TOPIC 2
JOB SAFETY
ANALYSIS & HIRARC
•Classes of Hazards
•Get Analysis
•Job Safety Analysis
•Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
•Hierarchy of Control
Identify classes of hazard
Describe Get analyses, Job Safety
Analysis (JSA), HIRARC
Perform a simple Hazard Identification
and Risk Asssessment
List and differentiate the Hierarchy Of
Prevention Control


http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legisl
ation/guidelines
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/mainservices/enforcement
Hazard:
Risk:
anything that can caused
probability of
harm
Risk Assessment:
Evaluating the
severity/consequences
and possibility/chance
hazard being done
Risk Management:
a decision making
process which is based
upon certain factual
information and findings.
THE 6-STEP RISK
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
THE PROCESS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT
Start
6. Supervise
and Review
1. Identify
the
Hazards
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
5. Risk Control
Implementation
4. Make
Control
Decisions
2. Assess
the Risks
3. Analyze
Risk Control
Measures
Determine Risk*/Impact
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Decide if Impact is Significant
Prepare Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Action Plan
is anything that has
the potential to cause HARM
to people, asset, environment
and reputation.
Hazard by itself
cannot produce
harm or danger
unless we are
EXPOSED to the
hazard
EXPOSURE is the
main mechanism
or pathway that
release the dangers
from hazard source
1. Obvious Hazards:
which is apparent to the senses
2. Concealed Hazards:
which is not-apparent to the senses
3. Developing Hazards:
which cannot be recognised immediately but
will develop over time
4. Transient Hazards:
which is intermittent or temporary hazards
Hazard is originated
from Arabic -AZZAHR,
means chance, luck.
Hazards is anything that has
potential to cause HARM or
DANGER to people/human’s
health and safety,
asset/property, environment
and reputation.
Two groups of Hazard:
HAZARDS can be
a. Safety Hazard and
a. Continuous (inherited in the
system) or
b. Health Hazard
b. Non-Continuous (due to system
failure).
Health
hazards
Biological
agent /
hazards
Chemical
agent /
hazards
Ergonomics
hazards
Physical
Agent /
hazards
Psychosocial
/ Pyscological
hazards
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungus
 Insects
 Rodents
 Animals
 Etc.
Smoke
Detergent
Dust
Glues
Vapour
Insecticides
Fumes
Paint
Thinner
Heavy metals
Organic Solvent
Cleansing agent etc.
 Manual handling
 Computer work
 Workspace
 Work layout
 Task design
 Etc.
 Fit the task to the man
Electrical
Space
Slippery floor
Vent
Uneven surfaces Machines
Holes
Tools
Noise
Fire
Heat
Radiation
Pressure
Vibration
 Sexual harassment
 Gender issues
 Socialization
 Stress, shift work
 Financial burden
 Marital problems
 Family problems
Safety
Hazards
Mechanical /
machinery
Height/Gravity
Electrical Fire/
Explosion
Violence
Confine Space
RISK:
Is the chance or probability
of harm actually being done
= Hazard x Exposure
= Consequences x Probability
DANGER:
Is the relative exposure
to hazard
It shows the magnitude (size)
of the hazard and the risk
There are 3
traditional
OR basic
hazard
analysis
Get
Analysis
(GA)
Job Safety
Analysis (JSA)
Hazard
Identificatio
n, Risk
Assessment
and Risk
Control
(HIRARC)











Preliminary Hazards Analysis (PHA)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Failure Modes and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP)
Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis
Operating and Support Hazard Analysis
System/subsystem Hazard Analysis
Hazard Evaluation
Human Reliability Analysis (HRA).
Physical inspection
Document reviews
Accident Reports
Audit Report
Law review
Exposure Monitoring Reports
OSH Publications
Biological / Medical Surveillance
Report
Workers knowledge & experiences
Brain Storming
Inspection worksheet
Contact/ Industry/ Association
Ask “5 W”
A physical examination of the workplace
requires;
• an inquiring mind,
• lateral thinking, and
• the ability to be and remain open minded.
•
Reports of accidents, accident investigation
and audits
•
Information from publications
– Regulations and Codes of Practice
– Statistics
– Handbooks, etc.
– CSDS (MSDS).
– Excessive noise
– Excessive heat
– Inadequate ventilation
– Radiation exposure
– Excessive air contaminants
– Ergonomic hazards
– Substance is used in workplace
– Substance is hazardous
– Evidence or reason to suspect injury
– Atmospheric monitoring insufficient
– Techniques available
– Will benefit those at risk

Employees Requiring Health Surveillance and
are exposed to hazard for which there is:
 (i) identifiable health effect/disease
 (ii) likelihood that it could occur
 (iii) valid techniques for detecting effect
 (iv) valid biological monitoring method
and reason to believe values might be
exceeded.
•
This is a process of conducting group
meetings with people who are familiar
with the operation of the area under
review, recording all ideas and
thoughts relating to possible hazards
and then sorting the results into some
sort of priority order.
•
Employees should be encouraged
to report any hazards they are
aware of.
• Location
• Machine
• Person
• Age of Person
• Time of Day
• Day of Week
• Part of Body
• Severity of Injury
• Occupation
These publications can be of particular
benefit as they concentrate on
reporting issues relating to safety and
health
A counter-part in another subsidiary of the
company or even a contact in a competitive
company could be a good source of
information as they probably share similar
safety problems.
Safety and health is often brought up at
industry association meetings or during
informal discussions before or after meetings.
Its important to try to anticipate how human
behaviour, equipment, and system failures could
combine to create a hazardous
situation.
Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."
• Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard
approach and record).
• Safety Audit Worksheet. (Involve supervisors,
managers and employees)
Is an accident
prevention
technique which
seeks to;
b. Develop precautions
that will eliminate or
guard against these
hazard
a. Identify the hazard
associated with each
stage of a job
c. Provide a safe work
procedure to be used in job
training or the development
of a safe system of work.
A briefing guide
for infrequent
jobs
Teaching aid for
initial job training
To assist in
completing
accident
investigation
As standard for
safety inspections
Formulation of a
safe work
procedure
KEY ELEMENTS IN JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
(JSA)
1. Select the type / scope of the job.
2. Break each main action or steps from the start / beginning till
the completion of the job.
3. Use action ‘verb’ used to in each step to describe the job.
4. Normally the job is described in less than 10 steps.
5. List all the possibility of things that can go wrong or causing
harm or injuries.
An instrument to identify hazard, analyze and assess its
associated risk and then apply the suitable control measures
HIRARC
C = CONTROLS.
R = RISK
A = ASSESSMENT
H = HAZARD
I = IDENTIFICATION
R = RISK
•
•
Risk is the combination of the likelihood and
severity of a specified hazardous event
occurring.
In mathematical term, risk can be calculated
by the equation:
RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY
•
•
•
Likelihood is an event likely to occur within
the specific period or circumstances
Severity is outcome from an event
eg. of outcomes:
•
•
•
•
•
severity of injury or
health of people, or
damage to property, or
insult to environment, or
any combination of those caused by the event.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Classify Work Activities
Identify Hazard
Identify The Risk
Conduct Risk Controls
Identify Likelihood /Probability of Occurrence
Identify Severity / Consequence of Hazard
Decide Risk Score/ Risk Level
Rank the Risk According to the Score
Identification of Control Measures
Construct the Safety Work Procedures




Very Likely -- Could happen frequently
Likely -- Could happen occasionally
Unlikely -- Could happen, but only rarely
Highly Unlikely -- Could happen but probably never
will
Very Rare -- Once per year or less
Rare -- A few times per year
Unusual -- Once per month
Occasional -- Once per week
Frequent -- Daily
Continuous -- Constant
Severity can be divided into four or five
categories. Severity are based upon an
increasing level of severity to;


an individual’s health,
 the environment, or
 to property.
FATAL—Death
MAJOR INJURIES—Normally irreversible injury or
damage to health requiring extended time off
work to effect best recovery.
MINOR INJURIES—Typically a reversible injury or
damage to health needing several days away from
work to recover. Recovery would be full and
permanent.
NEGLIGIBLE INJURIES—
Would require
first aid and may need the remainder of the work
period or shift off before being able to return to
work.
The HAZARD CONSEQUENCES/HARM can be rated as:
1 - Slight Health Effects : Not affecting work performance or causing disability
2 - Minor Health Effects : Hazards capable to cause minor health effects which are
REVERSIBLE for instance: Irritant Chemical
3 - Major Health Effects : Hazards capable of causing IRREVERSIBLE health damage without loss
of life. Examples: Noise which can cause Hearing loss and impairment
4 - PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY or One to 3 Fatalities : Hazards capable of causing
IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE with SERIOUS disability or Death. Examples : Corrosive chemicals,
Psychological Stress, Carcinogens
5 - Multiple FATALITIES : Hazard that has potential to cause multiple fatalities. Example:
Chemicals with Acute Toxic Effects - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning


Risk can be presented in variety of ways.
Risk analysis uses likelihood and severity in
qualitative method, presenting its result in a
risk matrix

Risk can be calculated using the following
formula:
Relative Risk = L x S
where L = Likelihood S = Severity
•
•
•
To use this matrix, first find the severity
column that best describes the outcome of
risk.
Then follow the likelihood row to find the
description that best suits the likelihood that
the severity will occur. The risk level is given in
the box where the row and column meet.
The relative risk value can be used to
prioritize necessary actions to effectively
manage work place hazards.
Probability/likelihood
Severity/Consequences
Highly
likely
Very
likely
Likely
Less
Likely
5
4
3
2
1
5
25
20
15
10
5
4
20
16
12
8
4
3
15
12
9
6
3
2
10
8
6
4
2
Value
Fatal
Major
Minor
Near Miss
Unlikely
25
20
15
10
5
20
16
12
8
4
15
12
9
6
3
10
8
6
4
2
Risk Level
Risk Value
Extremely High
20 - 25
High Risk
12 - 16
Medium Risk
8-10
Low Risk
2-6
Multi Entry Risk Assessment Form
(MERA Form)
Activities/
process/
facilities/
equipments
Hazard
Effect
Current
Risk
Control
Legal
Reqmnt
Action &
Recommend
ation
Risk
Sev
Prob
Risk
Rating
Definition:
•
Control is the elimination or
inactivation of a hazard
• the hazard does not pose a risk to
workers who have
• to enter into an area or work
• on equipment
1. Elimination - Getting rid of a
hazardous job, tool, process, machine or
substance is perhaps the best way of
protecting workers. For example, a salvage
firm might decide to stop buying and cutting
up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion
hazards.
2. Substitution - Sometimes doing the
same work in a less hazardous way is
possible. For example, a hazardous chemical
can be replaced with a less hazardous one.
Controls must protect workers from any new
hazards that are created.
a. Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to
make them safer. For example, containers can be
made easier to hold and lift.
b. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can
protect operators from a toxic chemical.
c. Automation - Dangerous processes can be
automated or mechanized. For example, computercontrolled robots can handle spot welding operations
d. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent
eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper
equipment guarding will protect workers from con
tacting moving parts.
e. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise.
Lockout systems can isolate energy sources during
repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control
keeps a hazard away from workers, the more effective
it is.
f. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or
dissipated. For example, ventilation systems can
dilute toxic gasses before they reach operators.
a. Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures must
be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
b. Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work
procedures and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate
supervision to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and
evaluating work procedures.
c. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
d. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
e. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to
their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate
lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing.
Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards.
Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where
applicable, workers should be required to shower and
change clothes at the end of the shift.
PPE refers to protective clothing,
helmets, goggles, or other garments or
equipment designed to protect the
wearer's body from injury or infection:
head, eyes, ears, fingers, foot, limb, body
The hazards addressed by
protective equipment include
physical, electrical, heat, chemicals,
biohazards, and airborne
particulate matter.
Safe Work
Procedures are
step by step
instructions that
allow workers to
conduct their
work safety when
hazards are
present.
A Safe Work
Procedure
identifies the
materials and
equipment
needed, and how
and when to use
them safety.
a. regulatory requirements
b. necessary PPE
c. required training
d. worker responsibilities
e. specific sequence of steps to follow to complete the work safely
f. required permits
g. emergency procedures