IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNAL NAME, MANUSCRIPT ID
1
Designing a system of photovoltaic panels to
produce electricity in a rural school without
access to the national electricity grid (SEIN) in
the highlands of Peru
N.Castro, J.Lazo
The lack of electric power decreases the possibilities of economic growth in rural areas of Peru, likewise this problem
influences the level of education in these remote areas; which in turn decreases productivity in the school classrooms;
such is the case of the institution mentioned in this article located in San Isidro de Huirpacancha, in the province of
Huancavelica. Nowadays, this community has 5 educational institutions and 3 of them do not have access to electricity,
due to their location, since they are approximately 7 to 10 km in a straight line from the center of the town and at the
same time from the lines of transmission; In addition, it is not profitable for the State or private companies to annex them
to the National Interconnected Electricity System (SEIN), since the cost of installation and electrical infrastructure does
not compensate for the small group of users and its low demand. Therefore, the present article proposes to offer a design
of photovoltaic panels to generate electrical energy, this technology was chosen because the district of Huaytara has a
high index of solar irradiation. The variables were studied to determine the degree of inclination and orientation of the
photovoltaic panels, in the same way calculations were used to define the exact quantities of the system components
according to the result of the educational institution demand, obtained from the energy matrix elaborated based on
institutions of the same dimension (number of students and electronic devices used for the class). At the same time, a
maintenance manual was prepared for the photovoltaic system adapted to the inhabitants and their environment.
Keywords: SEIN system of photovoltaic panels, rural school, electricity.
----------◆ ----------
1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, Latin America has reduced its poverty and
inequality, this is reflected in the percentage of the population living on less than $ 2.5 per capita per day decreased
from 28.8 to 15.9%, just as the population living on less
than $ 4 fell from 46.3 to 29.7%; well informed Stampini
(2016) in the Latin American Economic Journal. These data
indicate that poverty in Latin America had a remarkable
progress in its reduction; however, between poverty reduction in rural and urban areas it has not been as noticeable in the case of Peru, which according to the National
Institute of Statistics and Informatics INEI (2016) increased
4.5% in rural areas and 4.2% in urban areas; this information is not reflected in the increased of the economic
(PBI) , since Peru in the last decade it has been considered
one of the fastest growing economies, positioning it as a
developing country; (World Bank, 2017).
In the same way electricity generation there was a significant increase in the last two decades which has doubled in
2000 to 20 TWh in 2015 to 48 TWh due to increased demand
and availability of resources according to data taken from
"The electricity industry in Peru "(Tamayo, Jesus Salvador,
Julio; Vásquez, Arturo and Carlo Vilches, 2016). On the
other hand, there is a gap of unmet needs in rural areas
with rural electrification ratio of 70%, below many Latin
American countries including Bolivia which has 73.5% and
Ecuador with 94.4% (International Energy Agency, 2013).
This gap is hard to beat because it represents a high cost,
according to the Supervisory Agency for Investment in Energy and Mining, OSINERGMIN, transmission infrastructure and distribution to connect to the National Intercon---------------nected Electric System (SEIN) in the case of remote villages
• With the FA Author is National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Boulder, CO 80305. E-mail: author @ boulder.nist.gov.
with more than 80% of extreme poverty (INEI, 2012).
• With SB Author Jr. is the Department of Physics, Colorado State Univer- Renewable energy alternatives exist which tend to lower
sity, Fort Collins, CO 80523. E-mail: author@colostate.edu.
their costs on a large scale, they may become cheaper than
• With the TC Author is Department Electrical Engineering, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. On leave from the National Research Insti- plants combined cycle coal at a cost of S / 0.09 kWh (Solartute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan E-mail: author@nrim.go.jp.
Power Europe, 2017). Small scale these renewable energy
generators are an excellent alternative to meet basic access
*** Please provide a complete mailing address for each author, as
this is the address the 10 complimentary reprints of your paper will to electricity in rural areas of our country where the conbe sent
nection to SEIN is not feasible for geographical, economic
or political problems by Hossain (2014, as he cited in UrPlease note all acknowledgments That Should be Placed at the end of the paper, before the bibliography(Note That is not NOTED correspondiente authorship in affiliation box, but in acknowledgment section).
xxxx-xxxx / 0x / $ xx.00 © 200x IEEE Published by the IEEE Computer Society
2
pelainen, J. Yoon, S. 2016), assuming the role of development and improvement of quality of life.
As described by the World Bank (2017) there are two important in order to achieve slow the rate of poverty in a
country items: access to electricity and education. In the
first item, access to interconnected electricity network is essential to reduce poverty; of the world population, 1060
million people have no access to electricity and more than
3 billion still use fuels such as wood, charcoal and dung for
cooking and heating. Renewable energy technologies to
generate electricity both in isolated and urban areas are
profitable over the life of each system, easy to use, install
and maintain as well as having a flexible design to meet all
demands; not forgetting that the use of these energy poverty relief and increases the quality of life for residents (Dimitriou, 2014). They can be fed by different renewable
sources, having a range of technologies including solar,
wind turbines, geothermal, hydro, biogas, energy storage
and conversion systems ocean thermal energy, these distributed correctly tend to moderate changes in electricity
prices (Tazvinga, 2017), similarly increasing energy security and provides greater stability in the power grid. Wind
power and solar photovoltaics are the most effective ways
to generate electricity in Peru and described Dong (2013);
OSINEGMIN in the report. having a range of technologies
including solar, wind turbines, geothermal, hydro, biogas,
energy storage and conversion systems ocean thermal energy, they distributed properly tend to moderate changes
in electricity prices (Tazvinga, 2017) , similarly increasing
energy security and provides greater stability in the power
grid. Wind power and solar photovoltaics are the most effective ways to generate electricity in Peru and described
Dong (2013); OSINEGMIN in the report. having a range of
technologies including solar, wind turbines, geothermal,
hydro, biogas, energy storage and conversion systems
ocean thermal energy, they distributed properly tend to
moderate changes in electricity prices (Tazvinga, 2017) ,
similarly increasing energy security and provides greater
stability in the power grid. Wind power and solar photovoltaics are the most effective ways to generate electricity
in Peru and described Dong (2013); OSINEGMIN in the report. they distributed properly tend to moderate changes
in electricity prices (Tazvinga, 2017), similarly increasing
energy security and provides greater stability in the grid.
Wind power and solar photovoltaics are the most effective
ways to generate electricity in Peru and described Dong
(2013); OSINEGMIN in the report. they distributed
properly tend to moderate changes in electricity prices
(Tazvinga, 2017), similarly increasing energy security and
provides greater stability in the grid. Wind power and solar photovoltaics are the most effective ways to generate
electricity in Peru and described Dong (2013); OSINEGMIN in the report.
On the other hand, education is a key factor that drives the
development, besides being one of the most effective instruments for reducing poverty; according to the World
Bank (2017), 121 million children not attending primary
school. According to the newspaper Management (2016),
low efficiency in schools due to the lack of investment in
this sector, and reducing this variable the percentage of
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNAL NAME, ID MANUSCRIPT
poverty in a country it would also be reduced, since it
would increase the productivity of institutions educational. In addition, the dropout rate has been increasing in
classrooms in isolated places in the last decade. According
to the article above this absence it is due to the various obstacles that arise in classrooms that make the school environment is not optimal for the development of classes.
Poor infrastructure, lack of electricity and water are important for learning school factors. the use of renewable for
production of electricity in rural school’s resources is proposed.
The design of a photovoltaic panel for a rural school without access to electricity is one of the most commonly used
methodologies in recent years; as mentioned Chandra
(2015), this is the most promising methodology, besides being a long-term solution, ecological and sustainable access
to electricity. Likewise, Dimitriou (2014) presents an article
which lists the best practices of rural electrification in developing countries highlighting photovoltaic systems, followed by wind systems; These highlighted by the abundance of its sources, ease of implementation, maintenance
and flexible design to meet the demands. In addition, Bello
(2012) concluded that access of electricity produced improved living conditions, equally contributes to economic
activities.
2 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The proposed technology is divided into the following activities: selection of the community and the school, calculating demand, implementation and analysis of economic
calculations
2.1 Selecting community
As a first activity for the development of technology is the
selection of the community, as a first step the variables and
criteria considered for the selection of the community was
evaluated
• Energy poverty in Peru
• The transmission network closest to the
community
• Activities in the classroom
• Statistics of illiteracy in the community
• Quality of life and education
2.2 Calculation of energy demand
To calculate demand activities to be performed in a classroom was observed, and it will also read the syllabus of the
courses needed to be developed in an educational institution at the primary level, was taken into account what audiovisual materials class they used and the appropriate
time to be used. the number of electrical appliances that
have the educational institution (photocopier, XO laptops,
printer, projector, iluminaria, etc) and the average time per
day to use also counted.
To determine the monthly consumption in kW-h / month,
see Table 2The following formula is used:
𝐶 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑘𝑊 ∗ ∑ ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑑í𝑎 ∗ 𝑛
Being:
AUTHOR TITLE ET AL .:
3
𝐶 =monthly consumption (kW-h / month)
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 =Electrical Power (kW)
ℎ =Hours consumed on the day
𝑛 =Number of days per month used
2.3 Definition of selected technology
Understanding current technologies found, the following
matrix to help you choose which is the best alternative or
technology solution so that the needs are met and technical
characteristics of a rural school is presented.
Table 1 Success stories
authors
Atputharajah, 2011
Technology
micro
hydro
Type demand
-small
community
-Farming
sensitive variables
-River flow
-season rainy
and drought
Chen, 2011
Wind
-Domestic
- School
- Hotel
- Wind speed
- Continuity
Wind
- battery capacity
Rownad,
2017
biomass
-Domestic
-small
community
-Hotel
-small agriculture
- Collection of
biomass
Haugwitz,
2017
solar
-School
-Hotel
-Domestic
-capacity battery
-Solar radiation
Rownad,
2017
Hybrid solar and biomass
-Hotel
-small
community
-Farming
-Number of biomass available
-Solar radiation
-Collection biomass
2.4 Project cost
For the cost of the project is necessary to determine which
materials and equipment are required in the system design
of photovoltaic panels, these will be determined from the
energy demand of the educational institution; It should
also take into account costs such as maintenance, labor,
transportation and other materials; thus the initial investment required for installing the system will have.
3
REGION SELECTION, DEMAND AND DESIGN
COMPONENTS
3.1 Selecting community
The departments with the highest percentage of poverty in
Peru according to the INEI are Amazonas, Cajamarca and
Huancavelica, where the poverty rate is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas; more than 50% of the rural
highlands has an effect of this feature, this gap is due to
unmet needs in these areas, such as lack of electricity (Tamayo, 2016). In Huancavelica approximately 90 thousand
families are considered with unsatisfactory basic needs
(NBI) this term is called to households that do not have
water or electricity; also INEI (2015) this is the second department with the highest rate of literacy 14.9% this being
double the average percentage in Peru and only 14% of
huancavelicanos have completed secondary; in the district
of San Isidro de Huirpacancha, Huaytara, more than 40%
of the villagers have not completed this level of education;
and the number of school has dropped by more than 50%
over the last 10 years, according to the Ministry of Education, this is due to lack of access to electricity, water, sewage, poor infrastructure and difficult access
This is the case of the educational institution N 22220
which has been embroiled in significant school absences,
lack of electricity decreasing from 50 to 10 students in recent years, located in the town of San Isidro de Huirpacancha, department of Huancavelica, more than 5km from the
nearest transmission network, has a length of 75º14'1 '' and
latitude of 13º57'1''a 3617 meters above sea level on the border with the department of Ica as seen in Figure 1 They live
about 237 families and according to SENAMHI (2017) solar
radiation ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 kWh / m2 daily between
the months of March to November, reaching the rank of
major daily solar radiation in Peru.
Figure 1Location Map of San Isidro de Huirpacancha
Source: Solar Atlas, 2012
3.2 Calculation of energy demand
3.2.1
Rural School No. 22220
EI 22220 located in an area of difficult access, see Figure
2This public school has more than 40 years, has 10 multilevel students and a teacher; in 2016 a new infrastructure
(a classroom, a warehouse, a lounge for direction, and a
4
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNAL NAME, ID MANUSCRIPT
room for toilets) with corresponding electrical installations
constructed seeFigure 3.
Figure 2 IE view route 22220
(stage 2) is observed.
Table 2 Summary of energy matrix, scenario 2
Area
Artifact
monthly
consumption (kW-h
/ month)
Entry
2 dichroic foci
0.20
Warehouse
1 fluorescent
0,44
Address
1 laptop
0.55
1 printer-copier
1,09
Classroom
Source: Photograph taken by the author, 2017
Figure 3 Multilevel Hall of IE22220
1 charger cell
0.22
1 fluorescent
0.28
1 TV
10 XO
4 fluorescent
1 DVD player
1 laptop
1 charger cell
1 projector
0.3
0.6
10.56
0.05
4,29
0.33
1,00hay one
Sanitary facili- 2 saving bulbs
ties
Dinning room
1 saving bulb
TOTAL CONSUMPTION (kW-h /
month)
Source: Prepared (2017)
Source: Photograph taken by the author, 2017
3.2.2
Energy demand
For the educational institution selected different cases with
similar characteristics, such as the Argentine project Project rural energy (PERMER) in which different schools use
renewable energy (photovoltaic) for electricity production
in this case was investigated where Bello (2012) It indicates
to place a typical consumption pattern for such institutions, then propose an energy matrix according to context;
for the institution under study should be performed two
patterns of consumption; ie two types of scenario, because
the range of solar radiation drops significantly in the
months from December to early March, otherwise happens
for scenario No. 2, where the remaining months according
to the SENAMHI shows high percentage of solar radiation;
knowing this pattern of energy demand will be achieved
know how much power educational institution consumed
throughout the year 22220. Consumption in the scenario
number 1 is only 1.82 kW-h / month, this energy demand
is because in the months no school activities (holidays),
while in the second scenario classes are continuous in the
next Table 2 consumption of electrical appliances in kW-h
/ month needed for the development of school activities
0.80
2.75
16.39
3.3 Design and components
The result of the energy demand in the stage number 2 exceeds 1, therefore the selection of components and design
system will be considered first, since it encompasses both.
The following figure shows the correct diagram of a photovoltaic system is observed likewise the number of components is required.
Figure 4 Diagram of photovoltaic panels system
Source: Authors, 2018
Table 3 Unit cost of the components required for the project (no accessories)
factors
items
Price (S /) by factor
AUTHOR TITLE ET AL .:
5
System cost of photovoltaic
panels
2 monocrystalline solar panels 3001 charge controller
20Ah
1 800 W power inverter
3 batteries of 100 Ah-12 V
Electrical installations
Equipment installation
Facilities
3028
100
Iron frame construction (Support) Galvanized Concertina construction of galvanized mesh
Building
288
Materials for briefings
Transport
Triptychs for energy use renovablesExposición correct
use and maintenance plan photovoltaic panels, sheets
and documents.
30
Transport components and tools required for the implementation of photovoltaic panels
500
TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT (S /)
3'946
Source: List price Enercity, OMP, INMOTICA (2017)
3.4 Maintenance program
For technology established last in time a plan for proper
maintenance arises the resident of San Isidro de Huirpacncha, this is important because if you take into account the
context will be easy to understand maintenance activities
and monitoring, and indicates Ferron (2016), describing
the sustainability of rural electrification programs through
proper maintenance; therefore, it proposes preventive
maintenance for each system component, seeTable 6.
Table 4 Maintenance of photovoltaic panels
Elements
Frequency
Description
Cleaning panels with
Monthly
water
Visual inspection of
panels
Bimonthly
possible degradations
Control panel temperaQuarterly
ture 20 to 25 ° C.
Electric conCheck connections staAnnual
nections
tus
Panel support
Annual
structure
Checking fixing state,
possible degradation
and deformation
Biannual
Cleaning of protective
grates inputs and outputs
Annual
Check continuity
investors
Inspect the fluid level is
correct
Source: Data collected during the investigation (2017)
battery
4
Monthly
RESULTS AND IMPACT
4.1 Prototype simulation
For experimentation prototype solar radiation was evaluated in the study area in San Isidro de Huirpacancha and
Yerbabuenayoc school, which corresponds to the province
of Huaytara. the place and locate parameters as: the latitude, longitude, height and distance in a straight line from
the nearest population center, with Google Maps tool.
components of smaller size were used in the case of the
prototype, but with similar technical characteristics, based
on a scale of 1: 7.5. Next, it is shown in the following table
the components used for the prototype of experimentation.
Table 5 Prototype components
Source: Authors, 2018
The experimental prototype was made in the season
change of season in March, also held another in the sunny
season April in San Isidro de Huirpacancha. In this town
the solar module 80W, sized in the table above entitled
"Main components of the solar module test (80W)" was installed. Subsequently the corresponding measurements, as
output voltage, amperage, time, inclination and direction
were made.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNAL NAME, ID MANUSCRIPT
4.1.1
results
In the rainy season in the Peruvian highlands it is from December to March, the last month is the change of season
and the following results were obtained.
Hour
Less intense rainfall,
Date:
with periods of sun
Panel
voltage
(V)
0
12.7
14.9
16.5
15.9
16.4
16.5
17.3
16.1
16.8
15.9
14.8
10.5
6 o'clock
7:00
8:00
9 o'clock
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
five pm
18:00
Total
Source: Authors, 2018
March
2018
17,
Amperage
Power
(Watts)
Temperature (℃)
0
1.8
2.7
3.6
3.6
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.2
4.1
3.9
2.7
1
0
23.3
40.5
58.9
57.2
66.7
71.5
76.4
68.2
68
61.2
40.2
10.3
642.4
6.1
15.1
15.3
21.4
25.2
28.4
30.1
30.8
32.4
27.1
20.5
14.2
8.6
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Horas de radiacion solar (Hrs.)
Abril (W/h)
Marzo (W/h)
In the best scenario it is from April to November, disappear almost entirely rain clouds and fog, that block sunlight. The results are shown in the following table.
Terms:
Hour
6 o'clock
7:00
8:00
9 o'clock
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
five pm
18:00
Total
Clear partial moving
clouds
Panel voltAmperage
age (V)
0
13.9
15.5
16.9
17
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.5
17.3
16.8
16.4
12
0
1.9
2.9
3.7
3.7
4.3
4.55
4.5
4.4
4.1
3.9
2.7
1.1
4.2 Economic analysis
To achieve evaluate the economic analysis must be performed to compare the cost of delivering electricity
Watts-hora (Wh)
Terms:
of the day and that month away from March to early hours
of the day. This is an important point, because the school
increased consumption occurs in early morning intensifying at 11:00 and 12:00 for the use of more powerful equipment such as low power LED project, but together with the
computer.
through photovoltaic panels system and a second alternative, in this case an electrical generator driven by a combustion engine.
4.2.1
economic analysis of the photovoltaic system
Date: April 27, 2018 According to the Table 1The initial investment is S / 3'946,
for analysis should consider the following table, because
Power
Temperature
these data can decide whether a certain time this technol(Watts)
(℃)
ogy is feasible over time compared to the second solution.
0
7.3 Table 6 Values to determine the cost of energy generated
26.41
15.85 by the photovoltaic panels system
44.95
62.53
62.9
74.82
79625
79.2
77
70.93
65.52
44.28
13.2
701365
16.9 initial investment
22.2 Annual interest
25.5 Battery cost every four years
28.9
Rate of inflation
31.2
Period
32.3
33.1 Present value
28.1 Annual power generation kW-h / year
21.1 ENERGY COST S // kW.h
14.6 Source: Authors, 2018
10.1
Source: Authors, 2018
The evaluation of the above scenarios taken, we make a
comparison between April and March; and we get an improvement in the efficiency of the panels by climate 8.5%
approximately, which is notorious throughout the period
3946
0.045
1320
0.1
twenty
13576.61179
1386
0.48977676
4.2.2
economic analysis of the photovoltaic system
In this case reference will be diesel generator costs S /
1543.5, with an efficiency of 16.75; It also took into account
the same inflation rate and the period considered to find
the cost of the energy supplied by the photovoltaic system.
AUTHOR TITLE ET AL .:
7
Table 7Values to determine the cost of energy generated by
a diesel generator
Fuel volume needed
29,502
Power demand kW / year
196.68
Source: SunEarth, 2018
4.4 Environmental impact
In order to respond to the emission of greenhouse gases
efficiency
0.167504188and their relationship to the environment, prevention of
CO2 was considered as a measure of climate protection to
Calorific (kW-h / gal)
39.8
reduce the greenhouse effect; for this purpose, CO2 Factor
Cost of a gallon of gasoline
339273
(amount of CO2 produced per kWh of electricity generinitial investment
1543.5
ated) by the small diesel generator (oil) it was considered.
Fuel cost in VP
12142.64729It was determined that the following relationship 0.650 kg
CO2 / kWh according to the European Commission and
Annual interest
0.045
by the energy profile of the school is consumed about
Rate of inflation
0.1
122.28 kWh / year.
Period
twenty
Calculation of CO2 emissions reduction for school YerbaMaintenance cost
85.58161425buenayocc (excluding community activities such as meetings, training and etc.):
Additional costs
1650.066921
122.28 kWh / year X 0.650 kg CO2 / kWh = 79,482 kg of
Present value
3447.280821CO2
COST energy supplied by a diesel generator S //
It avoided each year the emission of 0.079 tons of CO2, conkW.h
5.84245275 tributing to the reduction of global warming on a miniSource: Authors, 2018
mum scale.
This occurred in a direct, because Generators relationship,
4.3 Economic impact
to remain in operation, likewise consume diesel and wastFor economic profitability should observe the tables of the ing KWh which are not consumed; wasting money on fuel
previous item, so we can say that the system of photovol- in times of low demand or prolonged use of these mataic panels is 80% less expensive than using a diesel gener- chines.
ator; It also is feasible in time turnaround time simulating
the SunEarth program, then the data necessary for the Sim- 4.5 Social impact
ulate is observed and the can be the result of the simulator, The rural electrification projects have greater social impact,
where from the tenth year will be achieved have calculated since users are in constant contact with the benefit of
increasing economic return on.
proper use of energy services, as well they relate to the
quality of life of a population, as well as welfare and social
Table 8 Data for calculation and photovoltaic investment development, technology chosen for the community of San
return
Isidro de Huirpacancha, may provide better quality eduitems
Data
cation, achieving fewer school absences and the same way
increase the productivity of students through the use of ausolar power (W)
600
diovisual materials, achieved also encourage the use renewable energy and reduce energy poverty in the commuannual power generation (W)
1'386'000
nity.
Students in the school 22220 may have classes according to
Initial Cost (S /)
3'946
their syllabus, as the computer course, besides having
Cost (S // kWh)
0.5
more dynamic sessions with the help of projectors and educational videos also can access the Internet, thus have the
Years of contribution
twenty
same opportunities school in an educational institution
with access to electricity.
Years of analysis
30
In the long term, it may have more students, parents no
Source: Authors, 2018
longer migrate to nearby provinces in search of better opportunities for their children. You can also open more
Figure 4 economic turnaround
classrooms because the energy from the solar panel system
can meet increased the demand raised.
Finally, for the final phase of the research it is planned to
sensitize people to spread the use of renewable energies,
through lectures, providing teaching materials for students and parents; the benefits of electricity will show, he
also will talk with the parents in order to make them know
the basics of the photovoltaic system, thus they may consider this technology as a solution to the lack of access electricity in their environment.
8
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON JOURNAL NAME, ID MANUSCRIPT
CONCLUSIONS
main conclusion, show that the use of renewable energies
such as photovoltaics, represent a highly competitive option for isolated electrification in remote schools in the
highlands of Peru, against the use of generators that require fuels such as diesel to run systems, unpayable making operation and connection to SEIN, the latter is not profitable for legacy institutions transmission networks national grid with low consumption.
the amount generated by the generator of the community
Kwh produced and consumption of school in 20 years,
which is what does the photovoltaic system emissions was
estimated, and was obtained which would cease to issue
approximately 1.58 tons of CO2. Not to mention that the
generator consumes fuel per KWh produced and not used
in a period of low demand, this would increase the production of CO2.
It should enhance participation and trust in teachers if you
want to expand a program for home use and present them
as vectors for future extension of rural electrification project
REFERENCES
- BANCO MUNDIAL (2017) Informe: intensificando el
desarrollo de la primera infancia (Consulta 23 de
setiembre del 2017)
(http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/earlychildhoodd
evelopment/publication/stepping-up-early-childhooddevelopment)
- C. Julian Chen. (2011). Physics of Solar Energy.
Department of Applied Physics and Applied
Mathematics Columbia University: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
- DIMITRIOU, A., Kotsampopoulos, P., & Hatziargyriou,
N. (2014). Best practices of rural electrification in
developing countries: Technologies and case studies.
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