TYPE 0 - General truth
talk about things that are always or generally true as a
result of an action or situation
If/When + present simple, present simple.
• If you heat the ice, it melts.
• If you boil water, it boils at 100°C.
• If / When I get ill, I rest in bed.
• I get burnt if I don’t use sun cream.
TYPE 1 – Real present
to talk about something that is likely to happen in the future as a result
of an action or situation
If + S + V(present tenses), S + future tenses
can + V
should + V
•
•
•
•
Models: can/
could/ may/
might/ should/
ought to/ must
If the weather is fine, he will go swimming tomorrow.
If I can finish work early, I’ll come and help you.
If she’s been listening to the news, she’ll be worried.
If she passes her exams, we’re going to buy her a car.
If you meet her tomorrow, ask her to phone me.
Command, instruction, advice (bỏ S will)
If you go to Australia, send me a postcard.
If you go to the supermarket, bring back some milk.
If Mike comes, call me.
If you drink, don't drive.
TYPE 2 – unreal present
Talk about unlikely/improbable future or present
events or situations
If + S + V(past simple), S + would + Vinfi
might/ could
• I might accept the offer if you asked.
• If I was/were taller, I would be a model.
• If he was/were here, I could tell him the truth.
• If I had more money, I would buy that house.
= If I were to have more money, I would buy that house (formal)
= Were I to have more money, I would buy that house
Inversion (đảo ngữ): Were S to V, S would V
TYPE 3 – unreal past
Talk about possible events in the past that didn’t happen
talk about regrets or to make criticisms
If + S + had P2, S + would + have P2
(had been Ving)
might/ could
If he hadn’t helped, I wouldn’t have finished the task.
= I wouldn’t have finished the task if he hadn’t help.
If he hadn’t helped, I wouldn’t have finished the task.
= Had he not helped, I wouldn’t have finished the task.
Đảo ngữ: Had S P2, S would have P2
NOTE Comma
If it rains, I will cancel the trip.
I will cancer the trip if it rains.
If I were you, I would see a doctor.
I would see a doctor if I were you.
8
Mix type (3+2)
where a past event has an effect on the present
If + S + had P2, S + would + Vnt
might/ could
•
If he hadn’t stayed up late yesterday, I wouldn’t feel sleepy now.
•
If I had studied harder, I would have a better grade.
•
Had he called me, I wouldn’t be late now.
Mix type (2+3)
express a present condition, to describe why a certain past
result didn’t/did occur.
If + past tenses, S + would have P2
might/ could
Mixed 2-3
If you had a car, I would have asked you to give me a lift.
(= You still now don’t have a car so I didn’t ask you to give me a lift.)
I you had had a care, I would have asked you to give me a lift.
(= Now you have a car, but before you didn’t, and that’s why I didn’t ask)
If I were you, I would have said yes.
(I am not you = natural fact that can never be changed)
Type 3
Or else
Even if
unless
Supposing that
Assuming that
if
Otherwise
In case
Provided/providing that
So/as long as
14
Unless = if not
We will go for a picnic unless it rains.
= We will go for a picnic if it doesn’t rain.
Unless the weather is fine, we will stay home.
= If the weather isn’t fine, we will stay home.
She would be here by now unless she were stuck in traffic.
She would be here by now if she weren’t stuck in traffic.
15
Provided/providing (that) and so/as long as
= on condition that = if
•
You can come with us as long as you pay for your own ticket.
•
He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.
even if
The situation can’t be changed
Even if we hurry, we’ll be late. (= Hurrying will not change the situation.)
Even if you apologize, she still may not forgive you.
16
Or else
If-clause >> << main clause
Hurry up or else we’ll miss the train. (= If you don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train.)
In case
something we do to avoid difficulty in the future
I’ll buy an umbrella in case it rains. (= it may rain in the future.)
17
Assuming that
= let’s say that….
Assuming (that) you get a university place, how will you pay for your studies?
Suppose/supposing that
= what if
Suppose you lose your job, what will you do?
Supposing they had lied to us, what would we have done?
Imagine you’ve won a million pounds. Would you carry on working?
18
Simple sentence
Đảo ngữ với câu đơn
Words/ Phrases
Các trạng từ tần suất phủ đ
ịnh
NEVER, SELDOM, RARELY,…
At no time – Under no
circumstances In no way – On no
account
Little
Only …
Not …
EXAMPLE
Seldom do they serve fine dishes in that restaurant.
Under no circumstances are you allowed to go there alone.
Little do I know he loves me.
Only by chance had he discovered the nest of the birds.
Not until later did I know he lied to me.
Complex sentence
Đảo ngữ với câu phức
Words/ Phrases
Only …
 đảongữ vế2
EXAMPLE
Only after she apologises will I speak to her again.
Not until
 đảongữ vế2
Not only … but also …
 đảongữ vế1
Hardly … when …
 đảongữ vế1
No sooner … than …
 đảongữ vế1
Not until had I gone home did he call.
Not only is she smart but she also works hard.
Hardly had I gone home when he called.
No sooner had I gone home than he called.
Clause, neither/nor/so + auxiliary (trợ ĐT) + Noun
A: …
B: Neither/nor/so + auxiliary (trợ ĐT) + Noun
He doesn’t speak English, and neither does she.
= He doesn’t speak English, and nor does she.
He speaks English, and so does she.
“He speaks English” “So do I.”
So + adj + be + Noun + That clause
She is so smart that everyone admires her.
So smart is she that everyone admires her.
Such … + be + Noun + That clause
She is such a smart girl that everyone admires her.
Such (a smart girl) is she that everyone admires her.
TYPE 1
possible future
Should + S + V, main clause.
If you finish your homework, we will go out for dinner.
= Should you finish your homework, we will go out for dinner.
TYPE 2
unreal present
Were S + to V, main clause.
If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.
= Were I to have enough money, I would buy a new car.
TYPE 3
Unreal past
Had S + (not) P2, main clause.
If I had known, I would have called you.
= Had I known, I would have called you.
b. Neither – so
Neither, either: cũng không (-)
so & too: cũng (+)
He doesn’t speak English, and neither does she.
= He doesn’t speak English. Neither does she.
= He doesn’t speak English. She doesn’t, either.
He speaks English, and so does she.
= He speaks English. So does she.
= He speaks English. She does, too.
Câu đơn
1. Only …
Only by chance had he discovered the nest of the birds.
2. Little
Little do I know he loves me.
3. Not …
Not until later did I know he lied to me.
Not a word has she written since 8 o’clock.
4. At no time – Under no circumstances – In no way – On no account
Under no circumstances are you allowed to go there alone.
5. Negative adverbials (Never, hardly, scarcely, seldom…)
Seldom do they serve fine dishes in that restaurant.
Câu phức
1. Hardly/barely/scarcely… + Clause 1 đảo ngữ + when + Clause 2
Hardly had I gone home when he called.
2. No sooner + Clause 1 đảo ngữ + than + Clause 2
No sooner had I gone home than he called.
3. Not only + Clause 1 đảo ngữ + but also Clause 2
Not only is she smart but she also works hard.
4. Only after/if/when + Clause 1 + Clause 2 đảo ngữ
Only after she apologises will I speak to her again.
5. Not until + Clause 1 + Clause 2 đảo ngữ
Not until had I gone home did he call.
Liên từ
1. Both A and B + Vsố nhiều
Both mum and dad are here.
2. Not only A but also B + Vchia theo B
Not only mum but also dad is here.
Not only my sister but also my parents are here.
3. Neither A nor B + Vchia theo B
Neither mum nor dad is here.
Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
1. Both + noun + and + noun: cả 2
I will take both maths and science next semester.
2. Not only + noun + but also + noun: cả 2
I will take not only maths but also science next semester.
3. Either + noun + or + noun: 1 trong 2
I will take either math or science next semester.
4. Neither + noun/adj + nor + noun/adj: không cái nào
I will take neither math nor science next semester.
Science is neither interesting nor easy.
Adverbs of place + V + subject
Outside the house was a sport car.
On the sofa sat an old man.
Here comes the bride.
Adverbs of place + pronoun + V
Outside the house it was.
On the sofa he sat.
Here she comes.
“ ….. ” said + someone.
“I don’t like it,” said Katie.
“Where have you been?” asked the doorman.
“ ….. ” pronoun + said.
“I don’t like it,” she said.
“Where have you been?” he asked.
TENSE
ACTIVE
Pres
ent
simp
le
I write the book.
Present
continuou
s
Pres
ent
perfe
ct
I am writing
the
book.
I have written
the
book.
PASSIVE
The book is written
by me.
The book is
being written
by me.
The book has
been written
by me.
FORM
am/is/are + P2
am/is/are being + P2
have/has been + P2
TENSE
ACTIVE
Pa
st
sim
ple
I wrote the book.
Past
continuou
s
Pa
st
perf
ect
PASSIVE
The book
was
written by
me.
I was writing
the
book.
The book was
being written
by me.
I had written
the
book.
The book had
been written
by me.
FORM
was/were + P2
was/were being + P2
had been + P2
TENSE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Futu
re
simp
le
I will write
the
book.
The book will
be written
by me.
Futu
re
perfe
ct
I will have
written the
book.
The book will
have been written
by me.
Be
goin
g to
V
I am going
to write the
book.
The book is going
to be written by
me.
FORM
will be + P2
will have been + P2
am/is/are going to be
+ P2
Passive voice – Modals
I must write the book.
The book must be written by me.
S + modals + be P2
Can, could, may, might,
shall, should….
NOTES
1.We avoid using these tenses in passive : present perfect continuous, past
perfect continuous, future continuous, future perfect continuous
2. First auxiliary + adverbs + …. P2: luôn chèn trạng từvào ngay sau độngtừ đầutiên
It is usually made of wood.
They have just been found.
She will never be asked.
3. Form questions: đặtcâu hỏicho passive voice – làm tương tựactive
When do they discuss important subjects?
When are important subjects discussed?
He was shot with a gun.
He was shot by a man.
He is covered in mud.
GET
HAVE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
I will get him to bring you the
books.
I will get the books brought to
you.
Get sb to V
Get sth + P2
I will have him bring you the
books.
I will have the books brought to
you.
Have sb V
Have sth + P2
USE
Get is more common in British English - have is now more formal except in some
situations described opposite.
Sometimes causative get/have suggests the need to deal with a difficulty:
-
I’m afraid you’ll have to get / have the whole house rewired.
We use have in the passive when something unpleasant happens. Get is much
less common in these situations:
-
I had my wallet stolen in the crowd.
He had his car broken into last night.
We use get - when somebody else has to work on our behalf:
-
One of these days I’m going to get myself elected onto the committee.
get + past participle (P2) = become
-
She got dressed and went downstairs.
My dog got showered by people at the dog salon.
TENSE
Present
Perfect
ACTIVE
He should complete
the task.
He should
have completed
the task.
PASSIVE
The task should
be
completed.
The task should
have been
completed.
FORM
Modal + be + P2
Modal + have been + P2
2 Tân ngữ
ACTIVE
PASSIVE 1
PASSIVE 2
The judges gave her She was given first prize First prize was given to her
first prize.
by the judges.
by the judges.
His boss is going to
offer him a new job.
He is going to be given
a new job by his boss.
A new job is going to be
offered to him by his boss.
Mum have bought
me a puppy.
I have been bought a
puppy by mum.
A puppy has been bought
for me by mum.
NOTE: We add to/for in front of the ‘person’ object (for me, to her, to him…)
Với phrasal verb
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
They pulled down the old school
in 2005.
The old school was pulled down in 2005.
Sally has given away her CDs.
Sally’s CDs have been given away by
her.
Sally has given her CDs away.
Sally’s CDs have been given by her
away.
We don’t separate the Verbs and the Particles.
Report- passive
ACTIVE
They say that he
is very smart.
PASSIVE
FORM
He is said to be very smart.
S + be P2 + to V…
It is said that he is very
smart.
It + be P2 + that + SVO
Reporting verbs: say, think, believe, state, consider, expect, know, report, understand..
We use Passive reporting verbs when:
1. Talking about general feelings or beliefs (cảm xúc, quan điểm…)
His company is thought to be worth 3 billion dollars. (= Many people think so)
2. Don’t know who gave the statements? (Không biết ai là người nói )
It was suggested that the factory should be closed.
Pay attention to the tenses.
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
FORM
They say that he is
very smart.
He is said to be very
smart.
S + am/is/are P2 + to V…
They say that he
was very smart.
He is said to have been
very smart.
S + am/is/are P2 + to have
P2…
They said that he
was very smart.
He was said to be very
smart.
S + was/were P2 + to V…
be +
supposed to + V
infinitive
meant to
1. Something arranged, but didn’t happen
He was supposed to phone me yesterday. (= I expected him to phone, but he didn’t.)
Where is John? He was supposed to be here half an hour ago!
2. What we should/ shouldn’t do
You can’t go in there. We are meant to wait outside.
Shh! We aren’t supposed to talk in the library.
3. A belief, an opinion
This is my grandma’s recipe. It is supposed to be really good!
Take the train. It is meant to be less stressful than flying.
Defining relative clause - Provide essential information
Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định – cung cấp thông tin thiết yếu, không thể bỏ
The talk was given by a man. The man comes from Russia.
The talk was given by a man who comes from Russia.
1. Bỏ đại từ quan hệ nếu nó là tân ngữ trong câu
That is the book which he wrote.
2. No comma (không có dấu phẩy)
That is the book, which he wrote.
That is the book which he wrote.
Non-defining relative clause - Provide extra information
Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định – cung cấp thông tin thêm, không cần thiết
The talk was given by a Robert. He comes from Russia.
The talk was given by Robert, who comes from Russia.
1. Không bỏ đại từ quan hệ
That girl, whom I met yesterday, is very nice.
2. With comma (có dấu phẩy)
That girl whom I met yesterday is very nice.
That girl, whom I met yesterday, is very nice.
1. Phrasal verb  put preposition at the end
The girl whom I was speaking to is a friend of mine.
Sarah, whom I was speaking to, is a friend of mine.
The girl, to whom I was speaking, is a friend of mine.
(whom & which)
2. ‘that’ doesn’t go with a comma
Sarah, that I was speaking to, is a friend of mine.
3. where – when – why = which +
preposition
That’s the hospital where we met. = That’s the
hospital in which we met.
That’s day when we met. = That’s the day on
which we met. That’s reason why we met. =
That’s the reason for which we met.
Lưu ý
1. a, an  the
I spoke to a doctor. She told me not to worry.
= The doctor that I spoke to told me not to worry.
2. Relative clause goes right after the noun/phrase
I spoke to a doctor. She told me not to worry.
= The doctor that I spoke to told me not to worry.
= I spoke to a doctor who told me not to worry.
3. DON’T repeat the subject
I spoke to a doctor. She told me not to worry.
= The doctor that I spoke to she told me not to worry.
Rút gọn mệnh đề
1. Active clause
- Bỏ relative pronoun
- V  V-ing
2. Passive clause
- Bỏ relative pronoun
- tobe P2  P2
3. The (1st, 2nd, only…)
The book which lies on the table is mine.
The book lying on the table is mine.
The book that was written by him is a best-seller.
The book written by him is a best-seller.
He is the first student who completed the test.
- Bỏ relative pronoun
- V  to V
He is the first student to complete the test.
MĐQH = giới từ
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE = preposition + … + noun
They live in a flat which
is in the city center.
They live in a flat
in the city center.
Only people who have
plenty of money can
afford to shop here.
Only people with plenty
of money can afford to
shop here.
Susan is the girl who is
wearing a black silk
dress.
Susan is the girl in a
black silk
dress.
1. 2nd conditional - giả định ở hiện tại
Động từ qk
I would buy that car If I had enough money. (- nếu tôi có tiền)
2.imagine/ suppose/ what if + S + Ved – giả định hiện tại
Imagine she became a famous super model! That would be insane!
Suppose she became a famous super model! That would be insane!
What if she became a famous super model! That would be insane!
3. S1 would rather S2 + Ved – S1 muốn S2 làm gì đó
I would rather you didn’t come tomorrow. (Tôi muốn ngày mai bạn không đến)
4. It’s (high/about) time + S + Ved – đã đến lúc
It’s time you went to bed. (đã đến lúc bạn đi ngủ rồi)
5. Past tense? – Câu hỏi lịch sự
Did you want me to come with you this evening? (bạn có muốn tôi đi cùng tối nay?)
Wish for present
Ước cho điều không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại
I wish
If only
+ S + Ved
were Ving
I wish I were rich. = If only I were rich.
I wish
+
If only
S + could V
I wish I could swim. = If only I could swim.
Wish for future
Ước cho điều có thể xảy ra/ phàn nàn về ai đó
I wish
If only
+ S + would V
I wish you would go to the party. (= Please go to the party.)
I wish he would stop talking. (= He talks too much.)
S wish
+ to V
I wish to be invited to the party.
Wish for the past
Ước cho điều không thể thay đổi trong quá khứ
I wish
If only
+ S + had P2
I wish I had stayed home yesterday
CONNECTING CLAUSES (nối 2 mệnh đề trong câu)
Nghĩa: mặc dù…
Although
Though
Even though
SVO, SVO.
Despite
In spite of
Ving, SVO.
Despite
In spite of
Noun, SVO.
Despite
In spite of
the fact that
SVO, SVO.
Although I wore a hat, I got sunburnt.
I got sunburnt although I wore a hat.
In spite of wearing a hat, I got sunburnt.
I got sunburnt despite wearing a hat.
Despite my hat, I got sunburnt.
I got sunburnt in spite of my hat.
Despite the fact that I wore a hat, I got sunburnt.
I got sunburnt in spite of the fact that I wore a hat.
CONNECTING CLAUSES (nối 2 mệnh đề trong câu)
Nghĩa: trong khi…
While
Whereas
+ clause, clause.
While some people work better with music, others do not.
Clause +
while
whereas
+ clause.
Some people work better with music while others do not.
CONNECTING SENTENCES (nối 2 câu)
Nghĩa: Dù vậy …
Sentence. However, sentence.
Nevertheless,
He was feeling unwell. However, he finished the race.
He was feeling unwell. He, however, finished the race.
He was feeling unwell. He finished the race, nevertheless.
Past simple (Ved)
USAGE
EXAMPLE
completed actions/ habits/ facts
Hđ xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ
Tom and I played a game of chess
yesterday.
The main events in a story
Các sự kiện xảy ra nối tiếp nhau trong
một câu chuyện
The referee blew the whistle and Simon
passed the ball to James, who ran
towards the goal.
(+) S + Ved…
(-) S didn’t + Vinfi…
(?) Did S + Vinfi…?
Wh- + did + S + Vinfi…?
Time Expressions:
Yesterday, last week, last month, last year, in ……
Past continuous (was/were + Ving)
USAGE
EXAMPLE
Actions happening at a particular
moment in the past
Hành động xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm cụ thể
trong quá khứ
At five o’clock yesterday, I was reading
my new book.
Annoying past habits (+ always)
Thói quen trong quá khứ khiến người
khác khó chịu
When we were young, my brother was
always borrowing my toys.
Actions in progress over a period of time
Hành động xảy ra liên tục trong 1 khoảng
tgian trong quá khứ
Daniel was playing video games all
morning yesterday.
Two actions in progress at the same time
Hai hành động xảy ra cùng lúc tại 1 thời
điểm trong quá khứ
Ulla and her friends were playing
Monopoly while we were playing
Draughts.
Past perfect (had + P2)
USAGE
EXAMPLE
Completed actions before a moment in
the past
Hành động xảy ra trước 1 thời điểm
trong quá khứ
We had lived in the US for 3 years
before 1995.
Completed actions before another action
in the past
Hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động
khác trong quá khứ
I had already bought the Computer
game when I saw it was cheaper in
another shop.
(+) S + had P2…
(-) S + hadn’t + P2…
(?) Had S + P2…?
Wh- + had + S + P2…?
Time Expressions:
since, yet, for, already, just, still, how long … + time in the past (quá khứ)
Past perfect continuous (had been Ving)
USAGE
Actions continuing up to a moment in the past
Hành động xảy ra liên tục tới 1 thời điểm cụ
thể trong quá khứ, và vẫn tiếp diễn sau đó
Actions stopping, just before a moment in the
past
Hành động vừa mới kết thúc ngay trước 1
thời điểm cụ thể trong quá khứ
EXAMPLE
When you saw us, we had been
running tor six miles – and we still
had a mile to go!
Sarah looked tired because she
had been exercising all morning.
(+) S + had been Ving…
(-) S + hadn’t been Ving…
(?) Had S + been Ving…?
Wh- + had + S + been Ving…?
USED TO
WOULD
A past habit that doesn’t happen now
Thói quen trong quá khứ, đã kết thúc
Repeated, habitual actions in the past
Hành động thường xuyên xảy ra trong
quá khứ
I used to go swimming every Sunday.
I would go swimming every Sunday.
I used to like cowboy films.
I would like cowboy films.
Describe events intended to take
place, but didn’t happen
S+
𝒘𝒂𝒔
Diễn tả
độngto
đáng
lẽ đã xảy
ra, nhưng đã không xảy ra
+ hành
going
Vinfinitive
+…
𝒘 𝒆
𝒓𝒆
I was going to phone you, then you came.
S+
S+
𝒘𝒂𝒔
𝒘 𝒆
𝒓𝒆
S+
𝒘𝒂𝒔
𝒘 𝒆
𝒓𝒆
+ Ving + …
I was thinking of phoning you, then you came.
+ about to Vinfinitive …
𝒘𝒂𝒔
𝒘 𝒆
𝒓𝒆
I was about to phone you, then you came.
+ to Vinfinitive …
I was to phone you, then you came.
Was/were +wondering…
Used in polite forms, to ask (for) something
Diễn tả sự băn khoăn, thắc mắc (cả HT và QK)
𝒘𝒂𝒔
S + 𝒘 𝒆 r 𝒆 + wondering + …
I was wondering if you wanted to go to the cinema tonight.
I was wondering if I had made the right decision yesterday.
15
will + V
Một hđ quyết định sẽ làm tại thời điểm nói, không
có kế hoạch trước
I think I will stay with my friends.
be going to + V
Một hđ đã có kế hoạch từ trước, chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra
I am going to stay with my friends..
Một dự đoán dựa trên quan điểm cá nhân
(khả năng xảy ra tuỳ thuộc)
Một dự đoán dựa trên các yếu tố đã có sẵn
(khả năng xảy ra cao)
I’m sure you will have a great time in France
The cloud’s building up. It’s going to rain this afternoon.
Present simple
arranged future actions (timetables, programs, etc)
Lịch trình đã được sắp xếp trước
cho một sự kiện nào đó
The match begins at 8:30 next Monday.
Present continuous
fixed arrangements for
the future Lịch trình/kế
hoạch trong tương lai
mà ai đó sẽ thực hiện
They are having a final test tomorrow.
2.Futurecontinuous
1. Hđ sẽ xảy ra tại một thời điểm/khoảng tgian cụ thể trong tương lai
I will be studying at 3pm tomorrow.
I will be studying hard during the semester.
2. Lịch trình/kế hoạch trong tương lai mà ai đó sẽ thực hiện
They will be having a final test tomorrow.
5
FUTURE PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một thời
Hành động sẽ kéo dài tới một thời điểm cụ
điểm cụ thể trong tương lai
thể trong tương lai
I will have graduated from secondary school
I will have been living here for 3 years by
by July next year. (hành động kết thúc)
July next year. (hđ vẫn tiếp diễn sau đó)
Nhấn mạnh vào hành động
Nhấn mạnh vào thời gian hành động diễn ra
I will have graduated from secondary school
I will have been living here for 3 years by
by July next year.
July next year.
Tobe + to V
Formal plans/ arrangements
Tobe + due to V
Events at fixed time
Tobe + (just) about to V
Events will happen very soon
Plan/hope/intend + to V
The queen is to arrive at 10 for
the ceremony.
The bus is due to arrive at 10.
We are about to leave.
We are on the point of leaving.
They plan to build a mall here.
I hope to study law next year.
FUTURE
am/is/are + going to V
FUTURE IN THE PAST
Was/were + going to V
We were going to eat out, but we changed our minds.
Was/were + Ving
am/is/are + Ving
(present continuous)
I left work early as I was meeting a friend.
will + V
Would + V
am/is/are + to V
am/is/are + due to V
am/is/are + about to V
I had met the man I knew I would marry.
Was/were + to V
The queen was to arrive at 10 for the ceremony.
Was/were + due to V
The bus was due to arrive at 10 so I waited in the cafe.
Was/were + about to V
We were about to leave.