The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650) Lesson 1 The Italian Renaissance The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650) Lesson 1 The Italian Renaissance Learning Objectives • Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy. • Identify Renaissance artists and explain how new ideas affected the arts of the period. • Understand how writers of the time addressed Renaissance themes. • Explain the impact of the Renaissance. The Italian Renaissance From the 1300s to the 1500s, Western Europe enjoyed a golden age in the arts and literature, known as the Renaissance. The word literally means “rebirth.” The Renaissance was a time of great creativity and change in many areas— economic, political, social, and above all, cultural. The Italian Renaissance A New Worldview - Rediscovered interest of Greek and Roman philosophers - Rebirth after disorder and disunity of the late Middle Ages - Focused on the here and now rather then the afterlife - Ideal Renaissance person was multi-talented A Spirit of Adventure and Curiosity - Exploration of Earth and Space during this time Renaissance Humanism - Focused on secular subjects - Looking at the importance of humans The Italian Renaissance The growth of urban areas helped spur and encourage a renewal of culture known as the Renaissance. This 19th century reconstruction of a 15th century painting shows Florence, Italy, in 1490. The Italian Renaissance Analyze Charts Read the chart comparing medieval and Renaissance Europe. How were the achievements of individuals judged in the different eras? The Renaissance Begins in Italy The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid-1300s and later spread north to the rest of Europe. It reached its height in the 1500s. The Renaissance emerged in Italy for several reasons. The Renaissance Begins in Italy Interactive Chart Italy’s History and Geography - Looking at ancient civilizations Rome was a great place to start - Architecture, coins, statues, and inscriptions served as a reminder - Coastal cities allowed for massive trade, led to larger cities and powerful banks Florence and the Medicis - Florence was a major Italian city that supported the Renaissance - Medici family started with banking, expanded to manufacturing, mining and other business ventures The Renaissance Begins in Italy Analyze Charts Review the chart about the Medici family in Renaissance Italy. During Lorenzo’s rule of Florence, in which years did he probably have more money to spend on the arts? Art Flourishes in the Renaissance The Renaissance attained its most glorious expression in its paintings, sculpture, and architecture. Wealthy patrons played a major role in this artistic flowering. Popes and princes, along with successful merchants, supported the work of hundreds of artists. Art Flourishes in the Renaissance Art Reflects New Ideas and Attitudes - Focuses on the individual - Produced portraits of famous figures of the time - Had Greek and Roman influences throughout Renaissance Architecture - Reused old styles of columns, arches, and domes The Big 3 Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Art Flourishes in the Renaissance What are styles that we can think of? In this painting by Italian Renaissance artist Tintoretto, Mary Magdalene anoints the feet of Jesus. Classical columns in the background reflect the Renaissance style. New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes Poets, artists, and scholars mingled with politicians at the courts of Renaissance rulers. A literature of “how to” books sprang up to help ambitious men and women who wanted to rise in the Renaissance world. New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes Castiglione’s Ideal Courtier - Baldassare Castilgione – author of The Book of the Courtier - Was a “how to” book on how to gain influence and power in the courts Machiavelli’s Advice to Princes - Niccolo Machiavelli – author of The Prince - Was a foreign diplomat who worked with foreign kings and princes - “Ends justifies the means” in political ambition - Caused people to look at politics differently - Ambitious goals and power focused New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes This 1474 painting by Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna is called The Court of Mantua. An Italian nobleman was Mantegna’s patron and commissioned art works like this. The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650) Lesson 3 The Protestant Reformation The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650) Lesson 3 The Protestant Reformation Learning Objectives • Summarize the factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation. • Explain the impact of the printing press on the Reformation. • Analyze Martin Luther's role in shaping the Protestant Reformation. • Explain the teachings and impact of John Calvin. Causes of the Reformation During the Renaissance, Christians from all levels of society grew impatient with the corruption of the clergy and the worldliness of the Roman Catholic Church. In the words of one unhappy peasant, “Instead of saving the souls of the dead and sending them to Heaven, [the clergy] gorge themselves at banquets after funerals . . . They are wicked wolves! They would like to devour us all, dead or alive.” Causes of the Reformation Abuses Within the Church - Popes competed with secular rulers for political power - Popes began to live lavish lifestyles - Increased fees for church services (marriages, baptisms, indulgences) Early Reformers (already have seen them) - John Wycliffe called for reform and stop selling indulgences - John Hus – argued for vernacular Causes of the Reformation During the 1500s, European villages were busy places, with markets, artisan shops, and homes. The church was the center of village life. Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change Protests against the Church continued to grow. In 1517, these protests erupted into a full scale revolt. The man who triggered the revolt was a German monk and professor of theology named Martin Luther. Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg. The theses also contained an invitation to church leaders to debate Luther on the issues raised by his theses. The invitation was ignored. Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change 95 Theses Challenge the Church - Selling of indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany to rebuild Cathedral of St. Peter set off Martin Luther - Created 95 Theses and posted on door A Firestorm Begins - 95 Theses copied and printed throughout Europe - Both Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V excommunicated and outlawed Martin Luther after he refused to give up opinions - Still supported by many even though it was Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change Luther’s Teachings - Salvation could only be achieved through faith alone - Bible was source of all information - Church hierarchy did not have special powers - Five of the seven sacraments he did not agree with - Gained followers called Lutherans or Protestants (protesting) depending on where you live Protestant Reformation John Calvin Challenges the Church In the wake of Luther’s revolt against the Church, other reformers challenged Church authority. The most important was John Calvin, who lived in what is today Switzerland. Calvin had a razorsharp mind, and his ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin Challenges the Church 95 These Rap Calvin's Teachings - 1536 published Institutes of the Christian Religion, set forth beliefs and organization - Set up Protestant Theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland - Individuals traveled from all over Europe to observe Geneva and recreate Calvinist Ideas Spread - By late 1500s Calvinism had spread to Germany, France, England, Scotland, and the Netherlands. - By this time multiple wars started between John Calvin Challenges the Church The Calvinist belief in simplicity is reflected in the design of this Calvinist church in Nuremberg, Germany. No images of saints or religious leaders decorate the church, and the preacher's pulpit is the center of focus.
