F4
Structural Design I
Types of Loads
p. 1 / 2
We differentiate between three different types of loads: point load (e.g. columns), line load (e.g. walls) and area load (e.g. snow).
_
s
F
s
Flächenlast
Linienlast
Punktlast
_
q
q
Q
eL
me
in
all
ge
ve
r än
_
g
g
G
de
La
s
t
rlic
he
La
st
point
load FF
Punktlast
2
unit:
[kN/m
]
Einheit:
[kN]
stä
nd
lineLinienlast
load s s
unit:Einheit:
[kN/m2][kN/m]
ige
area
load s _s
Flächenlast
2
unit:
[kN/m
] 2]
Einheit:
[kN/m
as
t
To know what kind of force is given, we use different indications: point loads in capital letters, line loads in lower case and area
loads in coated lower case.
_
s
s
F
Conversion of Different Types of Loads
_
area load
s
Flächenlast
s
2
2
unit: [kN/m
]
Einheit: [kN/m ]
line
load s s
Linienlast
2
unit:
[kN/m
]
Einheit:
[kN/m]
point load
F
Punktlast
F
2
unit: [kN/m
]
Einheit: [kN]
_
s
F
s
_
s = s *b
2
[kN/m] = [kN/m ] * [m]
To convert
area
loadFlächenlast
s to line load_ss
Um aus
einer
which has the length of 1, we need
eine Linienlast s entlang der
to multiply s with width b
Länge ll zu_erhalten, multipliziert
man s mit der Breite b.
F = s *l
[kN] = [kN/m] * [m]
_
F = s*b *l
2
[kN] = [kN/m ] * [m] * [m]
To
area Flächenlast
load s to point_s load F,
Umconvert
aus einer
we
need
to multiply
s with
the width b
eine
Punktlast
F _zu
erhalten,
and length 1.
multipliziert man s mit der Breite b
und der Länge ll.
To
line load
s to point
Umconvert
aus einer
Linienlast
s load F
we need to
eine Punktlast F zu erhalten,
multiply s with length 1.
multipliziert man s mit der
Länge l.
F4
Structural Design I
Types of Loads
p. 2 / 2
Safety Factors
The loads are divided into self weight (dead / constant load) and live load (changing load). The self-weight (roof structure) can be
accurately defined, the live load (snow, wind etc.) are complicated to determine. This is the reason for different safety factors to
be used:
Safety Factor Dead Load γG = 1.35
Safety Factor Live Load
γQ = 1.50
We differentiate between characteristic force value (index K), which has not been multiplied with safety factor and design force
value (index d), which is calculated taking safety factors into account:
Point Load Line Load Area Load
Dead Load Gd = Gk γG gd = gk γG gd = gk γG
Live Load
Qd = Qk γQ qd = qk γQ qd = qk γQ