ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER. A pervasive pattern of instability of
interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.
DISRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER. Chronic, severe persistent
irritability (frequent temper outbursts and chronic, persistently irritable or angry mood
that is present between the severe temper outbursts).
BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER. Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or
flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear only slight to others, and
by repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to the appearance concerns.
INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER. Recurrent behavioral outbursts representing
a failure to control aggressive impulses as manifested by verbal or physical aggression,
and behavioral outbursts involving damage or destruction of property.
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER. Multiple, current, somatic symptoms that are
distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. The symptoms sometimes
represent normal bodily sensations or discomfort that does not generally signify serious
disease.
ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER. Entails a preoccupation with having or acquiring a
serious, undiagnosed medical illness. Somatic symptoms are not present or, if present,
are only mild in intensity.
CONVERSION
DISORDER
(FUNCTIONAL
NEUROLOGICAL
SYMPTOM
DISORDER). One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.
FACTITIOUS DISORDER. The falsification of medical or psychological signs and
symptoms in oneself or others that are associated with the identified deception in the
absence of obvious external rewards.
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
GRIEF
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE
feelings of emptiness or loss
persistent depressed mood and inability
to anticipate happiness or pleasure
decrease in intensity
more pervasive
sadness associated with thoughts or
reminders of the deceased
may be accompanied by positive
emotions and humor
not tied to specific thoughts of
preoccupations
pervasive unhappiness and misery
preoccupation with thoughts and
memories of the deceased
self-esteem is generally preserved
self-critical or pessimistic ruminations
feelings of worthlessness and selfloathing are common
thoughts of dying are focused on "joining" ending one's life because of feeling
the deceased
worthless, undeserving of life, or unable
to cope with pain of depression
Neurotransmitter
Function
GABA
Inhibitory
Glutamate
Excitatory
Noradrenaline
Stress hormone; fight-orflight; alertness and arousal
Serotonin
Appetite, sleep, mood,
memory and learning, etc.
Dopamine
Motor function, pleasure,
reward system, emotional
arousal
Acetylcholine
Movement, attention,
arousal, and memory
CONDUCT DISORDER
VS.
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER
The behaviors of oppositional defiant disorder are typically of a less
severe nature than those of conduct disorder and do not include
aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, or a
pattern of theft or deceit. Furthermore, oppositional defiant disorder
includes problems of emotional dysregulation (i.e., angry and irritable
mood) that are not included in the definition of conduct disorder.
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
AXIS
Axis I
Axis II
Axis III
Axis IV
Axis V
DESCRIPTION
Refers to PRINCIPAL DISORDER THAT NEEDS
IMMEDIATE ATTENTION.
PERSONALITY DISORDER that may be currently
shaping the current response to the Axis I disorder;
also for DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS.
Lists
any
MEDICAL
OR NEUROLOGICAL
PROBLEMS that may be relevant to the individual’s
current or past psychiatric problems.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS that the individual has
faced recently.
Codes for the LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING the
individual has attained at the time of assessment.
DEPERSONALIZATION
and
DEREALIZATION
Depersonalization - experiences of unreality or detachment from one's
mind, self, or body
Derealization - experiences of unreality or detachment from one's
surroundings
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
COURSE, ONSET; INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE
Course – Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.
Onset – First appearance of signs and symptoms of a disorder
Incidence – Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific
period.
Prevalence – Number of people displaying a disorder in the total
population at any given time
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
VS.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is not characterized by
intrusive thoughts, images, or urges or by repetitive behaviors that are
performed in response to these intrusions; instead, it involves an
enduring and pervasive maladaptive pattern of excessive perfectionism
and rigid control.
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
SCHIZO...WHAT?
“skhizein” (to split) + “phren” (mind)
SCHIZOID – Personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from
social relationships and a restricted range of expression of
emotions.
SCHIZOTYPAL – Personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal
deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced
capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or
perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.
SCHIZOAFFECTIVE – Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia
and major mood disorder.
SCHIZOPHRENIFORM – Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia
but lasting less than 6 months.
CATEGORY
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive Disorders
INCLUSIVE DISORDERS
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania
Excoriation Disorder
DRUGS
USE
EXAMPLES
Depressants
Result in behavior sedation
and induce relaxation
Alcohol, sedative and
hypnotic barbiturates, and
benzodiazepines
Stimulants
Cause users to be more
active and alert, and can
elevate mood
Amphetamines, nicotine,
cocaine, and caffeine
Opiates
Temporarily produce
analgesia (reduce pain) and
euphoria
Alter sensory perceptions
and can produce delusions,
paranoia, and hallucinations
Do not fit into one of the
categories
Heroin, opium, codeine, and
morphine
Hallucinogens
Other drugs of
abuse
Cannabis and LSD
Inhalants, anabolic steroids,
and over-the-counterprescription medications
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21). Most
common chromosomal form of ID and is
caused by an extra 21st chromosome; have
characteristic facial features and tend to
have congenital heart malformations.
Fragile X syndrome. Caused by
an abnormality in the X
chromosome that gives it the
appearance of fragility. Women
who carry the genes display
mild learning disabilities; males
with the disorder display
moderate to severe levels of ID
and have higher rates of
hyperactivity, short attention
spans, gaze avoidance, and
perseverative speech.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Affects
only males; includes signs of
cerebral palsy, self-injurious
behavior including finger and lip
biting.
Phenylketonuria. Most babies with the
condition appear healthy at birth.
Complications arise when condition is
not treated. Damage to the brain and
nervous system can lead to:
1. Learning disabilities
2. Behavioral difficulties
3. Epilepsy
Amniocentesis. A procedure that
involves removing and testing a
sample of the fluid that surrounds
the fetus in the amniotic sac
Chorionic villus sampling
(CVS). A genetic test
conducted during early
pregnancy that samples
cells found in the placenta
(chorionic villi) and assesses
possible
genetic
or
chromosomal problems in
the fetus.
INSOMNIA. Difficulty falling or maintaining sleep; nonrestorative sleep
HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER. Involves sleeping too much.
SLEEP APNEA. A breathing-related sleep disorder wherein people have difficulty
breathing at night, snore loudly, pause between breaths, and wake in the morning with a
dry mouth and headache.
NARCOLEPSY. Recurrent periods of irrepressible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep, or
napping occurring within the same day; some people experience cataplexy or a sudden
loss of muscle tone.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER. The disorder characterized by disturbed sleep
(either insomnia or excessive sleepiness during the day) brought on by the brain’s inability
to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current patterns of day and night.
REINFORCEMENT
(to increase behavior)
PUNISHMENT
(to decrease behavior)
POSITIVE
(adding)
Adding something to Adding something to
increase frequency of decrease frequency of
desired behavior
problem behavior
NEGATIVE
(removing)
Removing something to Removing something to
increase frequency of decrease frequency of
desired behavior
problem behavior
BROCA’S AREA
WERNICKE’S AREA
KORO. A culturally related disorder that usually occurs in epidemics in
Southeastern Asia, consists of a fear that the penis (labia, nipples, or
breasts in females) is shrinking or retracting and will disappear into
the abdomen, often accompanied by a belief that death will result.
HARA KIRI. An individual who brought dishonor to himself or his family
was expected to impale himself on a sword.
AMOK. Individuals enter a trancelike state and may commit violent acts.
Later, they will have amnesia about the episode.
AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER. An eating or
feeding disturbance (e.g., apparent lack of interest in eating or food;
avoidance based on the sensory characteristics of food; concern about
aversive consequences of eating) as manifested by persistent failure to meet
appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs.
RUMINATION DISORDER. The repeated regurgitation of food occurring
after feeding or eating.
PICA. The eating of one or more nonnutritive, nonfood substances that
might include paper, soap, cloth, hair, string, wool, soil, chalk, talcum
powder, paint, gum, metal, pebbles, charcoal or coal, ash, clay, starch, or ice
on a persistent basis.
SOURCE: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
EXHIBITIONISTIC DISORDER. Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure
of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or
behaviors.
VOYEURISTIC DISORDER. Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an
unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual
activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
FROTTEURISTIC DISORDER. Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or
rubbing against a nonconsenting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
FETISHISTIC DISORDER. Recurrent and intense sexual arousal from either the use of
nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on nongenital body part(s), as manifested by
fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 2013)
APHASIA – “a” (not) + “phanai” (speak); loss of ability to speak
AGNOSIA – agnosia (ignorance); loss of ability to recognize
familiar objects or stimuli
APRAXIA – apraxia (inaction); loss of ability to perform
purposeful movements
ANHEDONIA – “an” (without) + “hedone” (pleasure); inability to
feel or experience pleasure
DISRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER
VS.
BIPOLAR DISORDER
• Bipolar disorders are episodic; disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
is not.
• DMDD cannot be assigned to a child who has ever experienced a full
duration hypomanic or manic episode (lasting more than 1 day).
• Elevated or expansive mood and grandiosity (features of mania) are
present in mania but not in DMDD.
Source: DSM-5 (APA, 20130
UNDERAROUSAL HYPOTHESIS. Psychopaths engage in dangerous or illicit
behavior to stimulate the underaroused cerebral cortex in their brains.
FEARLESSNESS HYPOTHESIS. Psychopaths are less prone to fear and thus
less inhibited from dangerous or illicit activities.
TRIPLE VULNERABILITY THEORY. A theory of the development of anxiety
disorders; purports that three vulnerabilities contribute to the development of
anxiety disorders (biological, generalized and specific psychological
vulnerability).