Lab 4 – System Archetypes
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics
Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management (ISEM)
College of Design and Engineering
National University of Singapore
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
1
Acknowledgement
The preparation of this module has been made possible by the
support from IE2141 teaching team, and the past teaching
materials developed by A/Prof. Aaron Chia.
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
2
Learning Outcome
▪ Practicing on system dynamics models with various system
archetypes, observe their behaviors with different parameter
values.
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
3
System Archetypes
▪ The Systems Archetypes describe common patterns of
behavior in organizations. As diagnostic tools they provide
insight into the underlying structures from which behavior over
time and discreet events emerge.
▪ Archetypes help managers recognize patterns of behavior that are
already present in their organizations.
▪ They serve as the means for gaining insight into the underlying
systems structures from which the archetypal behavior emerges.
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
4
Lab Experiment
A set of CLD and system dynamics models for various system
archetypes are provided on LumiNUS.
Please download the models, conduct experiment with them, and
answer questions for Lab #4 Report.
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
5
1. Limits to Growth
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
6
1. Limits to Growth
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
7
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question 1
Which of the following behavior over time do you observe for the “Results” in the
model of “Limits to Growth” system archetype with the given configuration? (5 marks)
A.
Exponential Growth
B.
Goal Seeking
C.
S-Shape Growth
D.
Overshoot and Collapse
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
8
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question 2
In the “Limits to Growth” system archetype with the given configuration, what is the
most important role of the “Limiting Condition”? (5 marks)
A.
It determines growth rate of the “results”
B.
It determines the level which “results” converges to
C.
It affects the rate of “effort”
D.
It affects the rate of “slowing action”
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
9
2. Tragedy of the Commons
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
10
2. Tragedy of the Commons
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
11
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #3
Which of the following behavior over time do you observe for the “Growth of Net
Gains for A” in the model of “Tragedy of Commons” system archetype? (5 marks)
A.
Exponential Growth
B.
Goal Seeking
C.
S-Shape Growth
D.
Overshoot and Collapse
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
12
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #4
In the model of “Tragedy of Commons” system archetype based on the given
configuration, which of the following strategy will avoid the “tragedy” within 100
months? (5 marks)
A.
Slow down “A’s Activity” to half
B.
Slow down “B’s Activity” to half
C.
Slow down both “A’s Activity” and “B’s Activity” to half
D.
Double the Resource Limit
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
13
3. Growth and Under-Investment
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
14
3. Growth and Under-Investment
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
15
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #5
Which of the following behavior over time do you observe for the “Current Demand” in
the model of “Growth and Underinvestment” system archetype with the given
configuration? (5 marks)
A.
Exponential Growth
B.
Goal Seeking
C.
S-Shape Growth
D.
Overshoot and Collapse
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
16
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #6
In the model of “Growth and Underinvestment” system archetype, what is the
maximum average delay time for “Perceived Need to Invest” (among the options)
which keeps the “Current Demand” above 50 at the end of 200 Months (assuming all
other parameters remain unchanged from the given configuration)? (5 marks)
A.
1
B.
3
C.
7
D.
15
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
17
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #7
In the model of “Growth and Underinvestment” system archetype, what is the
minimum value for “Performance Standard” (among the options) which overturns the
behavior pattern of the “Current Demand” over time (assuming all other parameters
remain unchanged from the given configuration)? (5 marks)
A.
1
B.
3
C.
9
D.
18
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
18
4. Success to the Successful
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
19
4. Success to the Successful
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
20
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #8
In the model of “Success to the Successful” system archetype, what is the behaviors
pattern do you observe for “Success of A” and “Success of B” respectively with the
given configuration? (5 marks)
A.
Exponential Growth and Exponential Decay
B.
Exponential Growth and Exponential Collapse
C.
Exponential Decay and Exponential Growth
D.
Exponential Collapse and Exponential Growth
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
21
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #9
In the model of “Success to the Successful” system archetype, if the initial value of
“Resources to A” is changed from 51 to 49, what is the behaviors pattern do you
observe for “Success of A” and “Success of B” respectively? (5 marks)
A.
Exponential Growth and Exponential Decay
B.
Exponential Growth and Exponential Collapse
C.
Exponential Decay and Exponential Growth
D.
Exponential Collapse and Exponential Growth
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
22
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #10
In the model of “Success to the Successful” system archetype with the given
configuration, among “A” and “B”, who do you think is more capable to succeed? (5
marks)
A.
“A”, as “Success of A” grow exponentially
B.
“B”, as “Success of B” grow exponentially
C.
“A”, as initial value of “Resources to A” is larger than “Resource to B”
D.
Equal, as “Success of A” and “Success of B” have the same function of
respective resources
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
23
5. Fixes that Fail
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
24
5. Fixes that Fail
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
25
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #11
In the model of “Fixes that Fail” system archetype with the given configuration, which
behavior pattern do you observe for the “Problem Symptom”? (5 marks)
A.
Constant Increasing with Expanding Oscillation
B.
Constant Increasing with Damped Oscillation
C.
Constant Decreasing with Expanding Oscillation
D.
Constant Decreasing with Damped Oscillation
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
26
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #12
In the model of “Fixes that Fail” system archetype, consider to add the flow of “Fix
with Fundamental Solution” as shown below. What is the minimum constant flow rate
for “Fix with Fundamental solution” (among the options) that eventually solves the
problem symptom within 100 Months? (5 marks)
A.
1
B.
3
C.
5
D.
7
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
27
6. Shifting the Burden
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
28
6. Shifting the Burden
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
29
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #13
In the model of “Shifting the Burden” system archetype with the given configuration,
which strategy is most effective (among the options) to reduce the “Problem
Symptom” in the long run? (5 marks)
A.
Increase “Effort for Fundamental Solution” to 0.4
B.
Increase “Effort for Symptomatic Solution” to 0.6
C.
Decrease “Effort for Symptomatic Solution” to 0.1
D.
Decrease “Effort for Symptomatic Solution” to 0.05, while increase “Effort for
Fundamental Solution” to 0.2
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
30
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #14
In the model of “Shifting the Burden” system archetype with the given configuration,
which strategy is most effective (among the options) to reduce the “Problem
Symptom” at the end of 50 months? (5 marks)
A.
Increase “Effort for Fundamental Solution” to 0.4
B.
Increase “Effort for Symptomatic Solution” to 0.6
C.
Reduce the “Side Effect” to “Symptomatic Solution * 0.9”
D.
Reduce the flow rate of “Source of Problem” to 95
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
31
7. Eroding Goals
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
32
7. Eroding Goals
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
33
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #15
In the model of “Eroding Goals” system archetype with the given configuration, which
behavior pattern do you observe for the “Actual”? (5 marks)
A.
Constant Increasing with Expanding Oscillation
B.
Constant Increasing with Damped Oscillation
C.
Constant Decreasing with Expanding Oscillation
D.
Constant Decreasing with Damped Oscillation
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
34
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #16
In the model of “Eroding Goals” system archetype with the given configuration, which
behavior pattern do you observe for the “Gap”? (5 marks)
A.
Constant Increasing with Damped Oscillation
B.
Constant Decreasing with Constant Oscillation
C.
Constant Decreasing with Damped Oscillation
D.
Steady State with Damped Oscillation
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
35
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #17
In the model of “Eroding Goals” system archetype with the given configuration, which
strategy is the most effective (among the options) to improve the “Actual”
performance at the end of 80 Months? (5 marks)
A.
Speed up “Actions to Improve Conditions” as “DELAY(Gap / 5, 6) - 4.5”
B.
Slow down “Actions to Improve Conditions” as “DELAY(Gap / 5, 6) - 5.5”
C.
Double “Pressure to Adjust Goal” as “Gap / 15”
D.
Halve “Pressure to Adjust Goal” as “Gap / 60”
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
36
8. Escalation
▪ CLD
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
37
8. Escalation
▪ A Possible SFD Structure
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
38
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #18
In the model of “Escalation” system archetype with the given configuration, which
behavior pattern do you observe for “A’s Results” and “B’s Results”? (5 marks)
A.
Both Constant Increasing
B.
Both Constant Decreasing
C.
Constant Increasing and Constant Decreasing
D.
Constant Decreasing and Constant Increasing
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
39
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #19
In the model of “Escalation” system archetype with the given configuration, which
behavior pattern do you observe for “Activity by A” and “Activity by B”? (5 marks)
A.
Exponential Decay
B.
Exponential Growth
C.
Exponential Collapse
D.
Goal Seeking
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
40
Answer the Question on LumiNUS\Quiz
Lab Report #4
Question #20
In the model of “Escalation” system archetype with the given configuration, which is
the best strategy to reduce the escalation effect? (5 marks)
A.
Lower down the perceived “Threat to A” to “10 - Results of A Relative to B”
B.
Raise up the perceived “Threat to B” to “Results of A Relative to B + 10”
C.
Slow down the “Activity by B” to “Threat to B / 10”
D.
Speed up the “Activity by A” to “Threat to A / 3”
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
41
Submission & Grading for Lab 3 – 5
▪ Starting from Lab 3, all questions in the lab assignment shall be submitted to
LumiNUS\Quiz, and graded automatically.
▪ Each team shall discuss and work together on the questions, however, every
student shall make individual submission of the answers to LumiNUS.
▪ You are allowed to make unlimited attempts before the due date on 25 March 2022
(Friday), and there is no time limit for each attempt. However, only the last attempt
of each student will be graded.
▪ Display of results is from 26 March 2022 (Saturday) to 27 March 2022.
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
42
THANK YOU
The preparation of this module has been made possible by the
support from IE2141 teaching team, and the past teaching
materials developed by A/Prof. Aaron Chia.
IE2141 Systems Thinking and Dynamics – ISEM Department, National University of Singapore
43