“A large part of criminals’ work is nothing more than a battle against lies.” HANS GROSS- father of criminalistics LIE DETECTION - deception detection, scientific truth identifier ● Observation- verbal or nonverbal sign to tell if the person is lying or not. ● Administration of drugs- truth serum test ● Hypnosis ● Mechanical lie detection ○ Different scientific method which includes calligraphy, iris analysis… COMMON METHODS OF LIE DETECTION 1. CROSS CHECKING INFORMATION examination of testimonial evidence and documentary evidence. Through collaborating different means of lie detection. Interrogating the person the person and verification of statements coming form different sources. 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL METHOD Psychological aspect; examination and analysis of person’s behavior and cognition. Started in ancient chinaif the person is involved in a crime. 3. INTERROGATION Useful in criminal detection and interrogation. Interrogation- vigorous, strict or tactical questioning of teh suspect. 4. USING “LIE DETECTION” INSTRUMENTS Include every method of lie detection that uses a particular type of instrument. OTHER METHOD OF LIE DETECTION 1. Word association test- introduced by Francis Galton. The subject will be confronted of stimulus and non-stimulus words. Word related and not related to the case. See reaction. Manner of answering is measured. Presence of inner conflict- a guilty examine when confronted when irrelevant word will suffer in inner self. EX: blocking of response, delay/quick in answering, repetition of the question or answer. • Wilhelm Wundt-Father of Psychology or Experimental Psychology - Leipzig, Germany - first person who conducted an experiment in the field of psychology. Conducted test using the word association test of galton. Standardizes the word association test through using pendulum. • Hugo Munsterberg (US)- -introduced the forensic application of WAT - introduced WAT in the US. first person to use WAT in court as a means of lie detection. • Alexander Luria - strong emotions - neurologist; studies brain and emotions. Person has strong emotions based on his thinking and how he uses his mind. Hypnosis (1778) - Franz (Friedrich) Anton Mesmer -The alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened suggestibility while awareness is maintained. - The person will be induced in a state of consciousness. At a very comfortable state, the examiner will ask the person to do something and he will follow. THEORIES that support hypnosis Retrieval Theory (Dr. Martin Reiser) - Our brain is comparable to a memory bank and it can't store a lot of data. Construction Theory (Dr. Martine Orne) - Processing of the brain. The brain constructs or processes- It can be affected by external factors. We were not sure if that thing really happened or not because of the factors that affected the process. IS HYPNOSIS ADMISSIBLE IN COURT - NO FOR THE REASONS: 1. LACKS GENERAL SCIENTIFIC ACCEPTANCE - Not full science. Does not meet general standards. 2. DISTORTION OF FACTS - High possibility of distortion of facts because of a lot of flaws during the process. 3. FABRICATION ON THE PART OF THE TRIER - Not in conscious state. He may create memories that he will impart to the examiner. 4. SKILL AND PROFESSIONALISM OF THE EXAMINER ADMINISTRATION OF TRUTH SERUM - Dr. Edward Mandel House - Scopolamine/ Hyoscine hydrobromide - Difference: specific drugs used. NARCO - HYPNOSIS / NARCO-ANALYSIS - Sodium amytal - Sodium pentothal *drugs will be administered to the person. These dry=ugs will affect the CNS. if under influence: the person is compelled to do answer questions introduced to him. *will be introduced to the body of the subject which will affect the nervous system Problems in Narco-Hypnosis 1. Hypermnesia (jumbled in the mind of the person) or Confabulation (gaps on the mind of the person and those gas may be filled with things not really happening) - abnormal recall of events. 2.Hypnotic recall- flashbacks of events; distortion of event in memory 3. Memory hardening- recalling of events that did not transpire but seems to happen. INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL ● In Vino Veritas- “in wine there’s truth”; alcohol inhibits the inhibitor- the alcohol is the one who controls the person; affects the CNS of the person. “IS THE STATEMENT OF A PERSON UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ADMISSIBLE? “ It depends: - Admissible: physically available to recall the statements he uttered after the influence of alcohol. - Inadmissible: he cannot recall everything Psychological Stress Evaluation/ Voice Stress Analysis 1960 By Allen Bell & Charles McQuiston - Introduced psychological stress evaluation. Working under the Dektor Company. 1970-application to Lie Detection By Dektor Company introduced the PSE in lie detection. This measures and graphically displays the voice modulation that we cannot hear. ● micro tremors occur at the rate of B - 14 cycles per second *if beyond the cyclic rate=person is lying. 3. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - part of brain of brain imagery; 2 and 3- analyze the blood flow in different regions in our brain/ blood flows in a specific pattern in our brain/ person attempts to lie= create another pattern. Computerized Voice Stress Analysis • NITV (National Institute of Truth Verification) • It measures fluctuations in the physiological micro tremor present in speech *same with PSE Thermal Imaging (Infrared Thermography) Measures changes in regional facial blood flow, particularly around the eyes. ● Brain Wave Fingerprinting ( 95) -EEG (electroencephalograph) wave- there is the common EEG pattern in a person. If he lies the pattern will be different. *relevant question= same pattern *irrelevent- different pattern -The theory is that the brain processes known and relevant information differently from the way it processes unknown or irrelevant information (Farwell & Donchin, 1991). *used by the FBI • P300 by Farwell -to detect the brain's recognition of the known information P300 MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response") - additional features and is reported to provide a higher level of accuracy and statistical confidence than the P300 alone. *Enhanced form of P300 Types of Brainwave Fingerprinting: 1. Event-Related Potentials (ERPS)The equipment will record the EEG wave of the subject. 2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) - part of brain imagery (providing specific images through use of fMRI and PET) Facial analysis- in normal condition= normal flow; abnormal condition= create another pattern Iris Analysis (Pupillometry) • Assessing attention & alertness • 1940s -Larger dilations were identified in guilty than in innocent participants - Lying person has larger dilations - than to people who are not. - Physiognomy. - Alertnes of a person. FACIAL ANALYSIS Facial electromyography (fEMG) refers to an electromyography technique that measures muscle activity by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical impulses that are generated by muscle fibers when they contract. -analyze impulses in our facial muscle. VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL CLUES OF DECEPTION Facial Action Coding System (FACS) ● a.k.a Ekman Micro Expression Training Tool ● Paul Ekman, 1979 ● A research tool useful for measuring any facial expression a human being can make - Same idea with rouges gallery. Composed of different facial expressions. EYA EYE TRACKING • Dilated pupils - associated with anxiety • The strategy of avoidance • Change in the blink - when telling a lie - fewer blinks - after lying -# of blinks increases *dilated pupils because of anxiety, confronted with relevant photographs CHANGE IN THE BLINK *lying = few blinks *after = increases EyeDeTect - Advanced form of polygraph. *sit in front of a monitor which will tell if a person is lying or not, specific result after 10-15mins VERBAL CLUES OF LYING 1. Manner of answering questions >truthful - direct >deceptive - thinking first, beating around the bush 2. Repetition of question >lying - repetition of questions “Do you love her?” “ Do I love her?’ 3. Incomplete/Fragmented Statement “As I recall…” 4. Overly polite >if you did something wrong to an individual, you tend to be polite >you are trying to deceive the person 5. Swearing truthfulness of assertions “I swear” *sign that a person is lying >defensive 6. Vague response >answer is not clear, ideas are not clear >maybe altering information 7. Assertiveness >being aggressive when answering a question 8. Inconsistencies >the subject provides inconsistent statements 9. Slip of the tongue >saying things he’s not suppose to tell 10. Tirades >provides a lengthy speech 11. Pause >too frequent that occur inappropriately >unnecessary pauses >meaning if you are not sure, you will have a long pause 12. Speed of Speech >tense or upset, increases the speed of their speech >when confronted will answer too fast, under psychological distress or attempting to lie *not all the time are applicable NON-VERBAL CLUES OF DECEPTIONS 6. FREQUENT SWALLOWING *when you don’t know what to say 1. EMBLEMS *several body languages or gestures which are not necessary 7. FACIAL MUSCLE TWITCHING *some of our muscles doesn’t cooperate 2. MANIPULATORS OR ILLUSTRATORS *still mannerisms 3. BREATHING *people under prolong periods of stress, hyperventilates - deep breathing 8. GAZE AVERSION *most common but not at present *a mere myth today 9. FIDGETING *different aura 4. SWEATING AND FLUSHED FACE *one of the physiological aspect that is being measured - sweating *provides that idea that a person is anxious 5. DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH *inhibits salivation LIE DETECTION AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY :) *relation of deception and science behind lie detection Psychophysiology •It is the study of how the mind interfaces with the body. • A branch of neuroscience that seeks to understand how a person's mental state and physiological responses interact to affect one another. >emergence of two sciences -PSYCHOLOGY behavior, emotion and cognition of a person. -PHYSIOLOGY How the mind interfaces with the body. *the way our mind process information affects the different systems in our body —Respiratory System - Breathing of the person - Breathing pattern is being measured specific pattern which might be an indication of deception - SPECIFIC - any deviation from the normal response - NORMAL otherwise known as norm *one cycle EXHALATION downward stroke AND INHALATION upward stroke - breathing pattern Excretory System has something to do with electrodermal system - one layer is our excretory gland which produces sweats - if a person is under physiological stress, abnormality in the excretory gland Circulatory System - Circulation of the blood in our body - OUR HEART is a hollow muscle, has holes - pathway of the blood - Similar with excretory and respiratory measure the responses - PULSE RATE AND HEARTBEAT - Under psychological stress= abnormality (HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM) Nervous System - It has something to do with the activators of the body system - Sends signals /messages (in and out) to the different parts of the body - transmits information BASIC FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: →RECEIVING INFORMATION, OR INPUT (SMALL OBJECT) neurons will be the one to receive information *neurons will send a message to the brain →INTEGRATING OR PROCESSING THAT INFORMATION. the brain then will process or integrate that information →GUIDING ACTIONS, OR OUTPUT. after, the brain will send out signals to the body for the guiding action or output - commands STRUCTURE: HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM →motor - efferent CNS- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM composed of the brain (command center of our body; cortex (emotion/judgment) and diencephalon (sensory)- part of the brain that is being directly affected by the different drugs taken by the person) and spinal cord (serve as a pathway for the neuron that will send in and send out messages from the brain). *our cortex has something to do with the interpretation of the person’s emotions, judgment - the way we process information *our diencephalon senses or sensory PNS - PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM *composed of different neurons DIVIDED INTO 3 CATEGORIES: 1. Sensory Neurons - send in or transmit signal going to the brain 2. Inter - neurons - the one that transmit messages from one neuron to another neuron 3. Motor Neurons - send out signal coming from the brain - to different parts of the body Q = “WHAT DO YOU CALL THE PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING MESSAGE FROM ONE NEURON TO ANOTHER?” *How does it transmit messages? →through electrochemical impulses Q= WHAT IS THE OTHER TERM FOR SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURON? →sensory - afferent A. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM *voluntary organs or muscles >refers to those that we can control >E.G. skeletal system - anytime we can control it B. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM *involuntary organs or muscles >we cannot be able to control >E.G. heart - we cannot control the pumping -blinking of our eyes - maybe for several seconds but most of the time we cannot REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - autonomic AUTONOMIC IS DIVIDED INTO TWO: A. PARASYMPATHETIC >rest and digest - at normal condition, dominates our body - more on the conservation of energy B. SYMPATHETIC >fight and flight response *once the person is under psychological stress, it will dominate our body - fight and flight response will be activated *come up with different ways of handling such situation HOW DO WE KNOW IF OUR SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC ALREADY DOMINATES OUR BODY? *change in the physiological functions *change in the body functions WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR SALIVATION? *salivation will inhibit because sympathetic nervous system is activated ● STRESS: our body will release adrenaline (stress hormones) ADRENALINE : EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE : *will be the one to take charge of the changes in our body EPINEPHRINE more on increase in the temperature, heartbeat, pulse rate NOREPINEPHRINE - directly activates the flight and fight response SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM *changes that are being recorded by the different instrument of lie detection as product of SNS -------------------------ON LYING *10 lies that we could do in a day - sometimes we are not aware of PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING ● Theory of mind *we tend to lie just to test the person whom you are talking to *to stimulate another reaction ● Machiavellian Intelligence *at the age of 4 and a half, a child can make a believable or convincing lie contradicts the idea that children don’t lie ● Pseudologia Fantastica - Psychiatric Term for “Habitual or Compulsive Lying” *they feel satisfied when lying *mental disorder Mythomania - it has something to do with people who tend to lie most of the time *condition for excessive or abnormal propensity of lying TYPES OF LIES AND LIARS 1. BALD FACE LIE OR BARE FACE LIE *innocent lie, first time to lie which tends to not convince 2. LIE OF OMISSION *omit a facts *omit a part of the event 3. LIE TO CHILDREN *storytelling a lie; *eg. Liliparin ng kuto? ; imaginary friend 4. WHITE / BENIGN LIE *suki sa board *type of lie in which it is used to maintain the harmony of the relationship between families, co-workers, and friends. 5. NOBLE LIE *commonly committed by people in society because we are benefiting from it. 6. DIRECT DENIAL “I did not do it” *create emotional sense of disturbances - conscience or guilt 7. LIE OF FABRICATION / FABRICATED LIE *didn’t transpired - shared what was being shared to you 8. LIE OF MINIMIZATION* it will downplay the implication 9. EMERGENCY LIE *variation of noble lie and white lie 10. RED LIE * refers to any lie committed against the government - propaganda *spreading fake news against the government. 11. BLUFFING LIE * pretending that you know something even though you do not 12. DISSEMBLING LIE * euphemism or polite term for lying 13. JOCOSE LIE * jokes *half meant half lie 14. PROMOTION LIE / PUFFERY LIE *expectation vs. reality 15. BELIEF SYSTEM * more on religious lies 16. LIE OF COMPLIMENT * “false assurance” - we tend to lie in order to please other “ 17. MALICIOUS LIE * lie use to mislead justice *commonly use by witnesses or lawyer TYPES OF LIARS 1. PANIC LIAR *those who lie to avoid the consequences of confession 2. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR *lying for years, occupation *spy, double-crossers 3. TOURNAMENT LIAR *who loves to lie and they are being excited by the challenges of not being detected *double-crossers 4. ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR *part of underground or gangs - taught to lie by their organization *love to be interrogated 5. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR *no conscience 6. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR *Those you can’t be able to distinguish right from wrong *no proper use of discernment 7. BLACK LIAR* tends to pretend; pretentious people ----------------------------HISTORY OF LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES AND LIE DETECTION Early Methods of Detecting Deception • Trial by Combat- resolving issue by use of human strength * fight to determine the winner and the winner has the right of his claim • Trial by Ordeal - by means of pain * more on infliction of pain - mostly challenges that need to be accomplish • Trial by Jury - fact finders * • Trial by Torture -witch hunt *more applicable to find out if someone is a witch- based on belief or traditions JUDICIUM DEI - basis. “God would help the innocent by performing a miracle on His own behalf” INNOCENT - guided by good spirit DIFFERENT FORMS OF TRIAL BY ORDEAL 1. RED HOT IRON ORDEAL - North Bengal *put the hot iron on the tongue of the subject *let the subject hold the hot iron and let him walk 9 phases *let the subject walk on hot iron INNOCENT: check the tongue, hand or sole of the person; absence of blisters GUILTY: Presence of blisters 2. WAGER OF BATTLE *more on the judgment of God >E.G. trial by ordeal 3. ORDEAL BY BALANCE - Vishnu, India *the person will be weight using a balancing scale before a trial and then after trial - compared *if the weight after is heavier compared before- deemed guilty *if not - innocent →maybe based on the conscience 4. ORDEAL BY WATER *water become the symbol of purity A. Boiling water ordeal - laws of Athelstan, the first King of England *to let a person dip his hand in a boiling water then after removing, they are going to put damage then it will be examined after 3 days *let the person get a stone on the bottom of the pot that contains boiling water Got stone: innocent Did not got stone: guilty *Philippines in Nueva Vizcaya - boiling porridge B. Cold water ordeal >if they suspect someone as witch, he or she will be submerge to cold water *if the person will not float, not a witch not wet knot *if floated - witch, wet knot 5. ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING - Indians - Sathee Rice - will be prepared with incantation and let the person chew a specific amount of rice - face eastward. Then spit it afterwards. PRESENCE OF BLOOD IN THE SALIVA OR SWELLING ON THE MOUTH - guilty or liar 6. ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER - A.k.a. ordeal of the sassy bark - Eastern africa - The person will not eat for 12 hours, then he will be given a small amount of rice and should be swallowed. Then he will be submerged in a pool of emetic water. “HOW WILL WE KNOW IF THE PERSON IS LYING? If he was able to spit all the rice, innocent. VICE VERSA. 7. ORDEAL BY COMBAT *CHAMPION - strong individuals *if I won, I have the right of my claim “When I say I’m innocent, I’m innocent” Loser: hanged or beheaded 8. ORDEAL OF THE CORSNAED - A.k.a ordeal by blessed bread *hollowed bread - no yeast →if the person will be able to swallow the whole amount of bread - INNOCENT 9. TEST OF EUCHARIST - Applied chiefly among the clergy and monks 2 BELIEFS: 1. God would make them sick? 2. will be subjected to poisonous drink *if innocent, an angel will stop that person from drinking 10. ORDEAL OF THE BIER *dead person will be able to find out the killer *all of the suspects will be forming circle beside the dead body BLED OUT: suspect is near 11. ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE - Wanaka, Eastern Africa *Pierce the lips of the suspect using a needle GUILTY: bled out INNOCENT: no blood 12. ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE *The subject will walk in hot coal or fire. GUILTY: presence of blisters INNOCENT: no blisters 13. TRIAL OF THE CROSS A. Arms extended or crosswise *Victim and accused will extend their arms or crosswise. GUILTY: one who moves first. B. Relics or Dice *a dice or relics which is marked with cross INNOCENT: if you will be receiving the dice with cross mark GUILTY: no cross mark 14. TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT - The cloth of the subject will have wax and will walk into a hot place? - Melt:guilty - Not melted: innocent 15. HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD 2 PRACTICES: 1. To let the person throw beans on the sieve. Remained in the sieve: thief Did not remain: innocent 2. While throwing the beans, names will be called. - If the beans remain in the sieve while a name is called, that person is guilty. 16. DONKEY’S TAIL ORDEAL *part of psychological theory *a donkey will be in a dim lighted room alone 2 WAYS: >the suspect will be touched by the suspect, and if the donkey cried - guilty >presence of lamp black on the tail of the donkey, all of the suspects will be able to touch the tail - CLEANEST HAND = guilty 17. ORDEAL OF THE TIGER - Siam - Actually in the bible. - The person will be put in a cage with a tiger. EATEN: guilty NOT EATEN: innocent OTHER COUNTRIES PRACTICING ORDEAL 1. BURMA (Myanmar) - ORDEAL OF DIVINATION 2. Madagascar- DRINKING DECOCTION (from a poisonous fruit called TANGENA) * poisonous drink coming from a poisonous fruit AFTER DRINKING: DIED - guilty ALIVE: innocent 3. Borneo - the accuser and accused were presented with shellfish placed on a plate. First selfish to move: the person is guilty 4. Greece - Axe ordeal *all of the suspects will be forming circles - whichever the blade of the axe will be pointing, guilty HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LIE DETECTION (Q&A VERSION) >The instrument invented by Mosso that was designed to measure the flow of blood of a person while lying on a wooden platform was called A. Hydrosphygmograph B. Sphygmomanometer C. Plethysmograph D. Systolic blood pressure test A. First to employ or introduced scientific instrument in deception detection “Lombroso’s Globe” HANS GROSS - science in criminal investigation B. SPHYGMOMANOMETER - Scientific Cradle C. PLETHYSMOGRAPH - established by Francis Franke - measures of heartbeat and pulse rate of a person D. introduced by William MartsonU.S. vs. FRYE - testified as an expert witness *FRYE WAS STILL CONVICTED because according to court the systolic blood pressure test of Marston doesn’t have general scientific acceptance FRYE STANDARD OR TEST - techniques without general scientific acceptance are inadmissible >Who first used the polygraph in investigating an espionage case? A. Charles Cady B. Leonarde Keeler C. John Larson D. William Marston A. Charles Cady - try to use chloroform in the assasination of late president Abraham Lincold B. Leonarde Keeler - added kymograph (recording unit of polygraph, contain the inking and paper system) C. John Larson - first person to create portable polygraph “WHAT DO YOU CALL THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT DEVISED BY JOHN LARSON?” BREAD BOARD OF LIE DETECTOR “WHO IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF POLYGRAPHY? - JOHN LARSON also known as the Father of Lie Detection Father of Modern Polygraphy? Most Authors: William Marston *have earlier study on polygraph compared to Keeler Other Authors: Leonard Keeler - a lot of contributions *questioned technique *modifications D. William Marston “WHO MADE THE GENERAL QUESTION TEST?” DodPI >Who was the earliest advocate (promoter) of the scientific approach in investigating the criminal cases? a. Arthur Conan Doyle b.Paul Kirk c.Edwin Sutherland d.Hans Gross a. Arthur Conan Doyle - Author of Sherlocke Holmes - SHERLOCKE HOLMES - infamous fictional character b.Paul Kirk - known as one of the best criminalist c.Edwin Sutherland - known as the dean of Criminology d.Hans Gross >Who developed the Zone Comparison Test technique, which is considered as extremely well designed to cover the spectrum of possibilities encountered in polygraph examination? a. Cleve Backster b. Leonarde Keeler c. Ronald Decker d. John Reid a. Cleve Backster ZCT b. Leonarde Keeler -Relevant / Irrelevant technique “GENERAL QUESTION TEST”; Unreviewed control Question; Card test; Personally Embarrassing Test c. Ronald Decker -MGCT - Modified General Question Test d. John Reid -Reviewed Control Question Test >In the history of lie detection, who was the first to practice the technique of taking the pulse as means to detecting lies? a. Vittorio Benussi b. Daniel Defoe c. Luigi Galvani d. Christian Ruckmick a. Vittorio Benussi - “Marey polygraph” only measures respirations b. Daniel Defoe c. Luigi Galvani - GSR / GALVANOMETER d. Christian Ruckmick - Proposed the Electrodermal response >Who among this pioneers of lie detection invented the SCIENTIFIC CRADLE? He reported for the first time in 1878/ based on his experiments, that breathing pattern changes under certain stimuli. He was a student and contemporary of Cesare Lombroso. a. DodPl b. Francis Galton c. Chester Darrow d. Angelo Mosso e. S. Veraguth a. DodPl b. Francis Galton c. Chester Darrow- polygraph modification: galvanometer d. Angelo Mosso e. S. Veraguth- psycho-galvanic reflex >Sometime in1908 in the United States, who introduced for the first time the forensic application of Word Association Technique in detecting deception? This person further suggested possibilities in detecting deception through the recording of physiological changes. a. Francis Galton b. Hugo Munsterberg c. Angelo Mosso d. Alexander Luria e. Wilhelm Wundt >Who believe that galvanic skin resistance was due to electrical activity of sweat glands? So in 1907, he introduced the terms PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX and ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE in the field of lie detection. a. Sticker b. Eugene Vidocq c. Angelo Mosso d. S. Veraguth e. Vigourox a. Sticker- development of galvanograph; introduction of galvanometer to forensic problems b. Eugene Vidocq- personality in criminal investigation c. Angelo Mosso d. S. Veraguth e. Vigourox >Who developed the first AMERICAN POLYGRAPH? This instrument that he developed was capable of continuous recording blood pressure, pulse and respiration. a. John Larson b. Leonard Keeler c. Chester Darrow d. Father Walter G. Summers e. John Reid a. John Larson *police officer in berkeley, US - PORTABLE POLYGRAPH with 2 major components: >CARDIOGRAPH - blood and pulse >PNEUMOGRAPH - respiration MADE MODIFICATIONS: Keeler, Darrow, Reid b. Leonarde Keeler - Added Kymograph - Kymograph, Cardiograph, Pneumograph, GSR c. Chester Darrow - Modified larson’s polygraph by adding galvanometer - Cardiograph, Pneumograph and Galvanometer d. Father Walter G. Summers e. John Reid - First person to introduced 4 components of polygraph - Cardiograph, pneumograph, GSR, and specialized chair (records thigh and feet of the subject) >Who among the pioneers of lie detection developed the first American polygraph with a kymograph? He was the first to invent the kymograph assembly and the rolled chart paper. He incorporated the galvanograph that the skin resistance and pneumograph that measure respiration d. Capt. Clarence D. Lee c. Charles Cady b. Leonard Keeler a. John Reid >Who designed the Berkeley Psychograph, which is one of the more popular American polygraph that was used by police department in US? a. Leonard Keeler b. John Larson c. Hugo Munsterberg d. William Marston >Who first used the term 'polygraph'? A. John Larson B. Richard Archer / Arther *talks about the duration of the question STIMULUS MARK C John Reid D. James Mackenzie *in his article entitled the “Ink Polygraph” >It was Hugo Munsterberg who introduced the first forensic . application of A. Psychological Stress Evaluation. B. C. Psychophysiology. C. Computer Voice Stress Analysis. D. Word Association Test >Who invented the polygraph instrument that simultaneously detect changes in the blood pressure, pulse rate, perspiration, and respiration of the subject then immediately record such changes in a continuous paper? A. Leonard Keeler B. William Marston C. John Larson D. Angelo Mosso A. Leonard Keeler- kymograph is the recording unit of polygraph instrument B. William Marston C. John Larson D. Angelo Mosso ---------------------------PARTS OF AN ANALOG POLYGRAPH MAJOR COMPONENTS : 1. Pneumograph 2. GSR - composed of finger electrodes 3. Cardiograph- composed of the pump bulb; records pulse rate MINOR COMPONENTS: 1. Kymograph- recording unit of the polygraph 2. PEN AND INKING SYSTEM - composed of recording unit of the instrument Lafayette Analog Polygraph : CONNECTION PORT SPHYGMOMANOMETER DIAL SENSITIVITY KNOB - adjust amplitude or height of tracing - every sensitivity knob has a 0-10 number. Must be adjusted to achieve normal amplitude of tracing. The number depends on the answer of the subject. CENTERING KNOB >This part records the operating pressure of the cardio channels VENT KNOB >adjust or align the pen PEN AND INKING SYSTEM >in order to release or contain the pressure of the air O - OPEN releases pressure, C - CLOSE, contains the pressure >ink bottle - stores the capillary ink >CAPILLARY - passed of the ink going to the ink reservoir PEN HOLDER specific mechanism of the poly instrument which holds the pen Pen cradle- hold the pen holder and pen itself in place. PEN LIFTER - use to raise or lower te pens into 3 positions - Loading preposition- the examining is preparing the machine - Ready- the examiner is already attaching the intrisment to the subject - Test p- the examiner will already start to use the machine PAPER WELL PENS Paper well- part where the poly chart is being stored. Pneumo pens- records the breathing pattern of the subject GSR PENS Electrodermal response of the subject; considered as the longer with 7 inch length Cardio pens- length of 5 inch CHART DRIVE ROLLER & CHART DRIVE ROLLER LEVER Chart drive roller- to keep the paper rolling or moving Chart drive roller lever– use to adjust the drive roller PAPER TEAR BAR POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION VS. POLYGRAPH TEST: examination- process that encompasses all activities that take place between the examiner and subject. Test- refers to specific phase of an examination; the moment the examiner turns on the chart drive and turn it off Paper tear bar- used to cut the polygraph chart. PAPER GUIDE Paper guide- it provides guidance teh poly chat during the examination. - 1 division is 5 secs POWER BUTTON & CHART BUTTON Power button- used to turn on and off the instrument. Chart drive button- used to turn on and off the chart drive. 4 PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION 1. PRELIMINARY PREPARATION - Not a formal part of poly examination. Included because there is an importance in doing this phase. Why? It includes the following: This phase includes: • Initial Interview - to determine if the subject is fit or not. To know the facts of the case, interview the requesting party (investigator on case) to have an idea about the case. The idea will provide the examiner on what questions will be formulated. • Obtaining and evaluation of facts • Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked - Helps the examiner to formulate questions •The examiner must furnish the ff. ● Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and victim or complainant ● Incident or spot report ● B.I. of suspects, witnesses, and victim/complainant ● Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts 2. PRE TEST INTERVIEW - First formal step in polygraph examination. This includes: The appraisal of the subject's constitutional rights - The examiner will inform the subject his constitutional rights RIGHTS OF THE SUBJECT: 1. To be examined by a qualified examiner. (examiner shall be qualified by law; examiner shall undergo polygraph training provided by the PNP from 6 months- 1 year) 2. To be determined if fit for examination temporary illness that may affect the physiological function 3. To be informed of the reason for the lie detector test - the examinee must know the purpose why is he being a subject to this examination 4. To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does. - duty of the examiner to explain how the polygraph instrument works to the subject; to give the examinee an insight about the instrument 5. To give consent to the lie detector test. -if the subject verbally agrees that he is going to; however, in the middle the examinee said that refuses; the examiner must not continue because the examinee is not cooperative anymore 6. Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning. Exhaustion; tracings will be affected 7. Not to be exposed to oral criticism or abuse. 8. Not to be exposed to physical, mental or psychological abuse, and - 6,7,8- related. If the examinee undergoes prolonged questioning he will be exhausted and might experience abuse. 9. To refuse to submit to the lie detector test. Importance: helps to prepare the subject psychologically; so that the subject will cooperate with the examiner during the examination • The appraisal of the subject's constitutional rights • Obtain consent to undergo polygraph test by signing statement of consent • The taking of personal data of the subject • Determine the suitability as a subject- refers to the limitation of the subject • Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject- for the examiner to determine if the examinee is prepared or not. >if not, they need to give him enough time to prepare • Informing he subject of his involvement of the case 3. INSTRUMENTATION Questioning proper INVOLVES: 1. Instructions - instructing the person in answering the question (ganyan narinig ko hahaha) 2. Chart Markings 3. Attachment - assemblies for (1) pneumograph (P1, thoracic breathing upper chest and P2, abdomen or lower chest) (2) GSR - *the electrodes will be attached to the index and ring finger of the subject - left hand may vary depending on the instrument being used (3) Arm Cuff - arm near the instrument →Vents - more on containing pressure on the arm cuff. → Sensitivity - adjusting depending on the response of the subject →Centering of the pens Q = WHAT IS THE LONGEST PEN? GSR PEN, Around 7 inches, others are just 5 inches Q = What part of GSR assembly is directly attached to the subject? Finger electrodes composed of the metal plate and velcro strap →Chart Drive 4. Detachment - Removal of the attachments from the subject after the polygraph examination. 4. POST TEST QUESTIONING- form of follow up to the subject in form of: ● Post-Test Interview ○ The subject is truthful. ● Post-Test Interrogation ○ The subject is deceitful. CONSIDERATION IN ADMITTING SUBJECT FOR PVE ● Permanent Physical Illness - quadriplegic?- is his hand or feet paralized; heart diseases ● Temporary Illness - Colds, coughs= no examination should be conducted because it will affect the tracings. ● Current Medical treatment - undergoes any form of treatment or medication ● Daily Habits of the subject - smoking, drinking CAN A PREGNANT WOMAN CAN UNDERGO POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION? No, Heart rate and Perspiration might be altered. - may confused the tracings Yes, provided that the criterias are satisfied less than 3 months CONDITIONS THAT INVALIDATE THE PVE ● Extreme nervousness or emotional tension. - Normal for a subject to feel nervous prior and during the examination. Extreme nervousness may invalidate the ● ● ● result of the examination because it will affect the tracings. Mental abnormalities Physiological Abnormalities Unresponsiveness, due to lack of emotional response, extreme fatigue or mental exhaustion, or effects of alcohol or drugs. * to determine if the subject is prepared or not. LIMITATIONS OF SUBJECTS BEFORE UNDERGOING A POLYGRAPH TEST: *the determination of the subject is fit or not to be subjected to the examination. ● The subject must have a good night sleep of at least five(5) hours prior to the test. - Paramount of examination:comfort of the subject ● He must refrain from smoking for at least 2 hours. ● He should not undergo prolonged interrogation prior to the test. - It will make the subject mentally exhausted and might result in unresponsiveness. ● The subject must have not been subjected to physical abuse or body contact. - The subject might not feel comfortable ● He must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages, taking sedatives, capsules or syrup for at least 12 hours prior to the test. - Might affect the nervous system of the subject. ● He must not be suffering from any temporary illness like headache, toothache, stomachache, fever, menstruation, severe colds and coughs. ● He must not be hungry ● He must not have sex indulgence prior to the test. ------------------- ------------- FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTION >It may affect the chart interpretation >questions must be related to the information provided by the investigator and the subject himself >test question must relate past factual events e. Their meaning must be clear and unmistakable - Whatever the meaning of the question that the examiner wants to convey to the examinee should be the one understood by the examinee. WHAT ARE THE RULES TO BE ALLOWED IN THE FORMULATION OF TEST QUESTION? a. Questions must be simple and direct. -simple words in order for the examinee to easily understand the questions -direct; the message that the examiner wants to relay is the message that is being received by the subject b. They must not involve legal terminologies such as rape, murder etc. - Use of legal terms might appear as a form of accusation. Example: Q: Did you steal Maria’s money? The name Maria is not clear. Should be specific. Example: Q: Did you rape the victim? Rape- sexually assault Murder- kill/shoot/stabbed Embezzle- steal c. They must be answerable by yes or no. - All questions shall be answerable by yes or no, unless being asked to provide explanation. - Card test: number test that require no answer - Yes test - requires a yes answer during the duration of examination f. Questions must be phrased in a language that the subject can easily understand. g. They must not be in the form of accusation. - avoid accusing the subject Example: Q: You're the killer aren’t you? Did you kill the victim h. Question must never contain an inference that the subject is guilty Example: - You killed the victim, didn’t you? (did you kill the victim) i. All questions must refer to only one element of an offense. - make sure to ask one element at a time to avoid confusion on the part of the subject - if two elements, ask them separately d. Must be as short as possible. - Related to the 1st rule, that question must be simple and direct. Example: Q: Did you kill John and kill his money? *ask this separately. Example: Q: Did you enter the house of the victim at # 143 Di Mahanap Street, last October 3, 2019?= too long. (did you enter the house of the victim?/ did you enter the house of the victim on october 3, 2019?) *address is already a given fact J. They must not contain interferences to one's religion race or belief. - Sensitive question; might discriminate the belief of the person during the examination. - Better for the examiner to not ask these questions during examination K. avoid double inquiries - Might provide double meaning • Usually 10 questions - Some might contain 12 questions • At Least 3 charts with rest interval of five (5) to ten (10) minutes between charts - Rest interval is important to maintain the condition of the subject. - We need to make the examinee comfortable during the examination/ TYPES OF QUESTIONS 1. IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS - Neutral or norm question - Types of questions which have no importance to the case under investigation. - Background of the subject - Indicator of a particular subject’s normal baseline level of arousal - Used between relevant questions Example: 1. Is today Monday? 2. Are you over 20 years of age age? 3. Have you been involved in a robbery case this year? 4. Do you drink water? 5. Did you eat today? 6. Do you smoke? 7. Are you wearing brown leather jacket now? 8. Do you live in burgos street, Bacolod city? 2. RELEVANT QUESTIONS - Questions are directly related to the offense under investigation/ a. Strong relevant ir primary relevant questions -which has an intense or specific relationship to the crime. -direct participation of the subject to the crime Example: Q: Did you steal Juan’s bag? b. Secondary or weak relevant - are questions that concern with secondary elements of the crime – partial involvement of the subject to the crime Example: • Between 10:00 to 12:00am., 10 February 2011, did you open the table drawer of mr. dela cruz? • Do you know who took the 20, 000 from John's drawer? - Secondary is divided into two: Classification: ● Preparatory/Sacrifice relevant or DYAT questions - Do you intend to answer truthfully ❖ First relevant use to prepare the first intense question Example: Q: Regarding the stolen money, do you intend truthfully to answer each question about that? • Inside-Issue Relevant Question - Elicit response from a guilty/ deceptive subject who hopes that an error will be made on his/her test Example: Q: Are you hoping an error will be made on this test regarding the target issue • Evidence-connecting question - this has to do with inviting the subject's attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt, by linking him and his predicaments to the fingerprints, footprints, tool marks, etc. collected at the crime scene. - any weapon stated in the question Example: Q: Were the footprints outside the house of Nick yours? •KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS - propounded to the subject to detect information about a crime that only a guilty subject would have. - Such information might include details about the identity of the offender, the site of the crime or the means of committing it, such as the type of weapon used. -information that the guilty person would only know Example: Q: Do you know the identity of the accused person? 3. CONTROL QUESTIONS - designed to produce a significant response from an innocent subject - used for purposes of comparison. - essentially, truthful subjects are believed by polygraph examiners to be more concerned about control than relevant questions. - the responses to both control and relevant questions are compared. Example: Q: Did you ever (Controlling the question) TYPES OF CONTROL QUESTION A. NON-CURRENT EXCLUSIVE QUESTION (BCQ) - Separated in time from the relevant issue with the use of a time bar. - does not ask about the current issue; asks about the past Example: Between ages 18-25, do you remember ever stealing anything? B. CURRENT EXCLUSIVE CONTROL QUESTION - Use of time bar - Excludes specific crime Example: Q: Not connected with the theft from your office, did you ever steal anything? C. NON-EXCLUSIVE CONTROL QUESTION - "did you ever" Example: Did you ever steal anything anywhere? D. INSIDE ISSUE CONTROL QUESTION - Elicit response from an innocent subject who is fearful that an error will be made on his / her test. -Hope that an error Example: Are you afraid an error will be made on this test regarding the target issue? 4. SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION - Outside Issue Question Example: Is there something else you are afraid I will ask you a question about, even though I have told you I would not? CHART 1- GQT General question test- the purpose is to get the standard tracing of the subject and to establish a true telling pattern for the initial part of the record. - About the test under investigation - Composed of 10 questions adn 3 types of questions - Irrelevant, relevant, adn control CHART 2 - CARD/NUMBER TEST - AKA Stimulation or Verification Test - teach the subject to lie in order to get the pattern when the subject lies. - 15, 8, 5, 3, 4, 14 and 12 are used Numbers not being used: 7, 11, 13 - too superstitious 6, 9 - to avoid confusion 0,1 - to avoid confusion with letters O and I CHART 3 - SPOT RESPONDER TEST • Spot responder- the purpose of this determines the responsiveness of the subject to crucial questions on spot responses. - Questions asked from previous original question The subject will going to answer in his mind only; no verbal response SUPPLEMENTARY TEST QUESTIONS ● PEAK OF TENSION TEST (PAT TEST) - Used if the subject does not have knowledge about the facts of the case - Composed of introductory phrases and padding questions. Example: Q: Do you know whether the stolen watch from Rommel is a rolex? (introductory phrase plus padding question) Is it an omega? (padding) Is it a Seiko? (padding) Is it timex? (relevant question) Is it alba quartz? (padding) Is it a citizen? (padding) Symptomatic question An assurance that the examiner will not ask surprise questions to the subject Ex. Are you completely convinced that I will not ask any question on this test that has not already been reviewed? - Spot responses CHART 4 - MIXED QUESTION TEST Mix question- the purpose is to compare the degree of reaction between control and relevant question. - To compare control and relevant questions. CHART 5- SILENT ANSWER TEST Silence answer test (SAT) = it is a confirmatory test - Last type of test being asked to confirm the previous type of test. SKY QUESTION S- stands for suspect K-means knowledge Y- refers to "you"as the subject - Embedded under Zone Comparison Test These three questions are based on the backster technique grouped together to confirm the previous charts and may detect indirect involvement on guilty knowledge Example: Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing nick's ipod? Do you know for sure who stole Nick's ipod? Did you steal Nick's ipod? Five Variations of the Zone Comparison Technique 1. MATTE QUADRI-TRACK ZONE COMPARISON • This is a polygraph technique used only for single issue test. Developed by MATTE. •-single-issue test format uses relevant questions which addresses one single issue only. - University of Utah Variation of original comparison test. ---------–--------–- -- Spot (Inside Track) consisting of a control / r * el question pair to deal with an examinee's "fear of ror^ prime prime and the guilty examinee's "hope of error^ prime prime 2. BACKSTER TRI-ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE OR ZONE COMPARISON TEST (ZCT) This test is alternately known as the Zone of Comparison test (ZOC) it is a polygraph technique that is used for polygraph interrogation regarding a single issue, and it is used particularly in criminal investigations. Chart 1 - ZCT w/o SKY Chart 2 - card / number test (stimulation) Chart 3 = B2CT with SKY Chart 4 = BZCT w/o SKY 3. DODPI BI-SPOTVZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE • has two Zone Comparison 1. Contains relevant questions concerning primary involvement, secondary involvement, and SKY questions. 2. Used when there is one issue that must contain all elements of the Backster CHART MARKING •The process of using SIGNS or SYMBOLS on the polygraph chart to denote the subj*epsilon reactions and other circumstances that occur during the actual polygraph test. - To facilitate the evaluation of the examination. - Will affect the interpretation or result of the examination. - Not properly marked: tracings of the examination will be missed. POLYGRAPH CHART PAPER ● 13. 100 feet long ● 11.6-8 inches in width ● 1/2 or .5 inch margin top and bottom ● Horizontal Lines spaced at 14 inch intervals or zo divisions ● Vertical Lines at 1/10 inch intervals with heavy lines at ½ or .5 inch intervals. ● Each ½ division of the vertical lines represents 5 seconds of time SIGN AND SYMBOL (POLYGRAPH) ***SORRY SA NUMBER 4*** 5. THE UTAH ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE - x/60/ 1.5 A - first marking on the chart xx/60 1.5 A - examiners mark after the test - - - X- beginning/start of the test. The examiner will inform the subject that the test is about to begin. Placed below the cardio tracings. When to put ‘X” mark? The examiner should wait for 3 to 4 division before asking a question to record the normal pattern of the subject. A or M - automatic or manual galvo amplifier used II -point where each question begins and end (called the stimulus mark) XX - The examiner will inform the subject that the examination is about to end. ( + ) - YES answer to a question ( - ) - NO answer to a Question OS - outside stimulus caused change of tracing M -Moved or Movements -MI-For movement instructioninstructed by the examiner -IM - involuntary movement A- adjustment T_T- the subject talked instead of answering yes or no - R - request for Repetition of Question. – the subject may ask for repetition of the question when not understood - C - coughed - N - Noise - S - Subject Sniffed - PJ - Paper Jam - SZ - Subject Sneezed - BI - Breathing Instruction - L - Laughed - B- Used to signify Belched(dighay/burp) - C+ - Increase in Galvo Sensitivity - C- - Decrease in Galvo Sensitivity - Y - Yawned - IS - Ink Stopped - CT - Cleared Throat *written when analog instruments are used. Computerized, just click and it will be marked on the paper. PNEUMOGRAPH TRACINGS ● Found at the top of the chart - P1 and P2 ● Record of the respiratory action during questioning ● Classified as normal and abnormal ● consist of Inhalation and Exhalation strikes with a normal amplitude of * 1/2 to 1 inch. with 3/4 of an inch as the desire amplitude ○ Amplitude - Height of tracing ● - Normal cyclic rate is from 13 to 18 breaths per minute - Other books: 15-20. 18 to be more precise : 18. - 1 Inhalation and 1 Exhalation= 1 cyclic rate = 1 Cycle ● - Men are deep breathers/Women are shallow breathers Men- they breath from their diaphragm Women- breath from their chest only Normal Breathing Pattern: • New born - 50 to 70 cycles/minute • children (1-5 years old) - 20 to 30 cycles per minute, • Adults - 15 - 20 minutes per cycle/minute DESCRIPTIVE TYPE OF BREATHING ● Normal - dependent on the response of the subject ● Rapid - More cycles ● Slow - Less cycles *rapid and slow = volume ● Shallow - Lesser amplitude as to the normal tracing ● Deep - Higher amplitude - hyperventilation *shallow and deep= amplitude ● Serrated Inhalation - Presence of tremor ● Deviations caused by coughing or mechanics of answering TRACINGS THAT ARE INDICATIONS OF DECEPTION • Change in Rhythm or Regularity - Does not have regular baseline • Notched or serrated inhalation or exhalation strokes - Same with the presence of tremors • Change of base line; loss of base line • Hyperventilation - Deep breathing- occurs when the subject attempts to confuse the examiner by taking regular deep breathing • Suppression - Staircasing of tracings 2 kinds: Ascending- low to high tracing Descending- high to low tracing • Respiratory block - Respiratory changes 2 kinds : Holding - block in inhalation/ above tracing Blocking- block in exhalation/below tracing = diko nuggets tawag dtan basta may breathing • Change in amplitude or volume - rapid/ slow/ shallow/ deep • Change in the inhalation or exhalation ratio - Does not have equal length GALVANOGRAPH TRACINGS -Wavering line - Center position GALVANIC TRACINGS INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION • Vertical rise at the point of deception - High or abnormal rise • Double saddle response - Cycle that is incomplete • Long duration and/ or degree of response following point of deception - Flat line • Plunging galvano tracings ● Increase or decrease in blood pressure ● Increase or decrease in pulse rate - More on the volume - Increase: more volume - Decrease: lesser volume ● Increase or decrease in the amplitude - Height of the amplitude rises or shortens ● Change in position or disappearance of dicrotic notch - Dicrotic notch rises of disappears CAUSES OF SPECIFIC RESPONSES - PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS OF THE SUBJECT CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH TRACINGS (CARDIO TRACINGS) •Found at the bottom of the chart showing the three physiological phenomena, a systolic stroke, diastolic stroke and dicrotic notch. - Systole– upward stroke; indicate the contraction of the heart - Diastole- downward stroke; indicate the relaxation of the heart - Dicrotic- return of blood per second and located midway of the diastole = change in position = systole and diastole = disappearance ● = dicrotic Extra systoles - Cause: early contraction of the heart •Normal pulse rate of an individual is 70 to 80 beats per minute TRACINGS THAT ARE INDICATION OF DECEPTION = Extra systoles - *Normality of the response does not necessarily depend on the amplitude or volume of the subject. There is a possibility that the response is normal or abnormal but they are just the same. CHART INTERPRETATION •The process of READING and DECIPHERING the meaning of graphical responses of the subject based on the chart tracings. - We will interpret the chart tracing. To conclude if the subject is deceptive or not. THREE CONCLUSION : 1. NDI / No Deception Indicated= the subject is truthful 2. DI / Deception Indicated= the subject is deceptive (lie) 3. INC / Inconclusive= the polygraph examiner cannot ascertain if the subject is deceptive or not TWO COMMON ERRORS IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION 1. FALSE POSITIVE - a truthful person was found deceptive Example: Mr. A, a deceptive person was found truthful in the polygraph examination. What error occurs? FALSE POSITIVE 2. FALSE NEGATIVE - a deceptive person found out to be truthful What causes the error? - Incompetency of the examiner - Psychological preparation of the subjectthe subject was not prepared properly WHAT ARE THE GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW FOR AN EFFECTIVE CHAR INTERPRETATION? 1. There must be a SPECIFIC RESPONSE. - Deviation of the normal response. - Not all specific response indicates deception 2. To be specific, it must form a DEVIATION from norm. Cause by the psychological stress of the subject 3. It must appear in at least TWO (2) TEST CHARTS. - Deviation must appear from at least two test charts 4. The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific responses in the THREE (3) tracing in the chart - Reliable bases is the presence of specific responses to three tracings in the chart. CHART PROBING Refers to the process of showing the polygram to the subject and providing brief explanations. What is a Polygram? - Refers to the tracings BASIC PROCEDURE OF CHART PROBING: •After taking each chart, the examiner shows the polygram to the subject. • The examiner provides a brief explanation of the significance of any recorded reaction. - Cause of the responses • The examiner points out the dissimilarities between reactions to relevant and irrelevant stimulus - Response between relevant and irrelevant question • To end each chart probing session, the examiner/ FP informs the subject that the probe being done is necessary in order for the test to be objective. SAMPLE OF PROBING QUESTIONS • Tell me what was going on in your mind when I asked you this question? (read the question) • Did you recall any similar incident when I asked you this question? • Is there something you are afraid to tell me about? •Can you tell me what could have caused this reaction (show the tracing) when I asked you this question?
