1 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study English was declared as the official language after the independence in 1947 English medium schools were supported by Christians missions. English has become more integrated into the field of education day by day. Language policies of education institutions are determined by the English necessities of related countries. In this respect, English as Medium of Instruction has started to play a vital role in the education of universities in Turkey by virtue of realizing the importance of English and new language policies were enacted to boost English learning by Turkish Government. According to Karakas (2016), the Bologna process was started to establish new EMI universities in 2001, which aimed at increasing student and teacher mobility, The wealthy communities shifted their attentions towards these English Medium school. A lot of subject were taught both in English and Urdu language. But the science subject was taught in English. A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subject. According to destabilization, ILM (2017) English is transversal lines of action and research are partially encompassed in the term "English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI)". To put it simply, EMI is the use of English to teach academic subjects in countries or areas where English is not the language of most of the population. English serves as the medium of instruction in our country. It is the language of the academec and therefore it has the ability to reach a great number of people. As it is used in school, English is helping mold the minds of the children who are to become the future of the 2 Philippines. English can be used in the transition of our country to a Filipinized education by enlightening the minds of both the educated and those who are still in school. English can be used to promote and teach the Filipino ideals, culture, and traditions which can imbed a love for one’s country in the young. It must become a tool used in the schooling of young minds to see the potential and importance of the national language. Mean while the students' perceptions of school events, the nature of teachers' expectations, and the patterns of interaction between students and teachers have an impact on their academic attitudes and behaviors. The way we look at situations, places, and things reflects the way we view the world and influences the conclusions and decisions we make. The perceptions are often the result of automatic processing, and while automaticity is efficient for processing much information quickly, it is not always accurate. In learning, perceptual process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience. Perceptual learning occurs through sensory interaction with the environment as well as through practice in performing specific sensory tasks. The changes that take place in sensory and perceptual systems as a result of perceptual learning occur at the levels of behaviour and physiology. Examples of perceptual learning include developing an ability to distinguish between different odours or musical pitches and an ability to discriminate between different shades of colours. In the latter part of the 20th century, researchers demonstrated that human adult perceptual systems are in fact highly mutable. (For more information on the ability of neural pathways to change with learning, see neuroplasticity.) The discovery suggested that the properties of low-level cognitive processes, which involve areas of the brain that are the first to receive sensory information, could be reshaped by perceptual learning. Although it did not rule out the 3 involvement of high-level cognitive processes in perceptual learning, the discovery prompted researchers to focus on simple sensory tasks and stimuli, which provide basic information about the changes that are occurring within a perceptual system as learning is taking place. Mechanisms of perceptual learning Although in some instances there is clear evidence that perceptual learning is associated with changes in cognitive processing, the mechanisms behind perceptual learning have been difficult to identify. It was thought, for example, that visual learning 1 could not transfer across orientations, positions, or eyes. Hence, rather than occurring as a result of a generalized high-level learning process, visual learning was attributed to changes in neural processing that tuned acuity to a narrow range of orientations and a particular region of the visual field on the basis of input from one eye. As a result, the physiological locus of learning in a vernier acuity task was thought to lie in the primary visual cortex, where the first stages of visual cortical processing are carried out. However, research conducted in the late 1990s and early 2000s indicated that perceptual learning can in some instances transfer between different visual tasks. The transfer of learning from one task to another depends on some degree of overlap in neural processing pathways as well as on the complexity of the visual training tasks involved. Scientists have presented various ideas on the mechanisms behind perceptual learning for visual tasks. Some of those ideas can be understood from the perspective of computational models. Examples of such models include representation modification and reweighting (or read-out modification). In representation modification, learning is associated with changes in the properties of neurons in the early stages of visual processing. Reweighting, on the other hand, suggests that learning is associated with changes in the strength of connections between cortical sensory representations and mid - or high-level brain areas. Still other models are based on different mechanisms, such as 4 the modification by perceptual learning of neural connections in a single visual area or of cortical top-down connections that feed into early-stage processing areas from high-level areas. In the perception of learners, the important of learning English as the third most widely spoken language in the world, especially in the used of any school curriculum for today, there are certain students who doesn't understand the English as a language of their modular learning and some of topic here is not familiar with them, because teachers are not always discussing the topic and did not spend more time for students due to this pandemic. However, there are comprehensive, but the perception of learners in english has a vital role owns life specially in learning and whenever there is a important details that a certain people need to express the idea with confidence through speaking English. The researchers seek to find the solution for this study for the purpose of improving the English perception of students. The purpose also of this study is to give more attention and be priorities the English instruction of teachers for senior high school learners in AMPSC. The researchers believe that this research will contribute to the principals of teacher, schools administrators and students. There are ideas behind the scene in the school that need to be guide in problems of the senior high school learners in their perception in English as a medium instruction of teachers. 5 Statement of the problem This study will determine how English as a medium instruction will affect the students' perception of senior high school in Adiong memorial polytechnic state college during this pandemic. Specifically, this study aims to provide answers to the following questions. 1.) What is the demographic profile of respondents in terms of the following questions? a) age b) Gender c) parents' educational attainment d) parents occupation e) Family income 2.) What is the perception of senior high school learners toward English as a medium of instruction? 3.) What recommendations can be drawn from the results of the study? Objective of the study 1. To find out the demographic profile of respondents in terms of age, gender, parents' educational attainment, parents occupation and Family income. 6 2. To find out the perception of senior high school learners toward English as a medium of instruction. 3. What recommendations may be drawn based on the findings of the study? Significance of the Study This study is being created to benefit the following. Senior high Learners- The study will benefits its senior high learners because they are the subject of the research and will lead also to an advice if theres a negative implication. Students. This will beneficial thing for students because they will use this reference to see if there is implication of English as a medium instruction from the perception of learners nowadays. Teachers. This study will benefits the teachers for the purpose of having a knowledge about the implications of English as a medium instruction from the perception of learners. Parents. The study will benefit the parents for them to know if they need to guide a support their children after the implication was summarize. 7 Future Researchers. This research will benefit the future researchers for them to have references as related studies or literature to their future studies. The Scope and Limitation of the Study The target respondents of this study are all senior high school learners. The scope of this research will circle in school AMPSC and the perception of students. Theoretical Framework This chapter prevents the related literature and related that are relevant to the study. Relevant theories Winneba, Ghana (2015) It was identified that in theory, Ghana has a language policy that uses English as medium of instruction from Primary Four (P4) to JHS and beyond but in practice, this language policy of education is violated. Teachers use both the L1 and English (L2) in such classrooms. The main reason found to be the cause of the present situation is the students lack of proficiency in the use of English in the classroom. The study also found that the violation of the policy is due to the monolingual nature of the classrooms, teachers willingness to use Ghanaian language in teaching, and lack of enforcement of the language policy. It was also observed that the main strategies teachers used included translation, code-switching/mixing, concurrent use of the two languages, and safe-talk. It was again noted that the use of English at the Upper primary and JHS can be improved by strict enforcement of the language policy of 8 education, improvement in the teaching of English, extension of the use of L1 as MoI, and creation of a classroom atmosphere that is conducive to the use of English. According to this Theory, The main reason found to be the cause of the present situation is the student's lack of proficiency in the use of English because of the monolingual nature of classrooms and lack of enforcement of the language policy as mentioned in the theory. This theory leads the researcher to the possible outcome of this study that English as a medium instruction was the one of the factors affecting the perception of learners. Central theoretical assumption of both the SLM and the PAM-L2 is that deviations in L2 speech production are perceptually motivated (Strange 2007). It is assumed that the perception of L2 segments is somehow influenced by or filtered through the over-learned and automatic perceptual strategies by which incoming phonetic segments are recognized as exemplars of L1 phonological categories, which in turn results in L1 interference (Strange 2007 , pp. 3637). It seems logical to assume a similar perceptual basis to the difficulties adult learners face when attempting to produce L2 intonation. The researcher that significant assumed that the perception of L2 segments is somehow influenced by or "filtered through" the over learned and automatic perception strategies by which incoming phonetic segments. This theory was having something to do with perception of learners. it has stage and students can have it but different from each other. 9 The theory mentioned above truly the researcher that English as a medium instruction can affect the students' perception in learning. Since perception of learners stages, it is still depending on its factors. The goal of this research is to find if the perception of Grade 10 learners in AMPSC are affected by English as a medium instruction during this pandemics. Conceptual Framework Among Senior high school learners. The Figure shows the concept of this research entitled Perception of senior highschool learners in Adiong memorial polytechnic state college toward English as a medium instruction. Basis for intervention program, S.Y. 2021-2022 . The Independent variable is the demographic profile of respondents in terms of their Age, gender. Parents education attainment, Parent occupation and family income. The Dependent variable is the perception of learners toward emglish as a Medium on instruction. Conceptual Model INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Age Gender Parents Educational Attainment DEPENDENT VARIABLE OUTPUT Perception of senior high school learners. R E C O M M E 10 Figure 1. Schematic Diagram showing the conceptual framework of the study. Definition of Terms Administrator A person who manages or directs something. The official provides support in school mainly include principals and assistant principals. District and school administrators play a critical role in improving the learning environment and overall academic progress of their students. Without their leadership, creating meaningful learning environment improvements is difficult. EMI (English as a Medium Instruction) A term more frequently used in higher education and secondary school contexts and use to describe teaching curricular subjects in English. EMI involves a lot of listening to lectures and reading texts. Most teachers in EMI programmers think of themselves as subject teachers rather than language teachers. Instruction. Was defined previously as "the purposeful direction of the learning process" and is one of the major teacher class activities (along with planning and 11 management). Professional educators have developed a variety of models of instruction, each designed to produce classroom learning. A statement of what to do that must be obeyed by those concerned. One of the major teacher class activities along with planning and management to developed a variety of models of instruction each designed to produce learning. It was defined previously as "the purposeful direction of the learning process". Intervention. The act of interfering with the outcome or course especially of a condition or process (as to prevent harm or improve functioning). an occurrence in which a person with a problem (such as a drug addiction) is confronted by a group (as of friends or family members) whose purpose is to compel the person to acknowledge and deal with the problem. In learning the classroom intervention is a set of steps a teacher takes to help a child improve in their area of need by removing educational barriers. Medium of instruction. A language used in teaching. It may or may not be the official language of the country or territory. If the first language of students is different from the official language, it may be used as the medium of instruction for part or all of schooling. Perception. Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sensory system. The awareness 12 of the elements of environment through physical sensation. In learning it is the action of perceiving and awareness of learners which related to previous knowledge. In learning it is process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience. Pandemic. An epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected individuals is not a pandemic. An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area (such as multiple countries or continents) and typically affects significant proportion of the population and the product of sudden rapid spread, growth, or development. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 13 This chapter presents the review of literature and studies pertinent to and essential to the completion of this study. Related Literature According to Christian Jensen and Jacob Thøersen (2011) they said through their journal using English in research and higher education increasing by the subject of heated debate in Denmark and other European countries over the last years. Using English in many countries where it is not the national language because they used their traditional language and there has been a shift towards English-medium instruction in higher education (Hughes, 2008). This is the result of an ongoing internationalization of higher education and Wächter & Maiworm (2008) for a discussion of the situation in Europe), where internationalization means to be synonymous with English-medium instruction (hereafter EMI). English as a medium it ruction (EMI) is the language shift involved in such internationalization that have been the subject of many research. In the section on EMI as a global trend, one of the author St. Byun et al. (2011) sing mixed methods (survey and interviews) they identify three areas which require attention for EMI to be a success. These are: 1) the students and the instructors language proficiencies; 2) the varying demands of different academic subjects; and 3) a facilitative body which can support EMI implementation. In the second stage of analysis, the researcher reviewed the sources in full with these three areas in mind to see how they related to the themes which emerged from the first stage of analysis. A manual systematic 14 approach to analysis was selected to increase intimacy with the data (see Bergin, 2011). This second stage involved a much closer read of the sources by individually examining the opportunities and challenges discussed in each area. see also Mellion, 2008). They state that without consideration of the above, the implementation of EMI can have negative side effects (see also Park, J.K., 2009). According to Guangwei Hu Lubna Alsagoff (2017) the English medium instruction initiative in terms of four principles that can guide policy evaluations, namely normative justification, Main while instructors used EMI and as a global trend, it has a positive and negative side effects from learners because some of higher education used English language as a usual instruction for all learning material but other schools English is difficulties because of their mother thong proficiency. In addition, according to Guangwei Hu Lubna Alsagoff (2017) the English medium instruction initiative in terms of four principles that can guide policy evaluations, namely normative justification, practical feasibility, allocative effectiveness and distributive justice. And Stephen H. Moore (2017) The EMI courses at the university investigated are a blend of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) and contentbased teaching (CBT) in a B(Ed) program that graduates hundreds of qualified high school English teachers annually. The research focused on how learning was evaluated in three key subjects, one with a language-only focus (Core English), and two with an additional content focus (Literature Studies and Global Studies), with a view to seeing how practices varied according to content focus. Using interviews, a focus group and document analysis, the study found that evidence for the Year 2 and 3 subjects LS 15 and GS being content-based was only partly accurate: content was construed by the leading teachersas primarily life skills (Literature Studies) and language for social life (Global Studies). Despite the differences amongst the various subjects in the EMI curriculum, their assessment practices conformed strongly to the institutional norm for all subjects. It seems that understanding current assessment practices requires deeper consideration of a complex ecology of cultural and linguistic practices. However, according to the Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology 2,4King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi 126 Pracha-utid Road, Bangmod, Toongkru, Bangko (2010) nowadays English is emerges as the predominant medium of international business and academic discourse, and it's perceived as the key to the socio-cultural advancement. Policy makers, language planners, educators and teachers in Thailand are intensively addressing the need to increase student proficiency in English language skills. In order to achieve all of this, over the decade, national policies and syllabuses have been moving towards various versions of language teaching. Adoption of and change in medium instruction in higher education can be seen widely currently; however mostly involve adopters, implementers, suppliers, but the clients or students who are one of major components. However, this study explained the Perception is an important factor in Englishmedium because it is influential and interferes in learning performance and achievement. Student s perceptions are coming from their insight belief. They could understand and see the value of English-medium instruction in which they could use in their daily lives. However, to provide the appropriate experience in English-medium instruction, the right 16 and new knowledge, creation of good surrounding and environment, and opportunity to practice could enable students the positive perceptions of English language as a medium of instruction. According to the author Ghazi Ghaiththe (2001) entitle " Learners' perceptions of their STAD cooperative experience The results", indicated that the male learners perception were more clear than the females about the procedure of STAD and that they perceived that they had learned more than the females. Truly that the above mentioned related literatures from author, EMI and perception of learners is very important to the learning nowadays specially for those who are starting their English as a medium instruction at the perception at the young age. This study wants to find the relationship of the two variables which is coming up with the concept of doe's perception of learners can affect the EMI of instructors and does EMI also affect the perception of learner.Through the result of this research the researcher will conclude accepting the one of the hypotheses the remaining. Related studies According to Takumi Uchihara , Tetsuo Harada (2018) There was a study about Roles of Vocabulary Knowledge for Success in English-Medium Instruction: SelfPerceptions and Academic Outcomes of Japanese Undergraduates. The purpose of this study investigated the relationship between vocabulary knowledge (written and aural receptive vocabulary size and self-rating of vocabulary knowledge) and self-perceptions of four language skills (reading, listening, writing, speaking) targeting undergraduate 17 students in English-medium instruction (EMI) courses in Japan. The students academic performance (course grades and quiz scores) was also compared to their vocabulary knowledge. Results showed that learners with larger aural vocabulary sizes were more confident in spoken language use, and those who self-rated higher on their vocabulary knowledge were more likely to perceive themselves as proficient in productive language skills. Interestingly, learners with larger written vocabulary sizes tended to perceive themselves as less proficient in performing EMI tasks. Results also showed that none of the vocabulary measures were significantly associated with academic outcomes. Interview data suggest that EMI students performance could be affected by the complex interplay of various factors, though not necessarily a large vocabulary size alone. Based on these findings, implications are discussed in terms of teaching and assessing vocabulary knowledge in EMI courses. The relationship of this study from the Takumi Uchihara , Tetsuo Harada is that the perception of the learners can be low and it has relationship with the English as medium instruction (EMI) and it lead the researchers to come up with the research method to make it descripted method like what the Takumi Uchihara , Tetsuo Harada does or done. However, according to Yasmin (2014) in has study entitled Medium Instruction at Engineering Departments of Higher Education: A Study on Partial English Medium Instruction at Some State Universities in Turkey English-medium instruction (EMI) is expanding in Turkey and especially at higher education. Universities with EMI are more favored and popular for students and parents in comparison to universities without EMI. 18 There are integrative and instrumental reasons to prefer universities with EMI. Therefore, English, in a way, competes with Turkish the medium of instruction, especially at higher education. bEnglish is partially used as a medium of instruction at some universities which offer one third of the lectures in English and the others in Turkish. However, views of lecturers on whether EMI is a requisite and benignant in terms of instructional goals are generally ignored. This paper reports on the results of a survey of 63 lecturers that have different titles at university, such as professors, associate professors, assistant professors, and assistants from engineering faculties of two universities with partial EMI. This research aims to compare their attitudes towards EMI. A Lickert-type scale questionnaire was used in the study to collect data on attitudes of lecturers. The findings may provide some insights into lecturers perceptions of their teaching in English: lecturers in partial EMI programs may consider that they are less capable of performing their teaching duties or may feel some aspects of teaching to be more difficult. In Journal of Education and Practice. Translation can be used as a learning strategy by students who learn their academic subjects through English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI). Taylor & Francis (2017) in this study the main purpose is to investigate the perceptions of students towards the use of translation at university level courses offered in English at various departments. This qualitative research characterized as a case study consists of an interview developed to interpret how students relate translation to developing subject matter knowledge. The data were collected through written interviews with students of international relations, political science, international trade and marketing, and business administration. The data were analyzed using qualitative methods and suggest that most students turn to translation as a tool for both 19 understanding the subject matter and learning new vocabulary; however, they were found to have limited knowledge of and even some misconceptions towards the potential uses of translation. The findings also provide implications for learning and researching through activities that involve translation, thus enabling learners to actively participate in the process of acquisition of content knowledge through active translation. In addition, Taylor & Francis (2017) the Learners' Perceptions of Translation in English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI) at University Level. In this study many Turkish universities provide undergraduate the degree courses through the medium of English. Kim, B Tatar - Journal of Language, Identity & Education, (2017) Despite a growing popularity of English medium universities, very little actual information is available about what attracts students to an English-medium education. The present study aims to identify the primary sources of motivation underlying students decision for selecting an English-medium education, students assessment of their English language skills, and their perceptions of difficulties they may have studying through the medium of English. With regard to motivational patterns, it was found that students prioritized a mix of integrative and instrumental motivations, and had a fairly positive self-assessment of their English. Problems identified by the students centered on the detrimental effects of learning subjects through another language such as a feeling of being distanced from their native language and culture. It is argued that more studies are needed in this area to assist universities in policy making. With an increase in English-medium courses in universities in non-English speaking countries, various concerns have been raised such as difficulty of students 20 lecture comprehension and ineffective interaction between lecturers and students. YoonJu Joe & Hee-Kyung Lee(2013) This study scrutinized relationships among Korean medical students comprehension of and satisfaction with English- medium lectures and their general English proficiency. Sixty-one medical students taking a required medical course participated in the study. The students data concerning their lecture comprehension and perceptions were collected by means of pre- and post- tests and survey questionnaires during English-medium and Korean-medium lectures. It was found that the medium of instruction had no effect on the understanding of the lecture and that students general English proficiency was not related to their lecture comprehension. In the survey, students expressed diverse needs for English such as LI summaries of main points and remedial English courses in general or medical English. Based on the results, suggestions and recommendations for the implementation of EMI courses in Korea are suggested. 21 Chapter III RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research design; locale of the study , respondents of the study , instrument of the study , data gathering procedure and statistical tools used. Research Design This study will being utilize the descriptive design to the use of toward English as a medium of instruction: a basis for intervention program, S.Y. 2021-2022 among grade 10 learners in AMPSC . Descriptive survey involves a set of data which were analyzed, summarized and interpreted along this line of study. A self-made questionnaire was used. Locale of the study 22 This study will be conducted in Adiong Memorial Polytechnic State College that was originally established as a National High School in 1988 , the Adiong Memorial Polytechnic State College located in Dilimbayan Ditsa-an Ramain Lanao Del Sur . Respondents Of The Study The respondents of this study will be include some grade 10 learners of AMPSC , both male and female irregardless of what strand they are enrolled in the respondents officially enrolled in the school year of 2021-2022. Respondents of The Study The respondents of this study will be include senior high school learners of AMPSC , both male and female irregardless of what strand they are enrolled in the respondents officially enrolled in the school year of 2021-2022. Instrument of The Study In the analysis of the problem of this study , a survey questionnaire will be adopted. The questionnaire will be divided into two parts. Part I , includes some personal information about the respondents age , gender , parent occupation , parents educational attainment, and family income. Part II on the other hand , were the toward english as a medium of instruction: a basis for intervention program , s.y. 2021-2022 among senior high learners in AMPSC. Data Gathering Procedure For a systematic gathering data the researchers will first ask permission from the principal and teachers of the AMPSC , Senior High School Department , during the school year 2021-2022 , upon the approval of the request , the researchers themselves personally the response to the questionnaire and the evaluation result will be tallied , tabulated and analyzed. Statistical Tools Used Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to determined the profile of the respondents in terms of their age , gender , parents occupation, parents educational attainment and family income. 23 Formula: P=f/nx100 Where : P= Percentage F= Frequency N= Total Number 100 constant Weighted mean will be used to determine the toward english as a medium of instruction: a basis for intervention program , s.y. 2021-2022 among senior hign learners , the weighted means will be used. Formula: Wx= fx/n Where : Wx= Weighted mean F= Frequency N= Total Number of respondents All collected data will be computed and treated statistical with the use of percentage of frequency distribution and weighted means. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Part I . Respondents Profile 24 Direction: please indicate a check ( √ ) mark on your respective answer on the space provided in each question. Name: (Optional) A. Age: ( ) 16-17 Yrs Old ( ) 18-19 Yrs Old ( ) 20- 21 Yrs Old ( ) 22- 23 Yrs Old B. Gender : ( ) Male ( ) Female D. Family Income : ( ) 1,000-5,000 ( ) 6,000-10,000 ( ) 11,000-15,000 ( ) 16,000-20,000 25 Fig. 2 Map of Ditsa-an Ramain For each the statements below, please indicate the extent of your agreement or disagreement by checking (✔) the appropriate box where, 26 SA= strongly agree A= Agree UD= disagree SDA= strongly disagree STATEMENT SA 1. I think I can understand the use of English well. 2. I use English to communicate with my classmates. 3. I feel confident speaking in English. 4. I easily understand what is written in the module even if English is used. 5. I have no difficulty answering the quizzes and activities given by the teacher in our modules. 6. I understand more listening to explanations coupled with reading using English. 7. I have the courage to speak English in front of many people. 8. Using English language improves communication between students and teacher. 9. English make teaching and learning more effective: because it integrates padrilles all forms of media, print, audio, video and animation. 10. Using English is interesting and useful. A UN DA SDA 27 11. I like using English because its help me to develop knowledge of computer and internet. 12. I feel more confident when I use English online then when I use it in the class. 13. Using English help me to use time effectively. 14. I benefit from the feedback given by my intrusive through module. 15. I think socially isolated when I use English. 16. Using English is difficult to handle and therefore frustrating to use. 17. I use the internet so that I can understand well the English written in the modules. 18. I face technical problem when I use English. 19. Using English facilities cheating and plagiarism. 20. The instructions provided on modules are difficult to follow. 21. Our department should increase the number of online blended courses. 22. The number of internet labs should be increased. 28 23. All technical problem should be solved. 24. English training should be provided to all students. 25. Provide solid instruction to student in the use of English.
