Extra vocabulary SOME EXTRA VOCABULARY • Alberti bass: Stereotyped figures of accompaniment for the pianist´s left hand, consisting on broken chords. • Air: The 17th and 18th century term for “song” in general. • Analysis: the study of a composition with regard to form, structure, thematic material, harmony, melody, phrasing, technique, etc. • Atonality: absence of tonality. • Bell: the bell-shaped opening of wind instruments such as the horn or trumpet. • Binary and ternary form: AB, ABA. • Borrowed chord: acorde prestado (intercambio modal, modal interchange) • Play by ear: To play an instrument or a piece of music without referencing sheet music. • Know a piece of music by heart: to have it memorized perfectly. • Cadence: A melodic or harmonic formula that occurs at the end of a composition, a section or a phrase, conveying the impression of a momentary or permanent conclusion: authentic, plagal, deceptive or interrupted, half-cadence. • Chamber music: Instrumental ensemble music performed by one player for each part. • Carol: A traditional song for the celebration of Christmas. Villancico. • Castanets: Spanish percussion instruments. Castañuelas. • Chant: Liturgical music similar to plainsong, monophonic and in free rhythm. Canto gregoriano. • Chest voice: the lower register of a voice. Voz de pecho. • Choral: Belonging to a chorus or choir. Coral (adjetivo) • Chorale: hymn tune of the Protestant Church. Basis for cantatas. Coral (sustantivo) • Church Modes: Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian. • Concert Hall: Auditorium. • Concert Pitch: pitch reference to which a group of musical instruments are tuned for a performance. • Conduct “in one”: mark one beat each measure. Agustín Lozano Palacios Apuntes de Inglés Aplicado IV Extra vocabulary • Common practice period: refers to the era between the formation and the dissolution of the tonal system. Persisted from the mid to late baroque period, through the Classical, Romantic and Impressionist periods, or roughly from around 1650 to 1900. • Count off: entrada (contando) • Damper: apagador, amortiguador • Development: desarrollo • Tuning fork: a device for tuning with the shape of a fork. • Duplet: a group of two notes to be played in the time of three • Duet: Duo • Embellishment: ornamentation • Encore: bis. Return to the stage to perform another piece in response to applause by the audience. • Engraving: Music engraving is the art of drawing music notation at high quality for the purpose of mechanical reproduction. The term “music copying” is almost equivalent. • Entry: the “entrance” of the theme in the different parts of a fugue. • Expression marks: tempo marks and dynamic marks. • Fingering: the methodical use of fingers in playing instruments. Digitación • Functional harmony: It is based on the idea that in a given key there are only three functionally different types of chords (Tonic, Dominant and Subdominant) • Ground Bass (basso ostinato): A short melodic phrase that is repeated over and over again as a bass line. • The Head: the head of a piece of music is its main theme, particularly in jazz. May refer to the first or most prominent section of a song. The term may be applied to classical music but the preferred term in this instance is (main) theme or subject. • Idiomatic style: a style appropriate for the instrument for which particular music is written. • Interpretation: The personal and creative element in the performance of music. • Loop: bucle • Loudspeaker: altavoz • Maestro: music conductor • Main theme, main subject: tema principal Agustín Lozano Palacios Apuntes de Inglés Aplicado IV Extra vocabulary • Mass: misa • Medley: potpourri popurrí • Mordent: mordente • Mute: sordina. A device for softening or muffling the tone of a musical instrument. • Modes: Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian • Motif, motive: motivo • Motion picture music, Soundtrack: film music • Neighbour tone: auxiliary tone • Passage: a short section of a composition. • Passing tone: nota de paso • Pedal point: pedal • Phrasing and articulation: fraseo y articulación • Poliphony: polifonía • Polyrhythm: polirritmia • Prelude: preludio • Sheet music: partituras, música impresa • Publishing company: editorial • Recorder: Flauta de pico • Repeat sign: signo de repetición • Scat singing: In vocal jazz, scat singing is vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at all. In scat singing, the singer improvises melodies and rhythms using the voice as an instrument rather than a speaking medium. • Sequence: secuencia. Restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice. • Serial music: serialismo • Shift: change of position in an instrument • Solfege or solfeggio: solfeo. A music education method used to teach pitch and sight singing of Western music. • Stepwise motion: Movimiento conjunto.. In music, a step, or conjunct motion is the difference in pitch between two consecutive notes of a musical scale. In other words, it is the interval Agustín Lozano Palacios Apuntes de Inglés Aplicado IV Extra vocabulary between two consecutive scale degrees. Any larger interval is called a skip (also called a leap), or disjunct motion. • Stomp off the tempo: mark the initial tempo by tapping a foot. • Synthesizer: sintetizador • Tacet: is Latin, which translates literally into English as "(it) is silent". • Through-composed: music that is relatively continuous, non-sectional, and/or non-repetitive. • Thoroughbass (basso continuo, figured bass): a bass line which call for a harmonic accompaniment to be improvised around the notes of the bass. • Timing: refers to the ability to "keep time" accurately and to synchronise to an ensemble. “tiempo” en el sentido de si se lleva bien o mal el tempo. También la duración de una obra. • Tuplets: duplet (2), triplet (3), quadruplet (4), quintuplet (5), sextuplet (6), septuplet (7), octuplet (8), nontuplet (9). Grupos de valoración especial. • Turn: grupeto. A short figure consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. • Valve: Pistón de un instrumento de pistones • Vamp: To vamp is to compose or perform the accompaniment to a solo voice or instrument. In 20th century music, the term " vamp till ready" is sometimes seen, indicating that the accompanist is to repeat a simple one or two measure passage until the soloist is prepared to enter. A vamp is an arrangement that is played over and over. • Variations: variaciones • Virtuoso: an individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular art or field such as music. • Voice-leading: term used to describe the linear progression of melodic lines (voices) and their interaction with one another to create harmonies, according to the principles of commonpractice harmony and counterpoint. Conducción de voces • Voicing: vertical spacing and ordering of the musical notes in a chord: which notes are on the top or in the middle, which ones are doubled, which octave each is in, and which instruments or voices perform each note. Disposición de voces en un acorde • Waltz: vals • Whole-tone scale: escala hexátona Agustín Lozano Palacios Apuntes de Inglés Aplicado IV