SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Community
Engagement, Solidarity
and Citizenship
Module 1 – Quarter 1
The Importance of Studying Community
Dynamics and Community Action
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship (CSC)
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Understanding the importance of studying community
dynamics and community action
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary:
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Development Team:
Chairperson:
Development Team of the Module
Leterin II G. Agcopra
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Elbert T. Maestre
Presentacion P. Alarba
Ivy O. Niñeza
Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Regional Director
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Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V
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Jonathan S. dela Peña, PhD, CESO V
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
i
Community
Engagement, Solidarity
and Citizenship
Module 1 – Quarter 1
The Importance of Studying
Community Dynamics and Community
Action
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
Page No.
Cover page
i
Copyright page
ii
Table of Contents
iv
FIRST QUARTER - MODULE 1
What I Need to Know
1
What Should I Expect
1
Things to Remember to Get Through
2
Remember This
2
LESSON 1- Importance of Studying Community Dynamics and Community
Action
What Should I Expect
3
What I Know
3
What is it
4
What’s In
10
What’s More
10
Assessment
11
LESSON 2 – Definitions of Social Sciences, Institutions, Civil Society and
Local/Grassroots Level
What Should I Expect
12
What I know
12
What’s New
13
Assessment
25
Additional Activities
26
Assessment
27
References
28
iv
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Research findings show that course module is useful academically up to
some level in improving the standards of students. The struggle to study is the main
aim of the students in the teaching-learning process. The goal of all above is to make
teaching-learning process most effective.
In this module, the students understand and appreciate the integration of
social science perspective and community action initiatives.
WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT
After studying this module, students will be able to:
1. demonstrate an understanding of the integration of social science
perspective and community action initiatives;
2. synthesize the integrative experience of implementing
community-action initiatives applying social sciences’
ideas and methods;
3. understand the meaning of community; and
4. learn the importance of studying the community and its
dynamics.
THINGS TO REMEMBER TO
GET THROUGH
To learn the benefits from this module, follow the steps below:
1. Read the module title and the module introduction to get an idea of what the
module covers. Specifically, read the first two sections of this module
1
carefully. The first section tells you what this module is all about while the
second section tells you of what you are expected to learn.
2. Never move on to the next page unless you have done what you are expected
to do in the previous page. Before you start each lesson, read first the
INSTRUCTIONS.
3. Work on the activities. Take note of the skills that each activity is helping you
to develop.
4. Take the Post-Test after you are done with all the lessons and activities in the
module.
5. Meet with your teacher. Ask him/her about any difficulty or confusion you have
encountered in this module.
6. Finally, prepare and gather all your outputs and submit them to your teacher.
7. Please write all your answers of the tests, activities, exercises, and others in
your separate activity notebook.
GOOD LUCK AS YOU BEGIN THIS MODULE!
2
LESSON
1
Importance of Studying Community Dynamics and
Community Action in relation to applied social
sciences and the learners’ future career options
Competency 1A: Explain the importance of studying community dynamics and
community action in relation to applied social sciences and the learners’ future
career options, HUMSS_CSC12-IIIa-c-1 (2 hours)
WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. understand the meaning of community;
2. identify the types of community;
3. appreciate the importance of studying the community and its
dynamics; and
4. learn the social science for future career options.
WHAT I KNOW
Exercise 1.0 I Dream
Instructions: Complete the statement below and answer the questions that follows:
(10 minutes)
I, ______________________, dream to be a/an ________________ in the future.
(Name)
(Dream)
1. What influenced you to form this dream?
2. How do you think this dream will help your future family and the community?
3. Why do you think that this dream is essential?
4. Is your dream still reachable in your current standing as grade 12 student?
3
V
WHAT IS IT
What is community?
A community is a group of people who share something in common. You can
define a community by the shared attributes of the people in it and/or by the strength
of the connections among them. You need a bunch of people who are alike in some
way, who feel some sense of belonging or interpersonal connection.
A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such
as norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense
of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town, or
neighbourhood) or in virtual space through communication platforms. Durable
relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of
community, important to their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions such
as family, home, work, government, society, or humanity at large. Although
communities are usually small relative to personal social ties, "community" may also
refer to large group affiliations such as national communities, international
communities, and virtual communities.
The
English-language
word
"community"
derives
from the Old
French comuneté (currently
"Communauté"),
which
comes
from
the Latin communitas "community", "public spirit" (from Latin communis, "common").
Human communities may share intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs,
and risks in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of
cohesiveness.
According to David M. Chavis & Kien Lee, “Community” is so easy to say. The
word itself connects us with each other. It describes an experience so common that
we never really take time to explain it. It seems so simple, so natural, and so human.
In the social sector, we often add it to the names of social innovations as a symbol of
good intentions (for example, community mental health, community policing,
community-based philanthropy, community economic development).
4
However, the meaning of community is complex. Insufficient understanding of
what a community is and its role in the lives of people in diverse societies has led to
the downfall of many well-intended “community” efforts.
Types of Community
A formal group is formed when people come together to accomplish specific goals
an
objectives.
An informal group is formed when two or more people come together to accomplish
a
specific
task
which
is
mainly
socially
geared.
An urban area is the region surrounding a city. An area with high density of
population.
A rural area is an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not
very many people. A rural area’s population density is very low.
A global community are the people or nations of the world, considered as being
closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being economically,
socially, and politically interdependent.
Sectoral means relating to
a particular economic sector.
the
various economic sectors of
a society or
to
A social
space is
physical
or
virtual space such
as
a social center,
online social media, or other gathering place where people gather and interact.
There are, broadly speaking, five common features of communities.
You can classify every type of community by the purpose that brings them together.
1.
Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.
2.
Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change.
3.
Place. Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries.
4.
Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the
same activities.
5.
Circumstance. Communities
of
people
brought
together
by
external
events/situations.
About 90% of community projects, especially branded communities, try to
develop a community of interest. But a community of interest competes with our
mental leisure time. Communities of interest are the hardest type of community to
develop.
Community Dynamics is the process of change and development
in communities of all living organisms—including plants, microorganisms, and small
5
and large creatures of every sort. Populations of an organism will appear in an
environment as its requirements for establishment are met.
What could it be used for?
For commissioners, policy-makers and anybody else involved in the design and
delivery of local services, Community Dynamics data can be used to bring additional
depth into the understanding of your local areas.
Particularly, these data sets could have a role to play in projects and initiatives
looking to work in a more asset-based way.
Importance of Understanding Community Dynamics and Community Action
Community Dynamics is the change and development involved in a
community that includes all forms of living organisms.
Community Action is putting communities as the center of the services
development and services delivery. This initiative aims to cater the primary needs of
the communities before implementing it. In such way, community action will help the
community dynamics or the degree of improvement of the community.
It is important to understand these two because these will propel the success
and stability of the communities. They go hand in hand and are proportionally
related.
What is community action?
Community action is any activity that increases the understanding,
engagement and empowerment of communities in the design and delivery of local
services. It includes a broad range of activities and is sometimes described as ‘social
action' or ‘community engagement'. These activities can vary in their objective, the
role the community plays, the types of activities involved, their scale and their
integration within the council. What they have in common is that they all involve
greater engagement of local citizens in the planning, design and delivery of local
services.
Why is community action important?
Community action is about putting communities at the heart of their own local
services. Involving communities in the design and delivery of services can help to
achieve a number of objectives, including:




Building community and social capacity – helping the community to share
knowledge, skills and ideas.
Community resilience – helping the community to support itself.
Prevention – a focus on early access to services or support, engagement in
design, cross-sector collaboration and partnerships.
Maintaining and creating wealth – for example helping people into
employment or developing community enterprises.
Role of the Community
The role the community includes community consultation, joint planning, joint
design, joint delivery and community-led activities.
6
Applied Social Sciences
These are social science disciplines, professions and occupations which seek to use
basic social science research and theory to improve the daily life of communities,
organizations and persons.
What can I do with my degree in Social Sciences?
Social Science Careers
The occupations listed below are a selection of those which may
interest Social Sciences students and graduates from the School of Social Policy,
Sociology and Social Research.
Advice Worker- Advice Workers provide information, advice and guidance on a
range of topics depending on the role. These topics may include housing,
employment, welfare, education, finance and law.
Civil Service Career- The Civil Service delivers public services according to
government policies. There are a large number of different departments and so a
huge variety of different roles.
Charity Officer- here are a variety of different roles within charities including project
management, volunteer co-ordination and fund raising.
Community Development Worker- Working in communities and liaising with
different agencies to bring about change and improvements. Some work may be
targeted towards certain groups of people e.g. the unemployed or the homeless.
Community Education Officer- Promoting and coordinating a range of educational
options to members of a local community.
Equality and Diversity Officer- Equality Officers promote diversity and work to
ensure that people are treated fairly and not discriminated against for characteristics
including race, gender, age or disability.
Family Support Worker- Working with families facing a variety of difficulties and
helping them to solve problems and move forward.
Housing Officer- Housing Officers work for local authorities or housing associations
to manage rented accommodation including solving problems raised by tenants,
7
organizing maintenance, allocating properties and dealing with payment issues.
Housing Policy Officers develop policies for local authorities or housing associations.
Human Resources Officer- Human Resources Officers aim to ensure that
organizations have a skilled and efficient workforce. They are involved in recruitment
and selection, training and development, grievance and discipline and provide advice
on employment law.
Immigration, Customs and Border Roles- There are a variety of roles involving
monitoring people, banned substances and other goods leaving and entering the
country to ensure safety and security and to maintain the law.
Intelligence Analyst- Analyzing and assessing intelligence data largely for the
purposes of security and crime prevention.
International Aid/Development Worker- Working to improve the lives of people in
developing countries.
Legal Careers- Providing legal services to clients.
Local Government Careers- Developing policies and delivering local services.
There are a huge variety of roles within local government including roles in social
care, housing and education to name just a few.
Mediator- Working with people to help them solve conflicts and disagreements.
Police Officer- Police Officers work to make communities safer by maintaining the
law and preventing crime.
Prison Officer- Prison Officers are responsible for maintaining security in prisons
and supporting the rehabilitation of prisoners.
Probation Officer- Probation Officers work with offenders and aim to reduce rates of
re-offending and protect the public.
Psychologist- There are a range of different psychologist roles but broadly they
help clients to improve their psychological well being.
8
Psychotherapy, Counselling and mental Roles- Supporting people to overcome a
range of psychological or emotional difficulties.
Social Researcher- Social Researchers could work for universities or
research/market research organizations. Social research covers a wide range of
topics including crime, transport and education. Social Researchers manage
research projects including collecting and analyzing data and presenting the results.
Social Worker- Social Workers work with people in the community who need
support, for example, the elderly, children who are at risk, people with disabilities or
mental health difficulties.
Substance Misuse Worker- Supporting clients to overcome their problems with
drug, alcohol or solvent misuse.
Teacher/Lecturer/Education Roles- There are a variety of opportunities within
education from primary schools to universities.
Victim Care Officer- Providing help to people who have been victims of crime,
including supporting them during court proceedings.
Volunteer Coordinator- Managing the recruitment, training, placement and
retention of volunteers.
Youth Offending Officer- Working with young offenders with the aim of reducing
rates of re-offending and supporting young people to achieve positive outcomes.
Youth Worker- Working with young people to provide support, raise aspirations and
break down barriers to achieving. This is done in a variety of ways including through
recreational activities, organizing projects, mentoring and liaising with other
agencies.
9
WHAT’S IN
INSTRUCTIONS:
In your notebook, answer the following questions.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
Define Community in your own words.
Give three (3) reasons why do we need to study community.
Describe your community in one (1) word, and why?
List down at least five (5) activities in your community that you actively
engaged in.
5.) Give at least five (5) contributions you did to your community as an individual.
Note to the teacher:
Have your own assessment on the above What’s
In activity. Also, you decide the scoring of this activity.
Thank you.
WHAT’S MORE
ACTIVITY 1
1.) Make a non-sequential blocks in your notebook focusing in the Social Science
Careers listed above, select the top five (5) priority career you want in the
future.
(Note: Limit 5 careers only and you can have your own graphical design)
To the teacher:
You can vary the instructions such as:
1. Vary the number of timeline-events, genres and their
structures.
2. Give your own graphical design or ask the students
to have their own.
3. Opt to have another activity as long as it has
something to do with tracing the literary evolution of the
Philippines.
10
ASSESSMENT
Instructions: Match each statement in Column A with what it describes
in Column B. Write the letter of the answer in your notebook.
Column A
Column B
1 A human settlement with a high population
density.
a. Social Science
2. Areas have a low population density and
b. Rural community
small settlements.
c. Community action
3. Known as the change and development
d. Community dynamics
involved in a community that includes all forms
e. Social space
of living organisms.
f. Community
4. A physical or virtual space such as a social
g. Urban community
center, online social media, or other gathering
h. Sociology
place where people gather and interact.
5. A situation putting communities as the center
of the services development and services
delivery.
6. A group of people who share something in
common.
11
SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES,
LESSON INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE, CIVIL SOCIETY
2
PERSPECTIVE AND LOCAL/GRASSROOTS
Learning Competency 1B: Define using various perspectives, e.g., social sciences,
institutions, civil society, and local/grassroots level HUMSS_CSC12-IIa-c-2
(2 hours).
WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
1. understand the community through the lens of the social sciences;
2. identify the various social science perspectives;
3. appreciate the value of community action initiatives; and
4. discuss the community through the five main social institutions.
WHAT I KNOW
Instruction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your
answer in your notebook.
1. Family is responsible for reproduction to replace members, provides protection,
socialize the young.
2. Politics produce and distribute goods and services.
3. Education is a way to pass on culture, knowledge, and values.
4. Religion helps people find purpose in their live, develops spiritual side of people,
provides guidelines for personal behavior and social interaction.
5. Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and
the relationships among individuals within those societies.
6. Sociology is the study of what makes us human.
7. Anthropology is the study of human social life.
8. Economic is the art or science of government.
9. Anthropological perspective focuses on the study of the full scope of human
diversity and the application of that knowledge to help people of different
backgrounds.
10. Institution is a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social,
or similar purpose.
12
WHAT’S NEW
I. SOCIAL SCIENCE
Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and
the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly
used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in
the 19th century. In addition to sociology, it is now encompasses a wide array
of academic disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, economics, human
geography, linguistics, management science, media studies, musicology, political
science, psychology, welfare and nursing studies[1] and social history.
Sociology is the study of human social life. Sociology is a branch of the social
sciences that uses systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis
to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure.
The perspective of sociology involves seeing through the outside appearances of
people’s actions and organizations (Berger, P. 1963). It is the way of looking at the
society and the social behaviour—the subject matter of sociology. It goes beyond
identifying patterns of social behaviour. It also attempts to provide explanations for
such patterns.
What is a social science perspective?
The Social Science Perspective is viewing life through the tinted spectacles of
the speculations passed off as “science” by bullying academics. In sad truth, they
cannot predict wars, social changes, elections, or anything else. And certainly they
are incapable of creating or manipulating anything significant.
They call themselves “scientists” because they explain the world in complex
language and invented words that they pretend to understand. In reality, they have
no science because science means to be able to predict without error and to
manipulate or create phenomena.
A lens maker can create a lens for a specific function because he knows the
materials, the math, and the laws of optics. An astronomer can predict eclipses and
the path of planets. A chemist can synthesize new chemicals, and predict reactions
and the energies involved. Always, without error.
However a social scientist can only generate large volumes of garbled prose,
too thick to be called a lie and without the work ability required of the truth.
13
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad
approach in understanding different aspects of the human experiences, which we
call holism. They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups
lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important to them. They
consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics as well as our bones,
diet, and health.
1. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
-focuses on the study of the full scope of human diversity and the application of
that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds. These are culture, cultural
relativism, fieldwork, human diversity, holism, bio-cultural focus.
2. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
-involves the investigation of the problem on micro and macro levels. At micro
level, sociology studies how individuals behave in social situations—at work, at play,
at home, or in school, or in small and large groups. It deals with people’s everyday
interactions (social interactionist, ethno methodological and phenomenological
approaches of study).
At macro level, sociology focuses on patterns of behaviour and forms of
organisation that characterise entire societies (classical and grand theorist’s
approaches). At this level, sociology deals with large-scale structures (such as
bureaucracy), broad social categories, institutions, social systems, and social
problems such as war, unemployment, poverty, corruption, and solutions to these
problems are sought at the structural or organisational level. In their studies,
sociologists utilise both approaches of study, i.e., qualitative (introspectiveparticipant method) and quantitative (statistical, interview and survey techniques).
3. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Politics (from Greek: Πολιτικά, politiká, 'affairs of the cities') is the set of activities
that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power
relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The
academic study of politics is referred to as Political Science.
Perspectives on politics seeks to provide a space for broad and synthetic
discussion within the political science profession and between the profession and the
broader scholarly and reading publics. Such discussion necessarily draws on and
contributes to the scholarship published in the more specialized journals that
dominate our discipline. At the same time, Perspectives seeks to promote a
complementary form of broad public discussion and synergistic understanding within
the profession that is essential to advancing research and promoting scholarly
community. Perspectives seeks to nurture a political science public sphere,
publicizing important scholarly topics, ideas, and innovations, linking scholarly
authors and readers, and promoting broad reflexive discussion among political
scientists about the work that we do and why this work matters.
14
II. INSTITUTIONS
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
A society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar
purpose. It is an established organization or corporation (such as a bank or
university) especially of a public character financial institutions
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
The 5 Major Social Institutions and Their Functions
The five major social institutions and their functions are fairly universal, but
could vary depending one’s culture or geographic location. However, it is likely that
there be some common or overlapping social institutions, each with its relevant set of
functions, which vary somewhat depending on social values, moral standards, and
level of civilization.
Traditionally, sociology identifies the following major types of social institutions:
15
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE PICTURE
USED.
Functions of major institutions
Family
-
Responsible for reproduction to replace members,
provides protection, socialize the young
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
Economic- Produces and distributes goods and services
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE THE PICTURE
USED.
16
Political- Assists group in decision making
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
Education - A way to pass on culture, knowledge, and values
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
Religion -
Helps people find purpose in their lives
Develops spiritual side of people
Provides guidelines for personal behavior and social interaction
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
17
III. CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
Civil society refers to the space for collective action around shared interests,
purposes and values, generally distinct from government and commercial for profit
actors. Civil society includes charities, development NGO’s, community groups,
women organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, trade
unions, social movements, coalitions and advocacy groups. However, civil society is
not homogeneous and the boundaries between civil society and government or civil
society and commercial actors can be blurred. There is certainly no one 'civil society'
view, and civil society actors need to contend with similar issues of
representativeness and legitimacy as those of other representatives and advocates.
1. MANIFESTATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS
The emergence of civil society groups is well received by development
practitioner in varied forms. Such groups are formed based on the customs and
norms of the prevailing society. Groups that are formed under these have
individuals who can freely choose to associate with not just one but as many as he
or she likes. Since people have the liberty to do such, the groups act like leverage
for particular individuals to be with like-minded citizens. Think of these groups as an
intermediary of the citizens in their relationship with their government and the private
sector. An individual alone will not have the same lobbying power as when he or she
is with a group that has more social capital as an enabler. This combination of
networks and relationships promotes clout in order to carry out the group’s advocate
and goals.
18
2. ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE OF THE
PICTURE USED.
The role of civil society in good governance is to apprise people of their
fundamental rights and responsibilities. In addition, civil society is instrumental in
making people aware about the role of the government and state institutions, as well
as the responsibilities of state functionaries. Without that knowledge, most people
are unaware of governance, public issues and the administrative structures and
functions.
3. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs
and associations which provide services to its members and others. They are
usually nonprofit organizations. Many NGOs are active in humanitarianism or the
social sciences. Surveys indicate that NGOs have a high degree of public trust,
which can make them a useful proxy for the concerns of society and
stakeholders. However, NGOs can also be lobby groups for corporations, such as
the World Economic Forum. According to NGO.org, (the non-governmental
organizations associated with the United Nations [), NGOs are any non-profit,
voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level.
Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety
of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments,
advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision
of information.
Some NGOs rely primarily on volunteers, while others support a paid staff.
Two broad groups of NGOs are identified by the World Bank:


Operational NGOs- which focus on development projects.
Advocacy NGOs- which are organized to promote particular causes.
How NGOs are Funded?
As non-profits, NGOs rely on a variety of sources for funding, including:

membership dues
19



private donations
the sale of goods and services
grants
Despite their independence from government, some NGOs rely significantly on
government funding. Large NGOs may have budgets in the millions or billions of
dollars.
Some common characteristics of NGOs according to Ball and Dunn are:

They are formed voluntarily.

They are independent of government.

They are not for private profit or gain.

Their principal is to improve the circumstances and prospects of disadvantaged
people.
4. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to
achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. Interest group, also
called special interest group or pressure group, any association of individuals or
organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared
concerns, attempts to influence public policy in its favor. All interest groups share a
desire to affect government policy to benefit themselves or their causes. Their goal
could be a policy that exclusively benefits group members or one segment of society
(e.g., government subsidies for farmers) or a policy that advances a broader public
purpose (e.g., improving air quality). They attempt to achieve their goals
by lobbying—that is, by attempting to bring pressure to bear on policy makers to gain
policy outcomes in their favour.
5. INTEREST GROUPS
Interest groups are a natural outgrowth of the communities of interest that
exist in all societies, from narrow groups such as the Japan Eraser Manufacturers
Association to broad groups such as the American Federation of Labor–Congress of
Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) and to even broader organizations such as the
military. Politics and interests are inseparable. Interests are a prevalent, permanent,
and essential aspect of all political systems—democratic, authoritarian, and
totalitarian regimes alike. Furthermore, interest groups exist at all levels of
government—national, state, provincial, and local—and increasingly they have
occupied an important role in international affairs.
Some interest groups consist of individuals such as ranchers or fruit growers
who may form farm commodity organizations. In other instances, an interest group
consists not of individuals but of organizations or businesses.
The term interest rather than interest group is often used to denote broad or
less-formalized political constituencies, such as the agricultural interest and the
environmental interest—segments of society that may include many formal interest
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groups. Similarly, interest is often used when considering government entities
working to influence other governments (e.g., a local government seeking to secure
funding from the national government). In authoritarian and developing societies,
where formal interest groups are restricted or not as well developed, interest is often
used to designate broader groupings such as government elites and tribal leaders.
The common goals and sources of interest groups obscure, however, the fact
that they vary widely in their form and lobbying strategies both within and across
political systems. This article provides a broad overview that explains these
differences and the role that interest groups play in society.
6. Local and International Organizations
There
are
variety
of
legal
types
of
organizations,
including corporations, governments, non-governmental
organizations, political
organizations, international
organizations, armed
forces, charities, not-for-profit
corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions.
An organization is an entity, such as a company, an institution, or an association,
comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.
Local
International
Government Organizations
International Organizations
Local
organization means
an
organization whose activities are limited
to this state or to a specific geographical
area within this state.
An international
organization (intergovernmental
organization) is an organization
established
by
a treaty or
other
instrument governed by international
law and
possessing
its
own
international legal personality, such as
the United Nations, the World Health
Organization and NATO. International
organizations
are
composed
of
primarily Member states, but may also
include other entities, such as other
international organizations.
A local government is a form of public
administration which, in a majority of
contexts, exists as the lowest tier of
administration within a given state. The
term is used to contrast with offices
at state level, which are referred to as
the central
government,
national
government,
or
(where
appropriate) federal
government and
also to supranational government which
deals with governing institutions between
states. Local governments generally act
within powers delegated to them
by legislation or directives of the higher
level of government. In federal states,
local government generally comprises
the third (or sometimes fourth) tier of
government, whereas in unitary states,
local government usually occupies the
second or third tier of government, often
with greater powers than higher-level
administrative divisions.
Notable examples include the United
Nations (UN), Organization for Security
and
Co-operation
in
Europe (OSCE), Council
of
Europe (COE), International
Labour
Organization (ILO)
and International
Police Organization (INTERPOL).
21
Non-government Organizations
International Non-government
Organizations
Organizations which are independent of
government
involvement are
known
as non-governmental
organizations or NGOs
or nongovernment organizations. NGOs are
a subgroup of organizations founded by
citizens,
which
include
clubs
and associations which provide services
to its members and others. They are
usually nonprofit organizations. Many
NGOs are active in humanitarianism or
the social sciences. Surveys indicate that
NGOs have a high degree of public trust,
which can make them a useful proxy for
the
concerns
of
society
and
stakeholders. However, NGOs can also
be lobby groups for corporations, such
as
the World
Economic
Forum. According to NGO.org (the nongovernmental organizations associated
with the United Nations), "[an NGO is]
any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group
which is organized on a local, national or
international level ... Task-oriented and
driven by people with a common interest,
NGOs perform a variety of service and
humanitarian functions, bring citizen
concerns to Governments, advocate and
monitor policies and encourage political
participation
through
provision
of
information
An international non-governmental
organization (INGO)
extends
the
concept
of
a non-governmental
organization (NGO) to an international
scope.
NGOs are independent of governments
and
can
be
seen
as
two
types, advocacy NGOs, which aim to
influence governments with a specific
goal, and operational NGOs, which
provide services. Examples of NGO
mandates
are
environmental
preservation, human rights promotions
or the advancement of women. NGOs
are typically not-for-profit, but receive
funding
from
companies
or
membership fees. Many large INGOs
have components of operational
projects and advocacy initiatives
working together within individual
countries.
IV. GRASSROOTS LEVEL
A grassroots movement is one which uses the people in a given district, region,
or community as the basis for a political or economic movement. Grassroots
movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to effect
change at the local, regional, national, or international level. Grassroots movements
are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision making, and are
sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power
structures.
Grassroots movements, using self-organization, encourage community members
to contribute by taking responsibility and action for their community. Grassroots
movements utilize a variety of strategies from fundraising and registering voters, to
22
simply encouraging political conversation. Goals of specific movements vary and
change, but the movements are consistent in their focus on increasing mass
participation in politics. These political movements may begin as small and at the
local level, but grassroots politics as Cornel West contends are necessary in shaping
progressive politics as they bring public attention to regional political concerns.
The idea of grassroots is often conflated with participatory democracy. The Port
Huron Statement, a manifesto seeking a more democratic society, says that to
create a more equitable society, "the grass roots of American Society" need to be
the basis of civil rights and economic reform movements.[6] The terms can be
distinguished in that grassroots often refers to a specific movement or organization,
whereas participatory democracy refers to the larger system of governance.
STRATEGIES OF GRASSROOTS MOVEMENTS
Grassroots movements use tactics that build power from local and community
movements.
Below is a list of strategies considered to be grassroots because of their focus on
engaging the populace.











Hosting house meetings or parties
Having larger meetings
Putting up posters
Talking with pedestrians on the street or walking door-to-door (often involving
informational clipboards)
Gathering signatures for petitions
Mobilizing letter-writing, phone-calling, and emailing campaigns
Setting up information tables
Raising money from many small donors for political advertising or campaigns
Organizing large demonstrations
Asking individuals to submit opinions to media outlets and government
officials
Holding get out the vote activities, which include the practices of reminding
people to vote and transporting them to polling places.
V. COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVE
What is community action?
Community action is any activity that increases the understanding,
engagement and empowerment of communities in the design and delivery of local
services. It also includes a broad range of activities and is sometimes described as
‘social action' or ‘community engagement'. These activities can vary in their
objective, the role the community plays, the types of activities involved, their scale
and their integration within the council. What they have in common is that they all
involve greater engagement of local citizens in the planning, design and delivery of
local services.
23
Why is community action important?
Community action is about putting communities at the heart of their own local
services. Involving communities in the design and delivery of services can help to
achieve a number of objectives, including:




Building community and social capacity – helping the community to share
knowledge, skills and ideas.
Community resilience – helping the community to support itself.
Prevention – a focus on early access to services or support, engagement in
design, cross-sector collaboration and partnerships.
Maintaining and creating wealth – for example helping people into
employment or developing community enterprises.
WHAT ARE THE CORE VALUES OF COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES?
It focuses on community-action initiatives such as community engagement,
solidarity, and citizenship as guided by the core values of human rights, social
justice, empowerment and advocacy, gender equality, and participatory
development.
The types of activity can include:





Asset transfer (either through formal transfer to bodies such as parish
councils or community interest companies, or transfer of their management to
local community and voluntary groups).
Making better use of physical resources, such as council-owned buildings, to
support community-led activities.
Community engagement in decision-making (for example through public
engagement events where the community helps to decide local priorities, codesign or co-commission services).
Community networks
Community grants
NOTE: CONSIDER PROVIDING SOURCE THE PICTURE
USED.
24
ASSESSMENT
Instructions: Choose a word in the box that corresponds to each of the
following statements below. Write the letter of your choice in your notebook.
a. Civil society
b. Sociology
c. Politics
d. social movement
e. non-governmental organization (NGO)
f.
anthropology
1.
2.
3.
4.
g. grassroots movement
h. Community action
i. local government
j. Local organization
k. Organization
The study of what makes us human.
The study of human social life.
Art or science of government.
Refers to the space for collective action around shared interests,
purposes and values, generally distinct from government and
commercial for-profit actors.
5. A non-profit, citizen-based group that functions independently of
government.
6. Loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a
particular goal, typically a social or political one.
7. One which uses the people in a given district, region, or community as
the basis for a political or economic movement.
8. Any activities that increase the understanding, engagement and
empowerment of communities in the design and delivery of local
services.
9. A local government is a form of public administration which, in a
majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a
given state.
10. It is an organization is an entity, such as a company, an institution, or
an association, comprising one or more people and having a particular
purpose.
25
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
Instructions: Do the following activity in your activity notebook.
1. Take five (5) minutes to think about your community and write down all the needs
and wants of your community in the first box.
2. After listing the needs and wants, list down on the second box list the actors in
the different institutions in your community and how these institution intervene or
help out in making your community a better place to live in.
Needs
Wants
Institution and Actors
Government
Possible Intervention
Family
26
ANSWER KEY
References:
pouncedigital.com.au
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community)
David M. Chavis & Kien Lee May 12, 2015
https://www.feverbee.com/different-types-of-communities/
Source: Brainly.ph - https://brainly.ph/question/1532455#readmore
en.citizendium.org › wiki › Definition
https://www.kent.ac.uk/ces/student/degree/social-sciences/index.html
https://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science
27
https://www.local.gov.uk/our-support/guidance-and-resources/community-action/communityaction-overview/what-community-action
https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/local-organization#
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization
https://www.britannica.com/topic/interest-group
https://aidwatch.org.au/aidwatch-monitor-news/in-the-news/what-is-an-ngo/
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/13/what-is-non-government-organization.asp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization
https://r4d.org/resources/role-civil-society-organizations-supporting-fiscal-transparency-africancountries/
https://tribune.com.pk/story/1637755/civil-society-good-governance
https://www.who.int/social_determinants/themes/civilsociety/en/
SlideShare
https://www.google.com/search
https://www.who.int/social_determinants/themes/civilsociety/en/
slideshare.net
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/perspectives
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politics
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/sociological-perspective-what-is-sociologicalperspective/35056
www.studocu.com
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