1.
Chapetr 5..Capacity planning…Kakayahan na mameet ung future demand..kumbaga ung
capacity planning ay myrong forecst of demand na pwedeng dumating or can arise in near
future…wherein yung company na kayang magmeet ng future demand..it will provide an
advantage to the company..sa mdaling salita..capacity planning helps the company to know the
requreiment of capacity..nakaktulong din ito sa management para malamn ung capacity and
related ASPECTs gaya ng manpower..equipmnet.. maCHINES..InVENTORY..tools..etc/..dito
pwede ring malamn ung cash or pera na pwedeng kailnagnin to fulfill the
requiremenst..bototom line is..it is impotrtnt aspect habng hinahanda ung bduget na gagamitn.
Kapag hindi balance ung capavity and demand..magreresulta ito sa di tamang paggamit ng mga
resources..pwedeng mangayri na..mag increase ung cost and ung profit nman ay magreduce.
Kya din nitong masastify yung demand ng market….nkkdagdag din dito ung competitive
advantage para mabeat yung competition gaya ng quality and bilis ng service ..Kapag mayron g
good capacity planning..mkakasurvive ang isang company in the long run..kasi..nagiging
confident ung isang company..or pwedeng sbhing confident or komportable as compare to
when there is a excess or lack of capacity..kumbaga..nkakacgurado tyo..na mkakapagperform
ng maayos ang isang compny in a smooth manner…
2. Process
selection refers to deciding on the way production of goods or services
will be organized. Processes convert inputs to outputs; they are the core of
operations management…Sa process selection…dito nagdedesisyon kung
Paano ihandle ung production ng goods or servces....paano ito
iorganize….minsan..ginagamit ito ng mga company or orgaizations para
malamn kung bibili ba sila or gagawa na lng ng items na ggmitin when they
manufacture finished products. Ung capacity planning..dito n din papasok..tska
ung mga services design..inter–related kumbaga silang lahat…malaking
influence yung selections process sa isang organization..kasi..it affects the
entire org…tska ung ability na maachieve ung mission..and goals ng isang
organization..pati supply chain ng isang organization..may malking effect ang
tamang process selection..
Process selection is used by organizations to determine whether they should make or buy
items used in manufacturing finished products. Quality,capacity, and overall costs will be
major factors in this decision.
2. Explain
the strategic importance of process selection:
a) Process selection refers to deciding on the way production of goods or services
will be organized. Processes convert inputs to outputs; they are the core of
operations management.
2) Explain the influence that process has on an organization:
a) Process Selection affects the entire organization and its ability to achieve its
mission, and affects the organization’s supply chain.
3) The basic processing types are:
a) Job Shop: Usually operates on a relatively small scale. It is used when a low
volume of high-variety goods or services will be needed. High flexibility and
skilled workers are necessary. Example: Veterinarian Office
b) Batch: Used when a moderate volume of goods or services are needed. The
skill level of workers need not be as high, and equipment need not be as
flexible. Examples: Bakeries, movie theaters, and airlines.
c) Repetitive: Used when high volumes of standardized goods or services are
needed. Slight flexibility of equipment is needed. Skill of workers is relatively
low. This process type is often referred to as an assembly. Examples: TVs,
automobiles, and computers.
d) Continuous: Used when a high volume of nondiscrete, highly standardized
output is desired. These systems have almost no variety in output and need no
equipment flexibility. Skill of workers can range from high to low depending
on the complexity of the system. Examples: process to make steel, salt, sugar,
and flour.
e) Project: Used for work that is non routine, with a unique set of objectives to be
accomplished in a time frame. Examples: putting on a play, publishing a
book, and building a bridge.
4) Discuss automated approaches to processing:
a) Automation is machinery that has sensing and control devices that enable it to
operate automatically. There are three types of automation:
1. Fixed Automation: It uses high-cost, specialized equipment
for a fixed sequence of operations.
2. Programmable Automation: Involves the use of high-cost,
general purpose equipment controlled by a computer program
that provides both the sequence of operations and specific
details about each operation.
3. Flexible Automation: It uses equipment more customized than
that of programmable automation. A key difference between
the two is that flexible automation requires less changeover
time.
5) List some reasons for redesign of layouts:
a) The most common reason for redesign of layouts include inefficient
operations, accident or safety hazards, changes in the design of a products or
services, introduction of new products and services, changes in the volume of
output, changes in methods of equipment, changes in environmental or other
legal requirements and morale problems.
6) Describe the basic layout types:
a) Product Layout: Uses standardized processing operations to achieve smooth,
rapid, high-volume flow.
b) Process Layout: Layouts that can handle varied processing requirements.
c) Fixed Position Layout: Layout where the product or project remains stationary,
and workers, materials and equipment are moved as needed.
7) List the main advantages and disadvantages of product layouts and process
layouts:
a) Product Layouts:
Advantages:
i. high output
ii. low unit cost due to volume
iii. labor specialization reduces training costs and time
iv. high utilization of labor and equipment
v. routing and scheduling are part of initial design,
therefore not requiring much time once the operation
has begun.
vi. Accounting, purchasing, and inventory control are
fairly routine
Disadvantages:
i. intensive division of labor
ii.
poorly skilled workers show little interest in
maintaining equipment.
iii.
System is inflexible
iv.
System is highly susceptible to shutdowns
v.
Preventative maintenance quick repairs and spare
parts inventories are necessary expenses.
vi.
Incentive plans cause variations among outputs of
workers
b) Processes Layouts:
Advantages:
i. Systems can handle a variety of processing
requirements
ii. Systems are not vulnerable to equipment failures
iii. General-purpose equipment is less costly than
specialized equipment
iv. It is possible to use individual incentive plans
Disadvantages:
i. In-process inventory costs can be high if batch
processing is used
ii. routing and scheduling pose continual challenges
iii.
equipment utilization rates are low
iv.
material handling is slow and inefficient
v.
job complexities often reduce the span of
supervision and result in higher supervisory costs.
vi.
Special attention necessary for each product or
customer
vii.
Accounting, inventory control and purchasing are
much more involved