Feed Ingredients and their classification Feedstuffs can be classified in to different classes : A. On the basis of bulkiness : It is depends upon the crude fiber content of the feed. a.Roughages : These are the feeding stuffs, which are bulky and contain more than 18 percent of crude fiber. On the basis of water content roughages are grouped into dry and succulent. i. Dry : which contains 10-15% water, they are hay, straw and Clover's Legume hays content 10-15% CP and 50% TDN, non-legume hay contains 1-3% CP and 50% TDN, where as straw contains 0-1% CP and 40% TDN. ii. Succulent : It contains more than 20% water. They are cultivated grass; pasture grass, tree leaves, root crops, and silage. b. Concentrate : these are less bulky therefore, contains less than 18% crude fiber. They are rich in energy and protein. B. On the basis of chemical composition roughages can be grouped into: a. Non-maintenance : contain less than 3% DCP on dry matter basis e.g. straw and Stover's. b. Maintenance : Contains 3-5% DCP on dry matter basis e.g. Green maize, sorghum etc. c. Productive : Contains more than 5% DCP on dry matter basis e.g. Lucerne, cowpea, Berseem, oat etc. Classification of feed stuffs Nature and Uses of Various feedstuffs Energy Sources 1. Millets : Japanese millet, finger millet, Pearl millet, and fox tail millet. • As the seed are hard they should be grind or crushed before being fed to cattle, hogs, while whole seeds can be fed to poultry. • The millets are relished by all livestock. It contains 11.26% CP, 1.8% CF, 2.4% ash, 4.8% EE and 78.4% NFE on dry matter basis. 2. Oats : • It can be used for all form animals. For pig and poultry grind oat has a considerable higher feeding value than whole oats. • It should be included less than 25% in growing pigs and for poultry oats can be clipped to remove the awn and tips and mixed up to 30% in growing chicks and 40% in them ration of layers. • It contains 11.7% CP, 16% CF, 2.9% ash, 6.6% EE, 62.8% NFE on dry matter basis. • Barley : It is a hard grain and should be crushed or ground for all animals; otherwise, it will pass through alimentary tract largely undigested because of its fibrous hull. • Barley can be included only in limited amount in the diet of pig and poultry. • It contains 10.3% CP, 6.2% CF, 3.5% ash, 2.4% EE and 77.6% NFE on dry matter basis. 4. Rice : a. Rough rice : • In rice grain, their hulls are very hard and abrasive, therefore they must be ground before fed the animals. • They are seldom used due to their high cost and direct competition with human feed. However, they have been use to replace maize in ration for cattle and pig. • For pig rough rice can be used to best advantage when it can replaces not more than 50% of the maize in the ration. • Rice contains 8-10 % CP, 9 % crude fiber, 1.9% ether extract and TDN 78-82% and metabolisable energy is of 2900-3300 Kcal ME per kg. b. Broken rice : • It is a palatable and easily used for energy source. • It has been used for all classes of livestock but is of special in rations for growing chickens because of its high-energy value and less fiber content. c. Rice hulls : • Used for poultry litters and then can be fed to ruminant as recycling of manure. • Ground rice hulls can be included in high concentrate diet used for feedlot cattle in small amount up to 15% in the area where shortage of roughages instead of rice straw. • Ammoniated rice hulls with mono calcium phosphate under pressure remove silica can be included 10% in sheep ration without any problem of digestion. d. Rice bran : • The bran contains 14-18% of oil. The oil can be extracted and deoiled bran is stable with respect to rancidity, which is a problem in storage of un extracted rice bran. • Rancidity in rice bran caused by glycolytic enzyme, which increase the free fatty acid after milling. • Rice bran is most important of the by-product of rice and good sources of vitamin B and is palatable to farm animals. • It causes the softening effect on the body fat and the butterfat of milk. • The maximum inclusion is about 40% in cattle feed of total ration, lower than 30% in fattening pig and 25% can be used in poultry. e. Rice polishing : • Polishing has wider use than bran because of their lower fiber content. • It can be used in poultry and pig ration but only small amount in piglet ration otherwise they may suffer from Scour and fattening pig to avoid oily carcasses. • About 5 kg per day have been used for dairy cows and buffalo without any harmful effect on production. • Wheat : Wheat grain contains flour, bran, aleurone and germs. Outer hard hard covering is bran which is high fibrous, inner coat is aleurone and less fibrous and at the base of cornel is germ. a. Wheat grain : – It is not usually fed to animal because of high price. – Unmarketable grains may be used for all classes of livestock. – Wheat can only be used for poultry over 2 month of age. – Large amount (over 3 kg/day) can be fed to horses. – Wheat can be included in concentrate for cattle up to 25%. For growing pig up to 30%. b. Wheat bran : • It is bulky feed that can be used to lighten density of heavy feed mixture. • It has a slight laxative effect ,fiber of bran is moderately digestible. Coarse bran is an excellent feed for horses, cattle and can be fed up to 2 kg per day. • Fine bran can be used to feed pig and poultry up to 10 percent. c. Wheat germ meal : It is valuable feed rich in digestible protein, low in fiber and contain 10% oil and rich in vitamin E. 6. Maize: All types of maize grain should be ground before feeding even for poultry. • It is rich in energy and low in fiber content and minerals. • Its inclusion rate in diet should be restricted in pigs because fat in maize is highly unsaturated and cause soft body fat if included in high levels. • The color pigment in yellow maize, Xanthophyll and some amount of carotenes can also affect the color of the fat for pigs. This pigment is of high value in poultry diets where it gives a colour to eggs and meat. – Maize gluten feed: This is by product of wet milling. It is widely used for dairy cows but should not be fed alone because it is not very palatable. For growing chicks 10%, layers 10% growing pig 10% and fattening pigs 16%. Protein Sources A. Plant Protein Sources 1. Soybean meal : The meal is generally regarded as one of the best sources of protein available for animal feeding. The protein content all essential amino acids but amount of Cysteine and Methionine are sub-optimal. • It contains 40-50% CP . • Soybean meal contains a number of toxic stimulatory and inhibitory substances including Allergenic, Goiterogenic and anticoagulant factors. • Trypsin inhibitor, which reduces the value of protein. Heating or toasting for simple stomach animals may inactivate the trypsin inhibitor. • For ruminant animals toasting or heating is not necessary. • It provides very valuable protein food for all farm animals. 2.Groundnut cake : • It contains 45% CP with sub optimal amount of cysteine and methionine. The palatability of meal is high in pig but should not be more than 25% of diet because it softens body fat . • This also limits the use in lactating cow. GNC proves toxic to young animal particularly turkey, poultry, duckling, calves and lambs. • This cake is badly affected by Aspergillus flavus, which damage the quality and produces aflatoxin, which is carcinogenic, and damage the liver. • Adult animal are not badly affected. This toxic material is transmitted to milk when fed to lactating animal and to the human diet also. 3.Cotton seed cake : • The protein of cotton seed cake is low in cysteine, methionine and lysine. • Due to its dry and dusty nature, do not readily accept it. When milking cow fed with cotton seed cake a lactating complication arises that milk fat become hard and butter fat difficult to churn. It contains 36-40% CP. • Cotton seed cake contains Gossypol, which has antioxidant properties and affect the young animals. • It should not included more than 10 percent of pig diets. • It adversely affects the storage quality of eggs wen given more than 5-10% of total diet. • Ruminant shown no bad or ill effect even when fed with large quantities of cotton seed cake. 4.Linseed cake : • It contains 34-38% CP and and 3-10% mucilage, which is almost completely indigestible by non-ruminant animal but can be broken down by microbial action of ruminant animals. • Immature linseed produces hydrogen cyanide, which can be removed by normal processing. • It is very good for ruminant because absorb large amount of water and provide time for microbial action, lubricating action, protect the gut wall and produces soft milk. • It is not recommended for poultry ration because collect gum mass on beak reduce ability to eat and causes necrosis and malformation. • If included in poultry should not be more than 3% not more than 8% in adult pig and 5% in young pig ration. • In cattle, it should be provided 3 kg per day without any harmful effect. 5.Mustard cake : • It is an important source of protein for livestock feeding. It contains 34-37% protein and glycoside sinigrin to produce volatile irritating oil. • One of these substances inhibits the uptake of iodine by thyroid gland and thus causes goiter. • This oil cake should be used in animal feeding after prolong steaming or soaking to evaporate the volatile substances. • It should be provided to adult cattle 1-1.5 kg per day, pregnant or young animal should be given much less. In sheep, it should be included up to 20% of total ration. • About one third of protein supplement in ration of growing and finishing pig can be replaced by mustard cake. • In young pig about 4% and in poultry it should not be included starter ration but may be used for fattening birds or layer ration up to maximum of 10% of total ration. 6.Sesame cake : • It contains 17-38% CP. It has been used up to 15% mixed with equal amount of cottonseed meal or GNC in chicks ration. • It is palatable to all classes of animals and has a mild laxative effect. • Till cake is richest source of Ca among all oil cakes. It is recommended not more than 3 kg per day for dairy cattle. • It is not soaked or wetted when fed, because gives disagreeable taste of milk and meat. • The cake become rancid when stored for longer time. Animal protein sources Animal protein sources are seldom used in diet of ruminant animal, as these animals normally have no demand for Vitamin B and high quality protein. 1.Meat meal : • It contain 50-60% CP, 8% Ca and 4% P. • it is low in lysine, methionine and tryptophan. This is usually expensive to feed ruminant and find unpalatable for them. • This contains balance amino acids. High level of meat product should be avoided in pig ration because high level of Ca disturbs the Zinc balance. • It is included below 5% in growing and finishing pig and less than 10% in breeder poultry and sow. 2.Blood meal : • It contains 80% CP and poor in Ca and P protein is poor in quality and digestibility than the other animal protein feed. • It is unpalatable and not recommended for young poultry. Inclusion rate is limited to 1-2 percent. 3. Fish meal : • It contains 40-60% CP with digestibility 90-93%, 20% mineral content which is higher of Ca 8% and P 4%. • They are good source of vitamin B complex. For pig and poultry, fishmeal is standard ingredient and is added to about 5-15% of them ration. • Response of fishmeal is high in ruminant also but high cost makes it uneconomical. • It contains oil, which impart a fishy flavor to the animal product. Rancidity problem is high in fat fish. Thank You all!!!
