PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 SCHEDULE:
MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY
1:20 PM – 2:50 PM
GRADING SYSTEM
Written Work
Performance Tasks
Quarterly Assessment
35%
40%
25%
Total:
100%
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ABOUT
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
“It is the creative and investigative analysis of intangible
and inexact data. The method is inductive in that the
researcher codes the data during or after the collection.”
EXAMPLES:
Ethnic and socioeconomic reasons for poor school attendance in developing countries
The efficiency of the teaching methods
Why most students perform poorly in sciences as compared to humanities
The number of students who pursue their college studies to the end
Level of academic preparedness of university students
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative
research is expressed in words. It is used to understand
concepts, thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to
gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood.
• Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions,
observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts
and theories.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test
or confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to
establish generalizable facts about a topic.
• Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded
as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.
Quantitative research
Qualitative Research
Focuses on testing theories and
hypotheses
Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis
Analyzed through math and statistical
analysis
Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and
interpreting
Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and
tables
Mainly expressed in words
Requires many respondents
Requires few respondents
Closed (multiple choice) questions
Open-ended questions
Key terms: testing, measurement,
objectivity, replicability
Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,
subjectivity
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
• Quantitative data collection methods
• SURVEYS:
list of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample (online, in person, or over the
phone).
• EXPERIMENTS:
situation in which variables are controlled and manipulated to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• OBSERVATIONS:
observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be controlled.
WHEN TO USE QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory
or hypothesis)
• Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts,
experiences)
RESEARCH QUESTION:
How satisfied are students with their studies?
Qualitative research approach
You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: “How satisfied are
you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study program?” and “What can be done to improve
the study program?”
Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You transcribe all interviews using
transcription software and try to find commonalities and patterns.
RESEARCH QUESTION:
How satisfied are students with their studies?
Quantitative research approach
You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: “on a scale from 1-5, how
satisfied are your with your professors?”
You can perform statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: “on average students rated
their professors 4.4”.
HOW TO ANALYZE QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Analyzing qualitative data
Qualitative data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. It consists of text, images or videos instead of numbers.
Some common approaches to analyzing qualitative data include:



Qualitative content analysis: Tracking the occurrence, position and meaning of words or phrases
Thematic analysis: Closely examining the data to identify the main themes and patterns
Discourse analysis: Studying how communication works in social contexts
HOW TO ANALYZE QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Quantitative data is based on numbers. Simple math or more advanced statistical analysis
is used to discover commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are often reported in
graphs and tables.
Average scores
The number of times a particular answer was given
The correlation or causation between two or more variables
The reliability and validity of the results
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. SURVEY/DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Using the survey research as the method of research, an
organization conducting survey ask different survey
questions from the respondents using the various types like
online surveys, online polls, paper questionnaires, etc. and
then collect data and analyze collected data in order to
produce the numerical results.
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
It is conducted for establishing a relationship between the
two closely associated entities to knowing the impact of one
on the other and the changes which eventually observed. It
is carried for giving value to the naturally occurring
relationships. For this research minimum, two different
groups will be required.
3. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
The Causal-Comparative Research method is used to
draw conclusions with respect to the cause and effect
equation between the two or more than two variables,
where the one variable will be dependent on other
variables, which will be independent.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
This analysis is done for the purpose of proving or for
disproving the statement. It is generally used in the field
of natural sciences or in the field of social sciences as in
those areas; various statements are there which required
to be proved as right or wrong.
ADVANTAGES
OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1.
2.
The data in the Quantitative research is collected and presented in the numbers,
so the result obtained from it will be reliable as the numbers state the truth and
do not lie. Wherever the situation of the conflicts arises, the researchers prefer
quantitative research as it gives an honest picture of the research conducted
without any discrepancies and is thus extremely accurate.
It involves the statistics; it provides a wider scope of the data collection for the
researchers.
3. Quantitative research is not based on the thinking or the perception of the individual
or group of individuals conducting the research rather;, it is based on the numbers;
thus, it removes the risk of personal biases being shown in the result of the research.
4. The data collected in the Quantitative research is less time consuming as the
research is conducted on a group of respondents that represent a population and there
is the involvement of the statistics for conducting and presenting results, so it is quite
straightforward, thus less time-consuming.
DISADVANTAGES
OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. The Survey instruments used for the research are vulnerable to
errors like the mistakes in measurement or the flawed sampling
techniques as the numerical data is involved. If the error occurs
when the research will not give the correct results for which the
research is conducted.
2. Generally, the Quantitative research method requires the
extensive statistical analysis that becomes difficult to perform,
especially if the person conducting the research is from the non –
statistical background.
3. In this method, a structured questionnaire is involved, which has closeended questions. Due to this, limited outcomes can only be derived from
the research, and thus the results cannot represent actual occurring
always. Also, the respondents of the research have limited options for their
responses as their responses will be based on the selection of the question
and their options as made by the researcher.
• The role and impact of nuclear energy in today’s
world.
• The
link between academic achievement and
economic status.
• The
relationship between retirement and debt
accumulation.
• Comparing
the strategic display of a product of
different brands.
• The
link between fiscal decentralization and
innovation.
EXAMPLES
OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY!