200I
mpor
t
antPoi
nt
swi
t
hDef
i
ni
t
i
onst
o
Rememberi
nGener
alPat
hol
ogy
By
Dr
.Ej
azWar
i
s,
Associ
at
ePr
of
essorHi
st
opat
hol
ogyAMDC
1.
Hy
per
pl
asi
ai
sani
ncr
easei
nt
henumberofcel
l
si
nanor
ganort
i
ssue,usual
l
y
r
esul
t
i
ngi
ni
ncr
easedv
ol
umeoft
heor
ganort
i
ssue.
2.
Hy
per
t
r
ophyr
ef
er
st
oani
ncr
easei
nt
hesi
zeofcel
l
s,r
esul
t
i
ngi
nani
ncr
easei
n
t
hesi
zeoft
heor
gan.
3.
At
r
ophyi
st
heshr
i
nkagei
nt
hesi
zeoft
hecel
l
byl
ossofcel
l
subst
ance.
4.
Met
apl
asi
ai
s def
i
ned as a r
ev
er
si
bl
e change i
n whi
ch one adul
tcel
lt
y
pe
(
epi
t
hel
i
al
ormesenchy
mal
)i
sr
epl
acedbyanot
heradul
tcel
l
t
y
pe.
5.
Cel
l
swel
l
i
ngi
st
heear
l
i
estsi
gnofar
ev
er
si
bl
ecel
l
i
nj
ur
y
.
6.
Fr
eer
adi
cal
i
sachemi
cal
speci
est
hathav
easi
ngl
eunpai
r
edel
ect
r
oni
nanout
er
or
bi
t
.
7.
Necr
osi
si
saspect
r
um ofmor
phol
ogi
cal
changest
hatf
ol
l
owcel
l
deat
hi
nal
i
v
i
ng
t
i
ssuel
ar
gel
yr
esul
t
i
ngf
r
om t
hepr
ogr
essi
v
edegr
adat
i
v
eact
i
onofenzy
meson
t
hel
et
hal
l
yi
nj
ur
edcel
l
.
8.
Necr
osi
s has si
x maj
or t
y
pe; coagul
at
i
v
e, Caseous, Li
quef
act
i
v
e,
f
i
br
i
noi
d,
gangr
enousandFat
.
9.
Apopt
osi
s(
Gr
eekf
al
l
i
ngof
f
)i
sdef
i
nedasapat
hwayofpr
ogr
ammedcel
ldeat
h
t
hati
s ai
med ata hi
ghl
yr
egul
at
ed i
nt
r
acel
l
ul
arpr
ogr
amme i
n whi
ch cel
l
s
dest
i
nedt
odeat
hbyact
i
v
at
edenzy
met
hatdegr
adet
hecel
l
’
sDNAandnucl
ear
andcy
t
opl
asmi
cpr
ot
ei
ns.
10. Mor
phol
ogi
cal
l
y an apopt
ot
i
c cel
lshows:a)cel
lshr
i
nkage,b)chr
omat
i
n
condensat
i
on c)f
or
mat
i
on ofcy
t
opl
asmi
c bl
ebs and apopt
ot
i
c bodi
es,d)
phagocy
t
osi
sbymacr
ophages.
11. Apopt
osi
shast
wophasesa)I
ni
t
i
at
i
onphase ext
r
i
nsi
candi
nt
r
i
nsi
cpat
hway
s
b)
Execut
i
onphasec)
phagocy
t
osi
sofdeadcel
l
12. Genespr
omot
i
ngapopt
osi
sar
e:
bax,
bak,
bi
m
13. Genesi
nhi
bi
t
i
ngapopt
osi
sar
ebcl
2f
ami
l
y
.
14. I
ni
t
i
at
orcaspasear
e8&9,
whi
l
eexecut
i
onercaspasesar
emai
nl
y3&6.
15. Dy
st
r
ophi
ccal
ci
f
i
cat
i
oni
sal
way
sseeni
ndamagedt
i
ssueswhi
l
emet
ast
at
i
c
cal
ci
f
i
cat
i
onmayoccuri
nnor
mal
t
i
ssueswhenev
ert
her
ei
shy
per
pl
asi
a.
16. I
nf
l
ammat
i
oni
sacompl
exr
eact
i
ont
oi
nj
ur
i
ousagent
ssuchasmi
cr
obesand
damaged,usual
l
ynecr
ot
i
ccel
l
st
hatconsi
st
sofv
ascul
arr
esponses,mi
gr
at
i
on
andact
i
v
at
i
onofl
eukocy
t
es,
andsy
st
emi
cr
eact
i
ons.
17. I
nf
l
ammat
or
yr
esponseconsi
stofTWO mai
ncomponent
s:v
ascul
ar&cel
l
ul
ar
,
anddi
v
i
dedi
nt
oTWOmai
npat
t
er
ns:
Acut
eandChr
oni
c.
18. Vasodi
l
at
at
i
oni
soneoft
heear
l
i
estmani
f
est
at
i
onofacut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
on,i
f
f
ol
l
owsat
r
ansi
entv
asoconst
r
i
ct
i
onofar
t
er
i
ol
esl
ast
i
ngf
ewseconds.
19. I
ncr
easedv
ascul
arper
meabi
l
i
t
yl
eadi
ngt
ot
heescapeofapr
ot
ei
nr
i
chf
l
ui
d
(
exudat
e)i
nt
ot
heext
r
av
ascul
art
i
ssuei
nt
heHALLMARKofacut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
on.
20. For
mat
i
onofendot
hel
i
algapsi
nv
enul
esi
st
hemostcommoncauseofv
ascul
ar
l
eakage.
21. Leukocy
t
esAdhesi
onmol
ecul
arf
ami
l
i
eshav
eamaj
orcl
asses:
a)Sel
ect
i
ns(
E,
L&
Pt
y
pes)
,b)I
nt
egr
i
ns,c)I
mmunogl
obul
i
nf
ami
l
yofadhesi
onmol
ecul
esandd)
Muci
nl
i
kegl
y
copr
ot
ei
ns.
22. Sel
ect
i
nsmai
nl
yi
nv
ol
v
edi
nr
ol
l
i
ngofl
eukocy
t
es,PECAM i
nt
r
ansmi
gr
at
i
onand
i
mmunogl
obul
i
nf
ami
l
yi
nadhesi
ons.
23. Chemot
axi
si
sdef
i
nedasunidi
r
ect
i
onalmi
gr
at
i
onofl
eukocy
t
est
owar
dst
hesi
t
e
ofi
nj
ur
yunderchemi
cal
gr
adi
entact
i
on.
24. Mosti
mpor
t
antchemot
act
i
cagent
sar
eC5a,
LTB4andbact
er
i
al
pr
oduct
s.
25. Maj
oropsoni
nsar
e:
C3b&Fcf
r
agmentofI
gGpr
ot
ei
ns
26. H202MPOHal
i
desy
st
ei
ni
st
hemostef
f
i
ci
entbact
er
i
ci
dal
sy
st
em i
nneut
r
ophi
l
s.
27. Chedi
akHi
gashiSy
ndr
omei
sanaut
osomalr
ecessi
v
econdi
t
i
onchar
act
er
i
zedby
f
ai
l
ur
eoff
usi
onofphagosomewi
t
hl
y
sosome.
28. Chr
oni
cgr
anul
omat
ousdi
seaseofchi
l
dhoodr
esul
t
sf
r
om i
nher
i
t
eddef
ect
si
nt
he
component
sofNAPDH oxi
dasewhi
chgener
at
essuper
oxi
de,l
eadi
ngt
obody
i
nf
ect
i
ons.
29. Vasoact
i
v
eami
nesar
ehi
st
ami
neandser
ot
oni
nwhi
char
et
hemai
npl
ay
er
sof
ear
l
yi
nf
l
ammat
i
on.
30. Pl
asma Pr
ot
ei
ns ar
e:Compl
ement sy
st
em pr
ot
ei
ns,cl
ot
t
i
ng sy
st
em and
f
i
br
i
nol
y
t
i
csy
st
em.
31. Pr
ost
agl
andi
nsar
ev
asodi
l
at
or
s.
32. MAC(
C5B6789)i
st
hemembr
aneat
t
ackcompl
ex,
whi
chf
i
nal
l
yki
l
l
st
hebact
er
i
a.
33. Act
i
v
at
ed Hageman f
act
ori
ni
t
i
at
es FOUR sy
st
ems i
nv
ol
v
ed i
ni
nf
l
ammat
or
y
r
esponsesKi
ni
n,
Cl
ot
t
i
ng,
f
i
br
i
nol
y
t
i
candcompl
ementsy
st
em
34. SRSA(
sl
owr
el
easi
ngsubst
anceofanaphy
l
axi
s)const
i
t
ut
esLTC4,
LTD4&LTE4
pr
omot
ev
asoconst
r
i
ct
i
on,
br
onchospasm &i
ncr
easedv
ascul
arper
meabi
l
i
t
y
.
35. Li
poxi
ns ar
e bi
oact
i
v
e pr
oduct
s gener
at
ed f
r
om t
r
anscel
l
ul
ar bi
osy
nt
het
i
c
mechani
smsi
nv
ol
v
i
ngneut
r
ophi
l
sandpl
at
el
et
s.
36. I
L1&TNFar
et
wooft
heMAJORcy
t
oki
nest
hatmedi
at
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
on.
37. Maj
orchemoki
nes i
ncl
ude:I
L8,MCP1,eot
axi
n,MI
P1,Ly
mphot
act
i
n and
RANTES.
38. Ni
t
r
i
coxi
depl
ay
smaj
orr
ol
ei
npr
oduct
i
onofv
asodi
l
at
i
onbyr
el
axi
ngv
ascul
ar
smoot
hmuscl
ei
ni
schemi
ccondi
t
i
ons.
39. Themaj
ormedi
at
or
sofpai
nar
eBr
ady
ki
ni
n&Pr
ost
agl
andi
ns
40. Pot
entv
asodi
l
at
or
sar
e:
Vasoact
i
v
eAmi
nes,
Pr
ost
agl
andi
ns&NO.
41. Acut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
oni
sdef
i
nedasar
api
dr
esponset
oani
nj
ur
i
ousagentt
hat
ser
v
est
odel
i
v
ermedi
at
or
sofhostdef
ense–l
eukocy
t
esandpl
asmapr
ot
ei
nst
o
t
hesi
t
eofi
nj
ur
y
.
42. Chr
oni
ci
nf
l
ammat
i
oni
sdef
i
nedasani
nf
l
ammat
i
onofpr
ol
ongeddur
at
i
on,i
n
whi
ch act
i
v
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
on,t
i
ssue dest
r
uct
i
on and at
t
empt
s atr
epai
rar
e
pr
oceedi
ngsi
mul
t
aneousl
y
.
43. Neut
r
ophi
l
s ar
et
he mai
n cel
l
s of acut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
on (
exudat
es) whi
l
e
Mononucl
earcel
l
s(
wi
t
honenucl
eusar
et
hemai
ncel
l
sofchr
oni
ci
nf
l
ammat
i
on
.
Mononucl
earcel
l
si
ncl
udeLy
mphocy
t
es,
Monocy
t
es,
Macr
ophagesandPl
asma
cel
l
s.
44. Macr
ophagesar
et
hepr
i
madonna(
mai
nwor
ki
ngcel
l
)ofchr
oni
ci
nf
l
ammat
i
on,
whi
l
el
y
mphocy
t
esar
epr
esenti
ni
ncr
easednumber
.
45. Gr
anul
oma i
saf
ocus ofchr
oni
ci
nf
l
ammat
i
on,consi
st
i
ng ofmi
cr
oscopi
c
aggr
egat
i
on ofmacr
ophagest
hatar
et
r
ansf
or
med i
nt
o epi
t
hel
i
um l
i
kecel
l
s
sur
r
ounded by a col
l
arofmononucl
earl
eukocy
t
es.Don’
tconf
use i
twi
t
h
Gr
anul
at
i
ont
i
ssuewhi
chhascapi
l
l
ar
i
es,f
i
br
obl
ast
s,andav
ar
i
abl
eamountof
i
nf
l
ammat
or
ycel
l
s.
46. Cl
assi
calt
uber
cul
ousgr
anul
omasi
scomposedofepi
t
hel
i
oi
dcel
l
s,Langhan’
s
mul
t
i
nucl
eat
edgi
antcel
l
s,caseat
i
onnecr
osi
sandcol
l
arofl
y
mphocy
t
es.Ther
e
ar
et
wot
y
pesofGr
anul
omas:
I
mmune&f
or
ei
gnbody
.
47. Ther
ear
e3t
y
pesofcel
l
si
nt
hebody
:Cont
i
nousl
ydi
v
i
di
ngl
abi
l
ecel
l
s,Qui
scent
orst
abl
ecel
l
sandPer
manentNondi
v
i
di
ngcel
l
s.
48. St
em cel
l
sar
ecel
l
schar
act
er
i
zedbyt
hei
rpr
ol
ongedsel
fr
enewal
capaci
t
yandby
t
heasy
mmet
r
i
cr
epl
i
cat
i
on.Theyar
eoft
wot
y
pes:
embr
y
oni
c&adul
tst
em cel
l
s.
49. VEGF&f
i
br
obl
astGr
owt
hf
act
orar
emai
nl
yi
nv
ol
v
edi
nangi
ogenesi
s.
50. TGFBi
sagr
owt
hi
nhi
bi
t
orf
ormostepi
t
hel
i
alcel
l
sand l
eukocy
t
es,pot
ent
f
i
br
ogeni
cagentandast
r
ongant
i
i
nf
l
ammat
or
yef
f
ect
.
51. Ext
r
acel
l
ual
rmat
r
i
xi
sf
or
medoft
hesegr
oupsofmol
ecul
es:a)f
i
br
onect
i
nb)
adhesi
v
egl
y
copr
ot
ei
nsandc)pr
ot
eogl
y
cans&hy
al
ur
oni
caci
d.
52. Col
l
agensi
st
hemostcommon pr
ot
ei
ni
nt
heani
malwor
l
d,wi
t
h 27 t
y
pes
di
scov
er
edsof
ar
.Ty
pesI
,I
I
,I
I
I
,V&X)ar
ef
i
br
i
l
l
arandmostcommonwhi
l
et
y
pe
I
Vi
snonf
i
br
i
l
l
ar
.
53. Heal
i
ngby2nd i
nt
ent
i
ondi
f
f
er
sf
r
om 1sti
nt
ent
i
oni
nt
hr
eeway
s;a)i
nf
l
ammat
or
y
r
eact
i
oni
smor
ei
nt
ense,b)Muchmor
egr
anul
at
i
ont
i
ssuef
or
msandc)wound
cont
r
act
i
onphenomenon.
54. Accumul
at
i
onofexcessi
v
eamount
sofcol
l
agenmaygi
v
er
i
set
oahy
per
t
r
ophi
c
scarwhi
l
ei
fscart
i
ssuegr
owsbey
ondt
heboundar
i
esoft
heor
i
gi
nalwoundand
doesnotr
egr
ess,
i
ti
scal
l
edkel
oi
d.
55. Edemai
sdef
i
nedasaccumul
at
i
onoff
l
ui
di
nt
hei
nt
er
st
i
t
i
alt
i
ssuespacesand
bodycav
i
t
i
es.
56. Locali
ncr
easedv
ol
umeofbl
oodi
napar
t
i
cul
art
i
ssuel
eadst
oHy
per
emi
aand
congest
i
on.Hy
per
emi
ai
sanact
i
v
epr
ocess,r
esul
t
i
ngf
r
om augment
edt
i
ssue
i
nf
l
ow because ofar
t
er
i
ol
ardi
l
at
i
on whi
l
e Congest
i
on i
sa passi
v
e pr
ocess
r
esul
t
i
ngf
r
om i
mpai
r
edout
f
l
owf
r
om t
i
ssue.
57. Hear
tf
ai
l
ur
e cel
l
s ar
e hemosi
der
i
nl
aden macr
ophages seen i
n chr
oni
c
pul
monar
ycongest
i
on.
58. Pet
echi
aear
emi
nut
e1t
o2mm hemor
r
hagesi
nt
oski
n,mucousmembr
anesor
ser
osasur
f
aces,
whi
l
e>3mm hemor
r
hagesar
ecal
l
edPur
pur
aandmor
el
ar
ger>
1t
o2cm subcut
aneoushemat
omasar
ecal
l
edEcchy
moses.
59. Vi
r
chow’
st
r
i
adi
ncl
ude:a)Endot
hel
i
ali
nj
ur
yb)St
asi
sort
ur
bul
entbl
oodf
l
ow&c)
bl
oodhy
per
coagul
abi
l
i
t
y
.
60. Oft
hei
nher
i
t
edcausesofhy
per
coagul
abi
l
i
t
y
,mut
at
i
oni
nt
hef
act
orVgeneand
pr
ot
hr
ombi
ngenear
et
hemostcommon.
61. Li
nesofZahnar
el
ami
nat
edl
i
nespr
oducedbyal
t
er
nat
i
ngpal
el
ay
er
sofpl
at
el
et
s
admi
xedwi
t
hsomef
i
br
i
nanddar
kerl
ay
er
scont
ai
ni
ngmor
er
edcel
l
s.
62. Fat
eoft
hr
ombusi
ncl
ude:pr
opagat
i
onembol
i
zat
i
on,di
ssol
ut
i
on,or
gani
zat
i
on
andr
ecanal
i
zat
i
on.
63. Embol
usi
sadet
achedi
nt
r
av
ascul
arsol
i
d,
l
i
qui
dorgaseousmasst
hati
scar
r
i
ed
byt
hebl
oodt
oasi
t
edi
st
antf
r
om i
t
spoi
ntofor
i
gi
n.Thephenomenoni
scal
l
ed
embol
i
sm.
64. I
nf
ar
cti
sanar
eaofi
schemi
cnecr
osi
scausedbyoccl
usi
onofei
t
hert
hear
t
er
i
al
suppl
yort
hev
enousdr
ai
nagei
napar
t
i
cul
art
i
ssue.
65. Themostdomi
nanthi
st
ol
ogi
cchar
act
er
i
st
i
cofi
nf
ar
ct
i
oni
si
schemi
ccoagul
at
i
v
e
necr
osi
s.
66. Shocki
st
hesy
st
emi
chy
poper
f
usi
oncausedbyr
educt
i
onei
t
heri
ncar
di
acout
put
ori
nt
heef
f
ect
i
v
eci
r
cul
at
i
ngbl
oodv
ol
ume,
andr
esul
t
i
ngi
nhy
pot
ensi
onf
ol
l
owed
byi
mpai
r
edt
i
ssueper
f
usi
onandcel
l
ul
arhy
poxi
a.
67. Maj
ort
y
pesofshocki
ncl
ude:car
di
ogeni
c,hy
pov
ol
emi
c,sept
i
c,neur
ogeni
cand
anaphy
l
act
i
c.
68. Mut
at
i
oni
sdef
i
nedasaper
manentchangei
nt
heDNA.
69. Mar
f
an’
s sy
ndr
ome i
s a di
sor
deroft
he connect
i
v
et
i
ssue oft
he body
,
char
act
er
i
zedbychangesi
nt
heskel
et
on,
ey
esandcv
s.Mai
nl
ycausebydef
ect
s
i
nanext
r
acel
l
ul
argl
y
copr
ot
ei
nFi
r
bi
l
l
i
n1.
70. Ehl
er
sDanl
os Sy
ndr
ome compr
i
se a cl
i
ni
cal
l
yand genet
i
cal
l
yhet
er
ogenous
gr
oupsofdi
sor
der
st
hatr
esul
tf
r
om somedef
ecti
nt
hesy
nt
esi
sorst
r
uct
ur
eof
f
i
br
i
l
l
arcol
l
agen.
71. Amy
l
oi
di
sapat
hol
ogi
cpr
ot
ei
naceoussubst
ancedeposi
t
edbet
weencel
l
si
n
v
ar
i
oust
i
ssuesandor
gansoft
hebodyi
nawi
dev
ar
i
et
yofcl
i
ni
cal
set
t
i
ngs.
72. Neopl
asm i
s an abnor
malmass,t
he gr
owt
h of whi
ch exceeds and i
n
uncoor
di
nat
edwi
t
ht
hatoft
henor
malt
i
ssueandper
si
st
si
nt
hesameexcessi
v
e
manneraf
t
ercessat
i
onoft
hest
i
mul
i
whi
chev
okedt
hechange.
73. Tumorhast
wobasi
ccomponent
s:Par
enchy
ma&st
r
oma,whi
l
et
umor
sar
eof
t
wot
y
pes:
Beni
gnandMal
i
gnant
.
74. Beni
gnt
umor
sar
ewel
ldi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ed,gr
owsl
owl
yanddon’
tshowi
nv
asi
onand
met
ast
ases,whi
l
eMal
i
gnantt
umor
sr
angef
r
om wel
lt
oundi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ed,gr
ow
f
astandshowi
nv
asi
onandmet
ast
asi
s.
75. Si
ngl
emosti
mpor
t
antf
eat
ur
et
odi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ebeni
gnf
r
om mal
i
gnantt
umori
s
METASTASI
S.
76. Car
ci
nomas most
l
y use l
y
mphat
i
c r
out
es and sar
comas most
l
y use
hemat
ogenousr
out
esofspr
ead.
77. Fourt
y
pesofgenesar
enor
mal
l
ywor
ki
ngi
nhumanbody
:a)pr
ot
ooncogensb)
ant
i
oncogenes,
c)apopt
ot
i
cgenesandd)
DNAr
epai
rgenes
78. Pr
ot
ooncogenes ar
e changed t
o oncogenes byt
hr
ee pr
ocesses:mut
at
i
on,
t
r
ansl
ocat
i
onandampl
i
f
i
cat
i
on.
79. Maj
oroncogenesar
e;
RAS,
ERBB1,
RET,
KI
T,
ABL,
CMYC&NMYC.
80. Maj
orant
i
oncogenesar
e:
RB,
TP53,
W.
1,
NF1,
BRCA1,
APC.
81. Oncogeni
cv
i
r
usesi
ncl
ude;
HumanPapi
l
l
omav
i
r
us,
Hepat
i
t
i
sBv
i
r
us,
Epst
ei
nBar
r
v
i
r
us,
KaposiSar
comaHer
pesv
i
r
uses&HumanTCel
ll
eukemi
av
i
r
us(
Theonl
y
oncogeni
cRNAv
i
r
us)
.
82. Chemi
calcar
ci
nogenesi
si
s a mul
t
i
st
ep pr
ocess,di
v
i
ded i
nt
oi
ni
t
i
at
i
on and
pr
omot
i
onphases.
83. Maj
orchemi
cal
car
ci
nogensassoci
at
edasi
ncl
ude:
Asbest
oswi
t
hMesot
hel
i
oma,
Ani
l
i
nedy
eswi
t
hTCC,Ni
t
r
at
esGast
r
i
ccar
ci
noma,Af
l
at
oxi
nwi
t
hHCC,Vi
ny
l
chl
or
i
dewi
t
hAngi
osar
comaLi
v
er
.
84. Radi
at
i
on i
nduced mal
i
gnanci
es i
ncl
ude l
eukemi
as and papi
l
l
ar
y car
ci
noma
t
hy
r
oi
d.
85. Maj
orpar
aneopl
ast
i
csy
nbdr
omesi
ncl
ude,Cushi
ngsy
ndr
ome,ADHsecr
et
i
onby
smal
lcel
lcar
ci
nomal
ung,Hy
per
cal
cemi
abySquamouscel
lcar
ci
nomal
ung,
hy
pogl
y
cemi
abyFi
br
osar
comaandHCC,
Pol
y
cy
t
hemi
abyRCCandhy
per
t
r
ophi
a
ost
eoar
t
hr
opat
hybyCAl
ung.
86. Maj
ort
umormar
ker
si
ncl
uded :HCG f
orChor
i
ocar
ci
noma,cal
ci
t
oni
nf
or
medul
l
ar
ycar
ci
nomat
hy
r
oi
d,al
phaf
et
opr
ot
ei
nHCC and Nonsemi
nomat
ous
ger
m cel
lt
umort
est
i
s,CEACAcol
on,PAPForCApr
ost
at
e,CA125f
orOv
ar
i
an
CA,
Ca199f
orCACol
onandpancr
eas,
CA153f
orCAbr
east
.
87. Maj
ori
mmunomar
ker
sf
orepi
t
hel
i
alt
umor
sar
ecy
t
oker
at
i
n,f
ormesenchy
mal
t
umor–v
i
ment
i
n,f
orl
eukocy
t
eor
i
gi
nt
umor–l
eukocy
t
ecommonant
i
gen,S100
f
orneur
al
or
i
gi
nt
umor
sandf
orskel
et
al
muscl
et
umor
s–desmi
n.
88. Ty
peIhy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
y(
“
anaphy
l
act
i
c”
)or“
i
mmedi
at
ehy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
y
”
)i
st
he
r
esul
tofant
i
genbi
ndi
ngt
oI
gEont
hesur
f
aceofmastcel
l
sandbasophi
l
s.These
i
nst
ant
l
ydegr
anul
at
eandr
el
easeact
i
v
esubst
ancesi
nt
ot
hesur
r
oundi
ngt
i
ssue.
89. Ty
peI
Icy
t
ot
oxi
chy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
y
,ant
i
bodi
esat
t
acht
oant
i
gensont
hesur
f
aces
ofacel
l
andt
hensomet
hi
ngi
nj
ur
esordest
r
oy
st
hecel
l
.
90. I
n t
y
pe I
I
Ii
mmunecompl
ex hy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
yr
eact
i
on,“
Sol
ubl
e ant
i
gens”
pr
eci
pi
t
at
ewi
t
hant
i
bodi
es,usual
l
yt
hi
shappens24hour
saf
t
erexposur
e.Thi
s
sor
toft
i
ssue i
nj
ur
yi
s medi
at
ed by ant
i
genant
i
body compl
exes (
“
i
mmune
compl
exes”
)
.
91. Ty
pe I
V Hy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
yr
eact
i
on i
s cal
l
ed “
del
ay
ed hy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
y
”
.I
ti
s
medi
at
ed by sensi
t
i
zed CD4+T l
y
mphocy
t
es whi
ch pr
ocess ant
i
gens i
n
associ
at
i
onwi
t
hcl
assI
IHLAmol
ecul
esandr
el
easel
y
mphoki
nes.
92. I
mmuner
eact
i
onsar
edi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
wobr
oadcat
egor
i
es:A)Humor
ali
mmuni
t
y
Bcel
ll
y
mphocy
t
emedi
at
edv
i
apr
oduct
i
onofant
i
bodyandOf
t
endev
el
opsasa
r
esponse t
o sol
ubl
e ant
i
gens,and B)Cel
l
ul
ari
mmuni
t
y
TCel
ll
y
mphocy
t
e
medi
at
ed.CD4+hel
perl
y
mphocy
t
es:hel
pBcel
l
smakeant
i
bodyandal
sohel
pt
o
gener
at
ecy
t
ot
oxi
cTcel
l
s.
93. Maj
orhi
st
ocompat
i
bi
l
i
t
ycompl
exi
spr
esentonal
l
nucl
eat
edcel
l
s.
94. TheHLAsy
st
em i
sakeyf
act
ori
nmostTr
anspl
antr
ej
ect
i
onr
eact
i
ons.React
i
ons
ar
emedi
at
edbyei
t
herTl
y
mphocy
t
esorbyant
i
body
.
95. Tol
ll
i
ker
ecept
or
sar
emembr
anepr
ot
ei
nst
hatr
ecogni
zeav
ar
i
et
yofmi
cr
obe
der
i
v
edmol
ecul
esandst
i
mul
at
ei
nnat
ei
mmuner
esponsesagai
nstt
hemi
cr
obes.
96. CD4mol
ecul
ei
sahi
ghaf
f
i
ni
t
yr
ecept
orf
orHI
V
97. Maj
oraut
oi
mmunedi
seasei
ncl
udeHashi
mot
o’
st
hy
r
oi
di
t
i
s,
Rheumat
oi
dAr
t
hr
i
t
i
s,
Sj
ogr
en’
ssy
ndr
ome,
anky
l
osi
ngspondy
l
i
t
i
s.
98. Gammai
nt
er
f
er
oni
soneoft
hecy
t
oki
net
oact
i
v
at
emacr
ophagesandal
sopl
ay
maj
orRol
ei
nGr
anul
omaf
or
mat
i
on.
99. Cy
t
oki
nesar
emedi
at
or
sr
el
easedf
r
om onecel
landmodul
at
et
heact
i
onsof
anot
hercel
l
.
100. Squamouscel
lcar
ci
nomai
schar
act
er
i
z
edbysheet
s,gr
oupsandcl
ust
er
sof
pl
eomor
phi
cmal
i
gnantepi
t
hel
i
alcel
l
swi
t
hhi
ghN/
Cr
at
i
o,
hy
per
chr
omat
i
cnucl
ei
andpal
ecy
t
opl
asm.
Ker
at
i
nepi
t
hel
i
alpear
l
s,
i
nt
er
cel
l
ul
arbr
i
dgesandi
ndi
v
i
dual
cel
l
ker
at
i
ni
zat
i
onar
eseen.
101. Adenocar
ci
nomai
schar
act
er
i
zedbybackt
obackcl
osel
ypackedgl
andsl
i
nedby
pl
eomor
phi
cmal
i
gnantepi
t
hel
i
alcel
l
swi
t
hhi
ghN/
Cr
at
i
o,
hy
per
chr
omat
i
cnucl
ei
andeosi
nophi
l
i
ccy
t
opl
asm.
Wal
l
shar
i
ngi
sof
t
ennot
ed.
102. Twot
y
pesofv
acci
nesi
ncl
ude:
Li
v
ev
acci
nes;
Measl
es,
Mumps,
Rubel
l
a,
Var
i
cel
l
a,
Pol
i
oet
candKi
l
l
edv
acci
nes:
Rabi
es,
Pol
i
o,
Hepat
i
t
i
sA.
103. Pr
ot
ooncogenesar
econv
er
t
edi
nt
ooncogenes.
104. p53wor
ksbyDNAr
epai
randpr
omot
i
ngapopt
osi
s.
105. RBgeneact
i
v
at
esandWor
ksi
nhy
pophosphor
y
l
at
edf
or
m.
106. RAS gene pr
ot
ooncogene pr
ot
ei
ni
s GTP bound and Wor
ks wi
t
h GAP i
n
coor
i
di
nat
i
onwi
t
hGTPase.
107. Gl
i
omasandBCCar
ehi
ghl
ymal
i
gnantbutdontusual
l
ymet
ast
asi
ze.
108. AFBi
saci
df
asebaci
l
l
us(My
cobact
er
i
um t
uber
cul
osi
s)andcal
l
edsobecausei
t
r
esi
st
sdecol
our
i
z
at
i
onbyConcent
r
at
edAci
ds.
109. Ti
ger
edl
i
pi
def
f
ecti
sseeni
nHer
at
.
110. Maj
orcompl
ementpr
ot
ei
nsi
ncl
ude:
Opsoni
zat
i
onbyC3b
Chemot
axi
sbyC5a
Anaphy
l
at
oxi
nC3a,
C4a,
C5a
Membr
anebr
eakdownandki
l
l
i
ngC5b,
6,
7,
8,
9MACcompl
ex
Enhancementofant
i
bodypr
oduct
i
onC3b
111. FNACandbi
opsyar
ekeyi
nv
est
i
gat
i
onst
oear
l
ydi
agnoseat
umor
.
112. Act
i
v
eI
mmuni
t
yi
st
her
esi
st
ancei
nducedaf
t
ercont
actwi
t
hf
or
ei
gnant
i
genseg
mi
cr
oor
gani
sms,i
mmuni
zat
i
onwi
t
hl
i
v
eorki
l
l
edi
nf
ect
i
ousagent
s,exposur
et
o
mi
cr
obi
al
pr
oduct
s(
t
oxi
ns,
t
oxoi
ds)
Passi
v
ei
mmuni
t
yi
sr
esi
st
ancebasedonant
i
bodi
espr
ef
or
medi
nanot
herhost
egadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofant
i
bodyagai
nstt
et
anus,
bot
ul
i
sm,
di
pht
her
i
a,
r
abi
eset
c.
113. Suddendeat
hi
smaj
or
l
yl
i
nkedwi
t
hembol
i
sm.
114. 24t
o48hour
spostacut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
on,
monocy
t
esst
ar
taccumul
at
i
ng.
115. ubi
qui
t
i
npr
ot
eosomepat
hway& aut
ophagi
cv
acuol
esar
emai
nl
yi
nv
ol
v
edi
n
at
r
ophy
.
116. Reser
v
est
em cel
l
sar
emai
npl
ay
er
si
nmet
apl
asi
a.
117. Mechani
cal
andt
r
ophi
cf
act
or
sar
ei
nv
ol
v
edi
nhy
per
t
ophy
.
118. Eosi
nophi
l
sar
epl
ay
er
si
nal
l
er
gi
ci
nf
ect
i
ons.
119. Sequenceofev
ent
si
nacut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
oni
s:
Tr
ansi
entasoconst
r
i
ct
i
on,
v
asodi
l
at
i
on st
asi
s,mar
gi
nat
i
on,r
ol
l
i
ng,adhesi
on,
di
apedesi
s,
chemot
axi
sandphagocy
t
osi
s.
120. Macr
ophagesseenasapar
tofr
et
i
cul
oendot
hel
i
al
sy
st
em i
ncl
ude:
Ost
eocl
ast
s–bone,
mi
cr
ogl
i
a–br
ai
n,
kupf
f
ercel
l
s–l
i
v
er
,
al
v
eol
armacr
ophages
–l
ung.
Si
nushi
st
i
ocy
t
es–l
y
mphnodes.
120. Tuber
cul
osi
si
st
hel
eadi
ngcauseofgr
anul
omai
nPaki
st
an.
121. Maj
orgr
anul
omat
ouscausesi
ncl
ude:sar
coi
dosi
s,l
epr
osy
,catscr
at
chdi
sease,
f
ungal
i
nf
ect
i
ons.
122. Gr
adi
ngofat
umori
sbasedondi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
i
on,
at
y
pi
aandmi
t
oses.
123. St
agi
ngofat
umori
sbasedonTNM –t
umor
,
nodes,
met
ast
asi
s.
124. Maj
oraut
osomal
domi
nantdi
sor
der
si
ncl
ude:
Skel
et
al
–Mar
f
an;
sy
ndr
ome
Ner
v
ous–Hunt
i
ngt
ondi
sease,
neur
of
i
br
omat
osi
s
Gast
r
oi
nt
est
i
nal
–f
ami
l
i
al
pol
y
posi
scol
i
Ur
i
nar
y–pol
y
cy
st
i
cki
dneydi
sease
Haemat
opoi
et
i
c–her
edi
t
ar
yspher
ocy
t
osi
s
125. Maj
ori
nt
r
acel
l
ul
araccumul
at
i
onsar
e:
Mel
ani
n–mel
anoma,
bi
l
e–chol
est
asi
s,
car
bon–ant
hr
acosi
s,
copper–Wi
l
son
di
sease
l
i
pof
usci
n–agi
ng
126. Fat
t
ychangei
sal
soknownasst
eat
osi
s.
127.Poi
ntmut
at
i
onsar
eof
t
encausedbychemi
cal
sormal
f
unct
i
onofDNA
r
epl
i
cat
i
on, exchangeasi
ngl
enucl
eot
i
def
oranot
here.
gRAS.
128. Gi
antcel
l
sar
ecel
l
scont
ai
ni
ngmor
et
hanonenucl
eus.
129.Maj
orgi
antcel
l
sar
e:
Langhangi
antcel
l
s–Tuber
cul
osi
s,
Tut
ongi
ant
cel
l
s–xant
homaWar
t
hi
nf
i
nkel
deygi
antcel
l
s–measl
es,
ReedSt
er
nber
gcel
l
s–
Hodgki
nLy
mphoma
For
ei
gnbodygi
antcel
l
s–f
or
ei
gnbody
130. I
gGf
i
xescompl
ementandcr
ossespl
acent
a.
131. I
gM i
st
hemostheav
yant
i
body
.
132. I
gEi
st
heal
l
er
gi
cr
eact
i
onpl
ay
erant
i
body
.
133. I
gAi
sf
oundi
nsecr
et
i
ons.
134. ABLgenei
sseent
r
ansl
ocat
edi
nCML.
135. Li
nesofZahnconf
i
r
msat
hr
ombus.
Theyar
eal
t
er
nat
el
ay
er
sofpl
at
el
et
swi
t
h
f
i
br
i
nandRBCs’
136. Psamommabodi
esar
el
amel
l
at
edbodi
esofdy
st
r
ophi
ccal
ci
f
i
cat
i
onseeni
n
meni
ngi
oma,
papi
l
l
ar
ycar
ci
nomat
hy
r
oi
dandser
ousov
ar
i
anmal
i
gnantt
umor
s.
137. Nucl
earchangesi
nanecr
ot
i
ccel
li
ncl
ude:py
knosi
s,
kar
y
ol
y
si
s,
kar
r
y
or
r
hex
i
sand
l
ossofnucl
eus.
138. Macr
ophages get accumul
at
ed i
n chr
oni
c i
nf
l
ammat
i
on by cont
i
nuous
r
ecr
ui
t
ment
,
pr
ol
i
f
er
at
i
onandi
mmobi
l
i
zat
i
on.
139. I
schemi
ci
nj
ur
yl
eadst
ocoagul
at
i
v
enecr
osi
s.
140. Maj
orsensi
t
i
v
ecel
lcomponent
s: mai
nt
enanceofi
nt
egr
i
t
yofcel
lmembr
ane,
aer
obi
cr
espi
r
at
i
on,
pr
ot
ei
nsy
nt
hesi
s,
genet
i
ci
nt
egr
i
t
y
141. Li
quef
act
i
v
enecr
osi
s:Usual
l
ycausedbyf
ocalbact
er
i
ali
nf
ect
i
ons,becauset
hey
canat
t
r
actpol
y
mor
phonucl
earl
eukocy
t
es.
142. Coagul
at
i
v
enecr
osi
si
schar
act
er
i
sedbyt
hepr
eser
v
at
i
onofcel
l
ul
arandt
i
ssue
ar
chi
t
ect
ur
e
143. FatNecr
osi
s:At
er
mf
ornecr
osi
si
nf
at
,causedei
t
herbyr
el
easeofpancr
eat
i
c
enzy
mesf
r
om pancr
easorgut(
enzy
mi
cf
atnecr
osi
s)orbyt
r
aumat
of
at
,ei
t
her
byaphy
si
cal
bl
oworbysur
ger
y(
t
r
aumat
i
cf
atnecr
osi
s)
.
144. Caseousnecr
osi
s–cheesel
i
ke:Adi
st
i
nctf
or
m ofcoagul
at
i
v
enecr
osi
sseeni
n
my
cobact
er
i
ali
nf
ect
i
ons(
e.
g.
,t
uber
cul
osi
s)
,ori
nt
umornecr
osi
s,i
nwhi
cht
he
coagul
at
ed t
i
ssue no l
onger r
esembl
es t
he cel
l
s,but i
si
n chunks of
unr
ecogni
zabl
edebr
i
s
145. Gangr
ene(
"
gangr
enousnecr
osi
s"
)i
snotasepar
at
eki
ndofnecr
osi
satal
l
,buta
t
er
m f
ornecr
osi
st
hati
s adv
anced and v
i
si
bl
e gr
ossl
y wi
t
h superadded
put
r
ef
act
i
on.
146. Fi
br
i
noi
dnecr
osi
soccur
si
nt
hewal
lofbl
oodv
essel
swhenendot
hel
i
um and
smoot
hmuscl
ecel
l
sar
ei
nj
ur
edanddy
i
ng.
147. Unl
i
kenecr
osi
s,wher
et
hecel
ldi
esbyswel
l
i
ngandbur
st
i
ngi
t
scont
enti
nt
he
ar
ea,whi
chcausesani
nf
l
ammat
or
yr
esponse,apopt
osi
si
sav
er
ycl
eanand
cont
r
ol
l
edpr
ocesswher
et
hecont
entoft
hecel
li
skeptst
r
i
ct
l
ywi
t
hi
nt
hecel
l
membr
aneasi
ti
sdegr
aded.
148. Theext
r
i
nsi
cpat
hwayofapopt
osi
si
si
ni
t
i
at
edt
hr
ought
hest
i
mul
at
i
onoft
he
t
r
ansmembr
anedeat
hr
ecept
or
s,suchast
heFasr
ecept
or
s,l
ocat
edont
hecel
l
membr
ane.
149. I
ncont
r
ast
,t
hei
nt
r
i
nsi
cpat
hwayofapopt
osi
si
si
ni
t
i
at
edt
hr
ought
her
el
easeof
si
gnal
f
act
or
sbymi
t
ochondr
i
awi
t
hi
nt
hecel
l
150. I
nmal
esbr
onchogeni
ccar
ci
nomaandi
nf
emal
esbr
eastcar
ci
nomaar
eatt
het
op.
151. Pr
eneopl
ast
i
c condi
t
i
ons i
ncl
ude:Ci
r
r
hosi
s ofl
i
v
er
,At
y
pi
calhy
per
pl
asi
a of
endomet
r
i
um,Leukopl
aki
a,I
nf
l
ammat
or
yboweldi
sease,Adenomat
ouscol
oni
c
pol
y
ps
152. I
ni
t
i
at
orchemi
cal
s-Causei
r
r
ev
er
si
bl
edamaget
oDNA,butatmaxi
mum t
hey
cancausesev
er
edy
spl
asi
a.
153. Pr
omot
erchemi
cal
si
t
sel
fcannoti
nducecancer
,
t
heypr
opagat
eorenhancet
he
ef
f
ect
sofi
ni
t
i
at
or
s
154. Knownchemi
calcar
ci
nogensi
ncl
ude:
A-Asbest
os-Lung,
mesot
hel
i
oma.GIt
r
act
(
esophagus,
st
omach,
l
ar
gei
nt
est
i
ne)
b-Ar
seni
c-Lung,
ski
n,
hemangi
osar
coma
c-Ber
y
l
l
i
um -Lung
d-Cadmi
um -pr
ost
at
e
e.Benzene-Leukemi
a
155. I
oni
zi
ngr
adi
at
i
onl
eadst
ody
sj
unct
i
on r
andom f
usi
on mut
at
i
on.
156. Exposur
el
ongt
er
m ofr
adi
at
i
onsl
eadt
ol
eukemi
aandt
hy
r
oi
dcancer
s.
157. I
ni
t
i
at
i
on, Lat
ent st
age, Pr
omot
i
on and Mal
i
gnant t
r
ansf
or
mat
i
on ar
e
r
ecogni
zabl
est
agesi
ncar
ci
nogenesi
s.
158. Mastcel
l
sar
et
hemai
nsour
ceofhi
st
ami
neandpl
at
el
et
st
hemai
nsour
ceof
ser
ot
oni
n.
159. Thr
omboxaneA2(
TXA2)
,f
r
om pl
at
el
et
s,aggr
egat
espl
at
el
et
s,const
r
i
ct
sbl
ood
v
essel
s.Gr
eatf
orhemost
asi
s.
160. Pr
ost
acy
cl
i
n(
PGI
2)
,f
r
om t
hev
esselwal
l
,pr
ev
ent
spl
at
el
etaggr
egat
i
on,di
l
at
es
v
essel
s.Gr
eatf
orwhenev
erhemost
asi
si
sunnecessar
y
.
161. Suppur
at
i
v
eorpur
ul
enti
nf
l
ammat
i
oni
schar
act
er
i
zedbyt
hepr
oduct
i
onofl
ar
ge
amount
sofpusorpur
ul
entexudat
econsi
st
i
ngofneut
r
ophi
l
s,
necr
ot
i
ccel
l
s,
and
edemaf
l
ui
d.
162. Anul
ceri
sal
ocaldef
ect
,orexcav
at
i
on,oft
hesur
f
aceofanor
ganort
i
ssuet
hat
i
spr
oducedbyt
hesl
oughi
ng(
sheddi
ng)ofi
nf
l
ammat
or
ynecr
ot
i
ct
i
ssue
163. Ter
at
omai
sat
umorder
i
v
edf
r
om mor
et
hanoneger
m cel
l
l
ay
er
.
164. Semi
nomas,
Mel
anomas,
Hepat
omasar
emal
i
gnantt
umor
s.
165. Ext
entt
owhi
cht
het
umorcel
l
r
esembl
ei
t
spar
entcel
l
i
sdi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
i
on.
166. Ranges ofdi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
i
on i
ncl
ude:wel
l
,moder
at
el
y
,poor
l
y
,undi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ed
(
anapl
asi
a)
.
167. A mal
i
gnantcel
l
s shows:hi
gh N/
Cr
at
i
o,
hy
per
chr
omat
i
c nucl
ei
,pr
omi
nent
nucl
eol
i
,
scant
ycy
t
opl
asm andpl
eomor
phi
sm.
168. Car
ci
nomai
nsi
t
ui
s:Ful
l
t
hi
cknessdy
spl
asi
aext
endi
ngf
r
om t
hebasement
membr
anet
ot
hesur
f
aceoft
heepi
t
hel
i
um.
169. Dy
spl
asi
a:
At
y
pi
calpr
ol
i
f
er
at
i
onofcel
l
schar
act
er
i
zedbynucl
earenl
ar
gement
andf
ai
l
ur
eofdi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
i
onwhi
chf
al
l
sshor
tofmal
i
gnancy
170. Thechanget
hatoccur
si
nt
hest
r
omaast
umori
nv
adesi
scal
l
eddesmopl
asi
a
171. Beni
gnt
umor
snev
erl
ocal
l
yi
nv
adeandMal
i
gnantt
umor
sal
way
si
nv
adet
he
sur
r
oundi
ngt
i
ssues.
172. Car
ci
nomaoft
heov
ar
yspr
eadst
hr
oughseedi
ngofbodycav
i
t
i
es.
173. Commonestpl
acesf
ormet
sdeposi
t
sar
el
i
v
erandl
ungs.
174. Per
i
neur
al
spr
eadi
sseenbycar
ci
nomaofpr
ost
at
eandpancr
eas(
2P’
s)
.
175. Nucl
eardamagei
st
hehal
l
mar
kofi
r
r
ev
er
si
bl
ecel
l
i
nj
ur
y
.
176. Sci
ent
i
f
i
cst
udyofst
r
uct
ur
alchangesandf
unct
i
onalconsequencesofi
nj
ur
i
ous
st
i
mul
i
oncel
l
s,
t
i
ssuesandor
gansi
sPat
hol
ogy
.
177. Met
apl
asi
ai
sat
woedgesswor
dbecausei
tcanl
eadt
ody
spl
asi
aandt
he
or
i
gi
nal
f
unct
i
onofcel
l
si
sl
ost
.
178. Met
apl
asi
acanl
eadt
ody
spl
asi
a.
179. ALTHOUGHATROPHI
CCELLSMAYHAVEDI
MI
NI
SHEDFUNCTI
ON,
THEYRNOT
DEAD.
180. Pat
hol
ogi
chy
per
pl
asi
aconst
i
t
ut
esaf
er
t
i
l
esoi
li
nwhi
chcancer
ouspr
ol
i
f
er
at
i
on
mayev
ent
ual
l
yar
i
sel
i
kebphandendomet
r
i
al
hy
per
pl
asi
a.
181. Dy
spl
asi
acanr
egr
essanddoesnotal
way
sl
eadt
ocancer
.
182. Tr
ansudat
esar
ef
l
ui
daccumul
at
i
onst
hatar
eessent
i
al
l
ysal
t
wat
er
,
accumul
at
ed
becauseofpr
essur
epr
obl
ems.Exudat
esar
epr
ot
ei
nr
i
chf
l
ui
daccumul
at
i
ons,
duet
ol
eakyv
essel
s.
183. I
ndi
ssemi
nat
edi
nt
r
av
ascul
arcoagul
at
i
on,t
hecl
ot
t
i
ngcascadesar
eact
i
v
at
ed
t
hr
oughoutt
hebody
.Thi
si
sbad,si
ncei
tt
endst
oshutdownor
gansduet
o
mi
cr
ot
hr
ombi
,andal
socausesbl
eedi
ngduet
oconsumpt
i
onofcl
ot
t
i
ngf
act
or
s
andact
i
v
at
i
onofpl
asmi
n.
184. Somepeopl
er
eser
v
et
hewor
d"
t
hr
ombus"f
ort
heant
emor
t
em ki
nd,andcal
l
post
mor
t
em t
hr
ombi
"
cl
ot
s"
.
185. Ar
t
er
i
alt
hr
ombiusual
l
yoccurov
err
upt
ur
edat
her
oscl
er
ot
i
cpl
aques,
l
essof
t
enat
si
t
esofot
herv
ascul
ardi
seaseorol
dsur
ger
y
.
186. Veget
at
i
onsar
et
hr
ombit
hatoccuroncar
di
acv
al
v
es.Theymaybel
oadedwi
t
h
bact
er
i
a(
"
bact
er
i
alendocar
di
t
i
s"
)
,
orst
er
i
l
e(
"
mar
ant
i
c"
,
"
v
er
r
ucous"
,
"
bl
and"
;al
so
t
het
hr
ombi
ofacut
er
heumat
i
cf
ev
er
)
.
187. Embol
us"comesf
r
om t
heGr
eekf
or"
bot
t
l
est
opper
"
.
188. Pul
monar
yembol
i
zat
i
oni
soneoft
hegr
eatki
l
l
er
sofhospi
t
al
i
zedpat
i
ent
s,and
t
hatant
emor
t
em di
agnosi
si
snot
or
i
ousl
yunsat
i
sf
act
or
yev
ent
oday
.
189. Apar
adoxi
calembol
us(
*cr
ossedembol
us)i
sonef
r
om t
hesy
st
emi
cv
ei
nst
hat
passest
hr
oughar
i
ght
t
ol
ef
ti
nt
r
acar
di
acshunt(
i
.
e.
,
abi
r
t
hdef
ect
)
,
t
ooccl
udea
sy
st
emi
car
t
er
y
.
190. Longbonef
r
act
ur
esar
et
hemai
ncauseoff
atembol
i
sm.
191. Tumorembol
i
ar
ebi
t
sofcancert
hati
nv
adedav
ei
nandt
henbr
okeof
f
.Renal
cel
l
car
ci
nomai
sf
amousf
ort
hi
s.
192. Whi
t
ei
nf
ar
ct
s(
"
anemi
ci
nf
ar
ct
s"
,f
r
om "
an"
,not
,and"
eme"
,bl
ood)ar
eusual
whenar
t
er
i
esar
eoccl
udedi
nsol
i
dor
gans
193. Redi
nf
ar
ct
s(
"
hemor
r
hagi
ci
nf
ar
ct
s"
,soundsl
i
keanoxy
mor
onbuti
sn'
t
)r
esul
t
whenv
ei
nsar
eoccl
uded,orwhenar
t
er
i
esar
eoccl
udedi
nl
ooset
i
ssues(
bowel
)
orwi
t
hadual
bl
oodsuppl
y
,
orwhent
heor
ganwasal
r
eadyv
er
ycongest
ed.
194. Monocy
t
esar
et
hel
ar
gestcel
l
si
nbl
oodst
r
eam.
195. Hi
st
i
ocy
t
esar
emat
ur
et
i
ssuemacr
ophages.
196. Cel
l
membr
anedamagei
st
hef
i
r
stsi
gnofi
r
r
ev
er
si
bl
ecel
l
i
nj
ur
y
.
197. Ly
sosomal
l
eakageconf
i
r
msi
r
r
ev
er
si
bl
ecel
l
i
nj
ur
y
.
198. Chor
i
st
omasandhemar
t
omasar
enotneopl
asms.
199. FGF,
TGF,
VEGF,
EGFar
emai
ngr
owt
hf
act
or
s.
200. Endot
hel
i
um get
sl
eakyi
nacut
ei
nf
l
ammat
i
onduet
o:1)f
or
mat
i
onofendot
hel
i
al
gapsi
nv
enul
es2)cy
t
oskel
et
alr
eor
gani
zat
i
on3)i
ncr
easedt
r
anscy
t
osi
s4)di
r
ect
endot
hel
i
ali
nj
ur
y5)l
eukocy
t
edependenti
nj
ur
y6)del
ay
edpr
ol
ongedl
eakage7)
l
eakagef
r
om newbl
oodv
essel
s