Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Unit 2 - Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds: compounds that contain carbon, except CO(g), CO2(g), and ionic compounds with carbon.
Hydrocarbons: organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecular structure.
Straight Chain Alkanes
Alkanes: a hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms
IUPAC Name
Molecular
formula
Structural formula
Methane
CH4
H C H
Line formula
H
N/A
H
H
Ethane
C2H6
H C
H
H
C H
H
H H H
Propane
C3H8
H C C C H
H H H
H H H H
Butane
C4H10
H C C C C H
H H H H
H H H H H
Pentane
C5H12
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
H H H H H H
Hexane
C6H14
H C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H H
Heptane
C7H16
H C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H
Octane
C8H18
H C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H
Nonane
C9H20
H C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H
Decane
C10H22
-ane
CnH(2n+2)
1|Page
H C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H
N/A
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Branch-Chain Alkanes
Alkyl group: a hydrocarbon group derived from an alkane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
Some examples of alkyl groups include -CH3 (methyl), -C2H5 (ethyl), -C3H7 (propyl), etc.
Nomenclature steps:
1)
Find the longest carbon chain. This will be the parent chain.
2)
Start numbering the carbons on the parent chain starting at the carbon closest to the first branch.
3)
Write branches in alpha order, not numerically.
Ex. 1
The longest carbon chain is 5 carbons long. The parent chain is pentane
CH3
CH3 CH
CH
CH2 CH3
There are two branches. A methyl group and a ethyl group.
CH2
CH3
Therefore, this hydrocarbon is 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
If there are more than one of the same type of alkyl group, use the di, tri, etc. prefixes.
Ex. 2
CH3
CH3 CH
2,3-dimethylpentane
CH
CH2 CH3
CH3
Structural Isomers: chemicals with the same molecular formulas but have different structural formulas and
different names.
Ex 3 - C4H10
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2
butane
CH3
CH3 CH
CH3
isobutane or 2-methylpropane
Properties of alkanes
o Non-polar, therefore have LDF attractive forces
o Low molecular masses, low melting points, low boiling boints
o State of matter

1-4 C → gas

5-17 C → liquid

18+ C → solids
Insoluble in water but will dissolve non-polar solvents (like dissolves like)
From textbook:
2|Page
Read pg 15-21 Do pg 19 # 1-11; pg 21 #12-14, 16-21
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Alkenes & Alkynes
Alkenes: a hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Alkynes: a hydrocarbon with one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms
Nomenclature steps:
1)
Find the longest carbon chain. This will be the parent chain.
2)
If the carbon chain contains a double bond, use the suffix –ene
If the carbon chain contains a triple bond, use the suffix -yne
3)
Start numbering the carbons on the parent chain starting at the carbon closest to the largest
multiple bond.
4)
Write branches in alpha order, not numerically.
Ex. 1
H3C
C
H
C
H
C CH3
H2
The longest carbon chain is 5 carbons long. The parent chain is pentane
There is a double bond starting at the 2
nd
carbon
Therefore, this hydrocarbon is 2-pentene
Ex. 2
H3C
C
C
C
H2
C
H2
CH3 The longest carbon chain is 6 carbons long. The parent chain is
hexane
There is a triple bond starting at the 2
nd
carbon
Therefore, this hydrocarbon is 2-hexyne
If there is only one multiple bond and it is on the first carbon, there is no need to prefix the name with the
number 1.
ie. 1-pentene can simply be called pentene.
If there is more than one multiple bond, use the di, tri, etc. prefixes as before.
Ex. 3
H3C
C
C
C C
H2 H
The longest carbon chain is 6 carbons long. The parent chain is
CH2 hexane
st
There is a double bond on the 1 carbon and a triple bond starting at the
nd
2 carbon
Therefore, this hydrocarbon is 1-hexene-4-yne
3|Page
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Ex. 4
H3C
C C
H2 H
C
H
C
H
The longest carbon chain is 7 carbons long. The parent chain
C C
H3
is heptane
H
There are double bonds on the 2
nd
th
and 4 carbons
Therefore, this hydrocarbon is 2,4-heptadiene
Cis / Trans
nd
rd
Looking at 2-pentene, the hydrogens located on the 2 and 3 carbons are on the same side, however it is
possible for them to be on opposite sides, as well. These are two different isomers of 2-pentene. Therefore, we
must distinguish between them. When hyrdogens are on the same side of the double (or triple) bond, we use the
suffix cis, if they are on opposite sides we use trans.
H3C
C
H
C
H
C
H2
CH3
H3C
cis-2-pentene
From textbook:
H
C
C
H
C CH3
H2
trans-2-pentene
Read pg 8-13; pg 22-30 Do pg 14 #4, 5, 10; pg 26 #23-34; pg30 # 45-54
Cycloalkanes
Acyclic hydrocarbons: open-chain hydrocarbons without any rings of carbon atoms.
Alicyclic hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon bond structure forming a closed ring. Sometimes
just called cyclic hydrocarbons
Nomenclature
A cyclic compound has the prefix cyclo- to indicate the ring structure.
H2
C
H2
C
C
H2
H3C
hexane
C6H14
4|Page
CH3
C
H2
H2C
H2C
H2
C
C
H2
CH2
CH2
cyclohexane
C6H12
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
H2
C
CH2
CH3
propylcyclobutane
When cyclic hydrocarbons have multiple substituent groups, or branches, they are listed in alphabetical order,
and the first substituent is assigned to carbon #.
Ex. 1
C H3
H3C
H2
C
CH3
C H3
1-ethyl-2-methylcylcloheptane
1 ,3 - d im e th y lc y lc o p e n ta n e
Cycloalkenes & Cycloalkynes
Nomenclature for cyclic alkenes and alkynes is the same as cylcoalkanes, except that numbering starts at the
multiple bond.
Ex. 2
CH3
3 -m e th y lc y lc o p e n te n e
5|Page
1 ,3 -c y lc o p e n ta d ie n e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Aromatic Compounds
Originally meant odourous, but the definition has been altered to mean a compound that contains a benzene ring.
1,3,5-cyclohexantriene (aka Benzene):
Nomenclature
Named using benzene or derivitives of benzene (toluene or phenol) as root name
CH3
benzene
OH
phenol
toluene
naphthalene
Examples:
CH3
CH3
C2H5
H3C
CH3
ethylbenzene
CH3
H3C
1,2-dimethylbenzene 1,3-dimethylbenzene
Ortho, Meta, & Para
Prefixes used to designate three possible arrangements
of disubstituted benzene
1,4-dimethylbenzene
1
ortho to 1 (o)
meta to 1 (m)
para to 1 (p)
6|Page
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Examples:
Cl
NO2
Cl
Cl
CH3
Br
CH3
NO2
NO2
p-dichlorobenzene
m-dinitrobenzene
p-chlorotoluene
4-bromo-2-nitrotoluene
I
1)
2)
3)
Cl
Br
I
Br
Br
4)
CH3
5)
NO2
Br
I
6)
I
Cl
CH3
I
CH3
NO2
I
The Phenyl Group
A benzene ring can also be the attached branch. This is called a phenyl group. (C6H5)
Example: 5-phenyl-4-propylhexa-trans-2-ene
CH3
H
C
C
H
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
CH3
Properties of aromatics
o Many derived from petroleum
o Act as good solvents for organic compounds
o Tend to be toxic. Always use a fumehood when handling aromatic compounds
From textbook:
7|Page
Read pg 30-39
Do pg 34 # 55-64; pg 38 #65-74
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Fractional Distillation
Distillation is a process used to separate the various hydrocarbons in a mixture from one another by using the
differences in boiling points.
For example, crude oil is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons can range from relatively short
chains up to long chains (over 40 carbons long).
Boiling Point
Primary use
1–5
Under 30 C
Fuels for heat and cooking
5–6
30 C to 90 C
Camp fuel/dry-cleaning solvents
5 – 12
30 C to 200 C
Gasoline
12 – 16
175 C to 275 C
Kerosene and diesel fuels
15 – 18
250 C to 375 C
Furnace oil
16 – 22
Over 400 C
Heavy greases for lubrication
Over 20
Over 450 C
Waxes, cosmetics and polishes
Over 26
Over 500 C
Asphalt and tar for roofs and roads
# Carbon Atoms
To separate high demand (and cost) from the low demand products, the oil subjected to a distillation process.
Notice the boiling points - as a general rule, the lower the number of carbon atoms, the lower the boiling point.
Steps to Fractional Distillation:
1)
2)
3)
4)
The mixture is heated at a high temperature. This will ensure that all hydrocarbons evaporate.
The temperature is then slowly lowered
The gases will condense at different temperatures (their particular boiling points)
As the hydrocarbon gases condense back to a liquid, they are collected
Why does this occur?
Hydrocarbons are non-polar molecules, which means they are held together by weak London Dispersion
Forces. As a hydrocarbon chain increases in size, more energy is required to separate the molecules from each
other, thus the boiling point increases.
Cracking
High value hydrocarbons are gasoline and its immediate by-products. These are typically branched chains with 5
to 12 carbon atoms. As discussed above, crude petroleum is mixture of many hydrocarbons; most straight
hydrocarbon chains some as long as 40. Cracking is a process of converting these long straight chains into the
more profitable shorter branched chains.
8|Page
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Functional Groups
A functional group is a combination of atoms that determine the physical and chemical characteristics of a
compound.
Carbon-Carbon double or triple bonds
- Double and triple bonds are easier to break than single bonds
- Hence compounds containing these are more reactive than those with single bonds
Halogens
- Unequal sharing of electrons result in polar bonds
- This increases intermolecular attraction, increasing the boiling point and melting point
Chemical Reactions
As we see larger, more complicated molecules, a short-hand is useful:
Group
Alkyl group
Halogen atom
Phenyl group
Short-Hand
R, R’, R”, etc.
X
Ø
For instance
R- Ø represents an alkyl group attached to a benzene ring.
Complete Combustion:
hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water
by-products are light and heat; hydrocarbons are very useful as fuels
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
Substitution Reactions:
One (or more) H atoms are substituted by a halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2)
9|Page
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
If allowed to continue, more Br may be added.
Synthesis/Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes:
A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonds
An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at least one double or triple bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes), because of the multiple bonds, are more reactive than alkanes.
The double and triple bonds are targets for addition reactions, which cause molecule to go from an unsaturated
state to a saturated state.
ethane
+
C2H4
hydrogen gas
→
H2
ethane
C2H6
Similarly,
C2H4
+
H2O
→
C2H5OH
ethane
+
water
→
ethanol
C2H4
+
HCl
→
ethane
+ hydrochloric acid
→
and
C2H5Cl
chloroethane
Markovnikov’s Rule – When a hydrogen halide or water is added to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom
bonds to the carbon atom within the double bond that already has more hydrogen atoms. This rule may be
remembered simply as “the rich get richer”.
10 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Organic Halides
-
Halides are organic compounds that contain the presence of halogen
General form of a halide is R-X
To name halides, give the location of the –X and ad the appropriate prefix:
-F
Fluoro
-Br
Bromo
-Cl
Chloro
-I
Iodo
Properties of Organic Halides
o Polar halogen group increases polarity of molecule
o Hence boiling points and melting points are increased compared to their respective alkanes
o Because “like dissolves like”, increased polarity makes them more suitable in polar solvents
Preparing Organic Halides
o Substitution reactions with an alkane
o Halogenation or hydrohalogenation of alkene/alkyne
o Halogenation of an aromatic
Reactivity of organic halides
o Elimination reactions to form an alkene
o hydrogen and halide removed from adjacent carbons
o Common way of preparing alkenes
o Requires hydroxide ions
H
H
Br
C
C
H
H
H
H
+ OH -
H
C
H
+ H 2O + Br -
C
H
Read pg 46-49, pg 96-104; Do pg 49 #85-95, pg 99 # 1-3,7,8
11 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Alcohols
-
Alcohols are organic compounds that contain the presence of hydroxyl functional group –OH
General form alcohol is R- OH (R implies a general alkane chain)
Examples:
o Methanol
CH3OH
(from methane CH4) = very toxic compound
o Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
(beer and wines)
o 2-Propanol
CH3CH(OH)CH3
(rubbing alcohol)
-
To name alcohols, give the location of the –OH and ad the suffix “ANOL”
2-hexanol
3-heptanol
O
O
O
Types of alcohols – 1 , 2 , 3
o depends on location of the –OH functional group
o primary alcohol: the –OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to only one other carbon atom
o secondary alcohol: the –OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms
o tertiary alcohol: the –OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to three other carbon atoms.
Properties of alcohol
o Polar hydroxyl group allow hydrogen bonds to occur between molecules
o Hence boiling points and melting points are increased compared to their respective alkanes
2
Ethanol (CH3CH
Ethane (CH3CH3) boils at –
o Alcohols also have a higher solubility in water than alkanes; but the longer C chains on some
alcohols also allow them to mix with nonpolar solvents as well
Alcohols also burn in the presence of O2
o
CH3CH2OH(g) + 3O2(g) -> 3H2O + 2CO2(g)
12 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Reactions involving alcohols
Hydration reactions
• follow Markovnikov’s rule
• requires alkene, water and sulfuric acid as a catalyst
CH 3
CH 2
CH
CH 2
acid
+ HOH
CH 3
CH 2
CH
CH 2
OH
H
Fermentation of sugars
• yeast (fungus) breaks down sugars, in the absence of oxygen, to produce carbon dioxide and
ethanol
C6H12O6(s)  2 CO2(g) + 2 C2H5OH
Dehydration reactions (elimination reaction)
• Conditions: high temperatures and acid catalyst
• Description: H2O is eliminated and a double bond is formed
H
H
OH
C
C
H
H
H
CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol
acid/heat
CH 2
acid/heat
+
CH 2
CH 3CH
CH 2
propene
Hydrohalogenation reactions
• reacts with HX to produce alkyl halide and water
CH3CH2OH + HX  CH3CH2X + H2O
13 | P a g e
H 2O
+ H 2O
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Ethers
-
-
organic compounds that have an oxygen attached to TWO hydrocarbon alkyl chains
general form is R-O-R’
To name ethers:
prefix of shorter hydrocarbon chain attached to oxygen + OXY + alkane name of the longer chain
OR
State the two alkyl groups, followed by the term “ether”
Examples:
ethoxyethane
or
diethyl ether
ethoxyhexane
or
ethyl hexyl ether
Properties of ethers
o More polar than alkane types of hydrocarbons. Hence boiling points and melting points are
increased compared to their respective alkanes
o boiling points and melting points are higher than respective alkanes but lower than alcohols
o ethers do mix well with both polar and nonpolar substances, making them good solvents
Preparing Ethers
o Condensation reaction: Two alcohols will react to form water and an ether in the presence of sulfuric
acid
Read pg 42-46; Do pg 45 #75-81
Read pg 66-70; Do pg 69 #136-146
14 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Ketones
Both aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl functional group – oxygen with a double bond to carbon C=O
-
The carbonyl group is found in the interior of the carbon chain
The general form is
-
To name ketones:
Location of carbonyl group +
Examples:
-
alkane name
+
“anone” suffix
CH3COCH3 => propanone (acetone)
CH3CH2CH2COCH2CH3
=> 3-hexanone
Aldehydes
-
The carbonyl group is located at the end of the carbon chain
The general form is
-
To name aldehydes:
alkane name
+
“anal” suffix
NOTE – no number is necessary as by definition, the carbonyl group is at an end C
-
Examples:
methanal (formaldehyde)
pentanal
Properties of ketones & aldehydes
o ketones and aldehydes have lower boiling points and melting points than alcohols but still higher
than alkanes
o less soluble in water than alcohols because they do NOT contain the –OH
o good solvents because they mix relatively well with both polar and nonpolar compounds
15 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Preparing ketones & aldehydes
o Oxidation Reactions: reaction in which a carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen or less bonds to
hydrogen
o oxidizing agent removes two H atoms, one from the –OH group, and one from the C to which the –
OH group is attached to form a C=O group and a water molecule
o Conditions: requires an oxidizing agent (H2O2, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4). The oxidizing agent supplies the
reactive oxygen atom which is symbolized by (O).
primary
OH
R
C
O
+ (O)
H
R
H
secondary
OH
R
C
+ H 2O
C
H
O
+ (O)
H
+ H 2O
C
R
R
R
tertiary
R
C
No reaction (no H atom available
on carbon to be removed)
+ (O)
R
R
Reactions of ketones & aldehydes
o Hydrogenation: aldehydes and ketones react with H2(g) under heat, pressure, and the presence of a
catalyst to form alcohols
o reverse of oxidation reaction
o adehydes produce primary alcohols
o ketones produce secondary alcohols
O
1)
OH
heat/pressure
CH 3
C
H
+ H 2(g)
CH 3
C
H
catalyst
ethanal
H
ethanol
O
2)
OH
heat/pressure
CH 3
C
CH 3
+ H 2(g)
CH 3
C
catalyst
H
Read pg 50-57 & pg 109-110; Do pg 52 #96-105, pg 56 #106-115
16 | P a g e
CH3
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Carboxylic Acids
-
-
Organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group – an end carbon with both a carbonyl and
hydroxyl group.
The general form is
To name aldehydes:
alkane name
+
“anoic acid” suffix
NOTE – As with aldehydes, no number is necessary as by definition, the carboxyl group is at an end C
-
Examples:
CH3COOH => ethanoic acid
a.k.a. acetic acid
a.k.a. vinegar
butanoic acid
Properties of carboxylic acids
o have some of the same properties of all other acids:
 turns litmus paper red
 neutralize bases
o polar molecules; capable of forming hydrogen bonds
o solubility is dependent on the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the acid => smaller chains (first
four) are more soluble than longer chains
o high boiling points and melting points fie to H-bonding
O
Explaining acidic properties of carboxylic acids
o
the –OH group in a carboxylic acid does not behave
like the basic hydroxyde ion, OH-. Oxygen has a high
electronegativity and there are 2 oxygen atoms
present to help carry the extra negative charge that
is caused when a positive hydrogen atom
dissociates.
R
C
+ H
+
correct
O
R
C
OH
O
R
C+
incorrect
17 | P a g e
O-
+ OH- + H 2O
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Properties of carboxylic acids
o Primary alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde. The aldehyde can be oxidized further to become a
carboxylic acid.
Step 1
OH
R
O
C
H
+ (O)
+ H 2O
C
R
H
H
Step 2
O
O
+ (O)
C
R
C
H
R
OH
This type of reaction is used in the breathalyzer test for alcohol. The oxidizing agent
used is the chromate ion (Cr2O7-2). It changes from Cr+6 to Cr3+ in the reaction process.
The two ions have different colours (orange to green).
O
CH3CH2OH + (O)
C
+ H 2O
H3C
H
(Cr+6-- orange)
O
O
+ (O)
C
H3C
18 | P a g e
H
(Cr3+ -- green)
C
H3C
OH
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Esters
-
Esters are responsible for many of the artificial smells and tastes in products – cherry coke for example.
Nelson Chemistry 12, pg 64
-
Created by a process called esterification – example of a condensation reaction in which larger
molecule is produced from two smaller ones, with release of water
Esters are formed by reacting a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
O
O
R – C – OH
+ HO – R’
Carboxylic acid
+
alcohol
2SO4
H


R-C-O-R’ + H2O
ester
+ water
O
-
General form is
-
To name esters:
R-C-O-R’
first part of name is alkyl group attached to –O-; second part is prefix of hydrocarbon
attached to carboxyl + “ANOATE”
-
Examples:
Ethyl butanoate
19 | P a g e
Methyl propanoate
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Reactions:
- can be split back into their components by process of hydrolysis
- esters are fats and oils of long chain carboxylic acids; in presence of strong bases (such as NaOH) and
water hydrolysis occurs to create sodium salts (SOAP) and alcohol
o can be separated by distillation
Properties of esters:
o esters do NOT contain –OH => not as capable of forming hydrogen bonds => lower
intermolecular forces
o lower boiling points and melting points than carboxylic acids
o less soluble in water than carboxylic acids
Reactions of esters:
o the ester bond is cleaved (split in two) to form two products.
o produces the salt of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
o Carried out in a basic solution and usually requires heat
o Called saponification - soap is made by the basic hydrolysis of ester bonds in vegetable oils or
animal fats
O
CH 3
CH 2
CH 2
C
O
O
CH 2
CH 3
+ NaOH
D
CH 3
CH 2
CH 2
C
Read pg 57-65; Do pg 61 #116-125, pg 65 #126-135
20 | P a g e
O-Na+
+ CH 3CH2OH
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Amines
-
-
-
Amine is an organic compound which contains a nitrogen attached to one or more alkyl groups
There are three types of amines, and are named depending upon the carbon to which they are attached
º
- An amine that has only one alkyl group attached to the nitrogen is called a primary (1 )
amine
General form is R-NH2
o
º
- An amine that has two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen is called a secondary (2 ) amine
o General form R-N-H
R’
º
- An amine that has three alkyl groups is called a tertiary (3 ) amine
R”
o General form R-N-R’
You can think of an amine as an ammonia molecule NH3 in which one or more H has been replaced by
an alkyl group.
To name Primary amines:
◦
(1 ) Location of NH2 on C-chain – “AMINO” + alkane name of the HC chain
OR
◦
(1 ) Location of NH2 on C-chain - alkane name of the HC chain + “AMINE”
-
To name Secondary & Tertiary amines:
Step 1: Identify the largest hydrocarbon group attached to the nitrogen atom as the parent
alkane.
Step 2: Name the other alkyl group(s) attached to the nitrogen atom. Instead of position
numbers, use the letter N- to locate the group(s). (If two identical alkyl groups are attached to the
nitrogen atom, use N,N-). This is the prefix.
Step 3: Put the name together: prefix + alkyl + aminoalkane
-
Examples:
CH3
CH2
CH3
NH2
aminomethane
CH
CH3
2-aminobutane
NH2
CH3
CH3
NH
CH
CH3
21 | P a g e
N-methyl-2-aminopropane
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Properties of amines
o C-N and N-H bonds are polar. Thus, amines are usually polar.
o The presence of one or more N-H bonds allows hydrogen bonding to take place.
o Amines with low molecular masses (four or less carbon atoms) are completely miscible in water
(hydrogen bonding).
o Boiling points of primary and secondary amines are higher than the boiling points of tertiary amines
(absence of hydrogen bonding).
o Amines have lower boiling points than alcohols.
o Amines are found widely in nature.
Preparing amines
o Reaction of ammonia with an alkyl halide to form an amine.
o Products are separated by fractional distillation due to the differences in boiling points.
R
X
+
R
NH 3
N
H
+ HX
R
+ HX
R
+ HX
H
R
X
+ R
N
H
R
H
H
R
X
+
R
N
H
22 | P a g e
N
R
R
N
R
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Amides
-
characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to the nitrogen
o general form R-C-N-R’
O R”
-
To name amides:
Step 1: Locate the part of the amide that contains the C=O group. Name the parent carboxylic
acid that this part derives from. Note: the carbon in the C=O group is always given position
number 1.
Step 2: Replace the “oic acid” ending of the name of the parent acid with the suffix “amide”
Step 3: Decide whether the compound is a primary, secondary, or tertiary amide.
DESCRIPTION
Only H atoms attached
to the N atom
TYPE
PREFIX
Primary amide
No prefixes required
Name the alkyl group,
One alkyl group
attached to the N atom
Secondary amide
and give it location Nto indicate that it is
bonded to the N atom
Use location letter Nbefore each group to
Two alkyl groups
attached to the N atom
Tertiary amide
indicate that it is
bonded to the N atom.
If the two groups are
identical, use N,N-
Step 4: Put the name together: prefix + root + suffix
23 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Examples:
O
H
C
NH 2
methanamide
NH 2
ethanamide
O
CH 3
C
O
CH 3CH 2 C
propanamide
NH 2
O
CH 3CH 2 C
NH
N-methylpropanamide
CH 3
O
CH 3
CH
C
NH
CH 2CH 2CH 3
N-propyl-2-methylpropanamide
CH 3
Properties of amides:
o C-N and N-H bonds are polar.
o Primary amides have two N-H bonds, therefore they have even stronger hydrogen bonds than
carboxylic acids.
o Amides are soluble in water (solubility decreases as the non-polar hydrocarbon part of the molecule
increases in size).
o Primary amides have much higher melting and boiling points than carboxylic acids.
o Acetaminophen (an amide) is a main component of many painkillers.
o Urea is another example of an amide. It was the first organic compound to be synthesized in a
laboratory.
24 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Preparing amides
o
o
o Condensation Reactions: reaction between a carboxylic acid and ammonia, or with 1 , or 2 amines
(also organic bases) to produce an amide and water.
CH3C-OH
+
H2NCH2CH2CH3
O
Ethanoic Acid
(acetic acid)
→
CH3-C-NH-CH2CH2CH3 + H2O
O
propyl ethanamide
aminopropane
Reactions of amides:
o Amides undergo hydrolysis reactions (like esters)
o The hydrolysis of amides produces a carboxylic acid and an amine
o Basic (NaOH) or acidic (H2SO4) hydrolysis
O
CH 3CH 2 C
O
NH
CH 3
+ H 2O
H2SO4
D
CH 3CH 2 C
OH
Read pg 70-80 & pg 109-110; Do pg 74 #147-158, pg 79 #159-169
Additional organic reactions questions:
pg 108 #33-37, pg 115 #2, 5, 6, 9
25 | P a g e
+ NH 2 CH 3
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Chapter 2 - Polymers
-
-
an extremely large organic compound made of many repeating sub-units
sub-units are called monomers
o not necessarily identical but do occur in a repeating pattern
 –A-A-A-A-A–A-B-B-A- A-B-B-A –A-B-A-B-Aplastics are generally synthetic polymers
depending on desired characteristics, polymers can be designed to have certain properties of strength,
flexibility, durability, transparency or stability
natural polymers include complex carbohydrates , proteins and DNA
Wood (glucose)
proteins (polymer of amino acid)
Nucleic acids
26 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Addition Polymers
-
polymers that form when monomer unit are linked through addition reactions.
Therefore, the monomers must contain double or triple bonds
Three step process:
1)
Initiation
- generate a radical initiator
In + monomer  carbon radical 
Eg
2)
Propagation
- lengthens the chain
- the electrons shift in the newly bonded molecule, leaving one unpaired electron at the
other end of its original double bond
- this unpaired electron forms another covalent bond with another atom or group.
3)
Termination
- terminates the reaction when two unpaired electron ends combine forming a single
covalent bond.
Polymerization of an ethene (aka ethylene) monomer:
In + CH2 = CH2  In-CH2 -CH2
In-CH2 -CH2 + CH2 = CH2  In-CH2 -CH2-CH2 -CH2
In-CH2 -CH2-CH2 -CH2+ CH2 = CH2  In-CH2 -CH2-CH2 - CH2-CH2 -CH2
This makes polythene or polyethylene
27 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Monomer
28 | P a g e
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Polymer Name
Uses
H2C=CH2
Polyethylene
Garbage bags, wire
insulation
H2C=CHCH3
Polypropylene
Rope, carpet fibre
H2C=CHCl
Polyvinylchloride
Insulation pipe
H2C=CH
Polystyrene
Styrofoam, molded items
H2C=CHCN
Orlon, Acrilan
fibres
H2C=CCO2CH3
Plexiglas, Lucite
molded items, paints
Monomer
Polymer Name
Uses
H2C=CHOCOCH3
polyvinylacetate
paints,
adhesives
H2C=CHOH
polyvinylalcohol
fibres,
adhesives
F2C=CF2
Teflon
valves, gaskets,
coatings
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Properties of Plastics
• Plastics are polymers of substituted ethene (vinyl)
• Chemically unreactive due to carbon-carbon single bond
• Used for containers for chemicals, foods, etc
• Intermolecular forces: van der Waals and some electrostatic attractions for substituted groups
• Plastics are flexible and moldable due to weak intermolecular forces
Substituted Groups
Teflon
• CF2=CF2
• Strong C-F bonds account for unreactivity of teflon and its non-stick properties even at high temperatures
Plexiglass
• One H on ethene is replaced by –COOCH3
• Group responsible for transparency and optical properties
• Presence of carbonyl group makes plexiglass soluble in other organic solvent containing a carbonyl group
such as acetone
Crosslinking
• Occurs when monomers have two double bonds
• Dienes have two locations where addition can occur
• Dienes can attach to two separate chains at the same time (bridge)
• These bridges (crosslinks) hold the chains together making the polymer much stronger
• Amount of diene added dictate the rigidity of the polymer
• An example of a crosslinking agent is (1,4-diethenylbenzene)
29 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Synthetic Condensation Polymers
•
•
•
•
A reaction in which monomers are joined together by the formation of ester or amide bonds
A water molecule is also produced
Each monomer must have two functional groups (one at each end)
Used for fabrics and fibres
Two “difunctional” molecules  a single molecule
That single molecule + another single molecule  a bigger single molecule
Etc.
Examples of Condensation Polymers:
Name
Structure
Uses
synthetic fibres
DacronTM
(a polyester)
O
O
C
C
O CH2 CH2
O
O
O
C
C
O CH 2 CH 2 O
used to make fabric
for clothing and
surgery
tires
Nylon-6
O
(a polyamide)
NH (CH2)5
C
O
NH (CH2)5
C
O
NH (CH2)5
C
synthetic fibres
used to make rope
and articles of
clothing, such as
stockings
30 | P a g e
Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry
SCH4U
Unit 2 – Organic Chemistry
Polyesters
• Condensation polymers that contain ester bonds
• Results from the esterification of dicarboxylic acids and dialcohols or monomers containing both
acarboxyl and a hydroxyl group
• Ester linkages are formed end to end between alternating acid molecules and alcohol molecules
O
+
HO
O
CH 2
C
CH 2
O
O
C
+
OH
C
HO
CH 2
CH 2
OH
+
O
CH 2
CH 2
C
O
CH 2
CH 2
O
Polyamides (aka Nylons)
• Condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine, with the removal of water to form an
amide bond
• Monomers must be dicarboxylic acids and diamines or monomers containing both a carboxyl and an
amine group
• Nylon-66 is a polyamide, Kevlar is a polyamide with crosslinking.
H
H
N
H
(CH 2)6
O
N
H
+
H
N
(CH 2)6
HO
C
H
O
N
C
O
(CH 2)4
(CH 2)4
H
C
OH
O
H
C
N
Read pg 116-123; Do pg 121 #53-62
Natural Polyamides - Proteins
31 | P a g e
+
H
H
(CH 2)6
N
N
H
(CH 2)6
N
H