Whole Human Body
11 Body Systems
60+ organs
4 types of tissues
Trillions
of cells
All 11 body systems are made of only 4 types of tissues:
Muscular
Connective
-Movement
of skeleton
-Beating of
heart
-Movement
of food
through
digestive
system
-Makes up
bone,
cartilage,
and blood;
connects
organs
together
Nervous
-Conducts
electrical
impulses
through
the brain,
spinal cord
and nerves
Epithelial
-Makes up
skin, lining
of internal
pathways,
and glands
How do the major organelles of an animal cell contribute to
the body’s functions?
• Nucleus: control center,
contains genetic information
• Endoplasmic reticulum:
synthesizes proteins and
ships them around the cell
(Can be smooth or rough)
• Mitochondria: Converts food
into ATP
• Golgi apparatus: transports
material around the cell in
sacs called vesicles
• Lysosomes: break down
waste
• Centrioles: aid in cell division
• Vacuoles: store nutrients and
water
•The human body is formed by 4 types
of tissues, which vary in structure and
function. These tissues are
comprised of cells, which contain
membrane-bound organelles. Each
organelle has a function that
contributes to the cell’s purpose.
• In every body cell of
the human body,
the genetic material
is found in 46
chromosomes
made of DNA. They
are contained
within the nucleus
for protection.
• DNA is shaped like a twisted
ladder, which is called a double
helix.
• The sides of the ladder are made
of sugar and phosphate
molecules, while the rungs are
made of nitrogen bases (adenine,
thymine, cytosine & guanine).
• A always bonds with T and C
always bonds with G. This is
called the principle of base
pairing.
• DNA is used to code for all of the proteins required by the
body.
• Two major processes are used to create proteins:
transcription & translation.
• A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a gene.
•Transcription is the process of converting
the DNA code into an mRNA message.
•The DNA template is easy to follow
because of the base-pairing rule.
•Whenever the DNA sequence contains A,
however, a uracil (U) is made rather than a T.
• The mRNA strand leaves the cell’s nucleus and heads
to the ribosome, where proteins are made.
• Starting at the “START” codon (first set of 3 mRNA
bases), tRNA molecules bring in amino acids that
match with the codons on the mRNA.
• These amino acids link together into a polypeptide
chain, which eventually folds into a protein.
•The genetic information of the
cell is encoded in the nitrogen
bases of DNA molecules. This
code can be used to form
proteins through the processes of
transcription and translation.
•When a cell grows
too large, the
processes of
bringing in nutrients
and removing waste
become inefficient.
•To prevent this,
cells divide on a
regular cycle.
•Mitosis is the period of division
in somatic
(body) cells
• Division of chromosomes and then cytoplasm
• One parent cell makes two identical daughter cells
•Meiosis is the period of division in sex cells
(gametes)
• One parent cell makes four different
cells
daughter
•Cells need to move materials in and out.
•The cell membrane is a specialized, semi-
permeable barrier. Only some substances
can pass through.
• Diffusion of substances
and osmosis (the diffusion of
water) are both examples of passive transport
processes.
• Passive transport means molecules move naturally from high
concentration to low concentration, which does NOT require
energy.
•Larger molecules need
to be helped
(facilitated) across the
membrane by
channels made of
protein.
•This is called
facilitated diffusion.
•Active transport moves molecules from
low concentration to high
concentration. Because this is the
opposite of the natural process, it DOES
require energy.
•There are 2 main types of active
transport that cells use:
•Endocytosis (“into cell”)
•Exocytosis (“out of cell”)
•Cells divide through mitosis or
meiosis. They can transport
materials across the cell
membrane using passive
transport which doesn’t require
energy or active transport, which
does.