Literature Review
Phạm Khải Ca
Sound-making mechanism
Phạm Phan Việt Anh
01
02
Differences between English
and Vietnamese Consonants
Nguyễn Ngọc Tuyết Nhi
03
Nguyễn Thảo Phụng
EFL learners’ difficulties and
Solution
Nguyễn Hồng Nhung
04
Overview:
Khải Ca
The word Consonant comes from Latin
cōnsonant - sounding together
Dionysius Thrax calls consonants sýmphōna (σύμφωνα 'sounded
with') because in Greek they can only be pronounced with a vowel
Vowels
More or less qualities
High
Low
Front
Back
Consonants
Yes - No qualitis
Ubykh Language
2-3 vowels
but 84 consonants
NorthWest
Causcasian
Taa Language
87 consonants in one analysis
164 under another
2
CHANGES OF CONSONATS
THROUGH EACH STAGES
(1970-1370)
1970 - 1770
Less systematic
Restore /w/ in woman, swore, swollen
/b/ in Lambeth
The authority has removed
/p/ in Mushrump -> Mushroom
Restore /d/ in husband, London
1970 - 1770
Less systematic
Restore /w/ in woman, swore, swollen
/b/ in Lambeth
The authority has removed
/p/ in Mushrump -> Mushroom
Restore /d/ in husband, London
1970 - 1770
Less systematic
Restore /w/ in woman, swore, swollen
/b/ in Lambeth
The authority has removed
/p/ in Mushrump -> Mushroom
Restore /d/ in husband, London
Remove /d/ in gown(d), scholar(d), vil(d)e
1970 - 1770
Less systematic
New English has assimilated:
/dj/ => /ʤ/
/tj/ => /tʃ/
19c has removed:
/ʤ/ : immediate, idiot, Idian
/tʃ/ : feature, nature
1970 - 1770
Less systematic
19c has removed:
/ʤ/ : immediate, idiot, Idian
/tʃ/ : feature, nature
Stomacher (1909)
/tʃ/ => /k/ => Stomach
1770 - 1570
Loss of L
=> Talk, walk, calm
- Not usually go before d, but lost in weak forms (would, should)
- Place - name => Bristol (OE bricg-stow, "bridge place")
=> L here was spelt in the 17c but in standard not pronouced even in the 18c
Common dialectal
transition
/t/ to /r/ during II
porriage <= pottae
The loss of /k/ and /g/
before /n/ in 17c
1679 Cooper
nave/knave, night/knight,
naw/knaw => homophones
1570 - 1370
Middle English
- Relax vocal cords
- The form in final position's been generalised
- The loss of final /-e/
=> /θ/ earth, fourth
Noun ended -> final voiceless consonant
Corresponding verb : voiced consonant plus /-e/
1570 - 1370 Middle English
Noun ended -> final voiceless consonant
Corresponding verb : voiced consonant plus /-e/
Bath
-> Bathe
/bɑːθ/
/beɪð/
/z/
-> Sacrifice
/sækrɪfaɪS/
Advice -> Advise
/ədˈvaɪs/ /ədˈvaɪz/
/s/
->
Enterprise
/entəpraɪz/
1570 - 1370 Middle English
Loss consonants
/n/ after /m/ and /l/
Damn
/dæm/
Condemn
/kənˈdem/
Kiln -> kill (written form)
The silent /n/ dates from 15c
Kil n
(n-not pronounce)
=> people read the word before hearing it
1570 - 1370 Middle English
/X/
The voiceless velar fricative has been lost through
vocalisation in the Middle English period
[θurx] ‘through’, riht [rɪxt] ‘right’
Late ME some Norhthern dialects replaced
/X/ by /f/
-> enough, cough, draught, draft, laugh,
etc.
REFERENCES
1. www.vistawide.com. Archived from the original on
2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
2. Viacheslav A. Chirikba, 1996, Common West
Caucasian: the reconstruction of its phonological
system and parts of its lexicon and morphology, p.
192. Research School CNWS: Leiden
3. Strang, B. M. (2015). A history of English.
Routledge.
Forming American Consonants
- A consonant is a sound that made when the airflow is blocked by
either your lips or your tongue.
- The different places where this block may occur are called “ points of
articulation”.
- The point is articulation is a point of contact of one part of your
mouth with another part.
1. Voicing:
• All consonants are either voiced or voiceless
• In a voiced sound, the vocal folds in the larynx are vibrating while the
sound is being made
• In a voiceless sound, the vocal folds are not vibrating
2. Manner of articulation
• To articulate means to make a sound
• The articulators are the organs in the mouth such as the tongue or
lips that approach each other in order to produce a sound.
• The articulators may stop the air completely or let a relative small or
large amount of air pass through
PLOSIVE
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/: The air is trapped in the mouth, then quickly
released, making the sound
/p/ /b/: plosive (stop), bilabial
How to make the sounds?:
Close your lips tight
Push air forward in your mouth
Open your lips quickly
Do not use your voice to say /p/
Use your voice to say /b/
• /t/ /d/: plosive (stop), lingua-alveolar
• How to make the sounds:
Put your tongue just behind your top teeth
Your tongue should not touch your teeth
Push air forward in your mouth
Then quickly move your tongue away
Do not use your voice to say /t/
Use your voice to say /d/
/k/ /g/: plosive, lingua-velar
How to make the sounds:
Touch the back of the roof of your mouth
with the back of your tongue
Push air forward in your mouth and
quickly move your tongue away
Don’t use your voice to say /k/
Use your voice to say /g/
FRICATE
• /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/: Fricatives are consonants where air
escapes through a small gap and makes a hissing sound.
• /f/ /v/: Fricative, labiodental
• How to make the sounds:
Touch the top teeth with your bottom lip
Blow out air between your lip and teeth
Do not use your voice to say /f/
Use your voice to say /v/
• /θ/ /ð/: fricative, lingua-dental
• How to make the sounds:
Put the tip of your tongue between your front teeth
Blow out air between your tongue and top teeth
Do not use your voice to say /θ/
Use your voice to say /ð/
• /s/ /z/: fricative, lingua- alveolar
How to make the sounds:
Touch your top teet with the sides of your tongue
Put your tongue forward, behind your top teeth
Force air out over the top of your tongue
Do not use your voice to say /s/
Use your voice to say /z/
• /ʃ/ /ʒ/: fricative, lingua-post alveolar
How to make the sounds:
Practice the sound /s/
Put the tip of your tongue up
and back a little to make /ʃ/
Push your lips forward a little into a circle
Use your voice to say /ʒ/
Contrastive Linguistics
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
CONSONANTS
Nguyễn Ngọc Tuyết Nhi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
02
Vietnamese consonants
The initial consonants
03
04
Final consonants
The differences
0
1
Vietnamese
Consonants
What is consonant?

The consonant phonemes
are the nonsyllabic sounds
which precede or follow a
vowel nucleus or a syllabic
sound in Vietnamese to form
a word.

Twenty consonant
phonemes are found in
Vietnamese. They are
described in terms of point of
articulation and manner of
articulation
CONSONANT CHART
02
The initial
consonants
All the consonant phonemes can occur
initially, followed either by a simple
vowel or a diphthong:
/b/
/t/
/d/
/th/
All the consonant phonemes can occur
initially, followed either by a simple
vowel or a diphthong:
/c/
/k/
/g/
All the consonant phonemes can occur
initially, followed either by a simple
vowel or a diphthong:
/g/
/f/
/v/
/s/
All the consonant phonemes can occur
initially, followed either by a simple
vowel or a diphthong:
/kh/
/h/
All the consonant phonemes can occur
initially, followed either by a simple
vowel or a diphthong:
/m/
/n/
All the consonant phonemes can occur
initially, followed either by a simple
vowel or a diphthong:
/l/
/w/
/y/
03
The final
consonants
Final consonants
There are only eight consonants which occur in
the final position. With the exception of /p/ all
others can also occur in the initial position:
04
The differences
between English and
Vietnamese consonants
 Consonants in both languages

have the same.
English consonants are similar
to Vietnamese consonants.
 English consonants are not

found in Vietnamese.
Vietnamese consonants are
not found in English.
 Consonants in two languages
have the same position but the
position in the rhyme structure
may not be the same.
Fricative
/h/ - glottal: constrict your throat
and breathe out through your
mouth
 human /ˈhjuːmən/
 behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/
Words don’t normally end with /h/
Voiced and Voiceless
Affricate
Affricate
church
_ Begins with an articulation practically the
same as that for “t”
_ The tongue moves to the position for the
fricative “∫”
_ The plosive is followed immediately by
fricative noise
_ This affricate is composed of “t” and “∫”
=> t∫
/ʧ/ - post alveolar
Touch your tongue to that ridge lightly and allow air pressure to force the tongue
down opening the airway.
begin
middle
end
 challenge /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ
 check /tʃek/
 kitchen /ˈkɪtʃ.ən/
 future /ˈfjuː.tʃɚ/
 rich /rɪtʃ/
 research /rɪˈsɝːtʃ/
/ʤ/ - post alveolar
Touch your tongue to that ridge lightly and allow air pressure to force the tongue
down whilst voicing out.
begin
middle
end
 general /ˈdʒenərəl/
 judge /ʤʌʤ/
 energy /ˈenədʒi/
 subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/
 message /‘mesɪʤ/
knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
_ The air escapes through the nose
(soft palate is raised and air can’t pass
through the nose)
+/m/- bilabial: close your lips and voice out
through your nose. Sometimes it is helpful
to press the lips against or between the
teeth: may, company, time,…
+ /n/ - alveolar: put your tongue against the
ridge just behind your top teeth so that your
mouth is completely blocked and voice out
through your nose: now, into, can,…
+ /ŋ/ - velar: curl the back of your tongue up
against the back of your mouth so that it
completely blocks your throat then voice out
through your nose. The front of your tongue
just hangs forward: long, working, thinking,…
Lateral approximant
Press just the tip of your
tongue against the back of
your upper teeth and voice out
through your mouth.
Sometimes it is helpful to curl
the sides of your tongue
upward.
 laugh /lɑːf/
 black /blæk/
 people /’piːpəl/
Approximant
+ /w/ : purse your lips and raise the back of your
tongue a bit near the roof of your mouth and voice
out.
 we /wiː/
 away /əˈweɪ/
**saw /sɔː/
** now /naʊ/
+ /r/:
curl your tongue near the roof of your mouth
and voice out through your mouth, tongue to be right
behind the little ridge behind your teeth : run, very,…
**end with the letter ‘r” => /ə/
+ /j/: raise the sides of your tongue to the roof of
your mouth and voice out through your mouth while
lowering the back of your tongue.
 beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/
 yes /jes/
 community /kəˈmjuːnəti/
English words don’t normally end with the j sound.
Conclusion
Vietnamese
EFL learners’
Difficulties
with English
consonants
Presenter:
Nguyen Hong Nhung
OVERVIEW
Students have the most difficulty in pronouncing …
01
Fricatives /ʃ/, /ʒ/
02
Affricates /tʃ/, /dʒ/
English fricatives /ʃ/
Avery and Ehrlich
(1995)
“Vietnamese speakers
may omit fricatives at
the ends of words”
Students tend to substitute the Vietnamese /s/ as in “xưa”
(meaning “old”) or /ʂ/ as in “sữa” (meaning “milk”) for the English
/ʃ/
/s/, /ʂ/
01
02
Output layer
Fishing
Wash
/ʃ/ in wordmedial
position
/ʃ/ in wordfinal position
Input layer
English fricatives /ʒ/
Students have pronunciation
problem with /ʒ/ in word-initial
position, word-medial position
and word-final position.
They usually forget to pronounce and release the English /ʒ/
in word-final position and in English consonant clusters
Furthermore,
/ʒ/
01
02
Output layer
/d/
/gi/
/ʒ/ as in “dì”
(aunt)
/ʒ/ as in “giờ”
(hour)
Input layer
English Affricates /tʃ/
“…
the
English
voiceless affricate /tʃ/
which is one of the
most difficulties for the
EFL students.”
not realize
cannot articulate
Solution:
the affricate /tʃ/ is the sequence of
the English stop /t/ and the
English fricative /ʃ/
the aspirated /t/ in /tʃ/ properly
Students
often
substitute
the
Vietnamese stop
/c/ as in “cho” (to
give)
for
the
English affricate /tʃ/
English Affricates /dʒ/
Accents:
northern,
North
central coastal, and south
central coast
●
They substitute the Vietnamese
/c/ as in “chị” (sister) for the English
/dʒ/
Accents: south central coast
and southern
Vs
●
They substitute the Vietnamese /c/
as in “chị” (sister) for the English
/dʒ/ in word-initial position, inword-medial position and in wordfinal position.
Solution: In what way does contrastive analysis help to teach
and learn English pronunciation better in Vietnam?
Students’ improvement
Avoid mistakes
By understanding about their
English problematic consonant
sounds and pronunciation
By adjusting their own
pronunciation
Input 1
Students’ awareness
of the similarities
Input 2
Students’ awareness
of the differences
References
01
Teaching American English Pronunciation
02
Ngữ Âm Tiếng Việt Tin Giản
03
Vietnamese EFL learners’ difficulties with English
consonants
04
Application of Contrastive Analysis in teaching
English pronunciation to Vietnamese adults
Thank you for
listening