2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
Inter-System Cell Reselection Parameter Optimization
in UMTS
Andrea Garavaglia Christopher Brunner', Dino Flore', Ming Yang', Francesco Pica
,
'QUALCOMM Incorporated
2QUALCOMM GmbH
5775 Morehouse Drive
Nordostpark 89
San Diego CA 92121 USA
90411 Nuemberg Germany
{andrea, chris, dino, myang, fpica}@qualcomm.com
-
-
-
Abstract-With WCDMA networks being deployed in Europe and
throughout the world, one of the big challenges is to make cell
reselection and handover between GSM and WCDMA work
smoothly. Inter-system cell reselection between WCDMA and
GSM enables the user equipment in idle mode to choose a new cell
of another system to camp on, thus providing service availability
when WCDMA coverage fades out. In this paper, we study
inter-system cell reselection parameter settings by processing field
measurement data collected in different networks. Performance
metrics (relating to service availability and WCDMA idle mode
coverage) are computed with our simulation platform to evaluate
different sets of parameters in WCDMA-network-boundary,
coverage-hole, and entering-a-building scenarios. Based on the
simulation results, we discuss optimization trade-offs and
recommend a set of parameters for each scenario.
I. INTRODUCTION
In WCDMA, the user equipment (UE) shall regularly search
for a better cell to camp on according to the cell reselection
criteria [1]. This mechanism, based on parameters provided by
the network, is needed to camp on a good quality cell, and
therefore achieve the desired call setup performance.
In a recent study [6], intra-frequency cell reselection
parameter settings have been optimized for standby time and
camping cell quality. Following the same approach, we focus on
inter-system cell reselection in idle mode, required at the border
of WCDMA coverage to provide seamless service availability
to the UE by reselecting to GSM. To provide recommendations
for inter-system cell reselection parameter settings, extensive
channel measurements from the field have been processed with
our simulation platform. Three scenarios were selected, where
inter-system reselections are expected and which differ in radio
frequency (RF) environment and in user mobility: a
network-boundary scenario, a coverage-hole inside the
WCDMA network and an entering-a-building scenario. Since
the parameters involved in the cell reselection procedures are
broadcast by the network and could be set on a per cell basis to
enable a finer optimization of different scenarios, we look at the
scenarios separately.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II provides an
overview of the cell reselection mechanism and parameters.
Field measurements are described in Section III while the
simulation platform is introduced in Section IV. Performance
metrics are described in Section V. In Section VI, we present
simulation results for different scenarios which motivate
978-3-8007-2909-8/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE
scenario specific parameter recommendations. Conclusions are
drawn in Section VII.
IT.
INTER-SYSTEM CELL RESELECTION
A. WCDMA to GSM (W2G) cell reselection
As specified in [1], during idle mode operations, the UE
operates in discontinuous reception (DRX) mode to improve its
stand-by time, i.e. reacquiring the serving cell each DRX cycle.
Depending on the measured serving cell quality Qqualmeas, the
UE may trigger intra-frequency, inter-frequency, or
inter-system measurements and evaluate the respective cell
reselection criteria. In particular, inter-system measurements are
triggered if
Qqualmeas < Qqualmin + SsearchRA T
(1)
or if the serving cell does not fulfill the cell selection suitability
criterion for consecutive Nserv DRX cycles [2]. According to
the standard [I], a WCDMA cell is suitable if
Srxlev > 0 and Squlal > 0
TABLE 1.
Quantity
(2)
WCDMA TO GSM CELL RESELECTION PARAMETERS AND
MEASUREMENT QUANTITIES
Description
Source
SsearchRA T
System specific threshold [dB]
broadcast
Qqualmin
broadcast
Qrxlevmin
Minimum cell quality [dB]
Minimum cell RX level [dBm]
broadcast
Pcomp
Power compensation [dB]
broadcast
Q4hst1,
Serving cell RSCP hysteresis [dB]
broadcast
QofJ&et1,,
Neighbor cell RSCP offset [dB]
broadcast
Treselection
Cell reselection timer [s]
broadcast
Qqutalmeas
Common pilot channel (CPICH) Ec/No [dB]
measured
Qrxlevmeas
Common pilot channel (CPICH) RSCP [dBm]
measured
RLA
Received signal Level Averaged [dBm]
measured
Squtal
Qqiualmeas- Qqiualmin [dB]
Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin - Pcomp [dB]
calculated
Srxlev
calculated
When GSM cells are measured, the cell reselection criterion
compares the CPICH RSCP of the WCDMA serving cell and
monitored cells with the RLA of the GSM cells [2]. If a GSM
cell is ranked higher than any WCDMA cell
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2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
RLA - QoffsetlGsm > Qrxlevmeas(serving cell) + Qhyst1,
(3a)
RLA - QoffsetjGsM> Qrxlevmeas(monitored cells) - Qoffset1n
(3b)
For each scenario, several runs along a metric route selected
to best characterize the specific deployment scenario have been
made to collect measurements. Table III classifies the scenarios
in terrns of RF environment and mobility.
for Treselection seconds, the UE reselects to that GSM cell.
TABLE III.
B. GSM to WCDMA (G2W) cell reselection
During idle mode operations in GSM, WCDMA cells are
measured when the RLA of the serving cell is lower (or higher,
depending on the setting) than the parameter Qsearch l [5]. If
measurements are made, the reselection criterion is evaluated
and the UE reselects to a suitable WCDMA cell if the following
conditions hold for a period of 5 seconds [3-5]:
* the CPICH RSCP of the candidate WCDMA cell is at least
FDD_Qoffset dB better than the RLA of the serving and of
all suitable non-serving GSM cells
* the CPICH Ec/No of the candidate WCDMA cell is equal
or greater than the parameter FDD_Qmin
Scenario
* WCDMA coverage with high Ec/N.o for a given RSCP
(fewer base stations at boundary to cause interference: less
interference)
Network-
Boundary
Minimum CPICH Ec/No threshold [dB]
broadcast
Qsearch_I
WCDMA measurement threshold [dB]
broadcast
FDD Qo]fset
RLA offset for WCDMA ranking [dB]
broadcast
Dominant pilot in WCDMA coverage
* Measurements for the G2W direction are obtained by
reversing the time axis (see Section IV)
WCDMA coverage with low Ec/No for a given RSCP (base
stations all around: more interference)
Coverage- * Urban environment, Vehicular channel, average speed of 25
Hole
km/h with large speed variations between runs
*
*
Although the above conditions may be fulfilled, the
WCDMA cell might not meet the suitability criteria of equation
(2) if the CPICH RSCP is too weak, thus causing the UE to
return to GSM ("G2W-reject"). During a G2W-reject, a loss in
service availability may occur (i.e. pages are not received nor is
access possible during the time the UE attempts the reselection
to WCDMA). If, on the other hand, the above conditions are
fulfilled and a suitable WCDMA cell is found, the phone may
return to GSM after a short time ("ping-pong"), also impacting
service availability. In fact, each time an inter-system cell
reselection takes place, the UE has to perform location area and
routing area updates. These procedures can last several seconds
and during this time the service will not be available.
The outlined cell reselection scheme is based on the 3GPP
Release 99 standard. A fixed RSCP based threshold for G2W
reselection has been added, as optional UE feature, to the
standard [5] to mitigate some of the parameter setting
constraints. Because most UEs in the market do not implement it,
this feature is not considered in the sequel.
III.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
For the purpose of this study, field measurements have been
collected in three different inter-system handover scenarios in
commercial UMTS networks in Europe. The networks were
lightly loaded and characterized by a low base station density.
Both factors lead to higher Ec/No measurements for any given
RSCP and vice versa. The network-boundary scenario is
characterized by the loss of WCDMA coverage when leaving
the WCDMA region. The coverage-hole scenario represents
areas inside the WCDMA region that are subject to bad outdoor
WCDMA coverage. The entering-a-building scenario implies
bad indoor WCDMA coverage within a WCDMA area.
978-3-8007-2909-8/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE
* Gradual fading of WCDMA signal strength when moving
into GSM only coverage
* Sub-urban area, Vehicular channel, average speed of 20
km/h
*
TABLE II.
GSM TWCDMA CELL RESELECTION PARAMETERS
J Description
Quantity
Source
FDD_Qmin
CLASSIFICATION OF MEASURED DATA
RF environment and mobility
Measurements are collected while crossing the hole area in
both forward and reverse directions
* WCDMA coverage with medium Ec/No for a given RSCP
(base stations all around but UE is closer to one: medium
level of interference)
* Entering and walking down a large indoor corridor of a large
commercial building
Enteringa-building * Abrupt decrease in WCDMA signal strength when moving
from WCDMA into GSM only coverage
* Dominant pilot in WCDMA coverage, Pedestrian channel,
average speed of 3 km/h
* Measurements from indoor (GSM) to outdoor (WCDMA)
are obtained by reversing the time axis (see Section IV)
IV.
SIMULATION PLATFORM
Our simulation platform imports channel measurement data
from a test phone. A standard compliant UE performing
intra-frequency and inter-system cell reselection is emulated
and the output is aligned with the real UE performance.
Only WCDMA channel measurements are imported, while
we assume a constant good coverage with an RLA of -75 dBm
for the GSM system. Moreover, we do not model different GSM
cells. As a consequence, cell reselections within the GSM
system, which may delay G2W reselection, are not modeled
either. The impact on the results should be very limited due to
the larger size of GSM cells in the 900 MHz band and due to the
fact that only a limited portion of the metric route is recorded
outside of WCDMA coverage.
Intra-system cell reselections and bad RF conditions can
potentially delay the completion of the location area and routing
area update procedures. For simplicity, we assume a constant
delay obtained by averaging the values extracted from the field
data.
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2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
The features listed below significantly reduce the amount of
drive testing required for sufficient statistics (conventionally,
performance metrics are collected once every DRX cycle
directly from the UE):
* Channel measurements are logged at a much higher rate
than one sample per DRX cycle. By shifting the starting
point by a few milliseconds (i.e. longer than the channel
coherence time) and sampling once per DRX cycle, we
gain many realizations of the measured multi-path channel
from one measurement run.
* Different parameter settings can be evaluated based on the
same field data.
* The time axis of the field data can be reversed to emulate
an identical measurement run in opposite direction. This
facilitates a side-by-side comparison between the G2W
and W2G cell reselection schemes.
V. PERFORMANCE METRICS
The two primary metrics we want to consider are the
WCDMA idle mode coverage and the service availability.
The WCDMA idle mode coverage corresponds to the
percentage of the route the UE is camped on WCDMA cells. A
large WCDMA coverage is desirable (consistently aligned in
idle and connected mode) to e.g. make new UMTS services
widely available.
Conceming the WCDMA service availability, we make use
of the following indirect metrics:
* Lower 1%-tile of the WCDMA camping cell Ec/No and
RSCP collected over the metric route. Low Ec/No and
RSCP may lead to missed paging occasions and access
failures, respectively.
* Inter-system cell reselections and G2W-rejects impact
service availability since neither paging nor access work
for the duration of both procedures (several seconds).
Finally, we count the W2G reselection trigger causes, i.e.
unsuitability defined in (2) and measurement rules defined in (1).
These indicate which parameters play a significant role in
different loading conditions and RF environments.
SIMULATION RESULTS
VI.
Since the measurement data was collected in low site density
networks under light load (cf. Section III), W2G reselections are
more frequently triggered by unsuitability due to low RSCP
rather than by the measurement rules. Accordingly, the
parameter Qrxlevmin is the main driver for the W2G reselection
while Qqualmin only plays a secondary role. Favoring
WCDMA, the parameters Qsearch_I and FDD Qoffset have
been set such that WCDMA cells are always measured and
reselected as soon as they meet the quality criteria. As a
consequence, the G2W reselection is mainly driven by the
parameter FDD Qmin. As indicated in Table IV, Qrxlevmin
settings of -1 15, -1 3, and -1 1 1 dBm are tested together with
FDD_Qmin settings of -12, -10, and -8 dB.
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TABLE IV.
PARAMETER SET FOR INTER-SYSTEM CELL RESELECTfON
Setting
Comments
-113,--111
In this RF, main driver for W2G
reselection
Parameter
-115.
Qrx/evmin
LdBm]
SsearchRAT+
-14 [dB]
Qqualmin
Qqzialmin
Qqztalmin Qqualmin -18 [dB]
To avoid ping pong:
FDD_Qmin > SsearchRA T+
~~~~~~Qquialmin
In this RF, secondary driver for
reselection
~W2G
Qoffset1,+Qhvst1s
3 [dB]
Equation (3) is generally
fulfilled
Treselection
I [s]
reselection
FDD_Qmin
-12, -10, -8 [dB]
Drives G2W cell reselection
Qsearch I
Always measure W
To prioritize WCDMA
FDD_Qoffset
-infinite
To prioritize WCDMA
Common to intra-frequency cell
A. Network-Boundary Scenario
In the network-boundary scenario, the route starts in good
and ends in poor WCDMA coverage, while the GSM coverage
remains strong all the way. Here, "WG -G" denotes the
direction in which WCDMA coverage deteriorates and
"G ->WG" the reverse direction. As indicated in Figure 1, the
WCDMA quality and strength are low in WG - G direction. In
G --WG direction, the WCDMA quality is better because of the
high FDD Qmin settings, which have to be exceeded for 5s
before reselecting to WCDMA. The downside is that the UE
stays in GSM longer (cf. Figure 3). Figure 2 shows that a high
FDD_Qmin is the most effective way to reduce inter-system
reselections and G2W-rejects, thus improving service
availability at the expense of a slight reduction in WCDMA idle
mode coverage. A decrease in Qrxlevmin increases the number
of inter-system cell reselections in G - WG direction because of
fewer G2W-rejects, and decreases the serving cell strength.
Therefore, we recommend Qrxlevmin = -111 dBm and
FDD Qmin = -8 dB. Figure 3 indicates that in WG ->G
direction most reselections are triggered by unsuitability due to
low RSCP. In G - WG direction, W2G reselections (statistically
insignificant) are neither caused by unsuitability nor by
measurement rules but by missing channel measurements.
B. Coverage-Hole Scenario
In the coverage-hole scenario, the route starts and ends in
points with good WCDMA coverage, denoted by A and B,
while crossing an area with poor WCDMA coverage. Here, we
use different channel measurements in A-B and B-4A
directions instead of reversing the time-axis, and results are
provided for both directions. As indicated in Table III, due to the
high interference, Ec/No is low for a given RSCP. Accordingly,
W2G reselections triggered by the measurement rules are more
significant (cf. Figure 6). Because of the relatively high RSCP
levels corresponding to a certain Ec/No (cf. Figure 4), it is
possible to use a low Qrxlevmin setting to effectively reduce
inter-system reselections and G2W-rejects and to increase the
WCDMA idle mode coverage. Therefore, a Qrxlevmin setting
of -115 dBm is recommended. We also recommend a low
setting of FDD_Qmin (-12 dB) to increase the WCDMA idle
1 638
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
mode coverage at the expense of a tolerable reduction in serving
cell quality.
C. Entering-A-Building Scenario
In the entering-a-building scenario, the results are given for
WG -G (i.e. entering the building) and G -WG directions (i.e.
exiting the building) along the same route. The scenario is
similar to the network-boundary case. In both cases,
inter-system reselection is not avoidable. Due to RF, the
WCDMA signal deteriorates more abruptly here but pedestrian
user velocity compensates for the quick drop. As indicated in
Figure 7, a medium interference level and Ec/No values can be
observed, due to one dominant pilot and several nearby cells.
The tail of the RSCP distribution is relatively low on the
WG -G direction especially for low Qrxlevmin settings.
Therefore, as in the network-boundary scenario, a Qrxlevmin of
-11 ldBm is recommended. Figure 8 indicates that a high
FDD Qmin is most effective in reducing inter-system
reselections and G2W-rejects while maximizing the service
availability. In addition, a high FDD Qmin = -8 dB improves
the tail of the RSCP distribution at the expense of a slight
reduction in WCDMA idle mode coverage, especially in indoor
areas. As in the network-boundary scenario, most reselections in
WG -G direction are triggered by unsuitability (cf. Figure 9).
Note that a stationary indoor UE close to a site may experience
high Ec/Io values for low RSCP and may require an even higher
FDD_Qmin to avoid frequent G2W-rejects.
network-boundary scenario
............ .......
.8
....
.......
....
.
.
LU .12
0
=
C->WO (- - 2.
1 -11
......
.......
-133
*I1
1)
-15
..
-17
6
*.W13>G(1.
.........................
....
........................ ........................
............ ...- ...
:.....
.......
...
...
-16
-i
-lb
.................
.... .....
1....:
:1,0,. ING>.G..
-14
.111)
G->WG (-12, -1 13).
.
......................
...............
o -11
....... ..........................
G.'W G-(>WG,
--1 l)+
.9
-10,
.......
~~G.tWG .1
113i)
1...........
*WG- >G (- 12, l1l5......
5
-
22 -120 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -108 -106 -104 -102 -100
1 %-tile of RSCP
Figure 1: WCDMA serving cell quality in dB versus strength in dBm
network-boundary scenario
07r
............................. .... .......... .......
4G->WG (-12, -1:1 1 )
0.5(-10, 1
G->W(1S (-I 0, -11 )
-
0 3
....................
:V9.
.7->WG (-l 1, -1:1 3)
...
i- >WG t2, 115)
CONCLUSIONS
WG->G (-12, -1 t1)
...............................
02
We have introduced a concept to generate cell reselection
:..-Il) WG->G (-0 W111>G
parameter recommendations that significantly reduces the
0.1
;>lG it G
-.i1i)amount of driving test required otherwise. Then we applied this
WG->G (-12 -113)
WG->G:(-8, -111)
'iG->G (-2. -115i)
approach to different scenarios. Simulations show that the
InIL
126
1.28
13
132
134
1.36
138
1.4
combination of Qrxlevmin = -11 5dBm and FDD_Qmin = -12dB
# of inter-system reselections
works well in the coverage-hole scenario, while
Qrdevmin-- 11IdBm and FDD_Qmin = -8dB performs well in
Figure 2: Number of G2W-rejects versus number of inter-system cell
reselections
both network boundary and entering-a-building scenarios.
If parameters can not be set on a cell basis, the best
compromise would be to apply the most convenient settings
network-boundary scenario
considering the entire RNC area (e.g. figuring out which
1 r --... .
-- .................... ........
scenarios and environments would be the most representative
0.98 [
and strategic for that area).
When load increases, a further tuning of the above settings is
necessary to optimize the performance with higher interference
WG->G (-12,- 15)+
085
0785
levels. Finally, connected mode parameters shall be considered
>
WG-6
-12/-010-8, -1. 1)
ao
for consistency with idle mode parameters.
E 0.7 ..
VII.
...........
......................................................................
u
a)
D
.......
E:'
REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP TS 25.304, "User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and
procedures for cells reselection in connected mode"
[2] 3GPP TS 25.133, "Requirements for support of radio resource
management"
[3] 3GPP TS 04.18, "Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification, Radio
Resource Control Protocol"
[4] 3GPP TS 03.22, "Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode
and group receive mode"
[5] 3GPP TS 05.08," Radio subsystem link control"
[6] D. Flore, C. Brunner, F. Grilli, V. Vanghi, "Cell Reselection Parameter
Optimization in UMTS", submitted to ISWCS 2005
978-3-8007-2909-8/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE
1639
06
0.75
...
.G->WG (-12,-1 15)
.G>1 WG (-12.-113)
0.7
G->WG(-8 ,C1 -111)
0.66
...
0.1
...
02 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 07 08 09
I
WN2)G tnggered by unsuitability versus total W2G tniggers
Figure 3: WCDMA idle mode coverage in percent versus W2G triggered
by unsuitability relative to all W2G triggers
0
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
covrage-hole sceriario
-lb
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~B8>A (-8.
K I
-16.5 -
-..
-.B--4j-12
-17
11
-12
B-.-A)-.10-,--1.111.
..
-115~~~~~~~~~~~~B>A:(12
:
-13)-
tWG1S-1 WG
H -8-113
G
S->V(10
)
111
LU
B->A12, 113)
c'-17.5
entering-a-boilding scenario
-ii
-15
A4->B (10,1
-18
1)
-18
4->B{-212,-113)
-
-18,5j
2
19I)-114.5
-113
-112.5
1 %-tile of 03CP
-113.5
-114
+%NG ->G(G1 -2 0 -i 2,-ill
-17
-A->8(1 2, -1 15)
-111.5
I1.12)
Id
-
1-
-118
--.,
-118
-114
-112 -110 -108
1 %-tile sftRSCP
lO06
-102
-104
-100
Figure 7: WCDMA serving cell quality in dB versus strength in dBm
Figure 4: WCDMA serving cell quality in dB versus strength in dBm
coverage-hole scenario
entering-a-building scenano
0.5
*A->5 (-12, 1li)
0 18
-
-120
-111
o>WG3(-12,-111)
0.450.4-
0.35-
0.14-
o- 03co
3~0.25-
c-ri
092
t0
'2 0-08
(- 12-1 1 1
~~~~~~~~B->A
*.
*A.R(J2.113)
WG->WG (-12,-113):
0.15
0.1
0 05 G 'NG
r L
1.1S
A*>->8(-10--111)1.
002
2
3
2.5
# of inter-system resetectrons
...................
3.5
(.8,
1 1)
1-2
1.3
-V v k-'- , -,
#of inter-system resietections
ir
1.35
u
i
1.4
reselections
reselections
coverage-hole scenario
entering-a-buildirig scesaris
8(12. -1:15)*
~~~~~~~~A->
A->B
.
.
1 .25
(-12; -115
>WG
WG.->Gi21f -jilt
Figure 8: Number of G2W-rejects versus number of inter-system cell
Figure 5: Number of G2W-rejects versus number of inter-system cell
098
WG->G(8,-11) , W
(-12, -113Yi
0 98
0.98 ............12...1..
56 0.94
..
........
........
....
0.92
A->8-(-8,47 11),4
WG->G (-12,-1I13).
< 0884
E5 0 92
2o 0~9
..
25CD
..
...
0
4-B5>A(1 2,. 115)
...
5.'
-.. A...-..
*~~~~~~~~~B->A(-12,~-111)
0
.....113).
8
8.2 G-WG (12. -:115) -*G.-->WGf(-12, 113)
*G4>WG (1.l2, -1 11)
*8> A(110,- 1 11)
*B->A (-8,-.11 1)
0.6
n
Figure 6: WCDMA idle mode coverage in percent versus W2G triggered
by unsuitability relative to all W20 triggers
978-3-8007-2909-8/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE
R
,G->WGS (-8, -11 1)
1
0.2
0.3 0.4
0.5 086 0.7
0.8 0.9
iAV2G triggered by orisoitability versos total WN2G triggers
Figure 9: WCDMA idle mode coverage in percent versus W2G triggered
by unsuitability relative to all W2G triggers
06
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.5
WV2i triggered by unsuitatility per total W2Gl triggers
0.4
14
1640
0
0-1