RICE
CROP RECORD
CONTENT
1. Acknowledgement.
2. Introduction
3. Cultural practices and observations
i) Land preparation and Field layout ii)
Water irrigation method iii) Fertilizer and
pesticide usage iv) Cultural practices and
observations table
4. Problems encountered
5. Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This crop record was prepared by regarding the field practices under the subject Cereal, Root and
Tuber Crop Production. I would like to express my gratitude to everyone those who help me to
complete this assignment.
I would like to express a special thank for,
Dr. (Mrs.) R.H.M.K. Ratnayake who conduct the lectures of Cereal, root and tuber crop
production and demonstrators who gave the complete cooperation to success this report.
INTRODUCTION
This record contains the practices and the observations on the field activities when
planting rice plants in home garden and or pots. In here, used practices with remained resources
are nearly based on theories which are learnt in the module Cereal, Root and Tuber Crop
Production
Rice (Oryza sativa)
Rice is the cereal with the second highest worldwide production and the staple food
of over half the world population. Rice is a semi aquatic annual grass and a self-pollinated crop
which was originated in China. It can survive as a perennial. In Sri Lanka paddy cultivation
depends on the rainfall. Rice is cultivated in elevations from sea level to mountains of ~1000m
above mean sea level and temperature raging from ~17˚C in upcountry to ~40 ˚C in the semi-arid
dry zone. This cereal is grown in most of the agroecological regions except WU1, WU2, WU3, IU1
and IU2 due to its elevation, low temperature and cultivation of other profitable crops.
Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species: Oryza sativa L.
Morphology
A rice plant consists of culm, leaves, tillers, panicle and spikelet, floret, flower, rice grain. The
morphology of rice can be divided in to vegetative phase and reproductive phase. Vegetative phase
is germination, seedling and tillering stage. Reproductive phase is panicle initiation and heading
stage.
Each node of the culm consists of a leaf. Leaf sheath appears as a whole or a part of the internode.
Leaf blade is long narrow leaves with a distinct mid rib. One leaf right at the top known as the
‘flag leaf’ is shorter and broader compared to the other leaves. This falls when the panicle is formed
up to the acute angle. Auricle is the coarse hairy claw like appendages where the leaf blade joins
the sheath. Ligule is a colorless, faint pink or purple membrane above the auricle which splits
when matures.
There are two types of roots. They are crown roots and nodal roots. Crown roots are initiated from
the nodes below the ground level. Nodal roots are initiated from the nodes above the ground level
that facilitates gas exchange.
The two parts of rice grain are true fruit and hull. True fruit is thin layers of differentiated tissues
enclosing the embryo and the endosperm. Hull encloses the true fruit. Consists of the palea,
lemmas and rachilla. A single rice grain weigh about 10-45mg when dry
Seeds develop as seedlings when it reaches the optimum conditions required for germination. At
this stage the radicle or the coleoptile emerges from the seed coat. The first root formed is known
as seminal roots. Then the primary leaves form.
The culm consists of nodes and internodes where the upper nodes are attached to a leaf or a bud
that forms tillering plants. The primary tillers are formed after the 4th leaf is formed. The number
of nodes varies from 13 to 16. The panicle consists of the base, axis, primary and secondary
branches, pedicel, rudimentary glumes and spikelet. The panicle has 8 to 10 nodes. Secondary
branches develop from the primary branches. Pedicels develop from the nodes of the primary and
secondary branches. Rice plant has only one fully developed floret per spikelet. The flower is
enclosed in the lemma and palea, which may be awned or awn less. A floret consists of six stamens
and one pistil.
Nursery techniques used in paddy cultivation
Rice seeds are direct seeded through broadcasting or transplanted. Therefore, seeds should be
raised in nurseries like wet bed nursery, dry bed nursery, dapog nursery, modified dapog nursery,
bubble tray nursery.
Seed paddy requirement o For direct
seeding:40kg/Ac o For normal
seeding:20kg/Ac
Land preparation for paddy cultivation
Land preparation is a combination of tillage practices that places the soil in the best physical
condition for plant establishment and crop growth. Prevention of weeds, prevention of pests,
facilitate rooting and reduce crumb formation in soil are objectives of land preparation.
There are two types of land preparation. They are wet land preparation and dry land preparation.
In wet land preparation the major steps involved are soaking, ploughing, harrowing, puddling and
leveling. In dry land preparation, seed paddy is used directly. Not used pre-germinated seeds paddy
like wet land preparation.
Field establishment of paddy
We can use direct sowing or transplanting for field establishment of paddy. Direct sowing can be
divided as wet seeding and dry seeding. In wet seeding re-germinated seeds are broadcasted into
puddled and leveled fields. In dry seeding seeds are sown to dry soil either in rows or random. In
transplanting a spacing of 20 x 20 cm and 20 x 15 cm is recommended for a long age and short
age varieties respectively.
Bg 359
The variety cultivated for taking records is Bg 359. It is a three- and half-month white rice variety
with non-sticky short grains. It is a moderately resistant variety to brown planthopper, rice gall
midge and bacterial blight. It is moderately resistant to thrips, iron toxicity and low temperature.
This variety was recommended in 1999 by the Department of Agriculture. Yield is between 5-6
tons per hectare. It takes 105 days to harvest. Green colored leaves on the leaf sheath. Leaf is blade
rough. Its height is moderate and spikelet spreading slightly. Paddy seeds are straw colored and
paddy seed length is moderate. The shape of the paddy seed is semi-logical. Spikes appear
prominently and this variety gives higher yield.
CULTURAL PRACTICES AND OBSERVATIONS
i.
Land preparation and Field layout
1st plot
Suitable spot was selected near a water. Then boundaries were marked before land
preparation (1mХ1m). First marked area was soaked. Land was dug using mamoty and soil
colloids were broken down. Some organic fertilizers were mixed with the soil. The plot
was filled by water until broadcast the germinated seed.
.
1m
1m
2nd plot (for transplanted seedlings)
Suitable soil was collected amount of it. Unnecessary things were removed from soil.
Amount of Organic materials were mixed with the soil. Prepared soil was moved into the
plot. Soil colloids were broken down. Certain amount of Water was added to the soil.
Seedlings were transplanted in the plot.
50cm
ii.
Cultural practices and observations table
Date
Cultural
Practices
31/12/2020
Good seeds
were
selected
and
let
them to pre
germinate
31/12/2020
Observation
White
colored
coleorhiza
was
appeared on the
coating of the seeds
Coleoptile
was
observed
Measurements
Image
1/1/2020
Pregerminate
seeds were
broadcaste
d in
the plot.
2/1/2021
Watering was
done
3/1/2021
Watering was
done
4/1/2021
Watering was
done
Radicle
appeared.
was
Radicle length- 1cm
Green colored shoot
was appeared
Primary leaf initiation Leaf length = 1.5cm
was started.
First
leaf
was
clearly identified
Leaf length =
2.1cm
5/1/2021
Watering
was done
6/1/2021
Watering
was done
Second leaf has
emerged from the
sheath of some
plants.
First
leaf
elongated
7/1/2021
Watering
was done
8/1/2021
Watering
was done
9/1/2021
Watering
was done
10/1/2021
Watering
was done
Average height
of the plants=
4cm
was
size of leaves was
increased.
Leaf
length
=2.5cm
11/1/2021
12/1/2021
Watering
was done
Watering
done
was
13/1/2021
14/1/2021
Third
leaf
was identified.
Leaves
were
thinned
and
seedlings were look
weak
Red color pests
were
observed on roots.
Seedlings were
transplanted.
Gliricidia leaf
extract
and
Neem
leaf
extract were
added
15/1/2021
Watering
was done
All leaves were
elongated
and
number of leaves
were increased.
3-4 leaves per plant
Average height of
the plants= 12cm
16/1/2021
17/1/2021
Watering was
done
Watering was
done
3-4 leaves
Leaf tip of some
plants
were Average height of
damaged.
the plants13.5cm
Plants’ height was
increased.
3-4 leaves
Average height of
the plants = 13.5cm
18/1/2021
Watering was
done
19/1/2021
Watering
was done
Banana
peel extract
was added
Tips of the leaves
were yellow
colored
20/1/2021
Watering was
done
Tiller initiation was
identified
21/1/2021
Watering was
done
22/1/2021
Watering was
done
Yellow and light
brown
colored
patches were
appeared on leaf
23/1/2021
Watering was
done
Leaf
tip
were
becoming yellow
24/1/2021
Watering
was
done
Moringa leaf
extract
were
added.
4 leaves
Average height of
the plants= 15 cm
25/1/2021
Watering was
done
26/1/2021
Watering was
done
27/1/2021
Watering was
done
28/1/2021
Watering was
done
29/1/2021
Watering was
done
30/1/2021
Watering
and
weeding
were done
31/1/2021
Watering was
done
1/2/2021
Watering was
done
2/2/2021
Watering was
done
3/2/2021
Watering was
done
4/2/2021
Watering was
done
5/2/2021
Watering was
done
Average height
of the plants=
20cm
Some plants were
damaged by dog
6/2/2021
Watering
was done
Diameter of the
culmlittle . bit
bulged
.
7/2/2021
Watering
was done
8/2/2021
Watering
was done
9/2/2021
Watering
was done
10/2/2021
Watering
was done
11/2/2021
Watering
was done
12/2/2021
Watering
was done
13/2/2021
Watering
was done
14/2/2021
Watering
was done
15/2/2021
Watering
was done
Plant
height=65cm
The
culm
was
moreover bulged.
Some leaves were
becoming
yellowish
brown
color and damaged.
16/2/2021
Watering
was done
17/2/2021
Watering
and
weeding
were done
18/2/2021
Watering was
done
19/2/2021
Watering was
done
20/2/2021
Watering was
done
21/2/2021
Watering was
done
22/2/2021
Watering was
done
23/2/2021
Watering was
done
24/2/2021
Watering was
done
25/2/2021
Watering was
done
26/2/2021
Watering was
done
27/2/2021
Watering was
done
Some
sails
were observed
Some Leaves were
damaged
28/2/2021
Watering was
done
29/2/2021
Watering was
done
30/2/2021
Watering
and
weeding
were done
1/3/2021
Watering
was done
2/3/2021
Watering
was done
3/3/2021
Watering
was done
4/3/2021
Watering
was done
5/3/2021
Watering
was done
Heading stage
of
growing
panicle was started.
6/3/2021
Watering
was done
7/3/2021
Watering
was done
8/3/2021
Watering
was done
Panicle
was
elongated and seeds
were started to
separate from each
other.
Secondary tiller can
be identified.
Panicles are still
developing.
9/3/2021
Watering
was done
10/3/2021
Watering
was done
11/03/2021
Watering
was done
12/03/2021
Watering
was done
13/03/2021
Watering
was done
14/03/2021
Watering
was done
15/03/2021
Watering
was done
16/3/2021
Watering
was done
17/03/2021
Watering
was done
18/03/2021
Watering
was done
19/3/2021
Watering
was done
20/03/2021
Watering
was done
21/03/2021
Watering
was done
Flower initiation was
observed.
22/03/2021
Watering
was done
Fully
elongated
be
panicle
can
identified.
23/3/2021
Watering
was done
Milk grain
identified
24/03/2021
Watering
was done
25/03/2021
Watering was
done
26/03/2021
Watering was
done
27/03/2021
Watering was
done
28/03/2021
Watering was
done
29/3/2021
Watering was
done
was
Separated
and
grown seeds can be
identified in most of
the panicles.
.
Some leaves in
bottom part of the
plants were turned
into yellowish
brown color
Length of a
panicle is about
16cm
30/03/2021
Watering was
done
31/03/2021
Watering was
done
Watering
and weeding
were done
1/4/2021
2/4/2021
Watering was
done
Panicle
elongated.
was
Spikelets
appeared in
were
light
green
color
yellow color.
Grains
are
still filling.
3/4/2021
Watering was
done
4/4/2021
Watering was
done
to
5/4/2021
Watering was
done
Panicles
were
bending down.
Spikelets
were
started to turning
into golden yellow
color.
6/4/2021
Watering was
done
7/4/2021
Watering was
done
8/4/2021
Watering was
done
Watering was
done
9/4/2021
10/4/2021
Watering was
done
11/4/2021
Watering was
done
Size of the spikelets
were increased.
12/4/2021
Watering was
done
13/4/2021
Watering was
done
14/4/2021
Watering was
done
15/4/2021
16/4/2021
17/4/2021
18/4/2021
19/4/2021
Yellow and green
colored
panicles
were present in each
panicle
Watering
was done
Watering was
done
Watering
was
done
Watering
was
done
Large number of
spikelets
were
appeared in dried
brownish color.
But some seeds were
black colored.
All spikelets were
becoming large.
20/4/2021
21/4/2021
Harvesting was
done
Around 80 percent
of spikelets of a
panicle
were
become brownish
colored.
Some were white
and looked empty.
Average
Panicle length
20cm
Average Seed
weight 0.012g
Some were become
black colored.
All leaves of the
latter part of the tree
were
brownish
colored.
Time taken for seed germination- 2days
Length of vegetative stage (time taken for flowering)- 85days
Tillering / Number of tillers produced – 4 tillers were identified
Panicle characters – 80 percent of grains filled per panicle, panicle length was 20 cm
Average height of plants = 65cm
Time taken for grain maturity- about 90 days
Grain weight and characters – weight about 0.0122g, grain length – 6.8mm, width – 3.5mm, straw
colored, white pericarp
iii.
Water irrigation method
Watered everyday using a hose. But seedlings were prevented damaging by pressure of
direct water flow.
iv.
Fertilizer and pesticide usage
Neem leaf extract used as the
pesticide
Gliricidia leaf extract used as the
N source fertilizer
Moringa leaf extract used as the
Ca source fertilizer
Banana peel extract used as the
K source fertilizer
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
•
•
Water draining frequently in 1st plot was a problem.
Pest and diseases o There was a pest (Bilobella braunerae) attack to
roots of the seedlings. They raised on root and weaked the rice plant
growth.
o Brown spots (Cochliobolus miyabeanus) on leaves
o There were some snails and they damaged to the leaves
o Paddy bug damaged to developing grains. It caused empty grains
o A dog also damaged to the plants
•
Nutritional deficiencies o K, N deficiency