TRANSLATE THE INTERNATIONAL
WORDS
Satellites,
communication
systems,
effect,
electromagnetic
pulse,
intense,
equivalent,
detonation, effective, distance, radiation, normal,
atmospheric, categories.
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WORD FORMATION
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•
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structure – structural – structurally
pressure –pressurize – pressurization - over pressurization
add – addition – additional – additionally
company – accompany – accompanying
force – reinforce – reinforced
basis – basic – basically
secure – secured – unsecured
WRITE DOWN THE NEW WORDS
burnout
crush
debris
cavity
expel
hollow
surge
residual
incendiary
выгорание
раздавить
обломки
полость
высылать
полый
всплеск
остаточный
возгорание
timber
fling
hurl
kindle
ingestion
diminish
merge
consequence
billow
древесина
швырять
швырять
разжечь
проглатывание
уменьшить
сливаться
Последствие
вздыматься
Match
due to
to free
hazardous
result
incendiary
throw
consequence
flash
rapid
pulse
hurl
to release
quick
dangerous
fire
because of
WORD COMBINATIONS
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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a high altitude blast
intense electrical surge
escaping fireball
reinforced blast wave
expansion and compression phases of weapon
detonation
primary blast injuries
air shock wave
secondary blast injuries
strong blast winds
number of possible chemical reactions
NON-FINITE FORMS
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Alpha particles have little skin-penetrating power and must
be taken into the body through ingestion or cuts to be
injurious.
Secondary blast injuries are caused by strong blast winds
reaching hundreds of miles per hour, collapsing buildings
and timber and flinging debris about.
Water rushing into the cavity is thrown upward in the form of
a hollow column
It merges with the cloud formed by the escaping fireball.
The main reason for using an air blast is its destructive
value produced in phases of weapon detonation.
Waves Injuries caused by blast waves can be divided into
primary and secondary injuries.
Instead of being localized, the casualties extend over the
entire ship.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Nuclear explosions are classed according to the point of
detonation—a high altitude blast, an air blast, a surface blast, and a
subsurface blast.
A high altitude blast is a blast that takes place above 100,000 feet.
The major aim of this blast is to destroy or interrupt satellites and
communication systems through the effect of an electromagnetic
pulse (EMP). Basically, the EMP is an intense electrical surge that
affects electronic or electrical equipment in a burnout that’s equivalent
to that caused by a lightning strike.
An air blast is one in which the fireball is below 100,000 feet and
doesn’t touch the earth’s surface. The radiation effects from an air
blast are minimal. The main reason for using an air blast is its
destructive value produced in the expansion and compression phases
of weapon detonation. The blast causes an over pressurization that
crushes everything in its path. An air blast would be most effective to
use against a battle group at sea because it would structurally
damage and/or sink many ships.
A surface blast is one in which the fireball touches the earth’s
surface. Most of the damage caused by a surface blast is due to the
shock wave that accompanies the explosion. Large amounts of
surface materials are vaporized and taken into the fireball. As the
fireball rises, more debris is sucked up by the strong after winds.
Much of this debris returns to earth as radioactive fallout.
In an underwater burst a fireball is formed. However, it’s smaller
than the fireball of an air burst and is not normal. The explosion
creates a large bubble (cavity) that rises to the surface where it expels
steam, gases, and debris into the air. Water rushing into the cavity is
thrown upward in the form of a hollow column that may reach a height
of several thousand feet. When the column collapses, a circular cloud
of mist, called the base surge, is formed around the base of the
column. The base surge billows upward to a height of several hundred
feet and expands rapidly outward to a distance of several thousand
yards. Then it rises from the surface and merges with the cloud formed
by the escaping fireball.
The effective range of blast damage is less than that from an air
blast because much of the energy is transmitted in the form of a
ground or water shock wave. Near ground zero the severity of the
shock wave is greater than that of the blast wave. The distance at
which thermal radiation is hazardous is less than that from an air blast.
Nuclear radiation is of two types—initial and residual. Initial
radiation occurs within the first minute after an explosion; residual
radiation occurs thereafter. In most cases, initial radiation is of little
consequence because the lethal range of its effects is less than that of
the blast wave. Residual radiation for a surface burst is dangerous
because the large amount of surface material drawn into the cloud is
heavy enough to fall while still highly radioactive. The fallout area of a
surface blast is much larger than the area affected by heat and shock.
Detonation of the nuclear bomb creates a blast wave that travels
outward in all directions at an initial speed much greater than the
speed of sound. When the wave strikes the earth’s surface, another
wave is formed by reflection. At some distance from ground zero, the
primary and reflected waves combine to form a reinforced blast wave.
Pressure at the wave front, called overpressure, is many times higher
than normal atmospheric one and causes most of the physical
damage. Underwater bursts create large water waves, some of which
reach heights of over 90 feet within a few hundred feet from the blast.
They move outward at high speed for a distance of several miles,
gradually diminishing in size. The overpressure decreases as the
distance from the blast increases.
Nuclear weapons produce explosions of great force and heat and
release nuclear radiation. Their primary purpose is the mass destruction of property and personnel. Their effects are divided into three
categories—blast waves or shock waves, incendiary, and radiation.
Shock Waves Injuries caused by blast waves can be divided into
primary injuries and secondary injuries. Primary blast injuries result
from the direct action of the air shock wave on the human body.
Secondary blast injuries are caused by strong blast winds reaching
hundreds of miles per hour, collapsing buildings and timber and
flinging debris about. Personnel may also be hurled against stationary
objects or thrown to the ground by high winds accompanying the
explosion.
EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
There are two general ways fires can originate in a nuclear
explosion. Kindling fuels can be ignited as a direct result of the
absorption of thermal radiation. Fires can be started from electrical
short circuits, broken gas lines, or other interrupted heat sources as an
indirect effect of the blast wave.
Nuclear radiation hazards consist of alpha and beta particles,
gamma rays, and neutrons. α particles have little skin-penetrating
power and must be taken into the body through ingestion or cuts to be
injurious. β particles can present a hazard to personnel if the emitters
of these particles come into contact with the skin or get inside the
body. β particles with enough intensity cause skin burns. γ rays are
pure energy and not easily stopped. They can penetrate every region
of the body. γ rays that do strike atoms in the body cause the atoms to
ionize. The ionization may result in any number of possible chemical
reactions that damage the cells of the body.
Neutrons have the greatest penetrating power. When the neutron is
captured in the atoms of various elements, the elements become
radioactive and release high-energy γ rays and β particles. Initial
radiation contains both γ and neutron radiation. Residual radiation
contains both γ and β radiation.
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1) What types of nuclear explosions do you know?
2) What is the EMP?
3) Name the types of radiation created by explosion?
4) How many categories of nuclear weapon effects do
you know?
5) What are the Nuclear radiation hazards?
FIND THE EQUIVALENTS
вызывать значительное повышение температуры;
лучи, обладающие высокой проникающей
способностью; наносить поражение личному составу;
вызывать поражение крови и тканей; создавать
опасные уровни радиации; излучать альфа-частицы;
производить разрушения; наносить ущерб;
сопровождаться сильным ветром; классифицироваться
в зависимости от высоты взрыва
principal
shock
emitting
pulse
radiation
converted
residual
wave
Among the 1) ________ effects produced by a nuclear explosion
are: blast or shock 2) ______, thermal radiation, radio-active
contamination, electromagnetic 3) _______ and neutron radiation.
The sudden release of energy causes a considerable increase of
temperature and pressure, so that all the materials present are 4)
________ into hot, compressed gases. These gases rapidly
expand and initiate a 5) ______ wave in the surrounding medium
— air, water or earth. A fairly large proportion of the energy in a
nuc explosion is emitted in the form of light and heat, generally
referred to as «thermal 6) ________». The nuc explosion is also
accompanied by highly penetrating and harmful invisible rays,
called the «the initial nuclear radiation». Finally, the substances
remaining after a nuc explosion are radioactive, 7) ________
similar radiations over an extended period of time. This is known
as the «8) ________ nuclear radiation».
TRANSLATE USING THE WORDS
1. Проникающая радиация состоит из потока нейтронов и
гамма-лучей.
2. К поражающим факторам ядерного взрыва относятся:
ударная волна, световое излучение, проникающая
радиация и радиоактивное заражение.
3. Ядерный взрыв может быть произведен в воздухе, у
поверхности земли (воды) или под землей (водой).
4. В соответствии с этим взрывы подразделяются на воз
душные, наземные (надводные) и подземные (подводные).
______________
effects; air burst; gamma rays; blast wave; neutrons; surface
burst; initial nuclear radiation; subsurface burst; thermal
radiation; nuclear explosion; radioactive contamination.
TRANSLATE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Проникающая радиация состоит из потока нейтронов и гаммалучей.
Initial nuc radiation is that nuc radiation which is emitted by a nuc
explosion within the first minute after the burst.
Ударная волна является основным поражающим фактором
ядерного взрыва, так как на ее долю приходится 40-60 %
общей энергии, высвобождающейся при ядерном взрыве.
The blast energy can cause damage either through direct action of
blast overpressure or through secondary effects caused by flying
debris or by overturning and tumbling objects.
The nuc explo is also accompanied by highly-penetrating and
harmful invisible rays, called «the initial nuc radiation».
К поражающим факторам ядерного взрыва относятся: ударная
волна, световое излучение, проникающая радиация,
радиоактивное заражение местности и электромагнитный
импульс.
There are three types of explosions, classified according to height
of burst: the air burst, the surface burst and the subsurface burst.
Nuclear
weapons
produce
explosions of great
2. Their primary purpose is the mass
3. Nuclear
weapons effects are
divided into three categories—
4. Nuclear explosions are classed
according to the point of
detonation—
5. The major aim of a high altitude
blast is to destroy or interrupt
6. The EMP is an intense electrical
surge that affects electronic or
electrical
7. The main reason for using an air
blast is its destructive value
produced in
8. The
blast causes an over
pressurization that
9. Most of the damage caused by a
surface blast is due to the shock
10. Nuclear radiation is of two types 11. Nuclear radiation hazards consist
of alpha and
12. The fallout area is much larger
than.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
blast waves or shock waves,
incendiary, and radiation.
the expansion and compression
phases of weapon detonation.
initial and residual.
satellites and communication
systems through the effect of an
electromagnetic pulse.
beta particles, gamma rays, and
neutrons.
crushes everything in its path.
force and heat and release
nuclear radiation.
equipment in a burnout that’s
equivalent to that caused by a
lightning strike.
wave that accompanies the
explosion.
a high altitude blast, an air blast,
a
surface
blast,
and
a
subsurface blast.
the area affected by heat and
shock.
destruction of property and
personnel.
VIDEO
TRANSLATE IN WRITTEN FORM

The explosion of a nuclear weapon has the following effects.

In less than a second, an intense pulse of nuclear radiation is produced
together with an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The EMP travels at
the speed of light and can destroy electrical circuits by generating huge
voltages and currents. As a result, electrical networks, computer
equipment, phone networks, car management systems, and satellites may
become inoperative over areas covering hundreds of miles.

The EMP is accompanied by an intensely powerful flash of light sufficient
to blind anyone looking at it by destroying their retina many miles away.
Test observers not looking directly at a nuclear detonation experienced
being able to see their bones imaged through their hands.

An intense pulse of nuclear radiation irradiates a relatively small area
around the explosion with sub-atomic particles known as neutrons and
intense gamma radiation.

These three initially intense effects of the nuclear explosion - heat, blast
and radiation - combine to create a lethal inner ring in which no one can
survive.
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
При ядерном взрыве действуют пять поражающих факторов:
ударная волна, световое излучение, ионизирующее излучение,
радиоактивное заражение и электромагнитный импульс.
Ударная волна является основным поражающим фактором.
Это область сильно сжатого воздуха, которая движется со
сверхзвуковой скоростью во все стороны от центра взрыва.
Световое излучение представляет собой поток видимых,
инфракрасных и ультрафиолетовых лучей, не ходящих от
светящейся области, состоящей из продуктов взрыва и воздуха,
разогретых до миллионов градусов.
Ионизирующее излучение - поток элементарных частиц и
электромагнитных лучей, не видимых и не ощущаемых
человеком, испускаемых в момент ядерного взрыва.
Альфа-излучение обладает высокой ионизирующей и слабой
проникающей способностью. Бета-излучение имеет меньшую
ионизирующую способность, чем альфа-излучение, но большую
проникающую способность. Гамма- и нейтронное излучения
обладают очень высокой проникающей способностью.
Электромагнитный импульс (ЭМИ) - это кратковременное
электромагнитное поле, возникающее при взрыве ядерного
боеприпаса.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Nuclear weapons produce explosions of great force and heat
and release nuclear radiation.
Their primary purpose is the mass destruction of property and
personnel.
Nuclear weapons effects are divided into three categories—
blast waves or shock waves, incendiary, and radiation.
Nuclear explosions are classed according to the point of
detonation— a high altitude blast, an air blast, a surface blast,
and a subsurface blast.
The major aim of a high altitude blast is to destroy or interrupt
satellites and communication systems through the effect of an
electromagnetic pulse (EMP).
The EMP is an intense electrical surge that affects electronic or
electrical equipment in a burnout that’s equivalent to that
caused by a lightning strike.
The main reason for using an air blast is its destructive value
produced in the expansion and compression phases of weapon
detonation.
The blast causes an over pressurization that crushes
everything in its path.
Most of the damage caused by a surface blast is due to the
shock wave that accompanies the explosion.
Nuclear radiation is of two types—initial and residual. Nuclear
radiation hazards consist of alpha and beta particles, gamma