Language
Terminology – PART 3
• CONTRACTION: A short form in which a subject and an
auxiliary verb, or an auxiliary verb and the Word not, are joined
together into a Word.
Example: - I’m, can’t, Jhon’ll.
• COUNTABLE NOUN: Countable nouns are for things we can
count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form.
The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an".
Example: - A cat, two tables.
• DEMONSTRATIVE: Demonstratives are used to specify the
distance of something in space or time in relation to the
speaker.
Example: - this – that- these - those
• DETERMINER: we use determiners to provide information
about a noun or to introduce a noun. One of a group of words
that begin with noun phrases. Determiners include a/an, the,
my, each, several, more.
• OBJECT: An object is a noun (or pronoun) governed by a
verb or a preposition. There are three kinds of object:
• PASSIVE: It is used to show interest in the person or object that
experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the
action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the
subject of the sentence. It made with be + past participle.
Example:
• The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the
passive voice, not in who uses it.)
• The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not
in who built it.)
• The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in
the people who are doing the repairs.)
PAST PARTICIPLE: the past participle refers to an action that was
started and completed entirely in the past. It is the third principal
parte of a verb, created by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form of a
regular verb. The past participle is generally used with an auxiliary
(or helping) verb—has, have, or had—to express the perfect
aspect, a verb construction that describes events occurring in the
past that are linked to a later time, usually the present. In addition to
the perfect aspect (or perfect tense), the past participle can be used
in a passive voice or as an adjective.
Example:
• Written, forgotten, made, studied, worked.
PAST PERFECT: It is a verb form made with had + past
participle. It used to talk about actions that were completed before
some point in the past, about something that happened before
something else
Example:
• We were shocked to discover that someone had graffitied “Tootles
was here” on our front door. We were relieved that Tootles had
used washable paint.
• I turned back to the house and saw that some someone named
Tootles had defaced my front door!
PAST PROGRESSIVE: The past continuous is made from the past
tense of the verb be and the –ing form of a verb, we use the past
continuous to talk about the past.
for something which happened before and after another action
for something that happened before and after a specific time.
to show that something continued for some time.
for something that happened again and again.
with verbs which show change or growth.
.
We do not normally use the past continuous with stative verbs. We use
the past simple instead
Example:
• The children were doing their homework when I got home.
• It was eight o'clock. I was writing a letter.