Basic studies in agriculture Dr. Ákos BENK Ph.D. benk.akos@mgk.u-szeged.hu 404. room The content of the lectures • Meteorology • Plant production • Animal breeding METEOROLOGY 气象学 General meteorological knowledge The meteorology: • weather and climate science 天气与气候科学 of the atmosphere, • investigate the physical phenomena of atmosphere 研究大气的物理现象 • research the causes of the phenomena, their interaction with the 研究现象的原因，它们与生物和无生命世界的 living and the lifeless world 相互作用 Weather: • The current physical condition of the atmosphere. 当前大气的物理状态 • Changes of process 变化的过程 Climate: weather conditions at some locality averaged over a 气候：某一地区某一特定时期（３０年）的 specified time period (30 years period)平均天气状况 Climate The climate: the weather system of an airspace. 一个空域的天气系统 • influenced by several factors: - Latitude 纬度 - Altitude 海拔 - Topography 地形 - The surface material 表层介质 - Vegetation 植被 - Man - etc. Atmosphere 大气 • gas shell 气壳 • height: about 2000 km • atmospheric layering 大气层 • troposphere: the layer of atmosphere is most important for us - the atmosphere contains water supplies and wildlife living here on Earth 对流层：大气层对我们来说是最重要的——大气层中有水供应和 生活在地球上的野生动物 - 1 meter height: ground-level １米高：地面高度 - 2 meters height: terrestrial ２米高：陆地 - 100 meters high: close to the ground layer of air １００米高：接近地面的空气层 Atmosphere • gas shell • height: about 2000 km • atmospheric layering • troposphere: the layer of atmosphere is most important for us is the atmosphere contains water supplies and wildlife living here on Earth - 1 meter height: ground-level - 2 meters height: terrestrial - 100 meters high: close to the ground layer of air 1. Basic Gas 基础气体 • Nitrogen 78% 氮气 • Oxygen 21% 氧气 • Noble gas 1% 稀有气体 2. Other gaseous 其他气体 • CO2 0.03% (variable) 二氧化碳０．０３％（变量） • up to 4% of water vapor 高达４％的水蒸气 3. air pollutants 空气污染物 • In solid form: - Mineral dust particles - salt crystals 矿物尘埃颗粒－盐晶体 - Pollen 花粉 - Soot, ashes, coal and cement (in varying amounts), etc 煤烟、灰烬、煤和水泥 （不同数量）等 • Gas: - carbon monoxide 一氧化碳 - Sulfur dioxide (variable amounts), etc 二氧化硫（变化量）等 The energy content of sunlight: 阳光的能量含量 • about 55% of solar energy is reflected from the clouds or absorbed by the atmosphere. 大约５５％的太阳能被云层反射或被大气吸收 Radiation: radiation reflected by the Earth's surface (50%) 辐射：地球表面反射的辐射（５０％） Greenhouse effect: The water vapor and carbon dioxide content of 温室效应：大气中的水蒸气和二氧化碳含量会反射一部分辐射 atmosphere will reflect a portion of the radiation The Earth's surface heats up - also air - changing the density and 地球表面温度升高，空气也随之变热，从而改变了密度和压力，这就是压力、风和蒸发的区别 pressure - differences in pressure – wind - evaporation The sun is one of the most important elements of the weather. 太阳是天气中最重要的元素之一。 Factors affecting solar radiation: • angle of incidence of solar radiation 太阳辐射入射角 • sunshine duration 日照时间 Air temperature The air temperature: warm-cold measured in ° C 气温：暖－冷，以°Ｃ表示 The air warming: • lowest part of the troposphere is the hottest 对流层的最低部分是最热的 • The colder layers above it 上面层较冷 replacement flows: a warm layer of air is exchanged in the colder layer of air above it 置换流：暖层空气在其上的冷层空气中交换 The soil temperature The solar energy heats up 太阳能升温 heat: radiation (fast) + thermal conductivity (slow) 热量：辐射（快）＋导热（慢） Factors influencing the temperature of the soil surface: 影响土壤表面温度的因素 - level of IN and OUT radiation 进出辐射水平 - characteristics of soil (material, color, structure, humidity status) 土壤特性（材料、颜色、结构、湿度状况） 温度。波动会随着深度的增加而减小（地面以下２０米温度恒定－ １１摄氏度） The temp. fluctuation is reduced in proportion to the depth (20 meters below the ground temperature is constant - 11 ° C) In winter: the frozen ground surface - inland waters 冬季：冰冻的地面－内陆水域 Air pressure 气压 The weight of the air column on the Earth's surface 地球表面空气柱的重量 • The rate - variable – 比率－变量 Depend of: air density, vertical movement of air, air humidity content 取决于：空气密度、空气的垂直运动、空气湿度含量 • The characterizedtion of air pressure: it is balanced a mercury column at 0 °C 气压特性：在０℃时，在水银柱上平衡 • The average value measured at sea level: 760 Hgmm 海平面测量平均值：７６０ Ｈｇｍｍ • The air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随高度而降低 The air pressure difference cause airflows (from place of higher pressure to the lower pressure area) 气压差引起气流（从高压处到低压区） The wind horizontal airflow 横向气流 Three properties: 三个属性 - Direction: from where coming (English initials) 方向：从何而来（英文缩写） - Speed: distance traveled per unit of time 速度：单位时间内走过的距离 - Power: force efect on various subjects 力：力作用于各种物体 Humidity 湿度 The water consistency in the air: 水在空气中的浓度 - solid - liquid - gaseous phase 气相 The amount of gaseous water (water vapor) is called air humidity. 气态水（水蒸气）的量称为空气湿度。 Absolute humidity or actual humidity: the weight of water vapor (in grams) in 1 m3 air 绝对湿度或实际湿度：１立方米空气中水蒸气的重量（以克为单位） Saturation humidity: the upper limit of humidity reception capacity of the air 饱和湿度：空气接受湿度的上限（饱和空气无蒸发） (Saturated air → no evaporation) actual humidity g/m3 实际湿度 Relative humidity (%) = ------------------------------------ x 100 相对湿度 saturation humidity g/m3 饱和湿度 Dew Point: The temperature value at which the air is getting cold, the existing content becomes saturated steam 露点：空气变冷时的温度值，现有的物质变成饱和蒸汽 Condensation: the reverse process of evaporation. 凝结：蒸发的相反过程 gas → liquid or directly solid form 气体，液体或直接固体形式 Cloud: a visible mass of condensed water vapor or ice crystals 云：大气中可见的大量凝结的水蒸气或冰晶，通常在地面以上 floating in the atmosphere, typically high above the ground. Fog: a thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the 雾：在地球表面或附近的大气中悬浮着的由微小水滴组成的浓云 atmosphere at or near the earth's surface Formation of precipitation: the floating water droplets or ice 降水的形成：大气中漂浮的水滴或冰晶数量增加，重量增加 crystals in the atmosphere grow as more and their weigh overcome the buoyancy: 克服浮力 Forms: • water droplets • snowflakes • ice 冰 雪花 水滴 Cirrus (ice cloud): is generated in a very high altitude, in the 卷云（冰云）：产生于非常高的海拔，在低湿度空气层边界→指示前方到达 boundary of poor humidity air layers → indicating fronts arrival. Cumulus: Formed by strong warming effect → elevations a 积雨云：由于强烈的暖化作用，在海拔高度上形成的灰色或白色的厚云很容易变成雷暴云（积雨云） gray or white thick cloud → easily transformed into a thunderstorm cloud (cumulonimbus) Stratus (layer clouds): light gray, thin, large-scale → provide rich precipitation. 层云：浅灰色，薄，大规模→提供丰富的降水 Precipitation forms 沉淀形式 - Quiet rain: low intensity, medium-sized Droplet 静雨：强度低，中等大小的水滴 - Rain: high intensitybig drops 雨：高强度的大雨滴 - Drizzly rain: tiny, fine, dense drops 小雨：细小、细小、稠密的雨滴 - Freezing rain: the supercooled water droplets colliding with 冻雨：过冷的水滴与地面相撞，会结冰并形成冰膜 the ground, will freeze and form ice coating - Hail: in high temperature because of violent updraft are formed large ice granules, which have continued to rise and fall as hail. 冰雹：在高温下由于强烈的上升气流形成大的冰颗粒，这些冰颗粒作为冰雹继续上升和下降 - Sleet: snowflakes in warmer air layers partially melt. (snow and rain mix) 雨夹雪：温暖空气中的雪花部分融化。（雨雪混合） - Snow: in winter the water vapor in the lower atmosphere layers freezes and the ice crystals fall into the ground. 雪：在冬天，低层大气中的水蒸气冻结，冰晶落入地面 „Coatings”: 涂层 - Dew and frost: in windless nights → condensation on the 露水和霜：在无风的夜晚，凝结在土壤、植物和其他物体的冷却表面 cooled surface of the soil, plants and other objects If the ground-air dew point above 0 °C → dew 如果地面空气露点高于０度＝露点 less than 0 °C → frost 小于０度＝霜 Dew Freezing rain Frost Hail Macro climate and micro climate 宏观气候和微观气候 Macro climate: Large tracts of airspace within which the 宏观气候：气候几乎相同的大片空域（如：大平原气候） climate is almost the same (eg: the Great Plains climate) Micro climate: Small airspaces, different climate from large 微气候：小的空气空间，不同于大的空气空间的气候（如：花园的阴凉角落，灌木的阴影） air spaces (eg: a shady corner of the garden, the shadow of a bush) The differences between macro- and micro climate : 宏观和微观气候的差异 - Airspace magnitude, 空域级 - The macro climate factors influencing deliberately 人为影响的宏观气候因子，即恒定的宏观气候 influenced by man, the constant macroclimate - The micro climate can be influenced, variable, changeable 微气候具有易受影响、多变、多变的特点 Hungary's climate - the northern temperate zone 北部温带 45.5 and 48.5 degrees north latitude 北纬４５．５度和４８．５度 16 and 23 degrees east longitude 东经１６度和２３度 W: Alps -------- E: Carpathian Mountains Ｗ：阿尔卑斯山——Ｅ：喀尔巴阡山脉 Sunlight content: average 1800-2100 hours 日照时间：平均１８００－２１００小时 The average annual mean temperature: 10-11 ° C 年平均气温：１０－１１℃ Annual precipitation: 年降水量 Plain: 400-600 mm, the 平面：４００－６００ ｍｍ Transdanubia and Northern Highlands: 600-700 mm 跨多瑙河和北部高地：６００－７００毫米 SW-W Transdanubia: 800-900 mm. 西南－西跨多瑙河：８００－９００毫米 wettest June, the driest January, February 最潮湿的六月，最干燥的一月，二月 The role of substances the atmosphere 物质在大气中的作用 Oxygen: plant respiration, involved in body structure of the plant 氧：植物的呼吸，参与植物的身体结构 underground oxygen: soil loosening 地下氧气：土壤松动 Carbon dioxide: the assimilation process of the plant 二氧化碳：封闭空间内植物ｃｏ２施肥的同化过程 CO2 fertilization in closed spaces Nitrogen: The structure of plant proteins 氮：植物蛋白、土壤固氮微生物的结构 soil nitrogen-fixing microorganisms Water vapor: affected the evaporation of the plant 水蒸气：影响植物的蒸发 The role of weather elements 天气因素的作用 a) The sun (amount and duration of light) 太阳（光量及持续时间） The long-day plants: (alfalfa, carrots, onions, tomatoes) 长日植物：（紫花苜蓿、胡萝卜、洋葱、西红柿） generative organs formation: + 14 hour light 生殖器官形成：＋ １４小时光照 The short-day plants: (corn, sunflower) 短日照植物：（玉米、向日葵） generative organs formation: at least 10 hours dark 生殖器官形成：至少１０小时黑暗 The intensity of illumination: • light-loving plants 喜光植物 • shade-loving plants 喜荫植物 • shade-tolerant plants 耐荫植物 光照强度 b) The temperature winter hardiness: frost resistance 抗寒性：抗冻性 - freezing (winter-killed) 冰冻（冬季死亡） - freezing out - freezing up 结冰 冻结 the role of the snow 雪的作用 c) The water precipitation: 沉淀 • flow away 流逝 • trickle down into the soil • evaporates 蒸发 慢慢渗入土壤 erosion, inland water 侵蚀，内陆水 d) The wind - balanced, equalized climate - pollination 授粉 平衡，均衡的气候 The application of agro-meteorological data 农业气象资料的应用 Weather forecast 天气预测 • prevention of spring frost damage 防止春寒害 • the definition of sowing time 播种时间的定义 • the need for irrigation 灌溉的需要 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOIL Soil: the top solid earth crust 表层固体地壳 loose and fertile blanket. 松软肥沃的毛毯 Soil provides the plant: water, air and nutrients 土壤为植物提供水、空气和养分 Soil formation → two main stages: 土壤形成有两个主要阶段 • weathering: is created by physical and chemical factors effect, 风化：是由物理和化学因素的影响造成的 • biological process of soil formation: activity of microorganisms 土壤形成的生物过程：微生物的活动 Weathering – the physical & chemical breakdown of rocks. 1. Physical Weathering 物理风化 - rocks break into pieces 岩石碎成碎片 - changing size and shape 改变大小和形状——但不改变它们的组成 - but not their composition. 风化－物理和化学 岩石破碎 AGENTS OF PHYSICAL WEATHERING 物理风化媒介 1. Frost Action -The freezing and thawing causes alternate expansion and contraction of rocks eventually breaking them apart. 冻结作用－冻结和融化交替引起岩石的膨胀和收缩，最终使岩石破碎 • Dominate in mountain or polar regions. 主要分布在山地或极地地区 • More likely to occur in winter 更有可能发生在冬天 2. Plant Action “Biological Action” - With plant growth the root system will increase in volume and cause cracks in the rock to expand. 植物作用生物作用－随着植物的生长，根系的体积会增加， 导致岩石中的裂缝扩大 • Lichens are primary soil producers creating conditions for larger plant growth. 地衣是主要的土壤生产者，为更大的植物生长 创造条件 3. Abrasion- When ice, water, or wind causes sediments to have collisions physical weathering results. 磨蚀－当冰、水或风使沉积物发生碰撞时，物理风化作用的结果 Wind abrasion is similar to sandblasting and slowly weathers the rock down. 风蚀作用类似于喷砂，它能使岩石慢慢风化 Wind abrasion occurs in arid environments 风蚀发生在干旱环境中 - Water abrasion occurs in moist and humid climates 水的磨损发生在潮湿的气候中 - Water produces rounded fragments as the sediments are rolled and bounced along the stream bottom. 当沉积物沿着河底滚动和反弹时，水会产生圆形碎片 - Glacial Abrasion occurs when sediments are trapped with in the ice and scrape against the bedrock.当沉积物被困在冰里并刮擦着基岩时， 就会发生冰川磨蚀 - Forming Striations In the Rock (Scratches) 岩石形成条纹（划痕） - Glaciers are found 冰川是在寒冷的气候中发现的 in cold climates high altitudes 高海拔 latitudes 纬度 4. Pressure Unloading / Exfoliation – 压力卸荷／剥离 -The top rock layers are removed releasing pressure. 顶部岩层被移除，释放压力 -The underlying rocks then crack and fall apart. 然后下面的岩石就会破裂、崩裂 Chemical Weathering - when agents of weathering 化学风化－当风化剂以化学方式改变岩石的成分时 chemically change the composition of a rock. II. AGENTS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING 化学风化剂 1. Oxidation – Oxygen combines with minerals to form oxides. (iron + oxygen = Rust) 氧化氧与矿物结合形成氧化物。（铁＋氧＝铁锈） Oxidation weakens the bedrock making it softer. 氧化使基岩变软 2. Hydration- minerals absorb water and chemically change the composition of the material 水合作用——矿物质吸收水分并通过化学作用改变物质的成分 - E.g. granite contains mica. 花岗岩含有云母 - Mica has a weak chemical 云母化学成分弱，易吸水 composition and absorb water. - Turns into clay 变成粘土 3. Carbonation – When pollutants like Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen & Sulfuric Oxides mix with rain water creating acid rain, which can dissolve limestone and harm the living environment. 当二氧化碳、氮和硫氧化物等污染物与雨水混合产生酸雨时，会溶解石灰石， 破坏生活环境 Coal Burning For Electricity 燃煤发电 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Cars 汽车的化石燃料消耗 4. Water - Is unique and dissolves most minerals and metals in our environment. 水是独一无二的，可以溶解我们环境中的大多数矿物质和金属 (universal solvent). （通用溶剂） Factors affecting the rates of weathering Climate Differences 影响风化速率的因素 气候差异 Arid Climates are very dry and the rate of weathering is slow. 干旱气候非常干燥，风化速度缓慢 Humid Climates are moist and the rate of weathering is fairly fast. 湿润的气候是潮湿的，风化的速度相当快 Usually in the presence of heat weathering rates will also increase. 通常在有热的情况下，风化率也会增加 Different climates and temperatures produce more favorable forms of weathering. 不同的气候和温度产生更有利的风化形式 - Arid and Humid Climates cause different rates of weathering. eg: Cleopatra's Obelisk Egypt 干旱和潮湿的气候造成不同的风化率。克利奥帕特拉的方尖碑 New York Humid climates also favor chemical weathering and increase the rate in which water will dissolve minerals. 湿润的气候也有利于化学风化，增加水溶解矿物质的 速度 Hot & humid climates can also increase the rate of physical weathering by biological action. 湿热气候也可以通过生物作用增加物理风化率 In the mountains and at the poles physical weathering like frost action and abrasion are more likely. 在山区和极地，物理风化如霜作用 和磨损更有可能 Soil properties 土壤特性 The properties that affect the soil fertility: 影响土壤肥力的特性 a) physical b) chemical c) biological properties The physical properties of the soil: - Mechanical composition 机械成分 different order of the proportion of solid particles found in the soil 在土壤中发现的固体颗粒的比例顺序不同 - Chemical composition which compounds contain the soil PH 含有土壤的ＰＨ值的化合物 - Biological composition living organisms in the soil (plants, animals) 土壤中的生物（植物、动物） THE WATER IN SOIL bound water 束缚水 chemical (in compounds) 化学（在化合物中） physically 身体上 biological 生物的 free water 游离水 gravitation 引力 capillary 毛细作用 ground-water 地下水 The soil improvement 土壤改良 A fundamental property of soil is the fertility. 土壤的一个基本特性是肥力 • can be influenced by a variety of processes: soil preparation, 会受到各种过程的影响：土壤准备、施肥、作物轮作的正确顺序、灌溉等等 fertilization, correct order of crop rotation, irrigation, etc. Fertilization: cultivation process in which plant nutrients are 施肥：将植物养分导入土壤或植物上的栽培过程 introduced into the soil or on the plant. Fertilizer: any organic or non organic (mineral) things which increase the soil nutrients quantity or increase the nutrient supply capacity of the soil. 肥料：任何有机或非有机（矿物）的东西，增加土壤养分的数量或增加土壤的养分供应能力 1. Organic fertilizers: - Farmyard manure - Green Manure 有机肥料 农家肥料 绿肥 - Stubble and root residues - Other organic fertilizers a) straw manure b) corn stalk c) compost 残茬和残根 其他有机肥料 秸秆肥料 玉米杆 堆肥 2. Artificial fertilizers (Direct acting fertilizers) 人工肥料（直效肥料） a. One active substance (mono) fertilizers (N, P, K) 一活性物质（ｍｏｎｏ）肥料（Ｎ， Ｐ， Ｋ） - Nitrogen content, Phosphorus content, Potassium content 氮含量，磷含量，钾含量 b. Two or more of the active ingredient (compound fertilizers) 两种或两种以上有效成分（复合肥） 3. Indirectly acting fertilizers: a. Lime (calcic) fertilizer b. Bacterial fertilizers 间接作用肥料 石灰（钙）肥 细菌肥料 c. Trace elements (magnesium, boron, iron, etc.) 微量元素（镁、硼、铁等） Tillage: Changing the spatial arrangement of the components of soil by various mechanical means. 耕作：通过各种机械手段改变土壤成分的空间分布 The aim of tillage: to establish and maintain the most favorable soil conditions for the cultivated plants. 耕作的目的：为栽培植物建立和保持最有利的土壤条件 Mission: to provide a high quality sowing and optimal soil conditions for the rapid, uniform germination of seeds. 使命：为种子的快速、均匀发芽提供优质的播种和最佳的土壤条件 The basic functions of soil tillage: 土壤耕作的基本功能 Rotating: the replacement the top and bottom soil layers 旋转：更换表层和底层土层 Loosening: moving away of soil particles from each other 松散：使土壤颗粒彼此分离 Crumbling: the fragmentation of larger soil nuggets 破碎：大块土壤碎块 Mixing: position of soil particles compared to each other 混合：土壤颗粒的位置相对于其他方向的变化 changes in all directions Compression: the soil components moved closer to each 压缩：土壤成分互相靠近 other Straightening: smoothing the unevenness soil surface 校直：平整不平整的土壤表面 The vegetables Based of lifetime : 基于寿命 One year of vegetables: spinach, cauliflower, radishes, peas, 一年蔬菜：菠菜、菜花、萝卜、豌豆、豆类、花生、西红柿、辣椒、土豆、西瓜、黄瓜、生菜等 beans, peanuts, tomatoes, paprika, potatoes, watermelon, cucumber, lettuce, etc. Two year vegetables: carrots, parsley, parsnip, onion etc. 两年蔬菜：胡萝卜、欧芹、欧防风、洋葱等 Perennial vegetables:, horseradish, asparagus, rhubarb, 多年生蔬菜：山葵、芦笋、大黄、酸模等 sorrel, etc. Plant reproduction 植物生殖 generative reproduction: 有性生殖 - the harvest of crops 庄稼收成 - seed vegetative reproduction: 营养生殖 - vegetative parts 营养部位 - modified roots 变性根 - stalk 茎，秆 Seed: the core of crops suitable for propagation. 种子：适于繁殖的作物的核心 Sowing: seeds into the soil 播种：把种子播种到土壤里 Planting: vegetative parts 种植：营养的部分 Quality assurance → sealing 质量保证→密封 The quality parameters of the „sowing seed” 播种质量参数 Kind of value: yield potential 价值类型：产量潜力 Origin value: the impact of habitat to the species (eg: Mako onion) 起源价值：栖息地对物种的影响（例如：Ｍａｋｏ洋葱） Purity: the seed lot contains same seeds which develop into viable seedlings. 纯度：种子含有相同的种子，可以长成有活力的幼苗 Purity test: 纯度测定 separated into four groups: - The same kind of pure seeds, 同一种纯种子 - Foreign types of „crop seeds”, 外来作物种子 - Weed seeds, 杂草种子 - Waste (other material) 废物（其他材料） Germination 发芽 The most important trait of seed 种子最重要的性状 The same kind of 100 healthy seeds in favorable conditions, 同类健康种子１００粒，条件优越 how many seeds sprouting up within the specified time 在规定的时间内有多少种子发芽 Use value Use value is expressed as in100 kg of seed how many kg germinable seeds found 使用价值以１００公斤种子中发现多少公斤可发芽种子来表示 萌芽率 纯度 purity % x germinationi % UV = ------------------------------------100 Thousand Grain Weight 千粒重 1000 seed weight expressed in grams 千粒重，以克表示 Seed dressing 种衣包裹 - to destroy pathogens adhering to the surface of the seeds. 消灭附着在种子表面的病原体 - wet or powder form 湿式或粉状 Abrasion, rubbing 磨损，摩擦 Thin crust, in order to facilitate germination (beet) 薄皮，以促进发芽（甜菜） 泛包衣：细小种子增加表面（糖衣） Pan-coating: the tiny seeds increase the surface (dragee) Factors affecting the sowing time: 影响播种时间的因素 - The plant growing season 植物生长季节 - The germination heat demand 发芽热需求 - The weather - Soil preparation 整地 - Removing time of the previous cropping 前茬剔除时间 - The purpose of cultivation (eg.: the maize seed in April, the 培养的目的；： ４月播种玉米，６月底播种青贮玉米 silage maize at the end of June). Plant Sowing time Harvest time Wheat I. half of October I. half of July Winter barley II. half of September II. half of June Spring barley II. half of March I. half of July Rye II. half of September I. half of July Oat II. half of March End of July – Beginning of August Corn II. half of April Middle of September – End of October Sunflower II. half of April Middle of September – Middle of October Peas Middle of March I. half of June Rape II. half of August I. half of June Soya Middle of April – Middle of May Middle of September – Middle of October Sugarbeet I. half of April Beginning of September – End of October Potato Middle of April Beginning of September – Middle of October The methods of sowing 播种方法 Goal: to put the seeds on the same depth 目标：把种子放在相同的深度 • spray sowing • sorted sowing 分类播种 喷播 Seeding depths: 10 times * the seed diameter 播种深度：种子直径的１０倍 the sowing depth: the measured distance between the lower part of the sown seed and the soil surface. 播种深度：播种后下半部分与土壤表面之间的测量距离 PLANT CARE 植物护理 Any activity during the vegetation which results is bigger and better crop. 植被期间的任何活动，其结果是更大的植物更好的收成 Plant care works: - Soil Care 植物护理工作 土壤管理 - Regulation of plant development - The crop protection 植物保护 植物生长调节 Weed control Weed is any plant that are against our will, and they are different from the required crop. 杂草是任何违背我们意愿的植物，它们与所需作物不同 • real weeds (eg. poppy in wheat) 真正的杂草（如。罂粟花在小麦） • culture weeds (eg. sunflower in corn) 养殖杂草（如。向日葵在玉米） Weed control. mechanical weed control 机械除草 chemical weed control • Total herbicides 全部除草剂 • Selective herbicides 选择性除草剂 • Super-selective herbicides 超选择性除草剂 药物吸收场所 drug absorption place • leaf herbicides 叶除草剂 • root heribicidek 根除草剂 mode of action 作用方式 • contact-acting agents (destroy in contact place) 接触剂（接触处销毁） • absorption (synthetic) agents 吸收（合成）剂 The effects can be destroyer: 结果可能是毁灭性的 - inhibition of photosynthesis 光合作用的抑制 - anti-germination effect 抗发芽作用 - causing general disorders growth 导致全身紊乱生长 - causing plant respiratory problems 引起植物呼吸问题 - in other ways. THE IRRIGATION 灌溉 Occasional lack of water → supply the water 偶尔缺乏水供应的水 Methods of irrigation: • surface irrigation • irrigation „like rain” • subsoil irrigation 地下灌溉 • drip irrigation 滴灌 The harvested products can be: 收获的产品可以是 Main products: The target products. 主要产品：目标产品 Twin products: Besides the main product are formed, generally less quantity and value of products. (alfalfa seeds and alfalfa hay) 孪生产品：除了形成主要产品之外，通常产品的数量和价值较少（苜蓿种子 和苜蓿干草） By-products: In addition to the main product are formed. In 副产物：除主产物外还可形成。一般来说，产品量大，价值低。（稻草、甜菜头、肥料等） general, high-volume, low value products. (straw, beet head, manure etc.) The harvest of grain crops 谷物的丰收 arable land approx. 60% of grain crops produce 耕地约。６０％的粮食作物生产 The grain crop maturation has four stages 粮食作物成熟分为四个阶段 The milk maturation period: the plant is still alive, green, delivers nutrients to the crop. 乳汁成熟期：植物仍然是活的，绿色的，为作物提供营养 Moisture content of seed around 50% 种子含水量５０％左右 The wax maturation period: the stem and leaf yellowing, 蜡质成熟期：茎叶发黄，养分流向减少，作物产量下降 reduced nutrient flow in the direction of the crop. Moisture content of seed about 20-25% 种子含水量约２０－２５％ The full ripening stage: No nutrient flow to the seeds. Moisture content gradually decreases. The seed moisture content is 13-15%.完全成熟阶段：没有养分流向种子。含水量逐渐降低。种子水分含量为１３－１５％ The overripe stage: state of the plant tissues get softer, the seeds begin falling out. 过熟期：植物组织变软，种子开始脱落 quality decreases 质量降低 The best quality crop can be optain if we harvest in the end of wax maturation period and the beginning of the full ripening stage. 如果在蜡质成熟期结束和成熟期开始时收获，就能获得最好的品质 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!