Transportation
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transportation
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Save Word
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trans·por·ta·tion
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.tran(t)s-par-'ta-shan
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Definition of transportation
1
: an act, process, or instance of transporting or being transported
2
a
: means of conveyance or travel from one place to another
b
: public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a commercial
enterprise
Definition from· Meriam-Webster Dictionary
Transportation Engineering
�
Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1987
•
The application of technological and scientific
functional
design,
operation,
and
principles to the planning,
management
of
facilities
for
any
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mode
of
transportation
in
order
to
provide
for
the
safe,
rapid,
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comfortable,
convenient,
economical,
movement of people and goods
•
and
environmentally
compatible
Traffic Engineering
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II--
The branch of transportation engineering which deals with planning,
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geometric design, and traffic operation of roads, streets, and
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highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
with other modes of transportation
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First recognized in the United States in 1921
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Traffic E n g i n e e r i n g
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II--
The branch of transportation engineering which deals with planning,
geometric design,
and traffic operation of roads, streets,
and
highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
with other modes of transportation
�
First recognized in the United States in 1921
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Milestones i n The Developing Profession
of Traffic Engineering
Year
Activity
1904
Traffic Survey Methods were being employed
1907
Pedestrian Islands were used in San Francisco
1908
First Driver's License law was adopted
1911
White-Painted pavement center lines were first applied
1915
Origin-Destination studies and accident spot �aps were first used
Speed and delay study was first made by observing traffic from a high
1916
building; pedestrian regulation; and "No Left Turns" were prescribed; curb
parking was prohibited to facilitate traffic movement
Development of Traffic Signal Control
Activity
1868
First traffic signal illuminated by gas in Great Britain
1910
Manually operated semaphore signals
1922
Idea of timing signals for progressive movement
1926
First automatic traffic signals in Great Britain
1927
Earliest known application of time-space diagram for coordination
1928
First Traffic-Actuated Signals
Interdisciplinary
Transportation
breadth
of
Engineering
lnterdiscipllnuv Brffdth of Transportation Engineering
.�
•
�-,
.z
•
•
Social
sciences
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u
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Pl1!lfling and
erchitecture
Transportation
T
-
Jt
Civil
Math 1nd
Physical
engineering
111tinie1
scl1ncea
_
____Traffic enginffling, __
planning
Involvement
Geometric
Soil mechanics
design
pawment desill"
1---------Breldth of Tr1n1port11ion Enginnring,----------1
Transportation System
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Functional System in the context of society as a whole because it
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provides a service - the movement of goods and people from place
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to place - that is essential to the functioning of the community as a
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whole
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A highly developed transportation system makes possible the
abundance and variety of goods and the high levels of personal
mobility that are hallmarks of a wealthy society
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Transportation System
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Consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control system
that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical
space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some
desired activity
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Transportation System
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II--
Components:
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Fixed/Physical Facilities - Physical components of the system that are
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fixed in space and constitute the network of links (roadway, railway, and
pipes) and nodes (intersections, interchanges, terminals, harbors, &
airports)
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Transportation System
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Components:
•
Flow entities -
units that traverse the fixed facilities, e.g. bicycles,
vehicles, cont�ers, railroad cars, fleets, vessels, aircrafts
Transportation System
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111-
Components:
•
•
Control System/Operating Strategies - consists of vehicular control and
flow control; vehicular routing, scheduling, and traffic control
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Transportation System
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II--
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Components:
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Operating Bases and Facilities - vehicle maintenance and office spaces
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Transportation System
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Components:
•
Organizations -
Classified as facility-oriented organizations (Planning, designing,
constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities) and operating
organization/carriers (operating fleets to provide transportation services)
,
Transportation System
I>
Human Behavior that are affected by transportation
•
Locomotion (Passenger, Pedestrian)
•
Activities (Vehicle Control, Maintenance, Community Life)
•
Feelings (Comfort, Convenience,
•
Manipulation
•
Health and Safety (Accidents,
•
Social Interaction (Privacy, Territoriality, Conflict)
•
Motivation (Positive or Aversive consequences, potentiation)
•
Learning (Operator training,
•
Perception (images, mapping, sensory thresholds)
(Modal Choice,
Employment, Stress,
Route Selection,
Disabilities,
Likes)
Vehicle Purchase)
Fatigue)
driver education)
Transportation System
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Properties of the physical environment that have a direct impact on
human behavior
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Spatial organization (Shape, scale, definition,
bounding surface,
internal
organization of objects and society, and connections to other spaces and settings)
Circulation and movement (People, Goods, and objects used for their movement
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and the forms of regulating them · corridoes, portals, open spaces)
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Communication (Signs and symbols, behavior, responses and meanings that gives
users information and ideas)
•
Ambience (Microclimate, light, sound, and odor - physiological and psychological
functioning of the human organism)
•
Visual Properties (Color, Shape, and other visual modalities)
Transportation System
�
Properties of the physical environment that have a direct impact on
human behavior
•
Resources (physical components and amenities of a transportation system - paths,
terminals, vehicles - dimensions as the number of lanes or the square footage of
the terminals)
•
Symbolic properties (social values, attitudes and cultural norms that are
,,
represented or expressed by the environment)
Architectonic properties (sensory or aesthetic properties of the environment)
•
Consequation (strengthens or weakens behavior - costs, risks, and congestion)
•
Protection (safety factors)
•
Timing (scheduled cyclical rhythms - daily, hourly, weekly, etc.)
Transportation System
.,.
Impact of the environment on aspects of human behavior relevant to transportation
Human aenevter
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Environmental Aspects
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Spatial Organization
x
x
Circulation & Movement
x
x
x
Communication
x
x
x
Ambience
x
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- -.
• •
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x
c
•
•
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Symbolic Resources
x
x
Architectural Properties
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Protection
x
x
c
•
"
x
x
x
x
0.
x
x
x
"
,
.s
x
x
x
0
x
x
Resources
Timing
:::
c
x
Visual Properties
Consequation
�
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transportation System
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.,.
Impact of the environment on aspects of human behavior relevant to
transportation
•
Safety
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Security
•
Convenience
•
Continuity
•
Comfort
•
System Coherence
•
Attractiveness
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Movement and Transportation
.,.
Interaction between activities is manifested by the movement of people,
Goods, and informa�on
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Reason:
1.
Complementarity - relative attractiveness between two or more destinations
2.
Transferability - the desire to overcome distance;
l.
T
o satisfy demand
and
supply
time,
money,
technology
Movement and Transportation
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Mode Choice:
TIIANSl'OltT ATION
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NEEOS
•
How people and goods move from
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an origin to a destincftion°
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Tll:ANSPOIITATION
•
Time, speed, efficiency, costs,
Tltll'S
FACILITIES
safety, and convenience
Trip Generation:
•
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LANO USE I TRANSPORTATION CYCLE
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Dictate what transportation
ACCESSIIIILITY
LANO USE
facilities will be needed to move
traffic
LANO VALUE
Movement and Transportation
.,.
Mode Choice:
TIANSPOIU.TIDN
NHDS
How people and goods move from
an origin to a destination
Time, speed, efficiency, costs,
TIANSPDIUTION
Tll,S
FACILITIES
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safety, and convenience
LANO USE I TRANSPORTATION CYCLE
.,.
Trip Generation:
Dictate what transportation
UNO US£
ACCESSlllllTY
facilities will be needed to move
traffic
UNO VAlU(
Effectiveness
.,.
lJlree sa:ic Attributes
1.
Ubiquity I Accessibility
2.
Mobility
l.
Productivity
-4.
Efficiency
Effectiveness
1.
Ubiquity I Accessibility
•
The amount of accessibility to the system
•
The cost of getting to and from the mode in question
•
Directness of the routing between access points
System flexibility to handle a variety of traffic conditions
2.
Mobility
•
The quantity of travel that can be handled
•
Capacity o'1:he system to handle traffic and speed
•
Line - Haul travel time and door to door travel time
Effectiveness
3.
Productivity
•
Measure of the total cost or amount of transportation provided per unit time
•
Product of the 14Plume of goods or passengers carried and distance (ton-miles per
year or passenger·kilometers per day)
...
Efficiency
•
Relationship between the cost of transportation and the productivity of the system
Direct Cost: Capital and operating costs, and indirect costs comprise adverse
impacts and unquantifiable costs, such as safety
,
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Modes of Transportation
.,.
Four Major Subsystems:
•
Pipelines
•
1.
Oil
Land Transportation
Gas
,
Highways
•
Railways
Others
2.
Air Transportation
Domestic
•
l.
International
Water Transportation
Inland
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Coastal
Ocean
,
Modes of Transportation
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WATER
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Modes of Transportation
.,.
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Private Transportation
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Net-For-Hire Services
•
Private Parties
Public Transportation
•
For-hire services
•
General Public
•
Contract Carriers (Services Under individual contractual arrangements; Taxi, Car
Rentals)
Common Carriers (Offer Scheduled service and are open to all members of the
public willing to pay the posted fare; mass transit/transportation)
Modes of Transportation
Mode Classification Scheme
Urban Travel
Freight Transportation
Passenger Transportation
Trucks (Highway)
Private Vehicles (Highway)
Transit (Highway/Rail)
Trucks (Highway)
Private Vehicles (Highway)
Rail
Bus (Highway)
Short [c 160km)
Ocean Shipping
Rail
Medium
Inland Water
Air
Intercity
Travel
(160-BOOkm)
Long (>800km)
Pipelinest
Air
Bulk Freight
General Cargo
Special Purpose
Conveyor Belt
Cable Systems
Modes of Transportation
Mode Classification Scheme
Urban Travel
Freight Transportation
Passenger Transportation
Trucks (Highway)
Private Vehicles (Highway)
Transit (Highway/Rail)
Intercity Travel
Trucks (Highw�y)
•
Private Vehicles (Highway)
Rail
Bus (Highway)
Short ( < 160km)
Ocean Shipping
Rail
Medium (160-BOOkm)
Inland Water
Air
Long (>BOOkm)
Pipelines
Air
Bulk Freight
General Cargo
Special Purpose
Conveyor Belt
Cable Systems
Modes of Transportation
Mode Classification Scheme
Urban Travel
Freight Transportation
Passenger Transportation
Trucks (Highway)
Private Vehicles (Highway)
Transit (Highway/Rail)
Trucks (Highway)
Private Vehicles (Highway)
Rail
Bus (Highway)
.Short I, 160km)
Ocean Shipping
Rail
'Medium
Inland Water
Air
Intercity Travel
(160-BOOkm)
Long (>800km)
Pipelines
Air
Bulk Freight
General Cargo
Special Purpose
Conveyor Belt
Cable Systems
Transportation Gaps
- -- ......-.. _- ..
---
OAOO.IIO
1.6
4.0
a.o
16
ec
80
160
400
.
...
--
--
800 l,6004,00011,00016.000
Joo� diJ� (kilomcu:n)
Transportation Gaps
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Distance
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,km
0.4
•
5
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4.8
Walking
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1
6.6
9.1
4
10
24
10
13.2
45.5
Bus (town center)
Streetcar or bicycle
Car (urban or
suburban) t
40
20
120
Highway
100
26.4
228
Train or Airplane
1000
52.8
1140
Jet
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Basic Characteristics of Major
Transportation Modes
- -----··
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Transportation Policymaking
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r
r
r
r
It encompasses a broad set
of policy variables
�
Investigate
Planning and development
of transportation facilities
and
identify the
problem
Oevetop problem ststernent
Est11bhsh goals and objectives
Establish cntena for design and evaluation
Oes11jn etternattve actions
generally raises living
standards and enhances the
Collect relevant data
Establish new
aggregate of community
value
objectives and
..
assumptions,
and add
0
alternatives
Question objecttves and assumptions
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NO
Sat1Sh(!d?
Transportation System Model
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·Land
•Labor
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Inputs
•Capital
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•Materials
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•Information
• Vehicles
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• Pavements
• Tracks
• Individuals and
• Right-of-way
groups of people
• Terminals
• Riding
• Other
involved
• Driving
manufacture or
• Traffic
natural ob
Physical
Human
Control
Subsystem
Subsystem
Outputs
•Movement of people and goods
•Improvement or deterioration
the physical environment
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION I N TH E P H I L I P P I N E S
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
Ancient Period
•
Water - First form of transportation
and Esteros and Rivers are the main
routes
•
Tagalong (from the original Taga-Itog)
- named after the Filipino Malays
who lived and traveled on and along
the streams and creeks
•
Eventually, the Filipino had to learn
to travel on land
•
Water Buffalo or Carabao and
Mechanical contraptions Transportation on Land
•
Balsa or Ships - Transportation on
Water
S p a n i s h Period
.,
H o r s e - D r a w nCarromatas - new
means of Transportation
.,
The government gave attention to
road building and int,ernal
improvement
,..
"Compania de las Tranvias de
Filipinas" - granted two concession
for 60 years, the first in 1881 and the
second in 1884
1>
The first was to construct its lines
within the limits of the city, while
the second extended its activities to
the populous town of Malabon in
Bulacan
American Period
...
Improvement and construction of
roads was made
.,_
Horse-drawn vehicles (Calesa and
Carretelas) - means of transportation
in the majority of the provinicial
towns
.,.
The First automobile called
"Georges
Richard" was shipped from France to
the Philippines by La Estrella del
Norte in 1900.
It was owned by a rich
doctor, Dr. Miciano.
1>
The country's first public mass­
vehicular transportation service was
the De Dias Transit Bus Corp.
American Period
...
Improvement and construction of
roads was made
,...
Horse-drawn vehicles (Calesa and
Carretelas) - means of transportation
in the majority of the provinicial
towns
,...
The First automobile called
"Georges
Richard" was shipped from France to
the Philippines by La Estrella del
Norte in 1900.
It was owned by a rich
doctor, Dr. Miciano.
1>
The country's first public mass­
vehicular transportation service was
the De Dias Transit Bus Corp.
American Period
•
Manila Railroad and Light Company
(obtained in 1902) - a franchise to
construct, operate, maintain, and supply
electric current and transportation for
Manila and suburbs
•
1912 - registration of motorized vehicles
(947 automobiles, 450 motorcycles, and
180 trucks)
•
1927 - the bus started as a supplementary
service to the MERALCO tramcars and the
Manila Railroad
•
1937 - The Manila International Air
Terminal, the First airport in the country,
opened at Nielsen Field, Makati. The
terminal was used by the Philippine A�iat
Taxi Company
Post-War Period to Present Day
,..
Pan-Am Airline flight was the first
commercial flight that landed in Manila
,.
1941
- A group of businessmen led by
industrialist Andres Soriano established
•
the Philippine Airlines (PAL) to service
the Manila-Baguio route, using the
franchise of Philippine Aerial Taxi
Company.
,..
1947 - PAL reclaimed the sky via
Nielsen Airport , and became the first
Asian airline to cfbss the Pacific Ocean.
;.
Post-War Period to Present Day
�
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1941-1946 - US Military Jeeps were
given to Filipinos after World War
II. They were then hand-painted
with vibrant colors and called
Jeepney
�
This Vehicle has gone through a lot
of improvements. The post war
army type jeep has been
completely "Filipinized" and is one
popular mode of transportation
until today
Post-War Period to Present Day
�
1981
- The Manila International
Airport (MIA) was completed
�
May 1985 - Light Rail Transit ( 1 5 k m
line) finally put into operation; the
first elevated railway system in
Southeast Asia began its operations
�
1987 - MIA was reaa ...ed the Ninoy
Aquino International Airport (NAIA)
�
1994 - Clark air Base was declared
an international airport
�
1999 - Manila Metro Rail Transit
(MRT) started its operations
Post-War Period to Present Day
�
2000 - NAIA Terminal 2 was
completed and was called Centennial
Terminal
�
2003 - The Strong Republic Nautical
Highway, a network of 63 roll­
on/roll-off (RORO) ports, was
officially opened and linked the main
island of Luzon to
key islands in
Visayas and Mindanao
�
2004 - LRT Line 2 was officially
opened
�
2004 - The airport in Clark was
renamed tcwhe Diosdado Macapagal
International Airport
Post-War Period to Present Day
�
2007 - The.f'asig Ferry Service
commenced operations with five
stations from Escolta to Guadalupe
�
2008 - NAIA Terminal 3 was opened
�
2010 - PNR continued its
operations with new trains
�
2010 - LRT was connected to MRT
Indigenous
Philippines
�
Transportation
(Motorized)
Bus
•
Metro Manila Transit Corp. - the
first bus company owned by the
Philippine government under the
Marcos Regime; established in 1981
•
PVP Liner - Started operations in
1984 by the late Panfilo V.
Pajarillo, which the bus company
was named after
•
Philtranco - The oldest bus
company in Asia and in the
Philippines which started in 1 9 1 4
•
Yellow Bus lines Incorporated -
oldest bus line in Mindanao
in
the
Indigenous
Philippines
�
Transportation
in
the
(Motorized)
Railways
•
•
LRT - 1 (Yellow Line) - from Project
--
Paranaque City
-�
--
LRT • 2 (Purple L i n e ) · from
-
Manila
•
-
8, Quezon City to Bactaran,
Santotan, Marikina City to Recto,
·
-
--
MRT - 3 (Blue Line) - from North
Avenue, Quezon City to Taft
Avenue,
//
Pasay City
...
--
--- '
-·
--
�-
•
Philippine Railways (PNR) - from
San Fernando, Pampanga to
Sorsogon
--
·-
-
-
Indigenous
Philippines
1>
Transportation
in
the
(Motorized)
Jeepney
•
began to take a new form
•
behind after the war
Named "jeepney" from the word jeep
and jitney
•
Jeepneys flaunt carnival colors, the
brighter the color the better
•
fun in
Phil
pin
The jeepney evolved from the surplus
of WWII jeeps that the Americans left
•
It's more
The reassembled US army jeeps
Oriental baroque - describes the color
combination and decorations of
jeepneys in the Philippines
Equivalent of a mini-bus found
everywhere in the country
�
the
Indigenous
Philippines
�
Transportation
(Motorized)
Tricycle (Three-wheeled vehicle�
•
Motorcycle with an attached
sidecar
•
Become the major mode of
transport in many provincial towns
•
Found in many secondary roads,
providing door to door service to
passengers
•
Provides a convenient means of
transport from the main highway
to tributaries such as barangay
roads loading even to prominent
subdivisions
in
the
Indigenous
Philippines
.,.
Transportation
(Non-Motorized)
Pedicab
•
Pedal-driven contraption
•
Descendant of the tricycle
•
1990 - pedicabs operation along
highways and major thoroughfares
within Manila were banned because
of its relatively light body; the major
consideration should be the safety of
the passengers
•
Pedicab drivers seldom observe
traffic rules
•
Advantages:
low-cost
Noise and Pollution free,
maintenance,
cheap
to
run
because no fuel ls required, Small­
scale
in
the
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Indigenous
Philippines
�
Transportation
(Non-Motorized)
Kalesa
•
Horse-powered cart - Relegated to
side streets and to the more seedy
parts of town where it does not
pose a traffic hazard
•
Manila's Kalesa's - found in
Chinatown, in the marketplaces,
and lntramuros
in
the
Indigenous
Philippines
�
Transportation
in
(Non-Motorized)
Trolley
•
Mode of transportation run by
musclepower
•
Use the railroad trucks by PNR and
run more frequent than the PNR
commuter trains
•
Composed of a lightweight wooden
frame,
bamboo - body, and balt­
bearing wheels
•
Along single track sections, the
vehicle can be easily be lifted to
avoid collisions with another
trolley or with the gigantic PNR
trains
II
the
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TRANSPORTATION RELATED LAWS A N D
ORDINANCES
ENGR. MARIANO 5. COZ
\
RA 776
·
An act
to reorganize
the civil
aeronautics administration,
provide
civil
to
for the regulation of
aeronautics in
Philippines.
the
RA 4 1 3 6
·
The Land Transportation and
Traffic Code
·
An act
to compile the laws
relative
and
·
to land transportation
traffic
rules.
T
o create land
Commission
transportation
.
1 ..LJ ·
• •
--·
RA 7471
•
An act
to promote the
development of Philippines
overseas shipping
••
.
RA 7924
•
MMDA Law
•
An act
creating
the Metropolitan
Manila Development Authority,
defining its
powers and
function
RA 8506
.
No to Right-Hand
·
An act
and
Steering Wheel
Banning the registration
operation
right-hand
of vehicles with
steering wheel
RA 8750
·
Seat Belt Use Act of
·
An act
1999
requiring the mandatory
compliance
by motorists and
public vehicles
to use
seat belt
devices, and requiring vehicle
manufacturers to install seat
belt in
all their manufactured
vehicles
RA 8749
·
The Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999
·
An act
providing for a
comprehensive air pollution
control
policy
RA 9497
·
An act
crt;ating the civil aviation
authority of the
Philippines
\
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Republic Act No. 10586
Antl·DNnk and Drugged Driving Act o
f 2013
•
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Anti
Drunk and
Drugged Act of
•
An act
-..-.0.01--.
penalizing persons driving
under the influence of alcohol,
dangerous drugs and
similar
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substances
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P.D.
,
No. 474
Provides the reorganization of
maritime functions in the
Philippines,
creating the
maritime industry authority
·
,
"MARINA"
P. D . No. 761
·
Allowing
the registration of
vessels the ownership of which
is vested
in
associations
corporations or
E.O.
•
No. 202
Created the Land Transportation
Franchising
Board
•
Main
and
Regulatory
(LTFRB)
function on
regulating the
land transport industry
to the Public
pursuant
Service Act
LliFRB
UVVRP
•
Unified Vehicular Volume
Reduction Program
•
Formally known as
"Number/Color Coding Scheme"
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TRANSPORTATION RELATED A G E N C I E S
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
\
\
Transportation Related Agencies
\
\
\
\
,
Civil Aviation Authority (CAAP)
•
Formerly known as the Air Transportation Office
•
An agency responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe,
economic and efficient air travel
,
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
•
Regulates economic aspect of air transportation
•
General supervision and control over air carriers, general sales agents,
cargo sales
agents, and air freight forwarders as well as their property, property rights,
equipment,
•
facilities,
and franchise
A government agency tasked to regulate,
promote,
and develop the economic
aspect of air transportation in the Philippines and to ensure that existing CAB
policies are adapted to the present and future air commerce in the Philippines
I
Transportation Related Agencies
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CLARK International Airport Corporation
•
Provide quality management of airport infrastructure and services
Department of Tr�nsportation and Communication (DOTC)
•
Responsible for the maintenance and expansion of viable, efficient,
and dependable
transportation communications systems as effective instruments for national recovery
and economic progress
,
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
•
Develop a communications program to ensure that policies, planning, and activities of
the department be known to the public
•
Organize press briefings/conferences for the DPWH Secretary and other key officials and
coordinates with the tri-medta for information dissemination
•
Supervise the preparation of information materials,
reports, briefing materials, photo
exhibits in line with the communication program of the department
I
Transportation Related Agencies
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Land Transportation Office (LTO)
•
Agency responsible for optimizing the land transportation service and facilities and to
efficiently implement the various transportation laws, rules, and regulations
,
•
Inspection a� Registration of motor vehicles
•
Issuance of Licenses and Permits
•
Enforcement of land Transportation Rules and Regulations
•
Adjudication of Traffic Cases
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
•
Agency responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring
compliance of policies, laws and regulations of public land transportation services
•
To prescribe and regulate routes of service, economically viable capacities and
zones or areas of operation of public land transportation development, plans, and
programs approved by the DOTC
I
Transportation Related Agencies
,
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) - continued
•
T
o issue,
amend, revise,
suspend,
or cancel Certificates of public convenience or
permits authorizing the operation of public
land transportation services provided
by motorized vehicles, and to prescribe the appropriate terms and conditions
therefore
•
T
o determine,
prescribe, and approve and periodically review and adjust,
reasonable fares,
rates,
and other related charges,
relative to the operation of
public land transportation services provided by motorized vehicles
•
T
o issue preliminary or permanent injunction, whether prohibitory or mandatory,
in
all cases in which it has jurisdiction, and in which cases the pertinent provisions of
the Rules of court shall apply
•
T
o punish for contempt of the Board, both direct and indirect, in accordance with
the pertinent provisions of, and the penalties prescribed by, the Rules of court
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Transportation Related Agencies
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,
Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA)
•
Public transport operator that is in charge of operating and maintaining the Manila Light
Rail Transit System
•
,
MACTAN·CEBU International Airport Authority (MCIAA)
•
,
Responsible for monitoring and progress of construction of all LRTA lines
Operates and maintains the Mactan International Airport
Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)
An agency responsible for integrating the development, promotion, and regulation of the
-
maritime industry in the Philippines
•
Jurisdiction over the development, promotion, and regulation of all enterprises
engaged in the business of designing, construction, manufacturing, acquiring,
operating,
supplying,
repairing,
and/or maintaining vessels,
or component parts
thereof, managing and/or operating shipping lines, shipyards, drydocks, marine
railways, marine repair ships, shipping and freight forwarding agencies and similar
enterprises
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Transportation Related Agencies
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Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA)
•
Agency responsible for the management of
tht Ninoy Aquino International Airport
(NAIA)
,
Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC)
•
A
private consortium
responsible for the maintenance of the Manila Metro Rail
Transit System
,
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
•
Agency that performs planning,
monitoring and coordinative functions, and in the
process, exercise regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro
wide services within Metro Manila without diminution of the Autonomy of the local
government units concerning purely local matters
Transportation Related Agencies
,
National Aviation Authority of the Philippines (NAAP)
•
Design of aircraft, engines,
airborne equipment, and ground-based equipment
affecting flight safety
,
•
Supervises conditions of manufacturing and testing of aircraft and equipment
•
Maintenance of aircraft and equipment
•
Operation of aircraft and equipment
•
Licensing of pilots, maintenance engineers,
airports, and navigation aids
North Luzon Railways Corporation (NLRC)
•
Implements the North
Rail
Project
•
A major undertaking of the Philippine government which aims to build a fast,
reliable, and efficient railway system in Central and Northern Luzon
Transportation Related Agencies
Office for Transportation Security (OTS)
•
The single authority responsible for the security of the transportation systems of the
Philippines, including but not limited to: Civil Aviation, Sea Transport, and Maritime
Infrastructure,
Land
Transportation,
Rail
System,
and
Infrastructure
•
Responsible for safety of all transportation systems in the Philippines
•
Secures transportation systems
Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
•
Enforce laws within the Philippine waters
•
Protects
the
Marine
environment
and
resources
Philippine National Railways (PNR)
•
A state owned Railway Company in the Philippines, operating a single line of track
on Luzon. As of 2010, it operates one commuter rail service m Metro Manila and a
second in the Bicol Region in 2011
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Transportation Related Agencies
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Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
•
It
is
resPRnsible for financing, management, and operation of public ports
throughdlJt the Philippines
;
Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC)
•
Undertakes business and development activities for the establishment of a reliable
aviation and aerospace industry within the Philippines
;
Toll Regulatory Board (TRB)
•
Supervises and regulated the construction, operation, and maintenance of toll
facilities, and is also responsible for the collection of Toll Fees
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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
Traffic Management
I>
Traffic Management - is a term
used to embody the activities
undertaken by a highway
transportation agency to improve
roadway system safety, efficiency,
and effectiveness for both
providers and consumers of
transportation services
Three Types of Driving License
�
Student Driver's Permit
•
Applicant must be at least sixteen
years old
REPUBLIC OF TH[ PHILIPPINES
INm-TIDHO,Fll,'.I:
•
Must be physically and mentally fit
to operate a motor vehicle
•
He or She must be able to write or
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read in Filipino or English
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Must not be a drug user or
alcoholic
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Three Types of Driving License
�
Non-Professional Driver's License
·
New
applicant must
be
at
least
seventeen years old
·
Must
be
permit
·
Must
a holder
for at
be
least
a valid
one
physically,ilnd
to operate
•
of
moth
mentally
a rnotor'vehicle
Must not be a drug user or
alcoholic
student
fit
0
Three Types of Driving License
.,.
Professional Driver's License
·
Applicants
must
be at
least
eighteen years old
·
Required
to
professional
permit
that
submit
a valid
or a valid
is
used
student
for at
least
months
·
Must not be a drug user or
alcoholic
non­
five
Additional Information about Driving License
,..
Medical examination and Drug test is
required
,..
Holder of student driver's permit is
only allowed to operate motor
vehicle
if
accompanied by a licensed
driver who is liable for any damage
caused by thettudent driver's
operation of motor vehicle
.,.
Student driver's permit is good for
only one year
,.
Applicant for non-professional and
professional driver's licenses is
required to pass both written and
practical examinations
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CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S
(REGISTRATION)
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S
(REGISTRATION)
�
Private Vehicles
•
Owned by private individuals
•
Not intended to be used for hire
•
Green Characters on a White
Background Plate
-
-
LTO 1 2 3 4 ,
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S
(REGISTRATION)
�
Public Vehicles
•
Authorized to be used as public
vehicles granted by LTO
'!,
•
Black Characters on a Yellow
Background
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S
(REGISTRATION)
�
Official Government
Vehicles
by the government
•
Vehicles owned
•
Red Character on White
Background Plate
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CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S
I
(REGISTRATION)
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Diplomatic Vehi�s
•
Owned by a foreign
government/diplomatic officials in
the Philippines
•
Blue Character on White
UAE
..
Background Plate
DlPLOMATIC
P R O T O C O L / H I G H - R A N K I N G GOVERNMENT
PLATES
I
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1 - President
.,.
2 - Vice President
I>
3 - Senate President
,._
4 - Speaker of the House of Representatives
I>
5 - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
.,.
6 - Cabinet
1>
7 - Senators
,..
8 - Representatives {Congressmen)
1>
9 - Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
""
1 O - Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals,
Secretaries
Solicitor General
,
,
P R O T O C O L / H I G H - R A N K I N G GOVERNMENT
I
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PLATES
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11
- Chairman of the Commission of Elections
,.
12 - Cabinet Undersecretary
I>
14 - Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces od the Philippines and Chief of the
,.
Philippine National Police
1>
16 - Regional Trial Court Judges
,..
17 - First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal
Trial Court in Cities and Sharia's Circuit Courts
TRANSPORTATION
PROBLEMS A N D I S S U E S
ENGR. MARIANO 5. COZ
Transportation Problems and Issues
1
Traffic Congestion
2
Safety and Security
3
Equality/Equity of Access
4
Environmental Protection
s
Funding
6
Institutional Arrangement
7
Emerging Technology
Traffic Congestion
•
also called traffic jam
•
Occurs when transport demand
exceeds transport supply at a specific
point in time and in a specific section
of the transport system.
•
The last decades have seen the
extension of roads
p a rt i c u l a r l y
in
in
urban
rural
areas,
but
most
o
f
them free of access. Those
infrastructures
were
designed for
speed and high capacity, but the
growth of urban circulation occurred at
a rate higher than often expected.
Traffic Congestion
•
It
is
a condition
on
road
networks
that
occurs as use increases, and is
characterized by slower speeds, longer
trip times, and increased
vehicular queuing.
•
It
is
important
to
underline
that
0.4
congestion
caused
by
•
by
truck
Duri ng
in
urban
areas
commuting
is
_,..,
dominantly
patterns and
little
9.3
4th best
10
be,t
5.8
13th worst
movements.
infrastructure improvement and
construction,
capacity
impairment
(fewer
available lanes, closed sections, etc.)
0
_,..,
favors congestion.
3.4
6th worst
Traffic Congestion
What causes Traffic Congestion?
Number of vehicles exceeding the road
capacity
Prrfient condition of the roads
People
Traffic Congestion
What are the effects of traffic congestion?
Economic impact
Delays
Inability to estimate travel time
Fuel Consumption
Pollution
Road rage
Traffic Congestion
Countermeasures
Road Infrastructure
Urban Planning and Design
Supply and Demand
Traffic Management
Traffic Congestion
Two Major Forms of Congestion:
1
RECURRENT CONGESTION
The consequence of factors that cause
regular demand surges on the
transportation system, such as
commuting, shopping or weekend
trips.
Regular, occurring on a daily, weekly or
annual cycle
Bottlenecks, peak-hour congestions
Traffic Congestion
Two Major Forms of Congestion:
NON-CURRENT CONGESTION
The other half of congestion is caused
by random events such as accidents
and unusual weather conditions {rain,
snowstorms, etc.), which are
unexpected and unplanned.
Traffic incidents, such as accidents and
disabled vehicles
Safety and Security
Accident
occurs involving one or more
transportation vehicles in a collision
that results in property damage, injury,
or death.
a random event that occurs for no
apparent reason; "it just happened"
Accident rates are used as the main
indicator of safety.
also known as "crash" according to the
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA)
Safety a n d Security
Accident
Primary goal of any transportation
safety program: to prevent crashes
FIRST 1N1!f:,.I\A.I£J.
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Public transportation agencies are
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safety problems.
___..
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--
Tort Liability - Liability for damages in
cases where unsafe conditions lead to
personal injury or property damage.
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tmngs mie reg1strat1on. maintenance. ano msvrance
Many rmp1no-s cl100Se to rorgo tne
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that bemg careful is enough. Newsflash! It's not. mainly because before you can even dnve your car, you
need to buy a particular type of insurance ailed TPL insurance. What rs
i
t
and why rs
necessary f
or
i
t
owning a vehicle m the Phihppines7 let's ;mswer that with this guide.
Wh,;i,t Is TPL lnsur.ance1
TPL or (CTPL insurance for others) is a basic car insurance that every car owner in the Ph1!ipp1nes
should get before registering their vehicles to the Land Transportation Office (LTO). TPL means "third
party liability." but can sometimes be referred t
o as compulsory third party liability insurance
A
s the
name implies, TPL covers you from li.Jbilities you will receive in the event of an accident that inJured or
killed a third party. TPL insurance
vehicles
nd even trucks
a
nd
a
,
s
a requirement for all
types
of vehicles, from private to
ommercial
c
torcycles.
mo
Is Tilitd P11rty Llllbillty Insurance Mllncbtory?
s.
Y
e
torists
Mo
ccording
A
10
a
the Philippines
have
required to
2017
rchase TPL insurance
pu
study by the
creased
in
by
rld
Wo
i
s
asily neglected.
e
t
M
os
pinos
Fili
registering their vehicles
nizationl
Orga
an alarming rate o
f
nsurance. In a coon try where frugahty is
before
11.
h
Healt
.
45 67%
since
ll
ways
al
.
2006
hoose
c
T
L Q
he number of road crash acciden1s in
fmagme
e
wi
th the
wi
1
mbedded in the culture,
i
nsurance
i
r
a e
f all those
1
ehicles d1dn"t
v
mportant things like car
i
e least expensive opuon,
t
h
.
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force Fthpmcs t
o be more responsible on the road.
�t Is Third P.irty Ll.ib1Uty7
'""
Third party hab1hty refers to your liability to the third party involved m the accident. But who exactly rs
the third party? Is 1t anyone who got hit by the ur? How about the persons inside the car?
Accordlne to P.11niaraph (c) of s«tlon 386 Ill, Chapter VI of the lnsur.mce Code of the PhUIJ)i>lnes:
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the third party? Is
i
t
,
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anyone who got hit b
y the car? How about the persons inside the car?
According to P.11r.11grilph (c) of
section 386 Pl, Ch.11pter VI of the lnsurMK:e Code of the Philippines:
"
A third party i
s ilny person other th;m a passenger as defined m this season and shill/ also exclude
il
member of the household. o
r a member o
ft
he family within the second degree of cons;mgum1ty or
ilffinity. of" motor vehicle ow
ner or ldnd rransportiltion opemor
: as likewise defined herein, or his
employee i
n respect of death. bodily injury. or damage to property arising our of sna i
n the course of
employment."
This means that the third party is any unsuspecting person outside the vehicle and is not a member of
the family (which includes your spouse and
in-laws)
or a household member. If you accidentally hit a
pedestrian, your TPL insurance will pay for the expenses o
f the victim. But 1f you accidentally hit your
caretaker, your TPL will not cover your caretaker's medical expenses. unfortunately. But what about the
passengers mside the car? Luckily. the Insurance Code also def med the term passenger m the same
section.
"Passenger t
s any fare p.aymg person being transported and conveyed m a
nd b
y a motor vehicle for
transportation of p.assengers f
or compensation. in<ludmg persons expressly authorized t,y lilw or by the
vehicle"s operator or his agents t
o ride without fare.·
This definition can have a lot o
f implications.
ters go through
some o
f the usual types of passengers
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o ride without filre"
This detuutrcn can have a lot o
f rmphcancns. let's g
o through some o
f the usual types of passengers
together with their respecuve TPL coverage.
Not covered by TPl
•
Family and close relatives(;}
•
Employee passengers working under you
•
Passengers of public transportation
•
Passengers of service vehtcles (dehvery services. cable providers. etc.)
Covend by TPL
•
Friends and acquaintance passengers
•
Coworker p.:issengers
Read More: How Much
Does Car Insurance Cost m the Ph1hpp1nes?
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Whilt does TPL lnsu�nce Cover?
'f:)ur TPl insurance coverage ewers the medical or funeral expenses of the third party involved in an
accident. CTPL assures that the victim and his or her immediate will receive flnanclal assfstance of up
to PHP 100,000.
•
If an ecocenr leads to the death of a third party, the third p.irty's immedi,1te family will receive PHP
70,000 for death indemnity and PHP 30,000 for the funeral expenses. A third party-passenger can
also get the s.ame amount.
•
lf an accident leads to the injury o
f a third p.rty, the third party can avail medical services not
exceeding PHP 100.000. CTPL insurance can cover hospital accommodations of PHP 500 per day
maximum of 4
5 days. For medicine. the victim has up to PHP 20,000.
•
If an accident leads to the p!!fmanent dismemberment o
f a third party, your TPL coverage will cover
PHP 50.000. This mcludes the loss of limbs. hands. fingers. toes. and feet. as well as the loss o
f sight
fOI'" both eyes and total disablement (being bedridden permanently).
How and Where on I Get TPL Insurance?
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Private Vehicles
PHP 650.40
Light and Medium Trucks (not exceeding 3.930 kg.)
PHP?00.40
Heavy Trucks (more than 3.930 kg.)
PHP 1.290.40
�
PHP340.40
Motorcycles
How Do I File a Clalm for TPL Insurance?
If the inevitable happens. it's always best to stay calm
You have to gather all the important details of
the incident before you can file your claim. Contact your car insurance provider immediately and report
the damage or loss by providing the following information. The insurance company wdl walk you
through the next steps regarding your insurance claim.
;1
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•
Date and time of the incident
•
Your contact details
•
Pollcyholder·s name
•
Policy number
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Safety and Security
•
TRAFFIC DEATH - defined by the UN
Organization as that which occurs within 30
days of the event
•
FATALITY-define in the Philippines as
"death at the scene"
•
PROPERTY DAMAGE - involve vehicles
colliding with publicly or privately owned
structures, equipment, and facilities located
by the road. It also includes collision of
vehic
les
without causing physical injury to
the driver, passenger, or any pedestrian.
•
FATAL ACCIDENT - involves at least one
person killed
,-
NON-FATAL ACCIDENT - at least one
person injured but no fatalities
Safety and Security
What are the Major Factors Involved in
Transportation Crashes?
1
Actions by the driver
2
Condition of the vehicle
3
Geometric Characteristics of the road
4
Physical or Climatic environment in
which the vehicle operates (fog, rain,
snow, etc.)
Press � to exrt ful screen
Safety and Security
What are the Ways to Improve
Transportation Safety?
Safety improvement measures can be
classified as:
1
Laws and government regulations
2
Enforcement
3.
Education
4.
Enfneering
Safety and Security
Approaches:
Public offiClals are authorized to regulate and
enforce laws regarding the safe movement
w�
people and goods.
T
o design the vehicle travel way system for
safety in such a manne r that, if a crash
occurred, the effect of the occupants would be
minimized.
Self-discipline
In contrast to air travel where passengers
willingly submit to laws and regulations
regarding passenger safety, the motoring
public is not as compliant and views traffic
laws as OPTIONAL or to be obeyed only when
there is a CHANCE OF BEING CAUGHT.
Safety and Security
Elements of Transportation Safety
1
Driver
-.
Vehicle
3
Travel way
4
Environment
,
Equality of Access
Equality
Another continuing challenge has been to
prov[;e adequate access to the
transportation system for all sorts of
people.
Equity
refers to the fairness with which impacts
(benefits and costs) are distributed.
Transport equity analysis can be difficult
because there are several types of equity,
many potential impacts to consider,
various ways to measure impacts, and
may possible ways to categorize people.
Equality of Access
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION EQUITY
�
HORIZONTAL EQUITY
\"ttt\nl E1ui1r. RcJl§lrlbuh0<1 o/ lncon-.r.
also called fairness and egalitarianism
u!lng �t,,• I..X<'t
concerns the distribution of impacts
between individuals and groups
considered equal in ability and need.
llorlwnlal cqu�y
T
:u: M>Ould
�
1H,
. 1rr•ll"ll p<'(ll'
k' lhe
r,a,.,..
f,1, - t<jual 1,••tmmt.
VERTICAL EQUITY
also called social justice, environmental
Pror\t In
..m
. IIKOIIM' group
i.-.·tb oftu.
justice and social inclusion
policies favoring disadvantaged groups
are called progressive, whil�hose that
excessively burden disadvantaged
people are called regressive.
>, ill
p
4
f ..ITIC'
Equality of Access
�
VERTICAL EQUITY WITH REGARD TO
MOBILITY NEED AND ABILITY
This is concerned with the distribution
of impacts betwien inllllividuals and
groups that differ in mobility ability and
need, and therefore the degree to
which the transportation system meets
the needs of travelers with mobility
impairments.
Equality of Access
Three groups in particular have been seen \
as generally underserved: the poor, the
elderly, and the physically handicapped.
Poor People
They are seen as underserved because they are
less
likely
t
o
o
w
n
automobiles.
As
urban
mass
transportation has been taken dominance of
automobiles, they have been declining in terms
of availability and quality of service.
•
When mass transit systems have tried to
compete with automobiles to regain some of
their market, they have often provided
Incentives to the more affluent choice riders
(who do have access to automobiles) rather
than to captive riders (who tend to be taken for
granted).
Equality of Access
Elderly and Physically Handicapped
'
•
They are considered as underserved because
many are unable to operate automobiles
•
The Americans with Disabillties Act of 1990
(ADA) mandates standards for access by
disabled individuals. These standards are known
as the Americans with Disabilities Act
Accesslbllity Guidelines (AOAAG)
•
Under these guidelines, all public transportation
systems must be fully accessible to both
wheelchair users and pedestrians.
•
Installation of wheel chair lifts on PUV
•
Provision of curb cuts and wheelchair ramps at
intersections of streets
•
Provision of wheelchair access by means of
ramps or elevators at facilities such as airports
and rail transit stations
Environmental Protection
•
Environmental protection
is a practice of
protecting the natural environment on
individual, organizational or governmental
levels,
f
o
r
the
benefit
o
f
both
the
natural
environment and humans.
,
Due to the pressures of population and
technology,
the
biophysical
environment
i
s
being degraded, sometimes permanently.
,
The environmental impacts of transportation
include
large-scale
impacts
due
t
o
the
system
as a whole as well as smaller scale impacts due
to specific transportation facilities and
activities
GREEN
SPACES
I
of
\
\
ntal
·al
\
\
I
\
I
nt is
tly.
'tat i o n
system
acts d u e
GREEN
Environmental Protection
SITE-SPECIFIC IMPACTS
Dl.>all w,th
by""'"'"
of 'f)K>
fi
C laws aud ,egul.atoon and
through a p,o,:o•ss of docume,1tins t'!M1onmenta.l 1mp.icts.
NEPA (N ..tlonal Envuonment Pol,cy Act 1969)
rn, !En111romm�11al lmp,tet
Stater,�m)
Include ti- ,Nted to !he dil.pla,<ern<>nl of ,.....tent, and
bu,me>>e5 due to con,truchon of tr an,por!�toon l.oc,htie<
-·
lmp.tc:15 on wildhfo I h,odiv<,,siry
lmp«ISon
w•tt'1
qu•l.iy
& so,I quality
Visual ,m�ts
Temporary
'
"'P"<
"
dunng construction
(noi<e, dust. rO<lucl!d watl!f qua,l�y due lo
"'
os
ion
of unprot�E<I
�
�
llfc)
lmp.>elS ,.,.,..i,,"11 f,orn conmuctlon of
1ransp0ft;,tion fac1l110es "' .,.,,....onmen1ally
se
n
s
m
v
e
"'
NS
!eumples
of such areas
a
r
e
hab�.,u o
f 1hiN1ened"' end-e<ed •i-i<t
flood plains, wetlands, co.stal lones, prime
.>t!•lcuhur al lands, hisr<l<lc.>I or a,rch;>e0lofl!(,>I
>ites, and wild or sc,,mc riv,,fs
Environmental Protection
SYSTEM-LEVEL IMPACTS (Ecosystem approach)
An ecosystems approach to resource management and
environmental prctecncn aims to ccnsscer the complex
Interrelationships
o
f
a
n
entire
e<:osystem
I
n
decision
making rather than simply responding to specific issues
and challenges.
•
Impacts on air quality I Air pollution
•
Energy consumption
•
Land use I Urban Spl'"awl
•
Climate Change/ Global Warming
LAWS AND REGULATION
Philippine
•
Clean
A
ir A
c
t
o
f
1
999
(
RA
8749)
Philippine Environmental Impact Statement
System (PO 1586)
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE (PO
,,
1152)
Funding
Main methods of Fund-Raising
Public funding
Funding by users (Taxes on vehicle
ownership and usage, road user's tax,
fares, fuel tax)
Road and parking tolls (toll, congestion
charging, parking fee)
Employer
contributions (income tax,
business tax)
land value capture in areas served by
public
transport
(land value tax,
betterment tax)
Public-private partnerships.
Funding
N•m•
Ducription
Fare increases
Increase
Advantaips
Oiladvanta1u
'
fares
or change fare
Widely
applied.
Is
a user fee
Discourage
transit
use.
Is
(considered equitable).
regressive.
Discounted passes sold to
Increases revenue and
Increases transit service
groups based on their
transit
costs and so may provide
structure t
o Increase
revenues
Discounted bulk passes
ridership
ridership
Property taxes
little net
Increase local property taxes
revenue
Widely applied. Distributes
Supports no other
burden widely.
object\es. Is considered
regressive.
Fuel taxes
Vehicle fees
An additional fuel tax in the
Widely applied.
region
vehicle
A
n additional fee
vehicles
for
registered
in
Appl!ed in
the
region
Utility levy
the
utility accounts
region
and
fuel
Is considered regressive.
use
some
junsdictions.
motorists
A levy to all
in
traffic
Reduces
Does
not affect vehicle
use.
Charges
for costs.
Easy t
o apply.
Distributes
burden widely.
Is small,
regressive and
support
no
other objectives.
Funding
N•m•
D•scription
Advanta1•s
Employee levy
A levy on each employee
Charges for commuters.
Road tolls
Requires collection system.
within a designated area or
May encourage sprawl if
jurisdiction
only m city centers.
Tolls on some roads or
Reduces traffic congestion.
bridges
Costly to implement. Can
encourage sprawl
if
only
applied m city centers.
Vehicle-Km tax
A distance-based fee on
Reduces vehicle traffic.
Costly to implement.
Is applied in other cities.
Discourages parking pricing
vehicles registered In the
region
Parking taxes
Special tax on commercial
parking transactions
and downtown
development.
Parking levy
A special property tax on
Large potential. Distributes
Costly to implement.
parking spaces throughout
burden widely. Encourages
Opposed by suburban
the region
compact development.
property owners.
I
Funding
Nam•
Description
Advant•1•s
Expanded parking pricing
Increase when and where
Moderate to large potential.
public parking facilities (such
Distributes burden widely.
as on-street parking spaces)
Reduces driving.
'Di1adV11nta1n
are priced
Development or transport
A fee on new development
Charges beneficiaries.
limited potential.
impact fees
to help finance
Special taxes on property
Large potential. Charges
May be costly to implement.
that benefit from the transit
beneficiaries.
May discourage transit­
infrastructure, including
transit improvements
Land value capture
service
Station rents
Collect
oriented development.
revenues
from
Charges beneficiaries.
limited potential.
Charges beneficiaries.
Limited potential.
pubhc-private development
at stations
Station air rights
Sell the rights to build over
transit stations
I
I
Funding
I
I
I
I
I
I
Congestion charging is designed to reduce the number of vehicles travelling in
urban zones by charging users to enter the designated zones.
1.
It can be used to reduce congestion in city centers:
al
by encouraging a modal shift towards public transport;
b)
by discouraging motorists from using their vehicles at certain times, or from
taking certain routes.
z.
Reduce Population
3.
Raise New funds for investing
0
I
Funding
..
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)
The
Government
recognizes
private
sector
national
the
as
the
most
of
development
role of the
engine
development
appropriate
for
and
incentives
resources for financing
construction,
maintenance
Philippines
main
and
mobilize pnvate
the
the
indispensable
growth
provides
to
the
of
operation
and
infrastructure
projects
normally
and
financed
and undertaken by the Government.
Such
incentives,
incentivei
aside
from
as
provided
a
climate
of
minimum
government
regulations
and
procedures
and
government
providing
specific
by
financial
law,
include
undertakings
support of the private sector
in
S
MIGUEL
CORPORATION
Funding
"'
PPP
i
s
into
by
(IA)
t
o
essentially
a
construct,
process,
national
authcmze
operate
to
charae
a contractual
government
arran11ement
entered
implementing
a
't
ncy
the private sector entity to finance,
and
user
from the government
maintain
fees
or
a facility,
receive
and,
In
the
compensation
The choice of the PPP mode may
vary from any of the schemes authorized under the BOT
uw.
Advantages:
•
Transfer of the burden of raising funds for projects
and project risks to the private sector;
•
Government resources are freed and re-allocated for
other urgent uses,
•
The entry of private sector superior technology and
expertise ts paved;
•
Project implementat1on is hastened arn:I operating
,
Creation of conditions for technology1rat1sfer and
efficiency i
s assured, arid
training.
Funding
The fundamental leaal bases for implementin1 PPP projects are the:
BOT Law (Republic Act 6957) as amended by Republic
and Regulations (IRR); and Government
Authority (PEA),
National
Owned
and
Act
7718,
Controlled
approved
05
May
1994,
and its
Implementing Rules
Corporations (GOCC) Charter - examples are Public Estates
Development Company (NOC) and others
Private sector proponents can now use different variants
to implemenl infrastructure projects under the BOT arrangement.
The BOT Law allows nine specific variants described in the table below and other modes subject to the approval of the
President
Build-and-Transfer (BT)
Build- Lease-Transfer (BLT)
Build-Operate-Transfer
�
(BOT)
Build- Own- Operate {BOO)
Build-transfer-Operate (BTO)
Contract-Add-Operate (CAO)
Develop-ct1erate-and-Transfer (DOT)
Re habi Htate-cperate-end-jransfer ( ROT)
Rehabilitate-Own-Operate (ROO)
Funding
Under the BOT scheme, a private proponent enters into a contractual arrangement with
the IA to undertake any or
a
combination
of
the
BOT
variants
for
an infrastructure
facility. The following rights may be bestowed on the private proponent:
•
To operate the facility over a fixed period, not to exceed 50 years;
•
To charge facility users fees, tolls,
•
To recover capital, operating and maintenance expenses and earn a reasonable return
on investment.
rentals or share
in the
revenue of the
project; and
Institutional
Arrangement
Refers to agreements and organizational structures both within transportation agencies and between agencies.
•
This can Include:
forums that regularly bring together transportation planners and operations practitioners
agreements that promote involvement of management and operations practitioners in planning
processes,
or that promote a regional planning perspective withm an operations environment.
Modal fragmentation
rooted ln the Independent development of the different modes of transportation
reinforced by governmental regulations that protnbrted mtegration of firms across modal Imes
Jurisdlctional fragmentation - overlapping of the laws of cities and local governments in a given area.
Traffic control
Data management
Information services
Other areas affected by ITS initiative
E m e r g i n g Technologies
Possible Solutions:
Travel and Transportation Management
,
Travel Demand Management
Public Transportation Operations
Electronic Payment Services
4
Commercial Vehicle Operations
Emergency Management
Traffic Signal Synchronization
HOV lanes -High Occupancy Vehicle lanes
Public Transit (Personal Rapid Transit·PRT, Bus Rapid Transit·BRT)
1
u
Non-motorized Transportation
Alternative Fuels
E m e r g i n g Technologies
I
lntelli1ent Transportation
•
System
(ITS)
A.re advanced apphcaUons wh,ch, without embodymg mtelhgence .ts such, a,m to prov,de innovative services relating to
different modes of transport and traffic management and enable vanous users to be better
informed
and make liafer, more
coordinated, and 'smarter' u�f transport networks.
•
Prior to 1994, such technologiel were commonly referred to in tVHS (intelligent Vehkle and Highway sys.tern) .
These ITS technologies are the subject of a major technological initiative involving
•
Government
•
Business
Academics
•
Research Organization
Goals of the ITS Program
•
Improve
,
Reduce congestion
•
Improve rncbihtv and access1b1hty
•
Reduce enwcnmental impact of the transportation system
•
lrn::rease ener11v efficiency
,
Improve
,
Create
safety
economic
a domestic
productivity
IT
S
Industry
E m e r g i n g Technologies
FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS
1. Trilffoc Manilgotmenl
2. Trilvelu fnfor�tlon Sy,l<'m•
], Vehicle Control
•· Tr1ffic Surve,Hance and Commun.u1ion System,
5. V1th1des
ITS technologies may also be grouped together into functional system
ATMS(i1dv1nced traffic milnqement syH1tm)
lncltlOO systems intended to man.iii! the now of traffic, such u coordmued traffic s,gnal system, r;imp metenna systems and
,ncodem man;,gement system.
Tr1ffoc Sun,e,llance !CCTV), Sianal Control System, VilNb!e Message Sla,,ing, EIKtronic Toll Collectoon, Road Wuther
Information
•
Syst1tm
ATISjadvanced travele, lnlormat10n systems!
Includes
systotm
intended
t
o d1ssem,nate
1nform111,on
to the publoc
(1outl! guodanc1tl
Electromc Piym1tnl S�otm, Mobile Apps
AVCSjadvuw;l!d �h,de comrol 5Vstem
lndudn 111\omated h•hWIY 5Vsl:em and on board control 5Vrterru intended to promote 51fety (colh5lon ,vo,dance, v,�lon
enh.-ncem"•I)
.,,
INTERSECTION
ENGR.
MARIANO
S. COZ
b&
Intersection
»
The points where traffic flow converges and where
direction of travel changes
»
Category:
Shape
Type of Structure
Type of Operation
Intersection
»
Type of Structure
Either designed as atgrade intersection or
grade separation such
as flyover or
interchanges
initially designed atgrade and are planned
to be grade-separated
in the future to cope
with high traffic
volume (easing
congestion or reducing
traffic accidents)
Intersection
—-
Shape
»
Refers to the configuration of the intersection and would
7:9@
depend
7
»
largely on the number
of legs
Three-Leg: T or Y
Four-Leg:
Multi-Leg:
Normal Crossing, Oblique, or Skewed/Staggered
Intersections with more than four legs
Rotary or Roundabout
Intersection
»
Type of Operation
»
Channelization
»
»
Simplified movements
of vehicles as it leads
drivers to one
conflict at a time
Signalization
»
Greatly reduces
crossing conflicts at
the intersection area
Intersection
»
Type of Operation
>
Depend on the type of control or the rules and regulations
Simplify traffic flow by reducing the number of conflicts of
vehicles
Operates as unchanneled or channelized, and unsignalized
or signalized
Basic
Intersection
Design
»
Principle
The maximum
number
legs should be four.
of
The number of conflicts
increases exponentially
as the number of
intersection legs
increases
»
»
Staggered
intersections
should be avoided.
Main traffic flow should
be near straight as
possible.
Sharp turns, such as left
and right turns, cause
unnecessary reduction
traffic speeds
in
Basic Intersection
Design Principle
»
Roads should not intersect at a small angle.
Oblique intersections pose potential hazards and cause
high severity of accidents due to the almost head-to-head
collision of vehicles
Minimum of 60° (optimum = 90°)
»
‘Two intersections should be as far as possible from each
other.
Inadequate weaving section
The distance between two intersections must be
Distance = Design Speed X Number of Lanes X 2
Intersection Design Elements
»
The primary pufpose of
an interchange is to
provide change in the
direction of travel.
»
Configuration of turning
geometries
»
Direct
*
Semidirect
*
Indirect
Design Elements of an
Intersection Approach
Through
Exclusive Right Turn
Lane
+
=
3
Fy
v
Left Turn Storage Bay
v
»
Lane/s
Corner Island
Turning Roadway
.
Median
Nose Treatment
®
Methods
of Control
of
Intersections
»
Conflicts
An event involving two
or more moving
vehicles approaching
each other in a traffic
flow situation in such a
way that a traffic
collision would ensue
unless at least one of
the vehicles performs
an emergency
maneuver
Methods
of Control
of
Intersections
»
Three-Leg
Conflicts
Often occurs at
intersections
The more
the number
of
legs an intersection has,
the more the number
conflicts it has
of
Four-Leg
»
Classification:
Merging
Diverging
Crossing
With roundabouts, head-on and
high-speed right angle collisions are
virtually
jerarchny
CTrarCcihly
°
»
oT
O}
t
There
Level
»
:
IntfercecTinn
iIL©T
S¢
Cul
it
.
°
are three basic levels of control
implemented
»
©
eliminated.
that can
be
at an intersection
1 - Basic
rules of the road
Level 2 - Direct assignment of right-of-way using YIELD or
STOP signs
Level 3 - Traffic Signalization
Determination
of which
(and how
many)
conflicts a
driver should be able to perceive and avoid through the
exercise of judgment
Traffic controls must be imposed to assist
A
Hierarchy of Intersection
Control
»
Two factors affect a driver’s ability to avoid conflicts:
A driver must be able to see a potentially conflicting
vehicle or pedestrian in time to implement an avoidance
maneuver
°
Involves considerations of sight distance and avoidance
maneuver
»
The volume levels that exist must present reasonable
opportunities for a safe maneuver to take place
Involves an assessment of demand intensity and the
complexity of potential conflicts that exist at a given
intersection
Methods
of Control
Intersections
»
Depending on the traffic
volume using the
intersection and the
severity of conflicts
Unsignalized
Signalized
Grade Separation
of
Methods
of Control
of
v
Intersections
Unsignalized Intersection
»
Nocontrol at all
»
Right-of-way Rule
v
Yield or Stop
v
(For minor road) When two vehicles arrive at the same time at
the intersection, the vehicle on the right has the priority
Roundabout or Rotary
Number of turning vehicles is almost equal to the number of
through vehicles
U-Turn Slot
No clear control; not the major flow but sign states otherwise
Methods of Control
Intersections
of
Signalized Intersection
Separation fii tirhe
Conflicts between opposing or merging streams are
prevented by giving the right of way to a given direction
Maximum
»
of 2 diverging conflicts per phase
Grade Separation
»
Eliminates the problematic crossing conflicts of the
different movements of vehicles
Flyover/overpass, underpass, or full-blown interchange
~
Provide the safest and most efficient method of control
but definitely the most costly, and sometimes unaesthetic
TRAFFIC
CONTROL
DEVICES
ENGR.
Traffic Control
MARIANO
S. COZ
Devices
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
USDoT Federal Highway Administration
to promote highway safety and efficiency by providing
for the orderly movement of all road users on streets,
highways, bikeways, and private roads open to public
travel throughout the Nation
notify road users of regulations and provide warning and
guidance needed for the uniform and efficient
operation of all elements of the traffic stream ina
manner intended to minimize the occurrences of
crashes
Traffic control devices or their supports shall not bear any
message or any other message that is not related to t.
Traffic Control
»
To provide for the safe
and orderly movement
of traffic
»
To resolve conflicts
Devices
between vehicles,
vessels, or aircrafts
»
To minimize the cost of
transportation
As traffic volumes increase, highway systems rely mostly on pa
devices such as signs, marking, and traffic signals to supple
rules of the road.
Advantages
Signals
of Traffic
Control
Traffic signals that are properly designed, located,
operated, and maintained will have one or more of the
following advantages:
A. They
provide
B. They increase
intersection if:
for the orderly movement
of traffic.
the traffic-handling capacity of the
1. Proper physical
layouts and
control
measures
are used,
and
2. The signal operational parameters are reviewed and
updated (if needed) on a regular basis to maximize the ability
of the traffic control signal to satisfy current traffic demands.
Advantages of Traffic Control
Signals
Traffic control signals that are properly designed, located,
operated, and maintained will have one or more of the
following advantages:
C. They reduce the frequency and severity of certain types
of crashes, especially right-angle collisions.
D. They are coordinated to provide for continuous or nearly
continuous movement of traffic at a definite speed along a
given route under favorable conditions.
E. They are used to interrupt heavy traffic at intervals to
permit other traffic, vehicular or pedestrian, to cross.
Disadvantages
Control
»
A.
of Traffic
Signals
Traffic control signals, even when justified by traffic and
roadway conditions, cag be ill-designed, ineffectively
placed, improperly operated, or poorly maintained.
Improper or unjustified traffic control signals can result in
one or more of the following disadvantages:
Excessive
delay,
B. Excessive disobedience of the signal indications,
C. Increased
to avoid the
use of less adequate routes as road users attempt
traffic control signals, and
D. Significant increases in the frequency of collisions
(especially rear-end collisions).
Traffic Signals
»
When properly used, traffic control signals are valuable
devices for the control of vghicular and pedestrian
traffic.
»
They assign
movements
flow.
»
Traffic signals need to attract the attention of a variety
of road users, including those who are older, those with
impaired vision, as well as those who are fatigued or
distracted, or who are not expecting to encounter a
signal at a particular location.
the right-of-way to the various traffic
and thereby profoundly influence traffic
Traffic Signal
»
Operates by assigning the
intersection
right of way successively to
approaches
»
Complex devices that can operate in a variety of
different modes
¢
traffic control signals;
«
*
pedestrian signals;
hybrid beacons;
¢
traffic control signals for
movable bridges;
*
¢
emergency-vehicle signals;
traffic control signals for
*
+
toll plaza traffic signals;
flashing beacons;
one-lane, two-way
«
freeway
facilities;
e«
traffic control signals for
entrance
lane-use control signals;
and
e
ramps;
in-roadway
lights.
Terms
®
Indication
The
red,
yellow,
or green
light that
displayed to drivers in a given
is
movement
>»
Cycle
AAA
The time required for one complete
sequence of signal indications
&
Interval
The discrete portion of a cycle during
which the movements with the ROW do
not change
A period of time during which no signal
indication changes
Phase
(or Stage)
The portion of the cycle during which
the movements with the ROW do not
change
The time devoted
movement
to a particular
Terms
»
Change
The
Interval
yellow
indication
The transition
lose green age
for a given
movement
from green to red, in which
given a yellow signal, while
have a red signal
To allow vehicle
withdrawn
»
Clearance
that
cannot
movements about to
all other movements
safely stop when
to enter the intersection
legally
the green
is
Interval
The transition from green to red for a given set of movements
During
the
It is timed
rele ae
release
interval,
all movements
have
a red
signal
to allow a vehicle that legally enters the intersection on
safely cross
the
intersection
before
conflicting
flows
are
Signal
»
Phasing
Separation of time
The right-of-way, yellow change, and red clearance intervals
in a cycle that are assigned to an independent traffic
movement
The
more
or combination
the number
of movements
of conflicts,
the more
the number
of
hasing needed.
The number of phases employed at any intersection must be
kept to a minimum, compatible with safety because with
every phase added, there is a corresponding additional loss of
green time, which leads to increased intersection delay.
National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) Phase-
Numbering
Scheme
Phase Sequence Options for
Left Turns
Phase Diagram
for Traffic Signals
Signal Operation
UL
ft
L
RED
PHASE2
PHASE 1 SPLIT
PHASE
2 SPLIT
©
Types of Signal Operation
»
Pretimed Operation
=
Semi-Actuated
Operation
=
Full Actuated Operation
»
Computer Control
) Presentation-Pr
Types of Signal Operation
»
Pretimed Operation
»
Also known as Fixed-time
«=
Cycle length, phase
sequence, and timing of
each interval are constant
»
Employ cycles and phases
of predetermined length
«
May employ different
cycles at different times
of day, they cannot
respond to short-term
demand
»
fluctuations
Typical to have at least
an AM
peak,
PM peak,
and an off-peak signal
timing.
© Presentation-Pr
Types
pm
of Signal Operation
Semi-Actuated
:
sed where the
ee reason for
signalization is
interruption of
continuous
traffic
»
Detectors are placed
on the minor
approaches to the
intersection
=
There are no detectors
on the major street
Loop Detector
Types of Signal Operation
Types of Detector:
1. Impulse Detector
2.
»
Semi-Actuated
=
The indication is green
for the major street at
all times except when
a “call” or actuation is
noted on one of the
minor approaches
Presence
Detector
ADOMONAL VEHICLE DETECTORS:
=a
DETECTOR TO STOPLINE
|
=
I
POINT DETECTION USING ADDMONAL DETECTORS
Types of Signal Operation
»
Full Actuated
«
Every lane of every
approach must be
monitored by a detector
=
Green
time is allocated
in accordance with
information from
detectors and
programmed “rules”
established in the
controller for capturing
and retaining the green
«=
Cycle length, sequence
of phases, and green
time split varies from
cycle to cycle
Stopline/queue
clearing detection
Left tum detection
Cross street
detection
Advance detection
Bi Detection zone
Types of Signal Operation
»
Computer
«=
Control
The computer acts as a
master
controller,
coordination the timings
of a large number of
signals
»
It calculates an optimal
coordination plan based
on input from detectors
places throughout the
system
-
Individual signals in a
computer-controlled
system generally operate
in the pre-timed mode
© Presentation-P1
Coordinated
»
Where
randomness can no
longer be ensured and
there is a need for
continuous movement
over an arterial,
coordination or
synchronization of the
timing of the signals in
series is required.
»
It is also possible that
within an arterial,
subgroups consisting of a
number
of intersections
may be developed.
Area Traffic Control
»
Links + Nodes =
Networks
»
Optimization techniques
have been developed to
cope with such network
pm
SCATS - Sydney
Coordinated Adaptive
Traffic System
»
SCOOT - Split Cycle
Offset Optimization
Techniques
Data Requirements for Traffic
Signal Setting
»
1.
2.
In planning for phase pattern and determination of
appropriate timing of signals
Traffic Volume
Saturation Flow Rates
«
All types of vehicles (incl.
non-motorized)
«
+
Directional
Pedestrian Flows
*
3.
&
Movement in all directions
Maximum flow rate occurring
at the stop line once traffic
initially in queue is given
green time indication
Physical Characteristics of
the Road
Passenger Car Unit Values
«
Number of legs
«
«
Width of approaches
PCU equivalent of the
different types of vehicles
«
Number of lanes
«
Gradient
Coordination of Traffic Signals
»
To provide progressive movement of traffic flow that has to pass through
a series of signalized intersections, some form of coordination has to be
introduced to minimize delay
»
Signal Coordination
timing of signals in relationship to one another
predetermined speed can pass through the g
also known as Signal Progression
so that vehicles traveling at a
ns of successive signals
\
Coordination of Traffic Signals
»
Simultaneous System
All signals display the same color indication
»
«=
Commonly
»
Drivers tend to increase speed in order to pass as many
intersections as possible
intersections are closely spaced
Alternating System
At any
ahead
=
»
used when
given instant of time,
the driver sees intersections
with alternating green and red indications
Intersections are far apart
Progressive System
«
Starts of green are arranged in such a way that traffic flow is
uninterrupted and bandwidth is optimized
One-way system or when one direction of flow
Coordination of Traffic Signals
Speed at which vehicles are
presumed to travel through
the coordinated signal system
- Speed of Progression
Space-time path intersecting
the green at all signals -
Through band
The time difference between
the beginning and end of the
through band at any point -
Band width
The time difference between
the beginnings of the green
at any two signals - Offset
Traffic
»
Irregularity and unpredictable
»
Accidents, stalled vehicles, swerving, parking
maneuvers, indiscriminate loading and unloading of PUV
Traffic
»
Flow
Uninterrupted
»
Flow occurring at long sections of road where vehicles are
not required to stop by any cause external to the traffic
stream
»
Interrupted
»
Flow occurring at intersections or driveways where
vehicles are required to stop by any cause outside the
traffic stream
»
Traffic signs (Stop or Yield),
traffic signal light
Traffic
»
»
»
Data
Flow rate or Volume
»
Number
time
of vehicles passing a point during a specified period of
»
Vehicles per hour
Headway
»
Reciprocal of flow
»
Average time separation of vehicles in the traffic stream
®
Seconds
»
Measured
between
common
points on successive vehicles
Time Gaps
»
Measured
from the rear of one vehicle to the front of the next
Atl
headway
|.
tailway
Traffic
»
»
»
Speed
»
Rate of motion or change of distance with respect to time
»
Miles per hour (mph);
»
Kilometer per hour (kph)
Rate of Travel
»
Reciprocal of speed
»
Minutes per Mile; Minutes per Kilometer
Time-Mean
Speed
»
Spot speed
»
Arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point
within a given interval of time*
Traffic
»
Data
Space-Mean
Data
Speed
»
Rate of movement
section of road
of a traffic gtream within a given
»
Speed based on the average travel time of vehicles in the
stream within the section (harmonic mean speed)
Density or Concentration
»
Number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section
of roadway at a given instant in time
»
Vehicles per mile or per kilometer
Traffic
»
Data
Spacing of vehicles
»
Average distance separation
»
The distance between two vehicles measured from the
front bumper of a vehicle to that of another
»
Reciprocal of density
»
Meters or feet
Occupancy
»
The fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in
space
»
Total time a detector is occupied divided by the total time
of observation
Traffic
Flow
1. Suppose a 15-minute count of vehicles bound for Manila
was conducted at a particular location on Quezon Avenue.
Estimate the flow rate in vehicles per hour.
SC
ee
Car/Van
420
Jeepney
300
Bus
16
Truck
28
\
Traffic Flow
U,=
24,
j ts
N
»
2. The speeds of 25 cars were observed.
noted
to travel at 35kph,
10 cars were
8 cars at 40kph,
2 cars at
50kph, and 5 cars at 45kph. Assuming that each car was
traveling at constant speed, determine the time-mean
speed and the space-mean speed.
Urs
lo (as) + F(4uO Yt
2(s0)\+4
us )
aS
= 37-E
kphy
axS-
Us =
io (sd +e(t)
Traffic
rales,
Flow
3. During heavy traffic congestion, it was observed that the
average spacing of vehicles in queue in the innermost lane
of EDSA is 6.5m. Determine the jam density or density of
stopped vehicles.
s=
+.
és>
_!}
kj =
,
k--c
k
|
Kx 100
=ISF%
Traffic
Flow
Models
Microscopic
»
Describe the motion of individual vehicles and
interactions with one another
their
»
Car-following models (motion of vehicles following one
another in terms of position, velocity, acceleration)
»
Gap-acceptance models (vehicles passing through gaps in
conflicting traffic flows on non-signalized intersections)
Macroscopic
»
Describe the relationships among
speed,
»
Analogies to classical fluid f low
»
Describe the propagation of traffic flow states over
extended sections of roadway
Relationship of Flow,
flow,
and
density
Speed
&
Density
°
»
Fundamental relationship of traffic flow
»
Flow rate is simply the product of density and space-
mean speed
q
»
=
k
x
u,
veh
veh
km
hr
km_
hr
—_
Law of the conservation of vehicles (continuity equation)
Aq
_ Ak
Ax
At
1. Traffic densities are very high, speeds are very low; very hig’
2. Traffic densities are very low, drivers can obtain free flow
speed; flow is very low
Relationship of Flow,
Speed
&
Density
»
»
sity
u, =u,(1—k/k,)
Speed-Density Relation
»
As density increases, speed decreases
#
»
Jam density, kj = density corresponding to zero speed
»
Free flow speed, uf = speed corresponding to zero density
Volume-Density Relation
»
Maximum flow qmax occurs when the density has a value
km equal to half of jam density kj
q = ku, =ku,(1—k/k,)
=u, (k—k?/k,)
Relationship of Flow, Speed
&
Density
»
Speed-Volume
»
Maximum flow qmax occurs at speed um equal to half of
the
»
Relation
ea) flow speed uf
Capacity = maximum flow
2
q=ku,
=k
=k,(u,
xu
—u,
/u,)
=—x—+
Wi
im
if L
a
(c i)
The basis for design of transportation system
operating strategies, traffic control systems, and
certain physical features of transportation systems
Interaction of traffic events in space and time
Analysis of travel times under various conditions
Relationships among traffic flow states (flow, speed,
and density)
Space-Time
Relationships
«
The analysis of the motion of vehicles
or traffic states
«
When
motion takes place along a
single linear facility such
as roadway
or railway, it can often be represented
by a graph — Space-Time
Diagram
— Distance (or location) vs Time
Diagram
1
Time
~
Nv
»
Di stance
>»
Space — Time
¢
The curve A-A represents the position of a vehicle at all times
¢
between t, and t, -- Trajectory
The slope of the trajectory is the Speed of the vehicle
(Distance is the Vertical Axis)
¢
The slope of the trajectory is the Rate of Travel (reciprocal of
speed) of the vehicle
(Distance is the Horizontal Axis)
Space — Time
|
wR
|
7
at time
t2
at time
t1
Diagram
|
¥
%
t1
From basic Physics
t2
t
— Vertical length = distance traveled
— Horizontal length = time consumed
— First derivative (Slope) = velocity = dx/dt
— Second
al
derivative = acceleration
= d2x/dt2
Space — Time
Diagram
S|
2
>
ae
t
1 goes faster
a
2
=
t
t
1 is not moving and
2 is moving bankwards
Headway (sec)
between 1 and
1 is accelerating and
2 is decelerating
2
Uniform
Spacing (m)
between 2 and
>
t
3
Flow
Example
¢
Stations of a transit vehicle (bus or subway)
Link
Xm
Theoretical trajectory
without middle station
Stations
Delay for introducing
middle station
—
Cruising
speed
>
t
If the distance between stations is not long enough,
vehicle can’t reach its cruising speed
the
Space — Time Diagram
x
n = number of trajectories crossed by
|
the dashed line during a period T
\g="
T=1/h, where / is the
average headway and g is the
average
time)
flow (unit: vehicles per
v,= > v/ 7, time-mean speed
(average
over time)
m
= number of trajectories crossed by
the dashed line on a segment L
k=m/L=1/s,
where s is the
average spacing and k
average
density
per distance)
v, =
PETIT/
space-mean speed
(average Over space)
t
L
Ves = m=
vt
is the
(unit: vehicles
Fundamental
Flow
Diagram
*#
Ymax
Conge§$ted
et
Ve
Density
Flow
k
:
-+
Speed
v7
igeste
Speed
Congested
Flow
Density
k,
Shock
*
When
there is a speed
OW
max
Wave
change
in the stream
of
vehicles there occurs a speed change wave front
— Shock Wave
¢
Simply the motion
or propagation
of a change
density and flow.
* Caused abnormal traffic flow and will definitely
reduce the capacity of the roadway resulting to
long queues
— Stalled vehicles, traffic accidents,
other temporal activities
parades, or any
in
Shock Wave
Simultaneous
reduction of speed
zs.
@
| Reduced” ~ 7
S
Speed
®
| Zone _
OQ
Distance (x m)
€
_-
Simultaneous
increase of speed
Time (t's)
Time (ts)
(b)Simultaneous increase and decrease of
(a) A reduced speed zone
speed
Fig. 6.5 Wave fronts formed by speed change of a uniformly moving stream of vehicles
Shock Wave
Distance (x m)
Red phase
=
z
Oo
=
8
2w
Time (ts)
(a) Introduction of a slow moving truck
Fig. 6.6 Examples of trajectories and wave fronts
Time
(ts)
(b) At the red phase of a traffic signal