit ppt/pdf/mp4). Note in square brackets
the type of resource, e.g., [PowerPoint slides].
Saunders, S. (2018, April 20). Why feedback is an
essential tool for success in NAPLAN.
Studiosity.
https://www.studiosity.com/blog/whyfeedback-is-an-essential-tool-for-success-atnaplan
Treat as part of a greater whole. The title is not in
italics; the name of the publishing organisation is in
italics.
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
14
UniPrep RefStart
Source
In-Text Citation
End-Text Reference and Notes
Other
In-text citation
End-text reference and notes
Conference
proceedings
(published as a
chapter of a
book)
(Bedenel et al., 2019)
Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019).
Probability estimation by an adapted genetic
algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M.
Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos
(Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science:
Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent
optimization (pp. 225–240).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3030-05348-2_21
Follow the format for a chapter in an edited book.
Maddox, S., Hurling, J., Stewart, E., & Edwards, A.
(2016, March 30-April 2). If mama ain’t
happy, nobody’s happy: The effect of
parental depression on mood dysregulation
in children [Paper presentation].
Southeastern Psychological Association 62nd
Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, United
States.
Presentations may also include poster sessions,
keynote addresses, etc.
Kershaw, L. H. (2016). Journeys towards expertise in
technology-supported teaching [Doctoral
dissertation, Edith Cowan University].
Research Online.
http://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1776
Include the type of degree, and the name of the
awarding institution in square brackets after the title.
Include the name of the database or archive.
Pear, J. (2001). The science of learning. Psychology
Press.
Conference
(Maddox et al., 2016)
presentation
(with
description of
presentation in
square brackets)
Thesis /
dissertation
(published)
(Kershaw, 2016)
Figures
(images, graphs,
charts, maps,
drawings,
illustrations,
diagrams, etc.)
Photographs
(Pear, 2001, Figure 7.5)
Photographs
(no title)
Tables
The figure number or
caption only appears in the
in-text citation.
(Bredel, 2013)
This in-text citation is for
discussing the image only. If
reproducing an image in
your work, a copyright
statement must be included.
(wilhei, 2015)
(Sousa, 2008, Table 4.2)
The table number or caption
only appears in the in-text
citation.
Bredel, M. (2013). Storm ahead [Photograph]. Flickr.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/marvinok/9
053229662/
Provide a reference to the source (e.g., journal
article, internet document, website, blog post,
book, etc.) where the image can be retrieved.
wilhei. (2015). [Photograph of clock hands]. Pixabay.
https://pixabay.com/en/clock-time-pointertime-of-watches-705672/
Use the screen name as the author if the author’s
full name is not shown.
Sousa, D. A. (2008). How the brain learns
mathematics. Corwin Press.
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
15
UniPrep RefStart
Sample Reference List
References
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Autism treatment options.
http://www.apa.org/topics/autism/treatment.aspx
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Land management and farming in Australia, 2014-15 (Cat. No.
4627.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4627.0Main+Features102014-15
Australian Government Productivity Commission & New Zealand Productivity Commission. (2012).
Strengthening trans-Tasman economic relations.
https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/australia-new-zealand/report/trans-tasman.pdf
Brown, A. J. (2003). Introduction to the world economy. Routledge.
Brown, A. J. (2008). Whistleblowing in the Australian public sector: Enhancing the theory and practice of
internal witness management in public sector organisations. ANU E Press.
https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_459791
Bultas, M. W., Hassler, M., Ercole, P. M., & Rea, G. (2014). Effectiveness of high-fidelity simulation for
pediatric staff nurse education. Pediatric Nursing, 40(1), 27–42.
Edith Cowan University. (2019a). Tip sheet: 12 ideas to help you study effectively.
https://intranet.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/838123/Tips-for-studying.pdf
Edith Cowan University. (2019b). Tip sheet: Using a semester planner.
https://intranet.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/838130/Tips-for-planning-yoursemester.pdf
Grellier, J., & Goerke, V. (2018). Communications toolkit (4th ed.). Cengage Learning Australia.
Lugsdin, J., & Hook, C. (2016). Climate change and health. The Lancet, 387(10017), 431–432.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00172-0
World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
Adapted by P. Nelligan and S. Langridge (January, 2021) from:
Edith Cowan University. (2020). Quick guide to APA 7th referencing. http://ecu.au.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=30117643
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
16