Design, Construction, Operation,
and Maintenance of Offshore
Hydrocarbon Pipelines
(Limit State Design)
API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1111
FOURTH EDITION, DECEMBER 2009
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Design, Construction, Operation,
and Maintenance of Offshore
Hydrocarbon Pipelines
(Limit State Design)
Down stream Segme nt
API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1111
FOURTH EDITION, DECEMBER 2009
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Special NOles
API puOIc.tiQns neces&arily a<ldr= problem. 01 a general nature. Wi1l1 respect
state. and !ede<aI lows and regulations $IlOOJd be rev;e..ed.
to
parlbJlar
d<cumsta<>;;es.~ .
Neither APi ..... any 01 APr. empo~. sutx:ontracto<t consultan ... ~ees. 0< other assiQn<>e. make any
warranty or representation, either ""Prt!$$ or implied, with JeSIleCI to !he aa:ur1OC)'. compIeleness, or uoelulne$$ 01 the
information contained herein. Of a"",""" any liability Of responsblity !or any use. Of !he results 01 sud1 use. of any
informat"", Of ~ llisctc"d in this pubiicatioo1. NeiIIIer APt ..... any 01 API'. employees. subo:lntn,etOfs.
~tanls . Of o!her assignee. represent 1I1a1 ...... 0I!hi. puOIication wwld no! infr'<lge upon privately owned rig1tt..
CI..,;s;!ied Meas m"Y vMY deperOng on the Iocal ion. oondilions. equipment. and substllnoe. i n _ in any gi ........
situation. Use~ 0I1I1is rocorrrnenOed pr-..ct>:;:e (RP I should consult with !he appropriaIo .... tI-o:>rities h""';ng juris<icIion .
User. of !his RP $IlOOJd no! rely exdusively on the information contained in !his do<unenl Soond busine .... sdenti!lc.
engir ""r..-.g, and safety judgment should be used in employing !he inlonnation contained herein.
may be used ~y anyone de$Dlg to <kl 50. Eve<y..tJorl hits been made by the Institute to aSSUre !he
""""""Y...-.:I reliability 01 the Mta contained in !hem; ho"..... er. the l"'t"lIIe makes roo representation . ... arranty, Of
gua<antee in
with thi. pWlication and he<eby expre&&ly <lisdaims any liability Of r~ity for 10.. 0<
damage resulting !rom 'IS LJ$e or for the violation 01 any ttuIhoritie. having j<.oisdO:::I"" wilh...tlicl; !his po.bIicaIion may
API
~\ion$
conncct""
con~d,
to
laciitate the broad avai'abiily 01 proven, .......-.d engi-leemg and operating
""~. These 1'JbIica\ion$ lire r-.;Jt intended to obviate the need lor 1II'Pij'ing .......-.d engl'e ", io og ~
regarding - . . and -..toera !he ... putjicalions should be lIIiIiz«I. The IomUation and pubiicatioo1 of API ~.\ion$
is no! intended in any way to inIoN: anyone from U&ing any othe< practices.
API publications a<e published
MY manufacturer marking equipment Of maler"'l. in conloom"""" with the ma.1<ing requirements of IOn API .tandard
is solely responsible !or co:nplying ... i\t1 all the ow'icabIe raquirementt. of l Ml standard. API does no! represent.
w""""t, Of \lUaran\e<! 1I1at sud1 pmi<Ocls <10 in fact conloom to !he appIicaI>Io AP I stand..-d .
.... nutu _.....-d. No portal <his....-lt",..,. be ~, nonslot&:l, - . : ! in a _al .'fI'''''.Of.........,.,&:1 boj "'I""'""".
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Contents
...
, Scope . . ...... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... .. .... . . . .... . ......
, Normativl Reflrence... . . . .... . . . ...... . ...... . .... .
,,., Tlrms, Detinijions, Ae«>nyms, Abbreviations, and Symbol . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . .•
Terms and O'finitions . . .... . . . .... . . . .... .
.... ..... ....... .•
I
. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ..... . .... 3
3.2
Acronym •. Abbrevt.tlon., and Symbols .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ..... .
. .... . . . ... . ..... 6
•
O'.lg n. . . .... . . . ...... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . ... . .
. .... . 8
• . 1 O'slgnConditions ... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ... .
. . .... 8
• .2 O'.ignCrijeria. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... .. .... .
. .... II
• .3 Pressure DesignofCompDnenll. . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . .... . ... . .... 12
• .• MaoineO'.lgn. . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...
. ...... 18
• . 5 Fati _ Analysis . . .... . . . .... . ...... . ...... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ..... . .... . . . .... . 20
• •G Lo;odUm ibo .. . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ..... . .... . .... . . . .... . 21
• .7 Valves. Supponlng Elements, Ind Plpl ng . . . .... . . . ...... . ...... . ...... . . . .... . .... . ... . .... Z2
• .8 RouteSelec:t;on . .... . . . ....
. . .... .
. . .... . . . .... . 23
Flow Assurance . .... . . . ... .
.... . 23
• . 10 Thermal EXp"nsion o.sign
. •••••••• . • . •••• 204
.,,
..,
"
Materill. and Dimen.ions . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . . 204
Material • . .... . . .
.. ..... 204
Dimension•. . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . .
.... .. .... . .... . . . .... . 25
6
SaletySystem. . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... .
. ..... . .......... . . . ...
G.l Gene"" . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .......... . .... . . . .... .
6.2 Liquid and Go. TnonlpDftltion System. on Nonpruduction Platfo rms . . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . ....
6.3 Liquid and Gas T",nspDftlllon Systems on Production Platform. . .... . . . .... . ...... .
. .... . .
6 .• S"'... _Connectors... . .
. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ...
. . .... . .... .
25
25
25
25
:n;
Con.truction and~ldlng . .... . . . ...... . ...... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ..
Cons truction .. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... .. .... . .... . . . .... .
7.2 Welding . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . .....
. . . .... . .... . .
7.3 OtherCompononts.ndProcedures. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ...... . . . .. . .
. .. . . . ...
:n;
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7
7. 1
.,••.,
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29
Inspection and Telling .. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . ...... . . . .... . . . ........ 3G
Gene"" . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... .
. ~
Tes~ng . . .... . . . .... . . . .... .
. ...... . .... . . . ..... . .... . . . .... . .... . . 32
9
Operation and Maint ..... nce .... . . . ...... . ...... . ...... . ...... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . .
9.1 System G4Jldel lnel . . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ...... . . . ...
. ....
9.2 Pipeline Operation. . . . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ..
. . .... .
9.3 Emergency Plan . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ... .
. . .... .
9 .• Record.. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . ...... . ...... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . ..... . .... . .
. .... . .
9.5 Cualillc.ation ofllle Pipeline System fo r Higher Operating Pressure ..... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . ..
9.6 Change in P ipeline Use. . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .
. ... .
9.7 PipelineAbandonmenl. . . . . ....
. . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ....
. .... . . . ....
. ..... . ......
COm:>lion Control . .... . . . .... .
.. • • • .. • • • .. •
to.l General . .... . . . ...... . ...... . .... . . . .... . . . .... . .
10.2 ExternalCo;oUngs .. . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . .
10.3 Cathodic Protection..... . .... . . . ...... . ...... . ...... . ...... . ...... . .... .
IntemaICOtTosionControl . . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ...... . . .
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III
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Design, Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon
P i p~ i nes (Limit State Design)
1.1 This recommended prada (R P) sets ""teri3 10< II>e design. o:>I"ISIIUCIioI . testing. operation. and mai"""'a"",
01 o!W>oro .~ pipe'nes ~i<ed in II>e p<o<Iuction. p<o<Iuction ~. 0< transportation 01 ~rbons; !hal is. the
"..,.""""" by pipeine 01 hydrocarbon liQuids. II"se • • and mixtures 0I 1hese hydrOClll'bot1. with walel. This RP may
also be UIi' ZN 10< .. ater injecliol1 pipelines oIIsho<e.
1.2 The RP also awlies to any tn' noportation pipi'lg !acilitie. k;ated on a pnlduction p!at!e<m downstream of
separation and lre.tmMt lacilities, indoding melel !""liIie • • 9"s CO<I1pression ! _ s , liquid p.mps, "oS' xiated
pipi'lg , OI"ICI appu<te""roces.
lirnit . tate design has been ~ed in !his RP to provide a unilonn factor 01 $alet)' with ",SpeC! to rup! ~
0< burst l oilu<e as the primary design O:>rId~>on independen1 01 II>e pipe diameter, .... t lhid<rless. OI"ICI g..-.
8 r iground on !hoo<y and pra<:!i<:e 01 ..... t state. fur pre ........ -wntain<ng ~ may be ku>d in HiM [2J and in
~ .. nd and .)one. 111, as •• ted in the Bib!iogo ll\1hy at the end of the RP. Bont design Gri!e<ia within !his practi<::e ....,
preSMdy defined lot carbon steel line pipe. Application of the proposed design Cfilelia I<> other motenals requires
determination by the use< 01 the ...illilOOJm blot cri!O<ia using the p<o<:ed~ set Iorth in Annex A.
1.3
1.4 The design, """,SIrIJOtion, inspecl>on, and testing provisions of !his RP may not apply I<> ollshore hydrocarbot1
pipel ..... de,-g;.ed 0< installed beIo<e this latest r8\Oision of tl>e RP was issued. The opemt>on and mairII..,a"",
provision. 0I 1his RP "'" sui!aOIe fur
awlicalion to existing !acil ities_
1.5 Design and ronstn>CI>on pracboe. _
than those sellonh in Se ....., 4 and SeOlion 7 may be employ<!<! whM
IUworted by adequate ~ justification. incIooing rnxIcl 0< proof testing 01 involved components 0< proce<Ii..>res
a . a pp'OI> " te_ Nothing in this RP should be """,sidered ItS a b ed rule fur application -..;tt.o<.t ~ ard to $OUrol
engineering judgment.
NOTE
""'" Iho"- lie! bth in I... RP, """ tI-.io RP
Certain 1JO, .. ,,, .. oIaI ~ nto '" """""""I'~.",. .... y _
Of speokat.",..
"'-"'" .""""odo '" ov..ooe ""'" ~iIr«ing r.q....-...-
1.6 This pubIicaticII1 has incorporated by re/e(ence '" 0< parts of se_
existing oodes, stand3fds, and RPs lha1
have been Ioond acceptable fur application to ofIsho<e hydrocarbon pipelr.os_
C a ulio~se .. s hall use 1M mosl recenl editions o f al l reference documents in Ihis RP. For ASME B31 .•
and A SME 83 1.8 s pec ~ icaHy. Ihe 2006 edilion and the 2007 edilion, respeclive ly. of the docume nts we re u sed
as the Ioa,i, fDr do"''''' in ing the requirements . How,""", the ",f&en"" i, meanllo b< ID the c""",JIOOo:/ ing
par1 ln Ihe lalesl revl. lon 0< edition of the pu blication.
1.7
FOI' a g.-aphic ~ 1a tion 0I1I>e 00'JIl<' cI this RP,
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valve 00 productioo facitt ...
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Figure l -ScOl'e ofAPI 1111
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Normative References
The IoIowing ",!ererx;ed doo:>.onenlS .. '" ~$al;Ae tor the app'"",1ian of Itn d<x>.onent. For daled reierM:;:e$.
My the edition med applies. For und,Ued ref~, !he lalesl Milian c( !he ",!ere~ doooment (incloding any
ameJ>;lments) applies.
API Recornrnended Praclioe 2A·WSD, R~ PrIfQice br PIIInn.O>g, Designing ,,,,d CMstrucIing Fixed
~ PIIIIfarms-Wornng Str<> ... Design
API Recornrnended Praclioe 2RD, Design 01_. br Flo8Iing ProduaiM Syu.."s WI'S.) Md Ten&iotH..eg
"~
API Speci!ication 6A/ISO 11)423. Specifi<;a/ion for
w..1head 8ndChriSlml'S T",,, Eq~
API Speci!ication 6OIlSO 14313, SpWficalion for Pipe/in<} V_.
API Reoomrnended Praclioe 14(;, R~ Practiu br ~~si., De<iign, In"alMliM. Md Te.,ing of BIJsic
S<uface S~lety Syott.ms for ~ ProduWon PIIIlfom>s
API Reoomrnended Practice 1410.
Re~
Prttctice lot- Design and InsWaiion 01 ~ PnxJuction
PIIII/omI Piping Sji$",m.
API Standard 1104. ~ of ~"'" and ~ed F«iJities
Pres" ... Tesf;ng of Steel Pipeline. lor lile
H8zmdou$ UQuids, HigHy ~ Liquid$ or c"rbon Diol<ide
API R ....... "' ...lded Practice 1110.
API PWlication
<200,
Re~
Transpon~fiM of Ga ••
P_um GI'S.
Crude Oil, UQvefied Petroleum G~ • • """ Prodvct Pipeline.
API Reoomrnended Praclice 2201,
~'e
Hot
T~ng
Pr.aic<Js .., tile PelroIw.Jm & Pe/roche_ IfIdoJs(rje.
AGA ',Submarine Pipelin<} 0t>.B0I!Om Slab;lity AM/ji$is end De<iign Guideline.
ASME 8 165 I. Pipe FlM>ges _
F"'nged Fitling$ NPS '12 Through NPS 24 ~lebid1<>Ch StandfJfd
ASM E 816,47. Larg<J m_", Steel Fi8nge. NPS?6 ThlwghNPS 60
ASME 8310. Manw/ for De'1JIIDining /lie ~ SIrongtft of CornxI<Id ~.
ASME 831 .6.
ASM E
Ga, T"""mission and m<lrlbufiM Piping System,
_randPre ........
~Ccde
(BPVCl. SI!(:IJOO IX:
~and
Bmz;ng QUMifi<;tJ/ion$
ASOC 1 1.9:2000 3. S8mpling Pm<:ed...... 8nd Tl'I>Ies for I~ by V~s for Pen;",ol NonconfomJing
M_
_
Gao ~SOC; a1ion. 1515 Wiloon _<I.-"<Ing!on. ~ 222\1\1. _ ,,,,,",01\1,
, _ n Socio!y 01
E~ ... 3 Pan. , , _. _
Yori<. N_ Yori< 1001 7, ASME 1nI..",,_, 3 Pan. A..,.....
N.... Yori<, _ YO<l< l00lll.. 5990,
, Mwican 50ci0tyfor OIlMl"; Control, 611 East Wisoonoin """ ....... MiIw_.., Woocoosin 53202 . ........,_,01\1,
...."'"--... --~
--.~~
~ - - .-- -
..
_._""'.O<g.
•
AWS D3.6M " $p&ci!icMion fC>' UndefWI~!er Welding
DNV·RP.f l05:February 2006 ~. Free SPl'Mng Pipd""'$
OOE 6, cxrshoro fnsJa i alion$; GukI~""" on DfI~, eo.-.~, ~r>d Cert;ficB/jon
"ISS SP44 " Steel Pipe!"" Fllfnges
NACE SP 0106:2006 S, Control of Inte~ Com>sion in Steel Pj~""" and Piping Systems
NACE SP 0007:2007ASO 15589--2 (MOD),
Petroleum _nd ""Wfitl gas jnduSlries--C.rlJodic ~ 01 pipe •.,,,,
t"..,oportation systems
OMAE '85", Murphey, C. E" lind Lang ...... C, 0. , "U ltmale Pipe Slfength Urde< BeMing, CoIapse. and Fatigue:
p ~ , V~, 1. pp. 467 \Q 471
Tille 49
coo.. of Fedeml Reg..otions (CFR'j paft 192, TranspoII.OOn 01 NIMun/ and Other Gas by Pif; 'lin<!: _ u r n
S~ Standard.
Tille 49 Code of fedeml ReguIabons (CFR) Pari 195. Tra"'POlfatk><! of Hall",1oos £jqf1ids by PipeJioo
3 Terms, Dennltlons, Acronyms , Abbrevi ations , and Sy mbols
3.1
Terms and Definitions
FOf the ","P' 1-" (i!hi. dQcconenl !he 1oI~ definitions awIy.
3.1 .1
design pressu ....
The maxi....." din'••·•••a., at each aoss section, between inlema! pressor" and e><lema! pressure during ope<aling
coro;tiQns.
3.1 .2
el<\,."", loads
Loads IMt "'" unlikely to be eXOI!e:led dcring the lifetime oIlhe piJl ,~"".
3.1 .3
,H
"hydrocarbon in 8 vapor phase.
• Mlorican l'IoIdirQ Society, Inc., PO. 60, 351IMO, 550 NW Le ........ Ro.:!. Mia", Florid. 33 135. www.......org.
• DooI """,q V_ _ _ . 1, N·l 322 _ . _Yo .......... drw.OOtI'I.
• ~oIE-.ry. _
E' 9r aa
a Palko St., lon<\on, $W aE 5HE , IJr;Io.j Klry:b ••. _ .....""".<po.
1 ....
Sioo<It'<lizalbo sw.ty 01 h V""" & Fill""" 1oi!LoSI'l'. 100" 127 Paolo; SIre8I. NE, V ......... v.gioit 22'80,
.........m.. -hG.com.
• No_ An xi·1ion 01 Coo.""",,. Engir • '" EnE ....._ . IHO South ea.ok Dr"'-. 1io<J$ICn. T.",. 17(1801. _
.....,..""".
• 0/1...".. "'O<horico on<I AtcIic Eng;- a cOrog S~ . "$!.IE 'n, .. n.. _ ', 3 Pori< , , _, N__ Yo<k. _
Yo<k 1001659\10, .....,.. ....... """
10 Tho coo. 0I~ ~1Iiom" .".oNbIe from ,ho U.S. GowmmenI PI'IIi .. ~. WMtongIoo. DC 20<02.
""' 0MsI0n.
'""oct......
"'"---. -. ...
-~
-- .~~
~--.---
..
00_ .
C<Ho'''''''"'' ",""",'00« _
..... ,""""'" ""
00' _ - . _
-.
. (l"" S,.,•.,.....,
I
3.U
seawan:l of \tie established coaS1line tI'I31;s n <Wed
rrtIOt1<i'lg \tie ......."'d , ",,~ of ;"Iand ""'...., water"$.
TtIe
a<e ~
oontact
with \tie open sea. 3I>d se .... ar<I of \tie line
3.1.5
<>fWIo", pipe line ri_
~ 0< near,verIiciJI portion of an oIfuhoro pipelne between \tie plotlo<m piping and \tie
\tie $ea/;Jed. difle<entiatr;d from .. pipeline to provide additional perSOnnel $1t"'1y factor lor
~ oIljec!S. etc.
I>i-. :Ii ... at 0< above
The
" '" puo_ <II .. _
NOTE
tJirdi>.ott)'
dAtnitge.
",... COo <lM1gr>. ""- 'PO: at' ......... dMlgn f""'" shall 00>pIy 10 ,hot _
prp. ......, or>
JaoIIIy. """ ,... -pi, as ..' iIeS9t ,_
.. , ras t>op>;l tNtl point,
.WO ..... iot. "'=<ilontol dOstanco ""'" ""- ....._
" ".......,..." Io:IzontaJ ofIsei <Iiotaoooo <II :lOO
~
b ..... <II 11>0 prp.ioo _
""spon:Ie:Io.er. (•.g. SCFI.,.Of!wt bogins ., tNt ....1'Q<lI! point o! tho_.
~I
F",
desigo1l.- .. ,..... ,, ' ... <Iod "" _
..... ,...
"'0' " d,,,, tt..,j pIoIb" ... '"" ...........
tt«hoO 10 '"" Io<lIOy ohco.oIO .."".".,. thot 'PO: d' .. _ ' desigo1 _ .
haP ..
P'Pttloma _ _ .."".".,. h ";;a l .. _ _ 9>1.- b .
P;pl .. on h .u_ ~ loa 111- ,'
~'od
, .. iza<alolf>el dmI""" o!:lOO ft.
3.1.6
0"
A l1yd<ocol1Xlr'1 in
~
ph/t$e,
3.1.7
OI>e<all...... ,loadl
L<)ad. 1I1al rrtIOy <)(;(U dori">ij r-<)rmai operat>::>n of \tie pipeline.
3.1.8
p ipeline
Piping Phat lra<1spo<ts 1Iui<f. between oIfuhoro pro<Iuction laciI ~ie. 0< bePwee<1 0 platform ond 0 shofe laci tly. oft...,
subd .. ssif.ed into \tie tt:ree ""tegcoies: lIowIineo. ;"jeotion lines, II!>:l export lines,
NOTE
n thoRP
n. ..... of h
_
pi[: . 1 .. "' thio RP .. , hI k> .. t ..... ~." _
-
a l Export w.-A pipolino t hat e ........ ts ....... 'od 015 ondIorgnlPuds _
"
..aMcy (L• . w..... '" gal
bobo>, ""I" .. all. . .... ~ ooIod
pIotb" .. '" _
.
P'PtPlorm and . sror.
ini«fu', g.. 1ft, '" d .. ' ..... iojocti<> ......... etc.l.
3.1.9
p ipeline component
My p;>rt of .. pipeline th/at may be $Ubjectr;d to P<eOSU'" by \tie tran""",ted fIuido .
3.1.10
p ipeline .y. l ~ m
A pipeline and iIs """."'..... to. induding
prewJ<e by \tie transported fIuicIs.
--..-...,---,--_
--.. ...
-~
~
,
,
-- . ~
<:OtTp'ess<>'
station. and
"00
- ~-
ptJ~
station. that "'" Slbieded to intet"IW
. -, . " ".::
_ .. _ ...__
_
•
3.1 .11
platform piping
PivO '1'1
to a production
tn• ..,$IlOfIIIIiOn nub platloon, oonIined to the pli>\fOml
is Iocat"<l bolween
laCW"lChing aM receiving traps Of !he firs! boarcling SDV ...-.:I1he last oot.going bk:dc yaw.. if "" tr"", are present
r~
NOTE 2
U ~..-.3
oorooider«l part of tho
Of
""";"'" _
Pi!: [ .. from •
. -...... 01 h
astotitte<l_ b .... ,5.. el"
des<gn IIIandpoint
Qf
".,....pe..Iioo·""............ be
3.1 .1 2
",im,,,y lo;od
A IMd """""sal)' lor &QOIlibfiom with applied loads.
lhuo,.' pOmac; _
NOTE
"prirno<y Iood io oot ....~,otio ...
......"'.. -,; .1"," ... riI occur.
~ .~ .
I... ~ st,..-,glh, oitho< loiU. '" _
,
3.1 .1 3
~""tion
platform
A Idly that i. oper&ted to pc""",", liquid
hydnx:arbon:! Pnd th/tt indudes such ~ems a$ welb.
assemblies, rompIelion 8"",,"11:1;,., platt""" piping. separatorn, OOhydrators, and heater treaters.
3.1 .1(
s p lNh zone
"The area 01 !he pipeline riser or _
.-
Qf ~$
pipeline oompcneI'ts that is ;"termittenlty wet ..-.:I dry due
] .1 .15
1"'lII p"",,,,,,,,
Til<: pre$$Ure prO<lu.:;:ed by sudden d1ang.e' in the
or fiset.
.~ociIy
",0$'
.,::tioo "" ....,.. 01
cros ... _
$leet. in mm1 (",.2)
area 01 the pipe, in ,....,> (in.')
"
"
CEDI'
capped end bYrst pressore in
CHI'
cappod end yieIId p<e$$U<O;" Nfm-n2 (pS)
"'"
"
".
,,-,
"'""W
certified ... ification agent
external croo. 10 .... ,.01 ""' .. 01 In., pipe. in mm2 (in 2 )
;"siOo diamote< aI pipe, ;., ....., (""j - (IJ - 1II
maximum diameter lOt any gOien (:TQ$.$ section, in mm (in_)
minirIun OOmeto< at 3"Y gill .... cross sec\ion, in mm (in. )
rboble oubmerged IO rc ~ded
00ISide steel pipe doameler
,
r.... or aligner ""mete<
Young'. modYI", 01 elasticity. in
'-'""--.. ...
. ...,--_._-_
- -.~
NlITIm" (psi)
",,!Side diameter 01 pipe (equation OOpendent)
,~
<I"••
-~
~
'
'*
;"lema!
Nlmm~
to wave ar>d tidal
01 the JlIOYir>9 $lreDm 01 hydrocaot>on. ;,,$ide the pipeline
3.2 Acronyms, Abbreviations , and Symbol s
,
_ad
(PSi)
On
- ~-
. -..." ".:;
_
.. _
.. _ _ __
00_,
C<Ho'''''''"'' ",""",' 00« _
..... , """"'" ""
00' _ - . _
'"w
electric resistanoe welded
'"
I.....", bondocd epoxy
"t.
collapse lactor lor use ... 111 oombined pressure and berICIing loads
'N
!.
!.
I,
,
,~
~(M'·ndoced
vibration
internal ~ (burst) desigJ> lactor
w.od joint ladOt, longi!lXliMI Of spiral seam welds
collapse fadOt
propagiOting
bu:::kIe <lo$ign lactOf
feelof .... twater
t""'4'<'rat ...... de ....a-.g factor
I.
h
beOOiog $1tfely ladOt lor installation bending plus e><temal p=!wre
,
col lapse """'-'ction lactor
&<6)
'"
. (l"" S,.'. """"
bendirtg u fely 1<OClor for in-pIi>ce ber>dirtg pi"" e xtomal pressure
"- ..
~ed
burst factor
maximum <)per8ti-lg .. : :,"re
maximum SO<XOe pressure
-~.
l'IOI'!Iinai pipe size
operating Pf"SSUI'e
e.
~
intidentai """"""ssure (inlemal minus external pressure), in Nlmm' (psi)
e~.
actual mea...-i b<nt pressure, in N/trrn' (psO)
e,
e.
specifoed minimum t..xst pressure 0/ pipe, in Nlmm' (psi)
",
col lapse pressure 0/1IIe pipe, in N/trrn' (psi)
desigJ> pressure 0/ I"" pipe''''', (intomal minus external pressure ) in N/trrn' (psO)
e.
e.
elast<: collapse pressure 0/ the pipe, in N/trrn' (psi)
e.
e,
e~ hydrl)$tatic pre$$LU. in Nlmm' (psi)
e.
e.
.nul"" pressure (psi)
internal pressure in the pipe, in N/mm' (psO)
bldle Pf'OPII9"tion pressure, in Nlmm' (psi)
hydrostatic tesl pressure (internal minus exlernal pressure), in N/trrn' (psi)
yield presSU<e at collapse , in N/trrn' (psi)
SMYS 01 pipe. in Nlmrn2 (psi)
S1riIOn amplific3t"" factor
.!ecII catenary riser
sruldown vatve
spec:ific gravity
sJug-<nduced vi;>r1O!ion
specified minin'Mlm yield strength (see S)
"-""--...,--_._-_
...
...
,
-~
~
,
--.~
"00
- ~-
. -, . " ".:;
_ .. _ .. ___
_
,
.0
:;
=f
~ ~
'"
<D
..
f ~f
<::
f
~
,,'" ,f'"
"
...
~
•-
N
3
'I
;1111
3!~
_
p~~d~
d[qh
jrZ
i~~ '1 ~
"ill
~, "'1,~
i"
~
~
i!
h
, II. ~
a a
Z
,. .
> '
~ l'
-
Il;od
~a
'f
--
.~
zz
'1" '1'
d!·d!~b'~
~!
~- .3 II!·I
n: _ ~'i" '1 II
~[~Bn·q ..
1IIIIIi"illllfi!!illl
<
"
!-
I
!
•
hl IAtigue due to hydoPdyn<wnic and
OI'e<a~
i)
spanning impacl$ due to fOU!o selection ;
I)
pipelineIIlmbOOcaI cross<ng requirements;
IoItding;
k) latig ..... affects Wring canstn.o;:tion .
4.1.1.3 This dorumenl is a limiI stMe design ptacOoe ooa.""" dMig" is based 00 !he strer>glh 01 !he pipe lor ead:1 01
!he above lim! sIote$.
4.1.2
Desilln lor Internal and E>.temal Pressures
' .1.2.1 Onilln for Internal P'e..ure
Pipeline components at 8ny point in a pipeline syslem should be OOs ig;-.ed lor or selected to wdhstand !he maxim.Jm
dillOf_ ~ ... betweel1 internal _ e ' tomal preSSlKes to which the "" •..."...,15 will be e x ~ Wring
constn.dion and under OI'e<ating conditions
NOTE
0 '." ..,...oons in _
IIOIbo " .' , .. for_ and _
...,.100 "'in:! ~ _eniiaI PfH'''''' oppIy ID pipe 0( ",her roc<>:! <)tndricaI1IhoIs only and may
"'" ' ........ ro.
f O( w::fo cnmpone<1ts, more detai ed analysis is required to assess the ronbined
prew.ore. which is beyald the scope 01 this Flf>.
e~ect
01 internal and external
The maximum ditferential pre$$Ure lor a IIo>Wne "'""1 be d"" to a $l"oJ! ..... pressure condition . This condition may result
!mm oIosure ole "at.e at !he pmdc>c!oo I_tv witMut closing !he , , _ lit !he tree, manilold. 0( down hole safely
valve . Tho condition may also a<:<:U< due to leal<agc 0 1 _ sarno valves 0( d ..... to plugging 01 !he nO"<'<1ine . The .nut·
in pre$$Ue condition should be cons4de<ed Lrless an QvefjlreSSUre prOtection de,"", or $"(Stem is installed (reler to
API 14C).
Onilln for External Pre ..u ...
' .1.2.2
pipe.""
Ali important ~ation in 011"""'" pipeline oo.i(l1 is external pres......, 00 ... undersea
systems, T....
signific/lorloo 01 e xtomal pressure hils been demonstrated by the budding 01 large pipelirMs .UOj&cted to se~
bending and e xternal P<e$$\re .
4.1.3
Thennallnnuences
pipe.""
tile ..tIects oIt1le"",,1e.>:pan$iOn and contraction 01 the
system. """""
te~ra!ure manges are anlidpated. tile pipeline """"""'" to a platform or Slbsea junctoo should hllve additional
lled'lity lor expa<1sion and conoraction using mea ........ w::fo as slad< curves.
bends. and tIle"",,1expa<1sion
4.1.3. 1 The design shoufd
~
pipe-.e
de.icC$.
' .1.3.2
Adequa1e me .......... shoufd be \31<"" to preveN e xcessive strains or la!igue dllmage due to 1............,.
indo.>:;;c!d upheaval budding 01 buried pipeIIine. or laoenol bo.d<ling 01 ~ pipelines. Design considerations lor
upheaval and la teral buckling should a<>:oun! lor latigue, longitudinal and combined k>ads as
4.6.5 (more information can be Io<.n:I in the relOfe""" paper Ole 6335 1"1).
oo~
in 4.5 and
High production tempe<ature. ",""y lead to the<maI expansior1 01 producIion ""s.ing and elevation in::>"eases
oIsctlsea wellheads. Such elevation cMnges ...1 irIdIJoe "'"placements and loads in altacl>ed equipo ••• "t w::fo as
jo.mpe~ and fIooMioes
4.1.3.3
-. .....,.-.-._-_
...
---...
--. ~
_ -
. ...... ...""..;;. -...'.
'~::::::"" -"
;;.
AP' '''~ ''',,'''''''' ""
.
Thermal expanskln 01 subsea tl<;IoMincs may rO$Ull in Iho movement of mat loun<Iations supporting piping
and viOlve e~t. The mal toundation should be <les4gned to accommo.l8le repeated exp"'nsion ~ .. and
~t exoe.-1'OIa1iol'l 0< senl"""",! as a result 01 soil be4ng displaced from _M~ ~
• .1.3..
•. 1.•
Stoli<: L.... d ~
• .1.• . 1 T.., r;lesign should coosi<Ie< static load.
on tho pipeline. The ... irdud<! tho weigt1t 01 !he pipe.
coating. ~"""5, ...-.l attad'!men ..: external ...-.l internal hydrostatic pressure ...-.l thermal expansion load.:
and !he static /orce$ duo to bottom outosi<Ienoe and differential oettlem.ml
io'~ ,ed
• .U .2 The weOgI1t-felated /oroe$ are of .peciaI concern wner.. tho pipeline is 001 continuc:<.rsly s<opported. tnat is.
""""'" spans are expected to occur. Spans are also 01 concern wner.. se<smic Iiquelac:tiot1 of the SUJltXII\ing bottom
could occur• ...-.l wner.. mudslides could occur. ""'" a. somo area. arQ\Rj tho MissOssippi R ...... delta .
• .1." 3 The weigl>t 01 !he oubmerg&d pOpel .... can be _tfolled th<ougl1tho ~..oon of the pipe wall t _ _
and the defl$ity pnd th.;t,,-,ess 0I 1ho "xt""'~ (concrete) weight coaling . W..;ght ~culatiQos should con$ider $taI;oiIity
_
empty (!he usual aHaid oorodibon). ' cf! of !he !Iuid to be tfanspo<ted and _
with seawater.
•. 1.""
Con$ideraliot1 should be giYet1 to preventing ~bly long
tJf'\SUWOI!ed
lengtns by use of du~
gr_. IW>CI'>of """""" 1$, COOO ,,'" mattresses. $and bagging, 0< othe< $Uitable means.
• .1.• . ~ Thermal ex... nsion Ioitds are 001 considered
01 tho piper .... (see 4.3. , .3) .
•. 1.5
prmar,oload • ...-Ies. they can lead to bud<1iIlg 0< axial collapse
Dynam ic Lo.ads
The design should coosi<Ie< dyrlanlic loads Pnd the resulting $Ire""" io,~. : led on the pipeline These may incIudo:
stresses iroduoed by impacI, , l>i btioo, due to currenHnd..ced VO<\e. sIIeddirog ..:>d 01 ..... hyd<ody!1amic ~ ,
$ei$mic activity. soil n'Io)Vement. and other nalural p/>eroQn'Ieo1a. F(:orC<!$ i",p : led during con$lru(:tiQro irKluce berdng.
oompress;ve. and Ie,,"" stresses, -..toic:t>, in coo,.,....1iot1 ";111 o!he< we ....... , can C3Use pipeline failure .
•. 1.6
Relative Mowement of Con nected Components
•. 1.6.1 The design should consider the eIIecI 01 tho movement of one romponent relati.e to """,!he< and tho
"""",,,men! 01 pipe.oo.opportr.g elements ~ aIIve to tho pipe .
• .1.6.2 fVt SCFt sh3It be designed to meet the requirements 01 AP I 2RD. Design should inOude allowable
n'lQVem<!n! 01 the catenary ri$e<$ and avoidar.:e 01 inleJ1ere<>:e wi!h other risers Pnd '''00''''9 lines su$l>e<lded!rom
!he .!lUcIure. The catenary .;_ touctocIcrwn point is eJ<pected to re ~ _
!<om ti me 4"..~me dumg its service
tile. wt»ch should be acceptable ~ the feQUremeri!s 01 strain ~mi!s and fatigue lite are adeQL>IOle/y mel The
seafloor in any potential area aI SCR tw:;todown movemenl ~ be dear of all <lebris.
• .1.T
•. 1.7.1
COfToslon "'!I_anus
... l lowanee fOf Ext ....... , COrTOSH>n
AdeQuate antic<:Jm»ion OOI>!ing and cathodic p.-olection $Ioo<Jd be provided. Reier to NACE SP 0607 as a guideline
/of !he control 01 external corro&ion .... corrosion allowa""" 10< external corrosion is 001 requi<ed ...nere catt.xlic
prUection is pmvided .
•. 1.7.2
"'Ilowance few Interruo l COrTOO H>n
=
AdeQua'" mea ....
~ be taken to protect ag.ainst .. ",mar corroskln. Proper selection 01 pipe material. internal
CO<Oling, injec:lion 01 a cootosion iroI>ibitor. 0< b coo,ibinaliot1 01 suet> option. should be con side ~. The selec\ed pipe
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
~--.---
...
... .
"
_".... . . .:.. '
-~-
,"
-'-,...
wal lhid<"".. ""'Y ~e a corr<>&ion allowance. o..termination 01 the required com:>sion allowance is ~ the
scope 01 this RP.
The ell~ .. 01 the corrosion miliQlltion s\'Stem should be eva"-'ated periodicaltv to MSUre the system is
functioning as inIe...o..d In·oervi<;e """';!oring devices shoIAd be tlesignod into the original mitigation system.
4.2
Design Crileri\t
4.2.1 Ge" e ... 1
This s!Alse ::lion pravdes design lactors 5j0'0'eming the ""' • ......, operating pre....we (MOP) aJ>d the ma' ..... m
inddental preauro 01 a ~ I ine system. and t.ow these pre ..... r ~ levels ",late (see Figo.o-e 2).
4.2.2
MOP
4.2.2.1 MOI'Limibo
4.2.2.1.1
The MOP should not e.ceed ally oI t,," loIlowirIg:
bl 80 % 01 the applied I1yt1rostatic test pressure ;., a<:<:or<Ianco wiII1 S2 .
..
Max. Fraction o!
"'" ,'
,
,
,
P,~J<f:!\
p.
,
~
0."'"' r',
p.~o.gOP,
1\
,~
, ~
, ~
O.~
0.750
O.e 10
0675
,, ~
0_
.\fQl' ~/',
,
NOTE
---. . ...
-~"'--.~
~--.---
...
$eo ~ . 2. 2 1or p<irnary and _ . , . " .,....-pr.. sur. p<OIodion do,;e. . .:ir Q<.
-
...,-,...
... . _",...,. " . .:.
"
- ~-
•. 2.2.1.2 Fo< puIpOSM of~, ~ssure """II be ;"terpre led "sthe dillofence belw<>en i<>1ema1
external pressure acting on the ~ine
~ssure ar>d
........... _ "'" "'flll\Jr.. _ _
""""","",x.. aI e>t ........ ".......... "'" _ " " aI. b e.ompIo, tt.. '"'lund ~ 1ic 1",1
_ ; , , !his RP See "'" noI. ;" C.2.
NOTE
Somo
~ .tionI
,...,. MOP 10. _
•. 2.2.2 lncidentalOlle'1'ressure
1<>dde<1ta1
ind_ ill(! . iI""tio<> -..here the ~ine Os subject 10 :surge p<esS«,., • ...-.;nte<"dod shuI""
tony lemp)fary i'lci<lental (;Q<'Mlilion . The i'l(:idental overpreosu,e sI>ouId rot e><C<!ed 90 % of ill(!
<>'Ve<pfeSSIJ'"
~. 0<
hydrostalic lest pressure. The ii'"tOdentai pressure may
conditio<> sI>ouid no! be allowed 10 e xceed MOP.
• .2.3
•. 2.3.'
ex~
MOP temporarily; bo1the n<l<>1\aI
"""t"" pressure
Pressure RatlnllS lor Pipeline Components
Compone nts
valves, nanges. MId 0Iher """'POI"IM1!l sMuId """" press,"", mtings 1MIare equal 10 0< ex~ the requiremenlS tor
the ~ine or flowline. Sec note in •. '.2.' .
• .2.3. 2 Componenll Without Specllk: R"tlngs
Components not manutactu<e<llo a standa<d specificatio<> may be quaiified to< US<l as opecified in ASME B31.4 0<
ASM E B3U . Nonmetallic trim, pacl<i'lg . ... als, a<Ol ga$k<!l$ sI>ouid be made 01 materials compatible with the IIuid the
1'iIJ. 1ine ,,<Ol with !he oIIsIIore env. ' ......nl.
• .2.3.3 Seymentation lor Dill".-"nl MOPs
P<pelines 1""1 ...e segmenled 10 operate 81 dill .... ,"" MOPs stIOUId have "" OsoIMion . alve (ar>d ¥1Y asoocia1ed
CO<J"9O'l"nIs) rated 10 the tighe, MOP installed at the point 01 preosu<e "'II"""'tatio<>. The lowe< MOP ~t
sh<:><Ad be p<otected !rom ~ by ~ ... : :,'.-e st.JtdoYm devices tot the app!0I> ..Ie ~ platlom>s, 0<
by D relief system if !he segment tem"Jinates on shore. Autom/llic or....,..,te ~ Iion of the . _ at !he poinI c(
~ oegmenIation sI>ouid be considered only ~ reI .. biIity 01 ()"Jtl"OTOJnicatio<> and actuating powe' 10 ill(! . _ Os
"PI'OI> " lely e~.
Fo< lines -..toe'e tt>e<e is a pressure brea~ topoid.s, " redun:lant " " " _ syS1e m GtII'sis1ing
isolation .alves ";Ih inOepeo:;Ient p<essUl"e " " " _ switches sI>ouid be considered .
c( two inde~N
• .3 Pressure Design 01 Components
• .3.'
Int",",,1Pre.suno (Bunt) On;!!n
The hyd<ostalic test pressure. the ~Iine design p<essure , ar>d!he inc>demal """'ll'l'ssure. induding boIh inlemal
and externa l ~ssures acting on the ~ines . shall not e. CC'ed Ihat dete<mined by the equations (sec FIQOJrtI 2):
''I
'''f"
"'"---.... ...--_._-_..
-~
-- .~~
t.
is !he iilernAi
~ {~l
de$ign factor, lII'Piicabie to ... pipelines;
0.90 lor pipelines;
0.75 lor pipeline n$ef1;.
• . See AWE 1>31.' 0< ASME 1>31 .8. 0rIIy mat"""ls
j;
is tile weld joir1t factor. lorIgit~ 0< spQI seam _
with a factor 01 '.0 a ... acceptable.
h.
is Ihe lempera lUre cIera~ng factor. ... specifoed ii A5ME B31.8 11.0 lor lempe<atu .... '"" \h"" 121 'C
(2SO <Fll·
P,
is Ihe incicIefltal over pre.SIn (iitomAi ......... e><lerM prew.ore). in Nlmrn" (psi).
1\
is the specified minil"rum burst pressure
1'.
is lhe pipeline tlesign press<J .... in N,lmm2 (psi).
1',
is the hyd"oSlatic lest pressure (inlernal
P, •
O.4~(S '
c(
pipe, in Nlrrml (psi).
mi...,. externAl pressure). in Nlmm' (psi).
U)tn Q .0<
''I
0,
,,,
U
is the outside diamet ... 01 pipe, in mm (in.):
I);
is IJ _ 11 ~ inoitlo diameter 01 pipe. in mm (in.);
S
is the specified minil"rum yield strength (SlAYS ) 01 pipe, in NImm2 (psi)(see API 5L. ASME BJ l .4. 0<
AWE B31.8 ... approprjale ):
1
islhe ~ wailhid<""$11 <:i pipe, ii mm (ii.);
U
is Ihe specified ",i..i ..um ultimate tensile strength <:i pipe, ii Nlmrn" (psi l;
1"
is the .... tlll"AlIog.
_-..1iono,
NOTE t Tho
EQuatico"I (4)...0 ~_tJon (5), lor tho "'"" '"
(I},I < tIl, Eq..-t;'" I" io ,...... " ' .. ~.
NOT~ 3
~ ' ..,.u,-.d cuntrd
Tho~ minimJm
E , ......
w.eQO.Iva ..... 1or Il, ~ '). Fct
.... 1). , ""'-
u I _ ~ ...0 _ _ <ao1 P<Wuce pip< "lith ' ,opou ... d w-st ~ .
w-st 1'0=1,. ~ be _ _ in ocrord.""" -Mth Anno, B .
When 8 rorrosion AlkJwance is required. the design process shotjd consider the !<>lowing adicostmet"lt to the wal
lhid<r>ess used in tile design oqJ<Otico:>s:
"'"---.... ...
-~
--.~~
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..
'i
"if
iirl
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!if
•
,
il!
'h,n
I
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j
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0'"
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:.. .;-l .-., ..
"'.
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~ ~
i
3
i
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a
a
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i a~ a
•
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•
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H'
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,.... ii' :( !!; 5
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jl,lf!
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if
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~.
! ""
l ". 9 ~-'8 ~
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5" I '
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,
~ Ill: ~ _ itii.. '
iIiI
01Iiill
.....
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-f7 f~,il a l i 1 i 1 i l l it !. :.. ..... -7
~ ii~l "- '". 1: ~ ~ ~
~ ~ 3 -,
~
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;o ~
i: a. ~ i: " ~ ,,~
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s
0
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it
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it s
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t~ ~I I
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l ~~
•
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.
11
,I
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iii
ill
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.. _ ~
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<
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-
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1 1~ ~ ' ''I_ - ~Ji
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a
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b\
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tr II[,
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~. &' ~!II /iI" iii' /iI" iii' II' I§'
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~ ! n~mH ' ~al
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[
FE
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"
' !!' § !~l-
!j Q~1i
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.li~i5
i
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~~i,<iI}I
,
;i
~ a. ~. ri!, ~ ~
~
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· ,!'t •.• ,[ i
-=. - ~?
""'!jl~"
~
'i~
" < ' - ~!
~ [~~.~
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" "<
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P-·PI
" ,3.2.1 CoHapse Due 10 e..ternal Pressure
'"
rJ',~ (p.- p,)
~
0, 7101" seamless c.r electric res;stance welded (ERWl pipe;
~
0.6101" cold
e . ~nOcd
pipe. w:;h as oouble
subme r ~
...c " el :led (OSAW) pipe.
Under scme oifrumsta/'lCeS in mid e . ~nOcd pipe. aedi! can be laken lor ~rtia l reocw"'Y 01 ronpressive
yield Slfength by ""at treatment to at leasl 233 'C (450 OF) 101" se",,~ minut"", Suet>
treatmen1 may
be provi<Ied <Iur'ng !he fusion _
e~ coaling process 01 !he pipe. provi<Ied t""""'rab.oe and wration
01 ""ating is careluUy """trolled. In w:;h cases. I"" collapse I""",," 01 0,6 may be raised to "" more than
0,7. The proposed increase in design lacIO' should be val idated lhrIOugh a testing prtIgnIm.
""at
I',
is
l' _
t"" collapse preS5CU of 1M pipe, in NIrrIrn< (PSi ).
1',1',
(10)
, Jr, +r.
(11 )
(£)'
1', - 2£
-
(I
(12)
,
»
10 "'" m:;>duI..,. of elasticity. in N/mm2 (PSi);
"
1',
is the "~stic collapse pre","", 01 !he pipe, in NlmmZ (PSi~
1',
is I"" yield ~~ ... at col lapse , in Nlmn2 (PSi~
The collapse pre ....... predicted by these c.r other equations should be o:>mparN to !he hyd"osl3lic pressure due to
water dep\I1 lo ensure ~ate walllhid<ne .. is d>osen b" the fango of water dep\I1s to be encoontered .
" ,3 .2.2
Buckling Due to Combined Bend ing and EXlernal Pressure
,
-+
to
1' - 1"
.
' f l',
' ,
,~,
zo
'-'""--.. ...
.....,--_._-_
-~
~
--.~
(t 3)
--_. _...
"00
_ .. _ .. ___
_
" ",:;
rea;wn",", <led va"'" ""Ii-
I, ~ 0.6 101" cold &'pa.-.ded pipe sucI1 as OSAW pipe;
J. • 0.7 101" ~ amle$$ pipe .
For installation conditions. conskIe<ation can be g ~ to tigher coIapso Iactcrt. up to '.0. R"9"rdless cI!he ..,ieCIkJn
ot !he viii"" "" /" !he conditions "" CQl!ap:se in E",alion (9) need 10 be satisfied
NOlE
. -W
The., ' I'" facIorf. woo - . . from EQu. _ (13) in pr.-.. _ions dthis proct<:'. This illCkJf has been added .,
. 'OI'IO'\'~" In DNV <Ioooigr> "",,"", ..... pratt;eoo, and .os>! 2RD lref~ ., Ol e 13(113 "~.
To a,,00:1 bocI<ling , bending sImOn. should be limiled as 1oIc>ws:
<~/,"
(1 4)
. ~/, . ,
(IS)
,
is tho
~
1;) •
str... in I ... pipe:
IluU;ing
"
"f'
"-,
.~oin ....- IJ'.Q ~ <li ..;
is tho ""'-.... _<ion """"ing .,.-"'
is tho ... -.... tli_,,*- ot ""'f ~ <ross MCIioo, in mm (in. );
is tho - . . . . _
...t _~"""' . _" in mm r...).
EQU __ (1 3) is acoop .. bIo t>r. moxim<xn / " . 50. R_ to tho OMAE . . - t>r LltilizirOj ratios fOgI....- than 50.
<, ....
Sercling SInIins 'I arcl
e not simply oomin'" (global ) bet..... SInIins arcl sM' include "" a!~ lor poo.ibie
strain concenIraIions. FOI" example. ~ a pipe is reelocl, !he ..,.,..,'" be<'o<Ii-og sirloin in !he pipe on !he reel or aligner is
given by:
(16)
-. .....,.-.-._-_
...
---...
--.~
...... .
_......,._. _.....,'_..
'"""
,.
(17)
FOf e~, ~ the r,,1d joint coating _
ess lor an insulated reeled IIowIine is less !Ilion the pipo ;,$Ulation s!itr""$$,
the bending 5Irain at the 1IeId joint .... 1be large< !han _ , Similany, mismatch c( ."aIIlhdnes.s and yield strength c(
adiI>oem pipe joints COUI.S signif>ClNl1 Slr.On ampldic,"tiQn at !he r",1d joint. TypicIIIy. mo<e detailed
n!. ,," to
be CQr"<lucted to del.. ";, ,,, an afiP<Ol"iate
lor !he SAF Abrupt changes;' wall!hir;kr-.,$$ ot a reeled pipe should
be
'"""lysis
v""'"
",,,,,,1ed,
Safety lactors / , lOr-(! h $houId be de!i!<mined by the designer ";111 afiP<Ol"iat. (;OI'I:Iiden>!Oon c( the mitgnitude ot
incte.ases !hat may oorur lor instal aliot1 bending Wain, £" and in.pi""'" bending strain, ",. A val"" of 2.0 lor safety
laclOfS /, and h is Sl.lQQeSted , Safety fa<:tor I, may be large< 1I1an 2 ,0 lor cases when! ;,stalation bending stnOn. £"
could
signif"",nUy """ to o~-nomin.ol cond~ion:I. Of """"n ... than 2.0 lor
bending strains .....
"'*'. ""-.
r.:.-e_
well4efroed,
. ,3, 2.3
Propaga~ng
Buckles
""""u;..",
A I;oodde resulting from
bei'IdinG Of IW"(:IIhe< CltUse may I'<OI>I09"te ("travel° aIor>G the pipo),
OIIshore hydrocarboo pipeline. ""n lail by a propagating bud;1e CltUsM by !he hy<lmstatic pressure of seawater Qfj a
pipeline with a <b""'t.HO.... ""-....... ratio \hat is 100 high, FOf S<ObmI>!iI>e pipelines, stnoo h~ pressure is
!he force !hal "".....,s a bud;1e to propagate. ~ is .....,1uI to estimate !he I;oodde prtopa9Otion pressure, If conditions are
$JCh 1I1at propagating b<.ddes a", PO ..ibIe, ""'''''. to prevent Of arrest them should be COI"I$ide<ed in the <leoign.
(.3.2 ,3,1
4.3.2,3 .2 Budde twreSlOnl may be used i,II'Mler the IoI<:M-ing <XoIodiliot1.
(18)
P, -
"
24Jlu']"
Desigo1 01 bud;le ...... stort. is desdbed ;, article. cI the f~ .)ou"",1 oIl.kchanicBI ~~ " I and
OTC 10711 !OJ, A bodde arrestOf is a <levice attached to Of welded as an ~'" part of the pipeline. "Paced at
suitable intelVais along !he pipeline. and ""pat.-. of conforoing " ooIIapse lad,-,"" to !he inteIVai betweM arrestors,
Sele olio.-, of proper bud;1e ~to< spacing is dependent Qfj a n\.WT1ber of par3""'tOfS, such as !he amount of spar.
pipe purchased lor the project. i1sta1atiQn meIho<1oIogy. I;oodde arrestor costs, and welding costs to ;' SIa~ budde
twrestort. in line pipe ,
•.•
Marin. Design
Design 01 an otrshore pipeline should cor-os4de< the """"'. and ",$Utting SlreOS!$ lOr-(! SIrlOins ' LiPOSed by the ~
pmc eM and !he k>nger.Jenn stresses and strain. imposed by !he ollshore envi""""""l In many cases. such as
i1sta1lation by r... ~, these strains may conlrOl .... oction 01 S .... YS and wall thido:nes.s 01 the pipeino, Where dynamic
loItding is a fa<:tor, • faligL>e analysis 01 pipelines IW>d pipeline risers should be perfQm'led.
-. .......-.-._-_
...
---...
--. ~
_
. .......,.. . -...,.
,~::::::,.
" - ,, ;;.
""..;;
' .' .1
Insuolla lion of Pipe line and Ri..,
al Cor",.,ntiQnol pipe-lay. aI$O <:aIed $ "ay. in whi:;h!he pipe. laid from a near-hori.ontal position on a lay vessel
l.osing a <:<lI"I"Ibinatiot1 oIl>orizontai
and a stinger ~imrung SlJIlI)OI1I.
Len"""
near.~)
pjpe.Iay. a lso called .!-lay. in whi:;h the pipe is laid from an elevaled LoWer on a lay >essel
'-'Sing IongiIudirIaI teIlsion with 0< wi\tIout a Slinger so IN1 no <IV« bend .. de>&Ioped ai lM sea surface.
b) VMicaI (0<
cl ~ bMgelay. in whi:;h ItIe pipe is made up al some ",mole 1ocMion. spooled on\Q a Ia<ge radius reel aboard a
_I lay vessel. and then "",Ie<! all usng Iongih.>d"'-llension. will1 0< wilhoul a str.gcr. and usua8y invoIWlg pipe
$Iraigtll""ing throoJg/1 re>er$<! bel'lding on !he vessel .
d) Towed lay. in whi:;h the pipe is IrIOrl$lX>l1ed from "remote assembly lcalion 10 lho in:!laIIation
on !he ",aI ...
III a <nI"I!rOIIed de¢1 b<M>w!he surf""", 0< "" Ihe ..,abottom,
scoi""".
' .' .2
$iI ~
by lOwing either
Hydrodynam ic Stability
' .' .2.1 An ollsl>are pipeline ...ubject to wave-.:ed and
CU1enl~
forces. Fo< a pipeline "'Sling on tM
..,aced. Iii and tlrag Iorces -..ill be "",ated. For !hili portion 01 a pipcIino .....pended belweef1 seabed Oregulaoil>os.
oocilation duo
to
"o'(>Ite)o:
shedding can
oc:::ur.
E>aiuation:\ of
~
lor"", $houId be performed by altemat!!ly
asslMTling:
b) ;t .. lull of t"",sported IUd (openo!inQ o:ndition). CO'
cl pipe is IuD 01 .., .... ale<.
' .' .2.2 Tho lift and drag Ior<:es created by CIJITt!f1t·~ and ", ....... -.:ed flow of wat ... on Ihe seabotlom can
re~t in e"""5Sive strain:!, latigo.>e from repealed la[e<al rnovemenl$, encroactIJ""'" on other pipel;""., otru<::Iure$.
bottom "'atures. etc. 01 an oIIs1'K1re pipe!;"" _ r>Ol <X>Of'Ile<ed by a restrairing Iorce, Gene<al ly. a restraining Iorce is
supplied by M-boUom ~1l1 0I1tie pipeline, Wal l llld<ne •• 0I1he pipe. lIId< ....... and densily of Ihe ~t C03ting.
or both ..... cornm:;>oiy used to conlrOl on-bottom weigt11. WI>cro bottom conditions and water tlepths perm~. and>ors
or weighl$ may be viaI;>Ie alternative$. BL.Oial, portial y or completely below !he seat>ed, is also an OPtion lor ~
OI'>-!>ottom stabil~y,
" '.2.3 The AGA Le>el 2 or level 3 anaJy$S lor submarine pipeline OI'>-!>ottom .... t;;lity may be used lor
on bottom slabihty requirements.
~
'.'.2
.' Speclf", goograpl-Oc locations ..... subject to ....t"'.. pile""""'.... ' ' '1 can .,xpose. tat>ility
an olrsl'Klre pipet;"., to
....... soal !orces. Tho <lesign 01 an oIrsl'Klre pipe!;"" $houId consider $\Id"I!orce.
and $1IIety of the
~ing
pipe'ne,
a) Earttoquol<e. can liquefy some seoOooom sediments. As a result. a pipeline could tend to either sin~ 0< _ to
tlependng on specific gravity rdative to Ihe liquefied bottom. An eartl><uake can also ieallt> pipelio", in a spanned
<X>ndition due to surf""" uplifts on a lauD I;"",
bl Hurrica ...... cyclone •• and typhoons can cau ... high CU1elIIS and I ",~ cydic wave action. whid1 togethcIr 0<
M vidually can cause Iiquelaclion or _oI<enio'lg 01 """'" $eatJOltOrn $edirnents. A$ .. r"Slll!. a .. pel;"" may lend to
sink. I\oa~ or move lat ...al ly,
---. .... ...
-~
-- .~
~--.---
...
_"
-
'.... . . ........" . .:.. -'- ....
-~-
API "'~ ''',,'''' '''' '"
I
c) Gross se"""tIom JlWJVeIl1ef11 (so.d> as mudslides or se"""tIom subsidence) may sWject a ~Ii,," 10 large late<al
lor"". M a r"""," a pipeline ""'y tend 10 ,.,k. float. or _
1.. te<aIIy ItS tr", momg sedimenl Os ~ l!ective l y
.....,
d) Sediment transp::><t or SCO<.o" (i susceptible $Oils due to bottom (>.<re1'It$ arol or W,""" action ""'1 re$<AI in exN .... re
01 8 buried or parli3/tv buried pipeline. loss 01 soil restr..... t. or increase in lree span • .
In ....1... depII1s ...,.,... a pipeI ..... is not buried out to approxrn.tely :roo m, ... ""'" bottom """",,1$ and potenl"" $Oil
in$ta/;>ility s/lo<Ad be ~ vakJ .. ted in Ihose ..,,,. to detem>ine ~ ttdd~ rnea~. $hould be taken in the <Io$ig1 (i !he
pipeline. sucfl 3. addition", weigM CO<O!ing. and _
t hd; ~. eIC.
w'"
~ ,t.2. 5 It ""'1 "'" be poosible to QU>lntlly !he et\e(:l 01 these natur", phe~"" /of a ~'" ofbhore pipelOne arol
location. CMsiderDbon should be given to modity;ng an OIheIwise opIimurn design to rM>J!e ~ 8 p;>!Mtial
seabo!tcwn movemem zone. In lhase f;'Ire conditions ~ weigM'«IIIting or \renCI'Ong rnelhods may no! (epresent a
witaOIe solution (sucfl as on a solid rod< wrface or in shaIIow·water roncs of extremely high W'Te<1ts) tr", _ (i
ancl'lor'$ or pipeline ....,;ghl$ may be a viable additil)o . or ai,,,,,,,,,,,,, .
•.•.3 Sp.ns
The IMgth 01 ..,supported spans on an oIrsl>ore pipeline should be rontrolled to avoid e><eessOve loads or
deformalions in 11>0 pipeline.
~""1.1
Sp.n Limitation 0.... 10 W~ ight , P"'SBUrtl, ond
T~p""'turtl
See • . 1.4 3rol 4 .6.31or tile Slatic Io3ds and ....15 on COII>bOned Io3ds in detem>i!W"lg !he span limiliOtion due 10 i!S own
weight. pre ......"'. tempeuture. arol prim<wy longitudinal loading .
•.•.3.2 Sp.n Limitation lloJ e 10 Vortex Shedding
~""3.2 . 1
Spans exposed 10 traM"""'" """" 01 seawater doe to rurrenl$ and waves are subject to a pi>enomeroon
corrrnonIy re/erred to as "JlIe~ shIJdding. This can ca_ tr", pipeline to osclI"", a. shoOding vor1ices all ematoly
" " _ tile pre=ore _
3nd below the pipe. LM!I<' amplitcode osdl3bons may ooour wile!' the nan.orallrequerlcy
01 !he span Os ""M the Ire<,.Jency of vortex ohedding.
~""3.2 . 2
Detailed pmcedureslor vate.-induoed vibration (VfV) Me beyond the """"" of this RP: deliOiled goidancc
on VIV tonaly$io io avai a/)le in DNV-RP-F 11)5.
..... 3.2.3
Stricter weld accepIancc mte<ia for drnumferential welds can be employed 10 increase the fatigue
re:sisla<>;;e 01 spanned soctiono in a",a • ...toere spa<V>ing io pr<><'iclaOle. VIV ouppressior> devices sucfl as strakes or
fairings ""'~ be inSliOlIed e~",", ckoOng pipelay openobons or post-liry ins1lO8ed on the ideI1tified span regions. ·Cf>·
1'0'"",,' design 01 otrake ma' MoI sI>::Md be employed...toen instlo!ling over fU$4Qn borxled "IXI"f (FBE) coaled pipe to
pre""'" maJio 11 01 the " " ' _ prtol ection. Other rne_. sucfl as jetting pipe erods _
to _ s e span
arol ~ 01 pipe span$ at di$C<ete pOin!S to reduce !he affected !eng"'. .., al$o eff~ rnean$ to redo.>:>! VN
excitation 01 spa,"" .
1erIQ"'.
•. 5 Fatigue
Analysis
w
_
.-s.
•. 5.1 All pipel;ne ""'""",",,15 sucI:o as
lIowtines. ~ed free spans. ..... ds, J.lay 00II ...... bud<~
arTe$1O<$. and llexjoioll$. sMuId be IOS$eOoed /of la ~. Po,ential cyclic Ioadi<>gs "'at CltUse lat9Je damage inckode
VWs.
hy<lo"odyNoonc loads, ~ vib<l>bon (Sri). intefM _
vibration (FW). cydic
""""""" and the<maI expansion loads. T"," fDligoe Irte 01 the ~nl io defroed ... the time 10 de"""", D thi'oughwall-thickness cracl< of the component The ~ lot9Je tilt!. precicted by the PaIJlqefO ..........., (S-N) methods.
should be at least five ,...,.,. the """"'" ir., lor pipelines. Loorge< oaIe fitClOf$ ""'1 be r~ired lor risers (""'" to API
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An
fatigue a",,1ysis to !he sIoted criteria ...... ~O;:ient to a ........ integrity lor anticipalcod t>aso
howe_ 8 Irad"'" mechanics C>'l>CI\ grOWlh analysis may be reQtWed "" ","dmenlS,
S~
~nts
~
WoAd procedures tJevoloped for fatig..>c-oensitivo sections of a pipe!ne may ~ f~ 1e latigue testrog 01 " . I;Ied
PC>e specimens to demonstr8le soIIIcien! life. Adequale speOnIMS should be lesled to provide 8 95 % prnbabildy thai
weldo meel!he mean SoN design perlormao:;;o criteria.
4.5.2 If a fracture med1anics oracle growth analysis .. e~ . the initial I\aw sile _
be !he smallest
reie<:rabie ~aw specified for !he ronde~ testing do.o'ng ma""'~ of !he compone<1t in QUC$I"",
4.5.3 Berdng is an important cnnside<alion "" fatigue. For instance, ",a",,-irId>ced bending moments in !he SjJIasI1
:woe are importan! for latigue consideration.
4.5.4 For an SCR, !he s=Jmulaled fatigue damage during 30 '""'"'" 01 e, posu'" to 8 single """"-"""""" 01 !he 100.yea< h<orricaoo _
be Ie.. th..., 1.0 by the 5-N mett.xl. This can be t~t olas a ' OO-yea< design storm lasting
Ihr"" '""'"'" with a facta 01 safely of 10, The purpose oIlhis <:I:1ed; is to ro....., that !he rise, does not fai in fatigc>e
do.ring a hl.nicane ~t The riser should be ar>aIy<ed lor VNo ....,;t, as during a Gutr 01 Mexi<:o tOO-yea' loop wrrenI
e.ent II ,,;brations a", predicted, aPllf"OPliale suppressior1 c1e""""s ....,... as fairings or helical wakes _
be
rI"QIJIltod or> !he riser IIToughoot the soction afIocted by VN. Suppression devi<:es .... 1 need to be periodically
inspected and deaned to mainlain their e!Iect .... r>ess,
Fatig.>e damage from installation actMt>os _
given inAPI 2RD.
4.6
be conside<ed in !he latigue cIesig1 of the riser. Further guidance is
load Limits
4.6.1 Cold Ben! Pipe
Field cold bends are ~ provided that Ihe~ racIiO "'" wi!hin!he limits oI T_
coIlap$<! and bo..;Ung criteria in 4 . 3 . ~ .
1 and !he beI1t
PC>e
rMets the
Tab le l _inlmu m Radi us of Field Cold Bends
Pipe s<..
,.inimum R.di ...
(NPS)
01 Field Bend.
.
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' .6.2
...
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l o ng ijudinal loacts
Static primary longitWir>alloado (e ,g , top lension 01 a catanary Ii.... ) should be limited to 60 % 01 !he yield tension 01
!he PC>e. Displacement controlled <;or>;Iitions. s..,;h ao bending in a J-tube, be<>;ling in a catenary riser. and constraint
loads. are not $0 Il-nited; i;KJt the re .... ting $I"';n _
be w;u,in allowable Il-nits. s,.,., API 2RD. ASM E 63 1.4. arol
ASME B31 ,8 lot c1esign considerations,
---. .... ...
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4,6.3 Combined Loacls
The rombined load due to internal preSSeKe and prima!)' longitudinal loads should be timited to 90 % lor fllnClionai
Ioi>ds, 96 % for extfeme loads. and 96 % lor hyd<os\alic IeSlIoad [see Equat"" (8) in ~.3. 1.2],
4,6.4
T~s t
Preuure
See 8.2 .• lor _lions 0<1 ~yclrtl6tatic: tost po"essu'e ,
4,6.5
Expansion and Fluibility
Tn.. r;lesign and ma~ criteoia applicable to !he expansion ...,.. lIe><ibiity 01 olfot>oro hydroca<bon pipc!nos s""" be
in &C(X)fd,o"", with •. 6.2 And •. 6.3.
4 .7
Valves , Supporting Elements, and P iping
4,7.1
.,7.1.1
Va~s,
II
Fittings, Conne<:lon, and Joint.
t'" wall tl>icI<ness 01 tile adjoining ends 01 pipe. v......es. or MiI'Igs ......."""1, tile joint cIesign lor
~ding
should be made as indk:ate<l in ASME B31.4 lor liquid pipelines or ASME 83 ' .8 for gas pipelines. T "", s",,~
~grnenl$ cut from factory·made bend:! And " bows may be used for changes in directio<1 provided the !Of(; d",ta"",
measured along the crotcI1 .. at leaSl 50,8 ,..., (2 in.) lor pipe 01 nominal pipe o.ize (NPSI4 or larger.
should rdude consideration of e x ternal~ . External
pressure may exceed internal """rating pressooo lor pipelines in deep water, Seal design should also ~
4,7.1.2
Seat design for valves, frtting$. arol
~
operating condibO<1S th-at m3'\" reslAt in frequent d>_s in tile intemal operating pressures, which combined witt>
I1;g;, external water p<euure , result in ffeqi.>ent preSSeKe fe"e"..,ts on ....Iing mechanisms .
to be passed. all valves shall be oIluIl-bore de'gr"
• ,7.1.3
'M"!ere pigging devices Me
4,7.1.4
Coosideralioo should be given to tile elf""'" of erosion at locations """'e tile /low d>ange. direotiot1,
4,7.2 S<Jl'I"'rtjny Elem.mt.
.,7.2.1 Supports, braces, and anct>ors lor pipelines shoukI be de,;g.-.ed in &C(X)fd,onoo with ASME 931 .• lor Ii<J.oid
pipeInes and ASME 83 ' .8 for ~s pipe'""", In particular, tile desigJ> and installation 01 a riser ~rd shoukI be
induded for any rise< that " sut>ject to potential contact: with I'oating vessel • .
s"""
• ,7. 2.2 Riser guards
be installed to protocI rise", in areas exposed to potential ~ of ma<ino traffic A
liser guard sI10IAd be designed to provide impacl prntecIion lor an appropriate ~ size and impact .elocil'\·, Rise<
guard de"gn s/"IouId ;>Iso o:>I"ISider the etlects oIlfan""r 01 ....... 5lUard IoI>ds 10 the platform suucnxe, The pldorm
stn>cleKe can also _
as a rise< 5lUard in ~ instances - . . til(! rise< " fOOted inside !he platform stno:;;tural
-"
.,7.3
De.;.gn of SUl'I"'ru and Re.traints
Design <A suppotlS and restraints s/"IouId e"'plo,' tile laleSl edit"" <A API 2I\·WSO.
4,7.4
Auxi liary Piping
Aux,iary hyclrtarbon and instou-nent piping con<an.-.g pipcli-le flu shoukI be r;lesigned and constn>cled in a
m'n,,"" consi .... nt ";111 the prQYision$ of ASME B314 lor liquid pipeli-le$ or ASM E B318 for (/as pipeli-le$ arol with
til(! provisions <A this RP lor ofIsI>;ye I1ydrOClll'bor1 pipelines.
...."""--... --~
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4.8
Route Selection
4.S.1
Rouill of the Pi!H'li....
The route of an ofIsho<e pipeline should be tl>oroughly ""aI~ U&Wlg!he data from avallaOle charts. maps. other
$O\rl;e' (i relevant inIomuItion. a,.j" field hazard:! $COVey ",,, : 'ibed in 4 .8 .2 . ~ l'"acticioI, !he selet;ted
mute should alKlid and>orage Meas. existing cnderwaler oI>jects "'""" as s,",,~en ~. and pilings. """'" la<IIts.
roQ;; OiJ1Ct\OPS. ct... ' ....ynlhelic CCWTWTMtities. and m..cl slide ...eas. The sel.....w., (i fOi.Ile _
tai<e "'to ","","."the
installation method. a~ical)le a,.j shooId minin"i>e the resulting insto~ation .tre$$e$. The route of the pipeIi""
should be sI"IOW!1 on maps 01 an appropriate scale,
4.8.2
Prelimi",,'Y Environmental, Bathymetric, a nd Hydrographo: SUl"V<lY.
I~
sel •• 1' 1I a .." ",<><lOry rtIiJ!e 10<..., ollshore ~Iine. a loekl hazards surwy should be pe,Jo,,,e d to """,lily
potential hlmIrds """'" as ou,.h n vessels, piling. _
. ge<>iog>:;: a,.j man-made 0IIructure$. potential _i<Ies a,.j
othe< pipelines. The bottom iQpQgn!Iphic and (I<'OIogic lea t ~ $",.j soil q,,,,,,,,,!!ri0lic$ should be <Iotennined. Data on
""""'" and storm »irlds , waves. current. and "",Me acIi'o"ity in the area should be abtair>ed _re avaiable, In ",e as
when! soil charactetistico will be a I"",,,, in <IosigJ> and where I'"evious operations '" s t<.>dies have no! a<lequately
def.,.,d the boIIom soils. OI'I-"$i!e sample. _
be ""'l-Jire.l Reier to the apprQllria1e reg.ktory agenc;.,. lor
mirM"......" require_1o< """"''''''ing hazard """"'I'S,
4.9 Flow Assurance
4.9.1 Flow assur3'101! _
be a>:1sic1ered", the design 01 oftst><.<e liqi.jd. gas. and mcllipl1ase P<peIi'les. Flow
a ssura'lOl! refers to the Iacilities and openo~ procodures req..o-od to CrlS,", that O<Iequ.tc IIow can be sustained
thr(:oghout the desigJ> liIe of" ~ine LXlo'e< an e , >",<,te:j ~OW cor-d~ions lor the ra"9" of ....,.sure , ierJl>e<alure$.
IIuid PI""Il"rIies and phase cor-drt""'" e '''ting during Starl..... P. ,..". ....... shuldo'Wn and emergency "I"""''''''". The
oonsi<Ie<ations il>ducle 1",,1 eva luation and behavior poeclUion of IIuid PfC1perIies. heal \rar"Isfer, pressures, IIow
coro:litions. ~ow Ire_!$ with chemical., and ~ Qpe<"tion$. Some of the Gpel Dtio.. a l prOblems or f .... ~.
ef>COlJfllered. whid1 design ellorts shoutd strive to I'"evenl Of red,",," ....e :
al """"'""" of hydrates 1"", ""'Y plug a pipeline.
bl
~If",
_
asphal!ene depos;tion on
~ I ine
walls resulling in IIow resuictiorl.
cl inellicient Of reWoed!low Ifom <T>JIiipI1ase !low o""',oes such as slugging.
4.9.2 These ronsiderations ,.." increasingly important "' ~Iine system clesign lor "'~atiOf15 in _
erM.-onmenlS a. en(;(><.01\ered, lor ",,_ pie , in clecpu wat!!<$ otf the continental $hell (i the GuH of Me, ico). The
higher "P"rationa l risI< ~at ed with these coro:lilions arioes from the ~ of maintaining t ~t ...-es
above pour point. doud po; n~ a,.j hydrate form",,,,,, temperature, Desig .... such as PIP, vaou~ a ted pipes.
eleclrically """led flowlines and dlemicaI ttdoIitives are e xamples 01 industry $OIutiQn. (:U(Ten1ly in \I$e Of
devekJprnenl to ~ tile acIvers<! aflecls of cakIer de"" water.
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5.1 .•
Ranges thai con1orm
to ASME 8 16,5. ASME 816.47, MSS SP44. ot API 6A are """"'PIabie.
fltt inll" Other Than Valveo lind FI. nll"s
5.1.S
such as elbQ>04, branch ~$. ~ r.odt.tOe<$, acd ga$kel$, wt>ich compl~ with ASME B3 1.4.
ASME B31.8. or API 6A as apprtJpria t ~, a<e acceptable. Components no! co~ by tile .... ndards listed in ASME
8J 1,4, ASME 831 .6. ot API 6A shall be QUalified in ~a""" with ASME 831 .4. ASME 8J 1.8, or API SA,
Com~T$
Riser ha.-.g-<>li SlJPI)otI
de..",s sucI"t tapered
SIreS!I joints. riser te<1sior!ing
systems."'_ hang-<>/! elements sIIaIl
be <lesigned to withstand the de ~ e<1vironment conditions, plallorm '''''.Wleflts reQ<.J~.od for !he production
prag<am. snag load$. pressure aroo:l temperature "'tr_
o:nditions aroo:l !he e xpeeled in-service pressu<el
te~rat" re """",Miens associated with !he prodoction profile. API 2RD sOOYk! be """,soIted lot _rtOor\al
information with regard to ri_ design ~amet = lot deoign 01 r'tse~ from floating procb;:tioo> systems and tension
leg platfonm (TLPsJ.
5.2 Dimensions
Dimension. used in 0/1....,.." hydroc/lrbon pipelines shoUd be in ~anoe with ASME dimension. specilicatiot1s
where pracOCabl ~ . Other dirnel'l:lional criten. are ~bIe. provided the design strength acd Ie$! cav>tl;JOities of the
oompcnent "",,31 or
those provided by a relerencecf compone!'t.
".ceed
6
Safety Systems
6 .1
General
Fot ead1 pipeline system. a safety system shoUd be provided lhal will prevent ot rnirtirni>e the ""'sequences of
Ove<;lreOSIn' . I ~ "" $. and failn'S in ~a_ with API 14C.
6.2 liquid and Gas Transportat ion Systems on Non production Platfomls
6.2.1 HydrDC.1trbon Systems on Platforms with L;quid Pumps or Gas Comp",ssorl
Liquid and gasl'tydrocaorbon pipeline facilitie s on n<II'produc\icII1 platforms on _
liquid pi..WT"(lS or gas oompi'essors
are installed sMuId be provOded with .. safety system in ~"""" with API 14C. The design 01 the safety system
sh<:IuId !OIoo cor-oside< the need to i mil. surge ~ $Ur '" and othe< deviations from t\(tfn\aI operation$.
HydrDC.1trbon System. on Platforms Wilhout Liquid Pumps
6.2.2
Of
GH ComprellOfS
HyQ'ocorbon pipcmo laditios consisting only of junction piping, bIod< .aIves. scraper traps, or rneasuromenl
equipohe01t on ~ platforms na1 equipped willi l>quid pumps. gas GOIT"(l<eSSOI'S, or other sources of /loW
inI><Jt a<e not sutliec! to 6,2. 1. but sMuId be equipped with chedc .alves ot other vaM>s on each inoo"ni.-.g .ne to
prevent backI\ow.
6 .3
Liq uid and Gas Transportat ion Systems on Production Platfonns
L>quid or gas pipeline faditios on procb;:tioo> platforms sI>:>IAd
reQ<.Jo-ements of !he plallorm CI'<'O'fOef ot operator, bYt in I>CI Cltse _
be provided in 6 .2. 1.
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a salety s ystem in a<:<:ordanoe with the
!he safety system be lea than thM _
would
ha ~
. -,. " ".:;
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_
•
6.4 Breakaway Connectors
In areas 01 poIential <nJd slides, ~ tho oeve<ity of tho sliOo cooId <3I.lS<! a tensio puI on the! pipeinc aI a maqIitude
1/1<11 nQ:>1 CIIU5e dam3ge \Q a platJorm 17 to a suII&e3 w._ _ . brNI<""",y OJi ' - ' ; 0< specially design foill,q
joints should be considered 10< pmIeCIion oIlhe pia1I<>m ot _ _ piJ: ,lire, When condo""" we soch that an oil spII
rrq,t resoJt fmm breakaway, !he tlesign should i-dOOe a buit..., d>od<-.alvc to " .... ,.... loss of t1uid from !he pipclne
upon
Special co:"ISidefation should be g;.en \Q seleaioo, OI"ICI ",_lion of !toe d>od< •• _
Ie """'-" timely
be a weak ~ link d"" ;gned into a ~ poinl
posiIive closure. Breakaway <Ie,ices can
_"y.
7
"S<I
Construction and Welding
7.1 Construction
7, 1,1
General
Pipeline systems ~d be constructed in ~anoe with _1M spe6flcations thal are "",,$iSlent with this RP, The
lay methods de~ ., 4.4. 1 and other (X)n$ln.JCtion t",*",~ ...., lI(:Cepta/)le LR;Ie< this RP provided the pipeline
<MelS ... the aileria in \tIis RP,
7,1 .2 Construction Procedure.
7,1 .2.1 Con$lruClion of oI\$I'\Qre pipeline. requires caretul "",,!ref aI the pipe ItS ~ is in$!alled (>1110 the sea I\oof. The
inslallalion system should be Clll'e1utv designed •• •""",,,,,,,led. and monitored to e......,., safe MndIing \Q proll>Ct the
inIegoily of 11>0 pipeI .... Syslem. " _
oon$ln.JCtion proc:eWre should be p(ep.!lred. It should icIe!1ti1y !he allowable
limits for tho basic installation variaoles. iodudiog tho /QIlowing .
a)
pipete"""'.
c) water depth Wring layng <;>perationl and t~ry oOandonment.
d) retneval,
e ) lermin.otion activiIie$,
7,1 .2.2 The con$ln.JCtion proc:eWre should relIecIlhe _
able limits 01 GtII'!inuous lay opera!iol1s, !he _ _ re
corroction Of temporary abandonment is neces&!lry, and Ihe conditions Ihal require supplemental inspection lor
$U$p<!CIed
damage.
Con$lruClion wori<e<$ shooJd
the pipeline dcwing
7,1 .2.3
7.1 .3
ron"'rueli,,,.,.
be advised of !heir $Mely_are",," responoil;Jilit;e$ to pn)Ie(:I them$ew,,$ and
Rout. Matking
7ne ~ of .... construction _
I" sI>:>IAd be O'Jt'd<.>eted wiII1 the use of an cIectroric tracking system (GPSbased survey System) to ""$Ure that the pipeline i$ installed on tile designated rout ~ . Al l l'IIo>ard$ and "",a . of
"""""'" in the immediate vicinity of the pi~ay IIoCtMlies shrud be 8fJ1l1"OPiatet\' highhghled on the ..... eyorn tracking
system. FCit shaIJow-watcr applications. it may also be necessary to physically mark pipelines CIt o!he< ~ I
$tn.dcxe. with buoys to provide a visual indicotion .
'-'""-...,--_._-_
--.. ...
,
-~
~
,
- -.~
"00
- ~-
. -, . " ".:;
_ .. _ .. _ ___
7. 1.4
Hand ling , Hauling, and Storing of Materials
Onohore
7. 1.4.1
Materials stO<ed onsllc<e beIoreloa<ling lor oltst>c<e oonstruction should be ~andled ... pro»ided ;., ASME B31.4 1""
liquid ~Iinef. "" ASME B3 1.81or gal ~inef., P;pe ~od by ...... road enrwte to the Ioadng site sho\.id be
tra~POI1ed ;., /oCCOfdano:>:! wilh APt SL I , Additional line ~ ;.,wection may be ",,,,ired ~ tranOjXlrted load:! Ii<"
subjecled to se-.. conditions _
enrnute Imm the mil l to mating Me (e.g. mugh sea states).
O!ft,ho,.
7.1.4.2
Materials onroute
QII$hQre tn.n$iL _
7. 1 .~
to the oIfuI>:>rD work silt! sI>ouId be prtJpe ~ y sea.red to mnm;"" damagD 0< deteroraIion ;.,
$IOred at the ~ work ir;atiQn, malefiols should be $eO.Ired and protected IrQm dam<tge.
O"",age 10 Materia l.
Before being moved to the otrsllc<e _
siIt!. all mat"""ls sI>ouId be inspec::Ieci. Oamaged materials shCIuId be
replaced "" repairod in accordance with ASME 831.4 ("" liquid ~ine. or ASME B3'.8 ("" gas ~inef.,
1.2 Weld ing
7.2.1
Atmospheric W eld ing
Weldng 0I"Id weld il'speclion 01 pipelines should be done in ........ danao wilt. API 1104. The aoooptod
welding procedure shCIuId be tlowmented 0I"Id retained. Wolding practices shCIuId IoIow these pn:x:ed ..... s during
CQn$tn.dion.
7.2.1.1
7.2.1.2 fvc bums can cause seOous SUess conoemrabons 0I"Id wall be prevented "" . ..... aIed. The metallurgicat
notch caused ~y arc bums sho~ be rem:>Ved by go io oji 'II. prtMded the gr'nding does not red""" the r""'''ng wall
tnlcl<.""ss to Ie.. tnan the minimum peoll;tIed by the material """"",",atlon$
'II m ..... ,acture and use 01 the
~. The metallurgical not<I:1 created ~y "" arc bum can be conopIe\e1y remoWld ... 1ciIICI'ws.
go." .....
i'iQ evideoce 01 the arc b<.on i • .;so,*" Then $Wab the got:o"ld li<"a witn a 20 %
soIiltlon 01
persutiate. A t.-ad; spot is evidenoe of the metalkorgical notcto and indOcates tMI additlonat
go io odirog ;5 nee ""'Y.
a ) Gmd the a rc b<.on "''''' untl
Di.,.oonkm
b) " after g.i.odio 'll the wall tnicl<o'loss is less Ihan that pe... , tIed by the materiallf>!!<;ificatiQn. the
pipe containing the "'" b<.on shall be ........",.,.;. Insert palCtong Is pro/Ii>ited.
7.2.2
PQrtion 01
Underwa t e< W~ ld i ng
7.2.2.1
Gene",1
AWS D3.8M shCIuId be U$od in (;QI"Ijunctio:o wilt. tIli$ RP to
unde"".ter weldirog.
7.2.2.2
7.2.2.2.1
Underwater Wolding
~
1<obricaIiQn and
~
UWn.nCe $landard:l lor
M ~ thods
One-atmospl>ere W elding
Welding in D pressur""""",,,,1in whid'o the pressure Is
is pemoiIted.
-. .....,.-.-._--...
-----. ~
C)~ .doical
r~
to approximately 1 almOSphere. independent 01 cleplh.
'--"_
.,'_..,.
..."" . _......
'""" ....
7 .2. 2.2.2
7~
Hypen..ric
W~l d i ng
type. 01 hype<banc welding a .... pem>itted. as 1oIIows.
"'""'*'
8) Habitat Welding-Welding ala"""'"l pre ...... e in a large chamt>er !rom
water MS been displao!>Cl. with an
atmosphere in _ t h e Aol:!e<_ _ noIMedIO _
in dMrIg oq.Iipmenl
~)
Doy Q,"mbe< Weldi-lg-Welding .. t "",,,",,,I pre$$Ure in 8 $impl ~ , O!len-tJottorned. do)' ct.ambe< thai
"""",""""at,,,. as a "-....." the head and shoYkIers c( the wekler-diver in lull dMng ~n1.
c) Doy Spot W<.1ding Wddir'IQ at IIOlbieo It pre$SUre in a small. I".."$piiren!. g .....fiI1ed eno:k>$o.ore ..,;t, the W!!Ider-diver
outside the erdosure. in the water, and in lull oWing equipment.
7. 2.2.3
Hyp. ot:ooric w"kling Roqu inom onts
c) Ior...elding
CQnSomal;ol",..
procedur"S $Io:ouId be opedIied on the 1oI<:owing:
1) storage and handling on the supp;yt .e.....
2) S1cnge and handling wit,..., the _ing d>Iombe<.
3) "".. ling in prepo".!ion lot Item 4).
4) trans"" between the supp;yt lte$$el and the """'ding chan'toer
7. 2.2._
Construc tion w"kling S pec ificat ion
PIior lO the stao1 01 mnstrl>Ction ...eIding • • deiaOled procedure spedf.ca1ion shook! be estabhshed and QUalified try
testing AoId",..">IS prodiJced cncIe< ilClUai 0<
silo condilions in ...... table testing Iadlily. I" addi1ion to the
requirements 01 API 1104.0< ASME BoiI~ and ~~ Vossel Cod. Section IX. as aWlicable, the speclf"",1ion
""'"""ted
should indude lhe 1QIIowing:
b) the
rDl'lge 01 wMe< depths (""'bien! pressure).
c) the """'Il"silOon range of the gas _ t h e ct.ambe<.
0 ) the rDl'lge oIlempe<ature .",..1ion inside !he chamber,
I)
the lemperature r""9" 01 !he pipe section lO be welded.
7 .2. 2.5 Es""ntia l Variabt..s
Tho essonlial ,,"';ables spedied in API t l 04, 0< ASME BaUer _
considered ..,;t, the 1oIo-Mng:
~='"
Vessel
8) p<e$$IJIO inside the chamber.
-. .......-.-._-_
...
---...
--.~
_........-,,-.. . -...
,~::::::,
;;.
...
, ""..;;
,.
CoM Section IX.
_I
be
bl
~.~"';Ihi1In.,d>a_,
cl r..omidi!yrange .
7.2.2.6
OIJalificalion 01 W .k:!.~
Ur.lerw<o\ef welding ~I $Il(:Ud ,"'' ''. relevanl welding!e$!$ at;.oy" water belOf~ being f'CIlii/I1ed 10 qualify toowelding CW"iderwater, PIior Lo the tests, In., welders shoUd be grven wlrooienl training Lo familiarize lI>em with the
in~lIOf>OO 0I~, lempera1ln,....-.:I .I~ cI>arIges on welding, AWS D3,6M ""'Y be used in conjOOClion
with !his RP to spedIy fabrication ....-.:I quality a............,., .... ndards for ...-.;!erwate< welding.
7 .3
Other Components and Procedures
7.3.1
Ins tallation of Underwat ... Pip elines and Ri ....
Instal a1iot1 prnced ... es should salegoard the pipe materi~5, the pipe SII"U<>O.Jre, and the pipetine in its _
oonflgU'lllion. C'~eria IOf l"Ia""ing pipe durJ:>g inSl3llation should oonsde, the instalta1iot1 lecMique, " •• ......, pipebefl<Ii-,g radi. ditlerenti~ ~, ....-.:I pipe Ie"""'. Stress Of strain limitations !hat 1"Ia~ proven 10 be both safe and
p....cbc~
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
a,e aooep\able,
On-botlom Protection
Trench ing
7.3.2.1.1 'M"lere tr""""ing is specified durlng Of after In., insUolli"Olion of D pipeline. tr""""Ong equipment $I"><JuId be
installed. operaled. a nd
Lo prevenl pipe ....-.:I coating ""mage,
,,,,,,,,,,eel
7.3.2.1.2 Tho .... ndard depII1 oIlrendling for a pipet .... is the <lepih lllal will provide 0.9 m (3 ftl of elevation
dilrererm.t bel.. een the IO!' of the pipe ....-.:I the IWer&goe sei>botlom . FOf II'Io$e oituatO:>n:l..tlere addilional proIeCtioo i.
""""ssary Of mandated, the hazard. shall be ev~""ted Lo delermine the IOIaI depth oIlrenc!'Mng,
7.3.2.2
Cove-.-
7.3.2.2.1 Cove. "",terial is no! norrMll)' installed ov.' the pipelO"le e, oepI _
nat"," 00_ Of
proIocIion is requi-od .a~y in the pipet .... '. I ~e .
-..he,. """'"
re the pipelO"le will no! acquire a
7.3.2.2.2 In ereas wt>ere bad<loII Of r'p"ap is spedf!ed, a. in 8 sort zone, the Md<fiII Of ~8p should be insta~ed so
tN.I pipe and coating dOlTlllge is prevented, Where pipeline-podding ma t eri~ is specified. the padding " " ' _ .
shook! be carefully placed to preven' pipe and coating c!amago .
7.3.2.3
Pipe li..... Crossjngs
PipeI .... =S<r>g$ should CO<Jll/y ";Ih the design. Mtif"",1iot1, in.talla1iot1. inspeclioo, and a.-!:uUt record.
requ~ements of the regulatory """",,;'5 and the owners Of """ .... tc.rs of the pipelines involved. A minimum separa1iot1
01 12 in, l'\'PiCaIl)' '-'Sing ~ bagsOfoonoete_
matuesses should be~,
7.3.2.4
Seabottom Protection of Va"' ... and Manifolds
7.J.2.' .1 ~1O"Ie va/ve$, manilol<ts • ....-.:I other misceIIanoou. ~n l and stn>cl...-es .,stalled on a subsea
pipe."" shook! be prQ!ect.od!rom fosnng traYo1 • ....-.:I anchor lines Very little ~ Irom anchor$ themselve. CIOn
be provided. Howe_. damage caused by the Iate<aI.sliding mov..,.,..,' of ancl>Of cables-the .,..,.1 prevaIMt ca_
of damage 10 valves ....-.:I man ~oIds--<:an be minimi<ed.
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
~--.---
...
...'. .
_". ........ . .:.. ....-~-
"
-'-
AP' '''~ ''',,'''''''' ""
u. .... IJy, tho buriiJI and covering 01 valve$ and manilol<ts i. m a _ oy rogulatory age<>;:ies; however.
1.3. 2.' .2
~xceptions
.... 1 sometimes be r<!QUeSted arol ""'''''ted. In $Ud'I Cit$e$ protective mei'tSUre$ $I-(>uid be prQYided and
to pre'>'ent d"""'ll<' to \tie pipe and ..,;soc;3!ed equipment. S<Icfl me3 ... "'. sI>ouId be <je,;gr.ec/ in 3
manner that .... 1 rot obslnJe! trawlng Of other oIfuI>ore operations.
<TI3ir1_
1,3.3
Fabrication or Scraper Tra.,... Strainers, Fllte .... and 0II>ef Componenll
Who\tler labricated in a sIw Of in \tie r",ld, ~ ~IS, i-duding purrp,g and compressor piping
manilald:!. ~ ra t:<icated Irom pipe. and a""i iar)' piping. should be fabri<::ated $0 Ihal !hey conform to \tie
provisions 0I1his stonda"',
8
Inspection and Testing
8.1
General
Duo'o-lg construction. !he operating cornpI1<1y sI>ouId make provisions 10.- s<itaiJlo inspection 01 \tie pipeI"'s and
related lacilities oy QUalifoed inspecten to e ~ ~i<o<>:e ";Ih \tie material. cons!ru(:lion, welding, rabri<:>ltion.
testing. and re<:o<dl;eeping proyisions oIlhis RP aM 01 written speciIlcIItion., Inspection 01 matelials sI>ouId also
inducle transpotl ....... ey. d>ect;ing prope< securing ot IootcIs _
~s fo.raif 0.- IJud< 1r3""!>Of1.
Un<lerwat ... inspection sho\kI be performed ..... ng methods and ~ that "'" wilable for \tie pa<t>:;;ular
situation. Qualification 01 inspeclion personnel and the type and extent 01 inspeoIion sI>ouId be in ~anoe with the
recommendation. in INs RP, Repairs required duIing new COI"IStruclion Of replacemem 01 &><.iSIinQ .ystems sI>ouId be
in a<:<:ordance with 7.1.5. 7.~. ' , 7.2.2, and 9.~.9. Underwater inspection shoIJd be pertorm..d using melllods and
eQUipment that are ..... table for Ihe particufar s;tuation. Speciaf e""""'sis on inspection may be needed for areal (I
"nstable soils, trenched """lions, pipelinel\lmbiUcat aos.sing., side taps, mechaniclll connection., J.tube entries,
1>iIJ .line riser coronecIions to plattorms, V1V wppression .. stalabon and pipeline iniIiationllaydcMn.
"esse!.
8,1.1
1nSj>e<:IOO"S
Qualification.
8,1.1.1
1nspec1icn perSOlVlef should be qoatiIIed by experience Of training in the phase 01 oonsIIUCIion lI>ey ...., to Inspect.
1nspec1icn .... 1 be ne.t:Ic<I for pipeline rooting, pipe condition, lineup, wef<ling. COIIting, tie..." pipelayi-lg. lrend1ing,
and pre$SUr" testing.
A,,\I>ority
8,1.1.2
The """'""ling ~y sI>ouId pn:r.-klo $UiIIobI-e inspection The i1$!><!dor sI>ouId h""" the "uthority to onIe< the
repair Of removaf aM rep';ocernent ot 3rry """ ........ m ltIa1 fais to meet the stondll"'. 01 \tie appIicabfe desig~ code 0.specif"",lion .
In """"i1 sit""lions, the lIO""'fIing permitting agency may ""JIi'" addilional independent Ihir<!.parl)" i1spec1ion to
,eview \tie riser design. lilbrication aM ...",Itabon '"5 x ; ~ted ..;t!1 deepwater Ii""",, A certified vem"",tion agent
(CVA) may be reqI.Orod to review !Ile operaling ~y'$
<Io,.;gn. labri<::alion and insIaration progoam arol sig"..
0/1 on the Ihree phases oI!Ile _ ,
rose.-
8,1.2
Inspeetk>n Requirements
8,1.2.1
Inspectlonor Materla ls
Pipe shouid be cleanod sufIide<1 ~ y to peomit proper inspedi<;Jn and to Iocat<! any defects t!1at cooId .~
its strenglh Of servioea~ity. Prior to COIIIing, pipe should be inspected for intemal aM e>tter",,1 defects, indOling
tlends, buct<l&s, ovafity, and
defects 5<Idl "" orad<s, grooves, pits. 5IO'Jg , s, dents, and arc bums, Where ~
8,1.2.1.1
_aoo
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
~--.---
...
-
. -'-....
... . _",..., . " . .:.
"
'
-~ -
01 different g<a<le. 0< wai lhid<ness ..... used, paffi:;:uIior ca<e sI>ouId be taken to m";ntain proper
handling Pnd installation
iden~tion
during
8. 1.2.1.3 PC><! ""'ting sI>ouId be inspect"" in """""'''''''''' with 10.2 and with ASME 831 .4 lot liQuid pipelines 0<
ASME 831.8 lot gas ~'ne •. ExterMtly coa1od pipe shou4d be inspected prior to weight ""'ting applic31"".
8.1 .2. \.( Coating ~nt shou4d also be inspected to avoid harmful (jOOJgeS 0< ~_ in the ~ Mace Tt..
~ 0031ings shou4d be inspecIed lot tompiOanoe with weigt1t, dimension. and ""'1otial spec:;rocations.
Inspection During and Alter I""tallation
8.1 .2.2
8.1 .2.2.1 Reoord. shou4d be mainlai.-.ed documenting the inslllll.tion Iocat"" 01 pipe by specifocation, 91"_, a.-.d
wal lhid<ness. maro.ofa<:turing pmcess, ma<"OJfactur .... coating. ano:;le location. a.-.d .....,.;10
Pipe shou4d be
swat>bed to provicIe a de"" inside surlace Pnd e xamined !or <IeIect$. ~free beveb. a.-.d proper joint !OIignment.
Pipe sI100Id be visualy inspected jusl before tt.. coating ope<ation. PC><! ""Ming. indOOing field joOnt ""'tinQs. _
be inspecled. Fo< proper application ""'" fre..oem from defocts. pipe beneath "",as of r;Iamag<!d coating sh<JuId be
inspected prior 10 repar of the CQIOting. Oam<tged or deI~ coating, pipe. and I'iP'<>9 compone<1T$ shou4d be
repaired or r~.-.ced and inspected in """""'''''''" with S.::tiorl 7 and S ' "boo 10 prior to laying.
":<t!.
8.1.2.2.2 AI phases 01 the pipe'ne installation proct><Iure identified in Section 7 sh<JuId be rrQn ~ ored to maintain the
installation OPI'ration will1in acceptable limits. CompOnen1$ tn.t reQU~ e ~'"",la l insIlection for $<JspccIed
instaltation damage sI>ouId be e• ...,ined belore the ,"" ,line system .. placed in operation. Field welds a.-.d sIIop
weld .. sh<JuId be inspected fo< tompliance with tt.. procedures provided in 7.1 . as applicoblo:. AI girth weld. sI>ouId
be ........ ~y ins\leCIed " prll(:lical, 100 % 01 the girth welds on the oftsI>::ore pipeline should be ins\leC!ed by
radiographic, ultrasonic inspection, or other ~ metOOds prior to coating It.. weld area. bY! in "" case
should fewer \t1 ..... 90 % 01 tloose welds be inspected in \t1at w"'!. The inspea;o., ""a1 ~ 100 % 01 the ~\t1 of
trose ;"specled welds.
"'.""1IOm
8.1 .2.2.3 Where pr;KI>caI, 1t.. condit"" 01 the pipe 0i1 the
shou4d be inspected to ~ its proper
installation. \IIhe<1 installed for the control 01 SCOI.Oing, pipeline W<ef sh<JuId be ;.,spected when! practO;:ol for the
(;OrTecI pI""""",,1 of materilol. Underwaier inspection metOOds a.-.d ~, .. 'llhal are suitat>Ie for these 11>$1<$ may
indude, bY! are OOI limited to, sallXation di'<'ing. use of """"" in almOop/>eric diving suits. remotetv c.perated _
..
subm .. o.. s, """", inspecIiOi1 .. seismic iI1speclioo .. and """.,.... Iions 01 these me1t.ods a.-.d equipme!1t.
Cerlifted as-boill. """""\'5 and dr,..,..;,..g$ should be prepared during Of after oonsln>CI"" c>sing acceptable
melhods 01 OOiermining ~ ........... coordinates. As·built reo:o<ds a.-.d maps shou4d =ss reference
prtOCOnSlr1.>:;:lion 'au" ....,.."y data a.-.d sI>ouId indude wd1 items as hlmirds, opans, l rondling, soil, anomalies.
8. 1.2.2.4
pipeline crO$$ingS. e,;$Iing Pnd new f<tdlities Of app.rte"""""', ...... a.-.d coaling properties.
8.1 .3
Records
8.1.3.1 ConSlrlJClior1 .-epor!S shou4d indude inspection records 01 al l mat"';"', indc<ling ....... VDM>5, a.-.d
!.OOcIitions,!O< pI1ysica! damage. ConsInoclion re ~ st<OI.IId also include inspec lic...., reo:o<ds 01 d...,agecI e_
coati-.g and 01 coating ropajr 01 the damagecl areas.
8.1.3.2 Reooods should indode welder qoaIlocalior1$ and qoalif.ed welding procedlXM. At. a miniITMJm. records of
IIle welds requi-ed in ASME 8314 fo< liq<.Od pipelines and ;., ASME B31 S sI>ouId be made and retained Tt..
1'\Ofl<Ie$!rud;"" in$pecIian r""", ds _
indode ~ "ific>o tion 01 the io'o$peclor1. Pnd QUalified inspection procedures.
These records st<OI.IId sI>ow the results 01 each lest and the d;spoMion oIall rejer.leo:l w"d!l
---. .... ...
-~
-- .~
~ - - .- - -
...
_"
-
'.... . . ........" . .:.. -'- ....
-~-
8 .2
Testing
8. 2.1 General
8 .2.1.1 Thi. RP in conjunct"'" with API 1110 may be c>sed Ic.r QUid"""" "" pres .... e testing. Pressure tests st.:Ud
be perlO'med "" ~e1ed systems aod "" all """ .....)bO'b notteSled with the p;peIine system 0< ~ t,," GO<Tiponeni
requi<os a higher t ~t press<Jre thon !he remainder cI the ~ine li leaq occur during t ~ts. !he le al<ing ~Iine
seclion 0< """"!>OI>M1"""'-'4d be:
b ) ,etested in """"""'noe with !his RP.
8.2.1.2 TemporlOl')' ~ nece»/Ofy to permil ~ tion cltests are 1""" ·:s·'>'e. pn:Mded that the deI~
~nts are repl"""'" after lesting with suitable. pretested ~nts and that the tie-In welds a,e
r>Onde~ ~ed in iKlOOI<IIInoe witt1 API 1104.
8.2.1.3 'Mlen this RP r""'" to I<o.ts c.r portions 01 I<osts dewibed in ollie<
considered as parts of this RP.
w '~
or spedfication$. they ",",,"d be
8.2.2 T... ti"ll of S hort Sections of Pipe and Fabricali"""
St.:t1 secIioI1. cI ~ and labrications sucfl i>5 Ii....... scr3peI' tfaps. and man(oIds rn"Y be \eSled separately from the
pipeline. 'Mlere separate tests a re used. the ... components should be tested to ~ equal to 0< Ir"ater than
u.:..e c>sed to test the pipelne system and $houid be I<oSled in compliance with the reQuir"e"""'ts of 4.2.2. 1 and the
design lactors in ~.3. 1.
8.2.3
Testi"ll After
~_
Conslsuction
8.2.3. 1.1 Pipeline systems designed """"dOog to this RP sI>ouId be pressure \eSled aller ca>SIrUCIion in
........ <I.Inoe w it~ 8.2.4. e Xcepllll3t labricated items and """"",,)bOots may be teSled sepa<a!ely in iKlOOI<IIInoe wrt ~
8.2.20< preIeSIed in ............:lance with 8.2.~. liydroslatics pressure. both internal and e ><temal. st.:Ud be fully ta ~ en
inIa KCOUI'II in setting tesI pressure Ie.els. TNs .. especially imporuIn1lor deepwater ~.""" lI1at terminate will1 a
pipeline riser.
8 .2.3. 1.2 o...w;ng the testing 0/ piJl ,~ ne • • "",e st.:Ud be e.emsed 10 """",e lI1al e.oes.siYe pressure is not applied
to val.e • • IiltinQs. and othe, GO<TiponoolS. Test prnoedu,es """'-'4d also speoiIica~y address the .al"" ",,",lion and any
dille,,,,,tia l pressure across the . a l"" seal
8 .2.3. 1.3 The ~ l ine"""'-'4d be in$peCted Aller cooSlruCtion lor _
arol 0UI4-roundne ... and an "..essmenl cI
any significanl inl>ertection:! should be made to <let""""", accepta/;>ilily.
Because it is sometimes nee, 's"')' 10 d _ a ~Iine inIa \eS1 secIioI1. arol insl3llweld caps. "" ,--a 'II piping. and
OItoe, test appurleNlnoes . . .. not atways le asible to pressure-test al l _ _ Id$. ToHn welds. ""'"'" M"" not been
.... bjectcd to a preuure t ~t st.:Ud be ;"spocl«l by radiography 0< ultrasonic testing. in iKlOOI<IIInoe "';lI1 7.2. After
~d inspectiQn. the field joint st.:Ud be coated and ;"spocled in """"""'noe with 8. 1.2 aod SecIi<>o> 10. ~!he system
is not pressu~sted aller _ . additional ~ requO-ed /of the tie ... should be prete .... d in accanl"""" with !hi. RP.
Mc<:hanical """"ing devices used lor _
should be installed and I<oSled;" """"""'nee with !he """,ulacturer·.
re<:ommeodations.
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8.2.'
Pressure Testinll
8.2.' .1 Test_sure Leve ls
Except lor labOCated items Pnd C<)rTllOnenl$ oover.od in 8 .2.2. lII l part$ of ~n o/WloR! ~ine <le$4gned accor<ling 10
1I1is RP $I'IouId be ~ to an aft",-(;OO$tn.dion OIrengtl1 to>$t of not less than 125% of the pipeline MOP C_
4.2.2l. FIowme$ and n~ rjser-s should be oubje<:led 10 hydro$tatic test of 125 % oflhe MOP or 111 % of $hut·in
.. :s·,re ItS defined in ' .1.2 .1. whid-.e_ is ~Ate '- H~tic _ should not ",$UIt in oorrt>ined loAds e xceeding
96 % ofcaPAdty as des 'ibed in 4.3.1.2. Ga. line. regoJated urxler49 Code oI~~ P;>rt 192 r ~""
riser sections physically C<IN'Ie<:Ied Lo 8 plalk:om Lo be tesled I<> 150 '% of MOP. Regulatory agencies ha"" Indicated
1I1at SCRs oot1nected Lo noating production systems oan be considered an exler!Sion of Ihe oot1nec1ing ~ ine . and
111 ... for 9"s lines regulated under 49 Cod<> of FOOe~ RefjrJarfons Part 192. the SCR up Lo its hangofl poinl c.nIy
needs I<> be tested I<> 125 % of MOP.
8.2.' .2
Tu t-medium Conoide rations
8.2.' .2.1 Pre ....... tests should be condo.o;:ted using fresh wale< or seawater as the test mecium. H use of water is
impfa<:tical . however. a test may be condo.o;:ted with air or gas. fXQlIided a laWre or rupture would not_ngetr
personnel. Testing with gas tloes present the riol< 01 a rele ..... 01 a torge an>:;U>t of storod energy 00 appropriate
precautions s hould be tAIo..,.., . Where water is the test medium. consideration s hould be (/Olen 10 adding C<Jm)Sioo
m iI;Hll)r and biocide additive. 10 the _ water. pIOrticUarly ~ the water is 10 remAin in the pipeline lor An ""tended
peOod of time.
Caulio".....preuu~on • • hould
be taken 10 prevent Ihe development of an explosive mi><ture of oir and
hydrocarbons.
8.2.' .2.2 Where water is the tesI mediu:n .-.I ~ on-bo!tom stability of !he ~ine is poIf,"lIIiy de~~1 on I,,"
liquid hydroca<t>on to be tranoported. consideration should be ~n to leavi-.g !he test water in !he pipclno unti ~ is
ready 10 be placed in &eMce. H spans Are pre_I along the pipeline rOUIe, static Iol>ding of the pO ~ine for .. flooded
case should be eoaluated I<> determine ~ the line wit be overOlressed whet1 foiling. Appropriate ren"leCbtion measures
sucfl as towering. or mid span supports sI>cMJId be inc>:Irporaled into !he design prior to _"II. Also. il owI_....
part$ of the sy$len\ e . po$ed to freezing Ienl>en>!ure. sMuid be <i-airled fallowing hydro$tatic test. Pipelines
conslructed lor gas setvioe should be purged in aocorM,..,., with ASME B31.8. In some cases. Ihe pipeline may need
I<> be cleaned and dried prior 10 being placed in service.
8.2.'-2.3 IlIhe testing medium in the $}'$I"'" wit be subje<;I. to thenrtAI e xpansion during !he to>$t. ~sion $I-o:IuId
be made lor Ihe rel",1 of excess pressure. Elrects of """""rallXe manges shook! be considered whet1 interprelaliot1s
....., made of, ....... """ tesl pressures.
Dischar... permits may be reqcOred Ic.r disposal of Ihe test medium.
8.2.' .2.'
8.2.' .3
Duration 01 HytIros tatic Testa
Piping systems are Lo be maintained continooosly 81 maximum test pressure Ic.r a ","""",m of eight hoo.n. For
!abncalions.-.l st>ort sections of pOpe ...". .... all pressI.nd ""'"",,*,15 ore viSUlOlIy inspected during procI-leSI I<>
de\"""no Inat Ihe<e is no leakage. tho ma. mum test pressure shook! be maintained conIiI>JousIy for a _um of
~8.2.' .'
Safety During THt.
Testing procedures for pipeline systems alter conSlru<bon shooId indude precautions for Ihe salety of personnel
oIuing Ihe test.
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31
Pipeline Operations
9.2.1 General
WTiIIen procedLXe' for ""'tt....p. Oper~t.:.·t and .... ut<bM1 of ~''''' l<tdl~ie. ohouId be "Stabliohed. and tr", (>per8ting
company sI>ouId take apptopI'.ue steps to e ....... 'e these procedexes "'" Idlowed. Pt'oo!>dItres sI100kI ",,~ine
preveIl~ me ......... at>d 5yst"", ~_ to ertSU<e tile proper 1'-"CIic>nOnQ 01 protective at>d shJtdowI1 <10_ and of
$/Olety. control. at>d pta"" ~
9.2.2 li ne Pressure
Pipeline $y$lem. s hould be Operated to ""sure tr", OPerating pro>$$<Jre' set forth in Ihi$ RP are '"" e xceeded. Primary
o.et;lt'ess...., pro~ delOoes whOd1 shu\.jn the producIion I _ s (we.... pY~ . compressors. eto,) sI100kI be
set above tr", rormat operating pressure range but in no case sholl it exceed the MOP 01 the ,,", .Ii,,,,, Secondary
O""l'<eOSLXe proW.'tion ""'y be $<!I atJOve MOP but $11I0Il not e:o:oeed 00 % of h~ te"'~' Such prInary
at>d se""",,,ry protecIion will protect the pipeline a t>d _lor the orderty shJt-in of the pr<XI,,,,bon 1 _ . in case of
an emergency ~ abrIonII3I opef3!ing coro;tions, I ~ oco:ne cases, other
protect"'" _
settings I~
subsea ~ l lIowIine. may be allowed since t.... ~~.) will be shut"" in case of an emergency at the host f<tdlity by
the emeryency .... ~ syst...,.
"""''P'"''''''
9.2.3 Communie<ttion.
eomm....-Mcatio equipmerlt _
be installed and maintained "" needed lor PfI'Il"I' pipe'ne (>per8tions under both
rormat and
oondiIior1.,
"""""'''''y
9.2..
Ma .... ers
Pe""""""l "",rI<ers "'" not reqcoired I", oIIshore ~'nes,
9.2.5 SIlinS
signs _
be posted 00 ~a~",ms to serve "" hazard 8rea warnings. WheM appropriate, signs sl>ould
~ the operMing company _>ClItion and emergency corm>JnicIttion .. ~res .
~
9.2.6 suovem"""e
Pipeline operators stIOUId ma_ a pipeIiI'Ie surwoiIar>ce program to observe incIicIttions oI leoi<s, or><ro3C!1ments.
and coro;tions along tr", pipeline route 8t!ecling the pipeline'. $/lIe Operation Condition:! $h(MM be ",'o'iewed in
~a",," with the ~an estabhsned in 9.1.2. Item e).
9.2.7 S a lety Equip ment
Press....,-linWng _
. rehel .alves, automatic sl'HJtdow<1 "aI .... (SOu.). at>d other safety devices sI>ouId be
tesIed at specified interval. dictated by lleld e xperier><:e. operator', poIicy,.....:I 5IO""fTIIM"t regUations, InspecIico:>'
sI>ouId verify !hat ead> de""" is in good mtId1anical condition .....:I properly perform. Ihe safety function for...tOct> ~
was in$!al ed.
9.2.8 Rio.eno
Ri$er$ ohouId be viwal ly ~ AnnuAlly lor physicAl damage and corrllSion in the $!llA$h.""" and above. K
tM A' t..... of tM da ........ stIOUId be det..
tM riser stIOUId be repaired ~ re ~ac:ed, f
d<mage is
necessary,
water riser oe<:tions and other riser COffipone<1l$ should be inspe<;:Ied in a<:<:or<;tanco with tr",
compan~ '$ e $!abliohed
integrity prOgram,
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9 .2.9
Repairs
9 .2.9. 1 G.,.,e",1
9.2.9.1.1 R"!>3" sIICMJId be perlolmed unde. qualified supe<Vision by Ifair>ed persomeI _ore 01 and ' ......1.... witt1
the ma. ""no""", pi..., and operatng conditions oIlhe ~Iine; the company'. safety ~"""'I$; and the n" ... rds
10 the >"Jbk " ,4*>f<'es. arol the environ"""'!.
9.2.9.1.2 Spec:;aI care _ consideration sIICMJId be given 10 _
the release 01 "ycIrtIcarbco:ls into the env'OI.heN
during " fep;>io- <)per8tian. PoIution avoid...." 0f>I'r"1ioo$ may in<;fudo P'ttdng soitat>Iy <Io$igled ext"",,,1 ""1'$ or
inlerMI plugs on the damaged pipe ends, elevating the pipe adjaoent 10 the pOpe location, us.ng polutiot1 domes 10
CIIpCU'e es "aping liquids _ releasing 01 pressure ondIOI removal 01 liquids at <ne or boIt1 ends 01 tile pipeline.
9.2.9.1.3 Evacuation and ""'"" wen.lions sIICMJId rot reoU! in ii,,,,,: led loads 01 deformation. !hal WO<Ad ...,.,.. the
serviceabitily 0/ the pipe materials, weigh! coating.
~ sI>ooId meet the proyisions 01 tNs RP,
Of
protect .... coating. The """'figex8tion 01 !he pipeline aft ... !he
9 .2.9.U
The use 01 subsea equipmer!l1>QIlipped wiII1 rutter • • jets. or " r suet"", systems sMuId be careful ly
woOOolled _ moniIored 10 a"<lid damaging the I>i:- : ~"" . tile extem .. COMirIg, _ the ",,~oc:>dO:: proIecIion system.
9.2.9. 1.5 'Mlen pipe is Iifled or .... pPQ<ted durIr'I9 """';,-, the curvature 01 " pipe sag bend _ <:weJbend should be
coruoIled and maruained so 1M! .. sttess level does 1>01 exoeed the limits ooIIined in 4.3.2. The lifting equip:nenI
st>ouId be sel. ::I~ 10 Pfevem pipe coating cIam3ge. """"'1 ~. clONing. aod buct<ling during \tie repR.
wa".., and o.xrenllobds should be ronside<ed in delermining total ~sed
9 .2.9.1.6
bc(h
_ace _
stresses _
cyd~
loads in
s!.obsurfaoo repMs.
9 .2.9.1.7 Repai" "ocedures '""Y include aPl'<Ql'iAie oon$ideralion$ ~ t forth in API 2200. API 111)4. and API 2201.
PersonrIeI ~ "" pipeI .... repairs should ...-.cIefStand !toe need IOf corel.,. job pI~nninQ and tile need to follow
nee,·""), precautionary measure. and procedures: and sIIouId be brieIed "" procedures to be IoIIowed in
a<:<:ompIi&IW>g repan Special considerations sI>ouId be mad<! wI>cn woOOng "" ...,sI.tndures....,.,~ I>ydrocarbons
could be poIenliallV lrapped and 1>01_ sI>ouId be prohibited!lnlj !toe _
area .. d, ,«led ....Ie in 1111 ......,;ronmento.
\1\_.
w,,1de< and Weld inv Procedure Qu>llifielltions
9 .2.9.3
Repair Me thods
9.2.9.2
peOom"Ong fepiIir _
sI>ouId be "","lied in oo:ordIor>oe ";111 API 111)4 Of ASME Boi!er.nd Pressure Ve ..... ,
CodIl'Section IX, a. "","",,;ate. R epo~ wekling $hould be peJ10rmed in accord ..,.,., with "","ifoed "eldi"l1_ leSt
procedU'es <IocumeI1ted in accord..-.oe with 7.2.
All repairs shall meet !toe .... uremenls 01 ASME 8-31.4 for liqui<I pipeI ...... Of ASME B31S IOf gas pipel .... s, as
applicaOle. FOf ollshore pipet .... repo ~ leC!'!rriqIles may indude, bY! "'" Mllimited to:
~)
leak repar damp IOf minor damage ;
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9.2.9.4
,,".. Id Re lNl ;' of Gouge>!, Grl>DVtIB, and Denbo
9.2.9.4.1 Gouges, Qf<ID'>'e • • 0I"III dent. a~_ ... tte inIegriIy 01 tte pipeline sIIouId be repaO'ed prom!Xfy _
tte
pipe.". ~ at a $are level. I'I'!lefl prompt r~' is ~. $1IIe pipeli'le O\lerating pressur"S sIIouId be
ma;"tairled ..,tiI a repa" .. made. tnjuIicMJs go<.<gE •• 51'00_. 0I"III dents are _
e'ceeding tte 1Oni!!; 01 ASME 831.4
!or liquid pipeline$ or ASME 831.8 lor gas pipet;""$ These injurious reatur"S should be ~. where ~. b~
ta ~ ing tte pipet;"" out 01 service . GUtting out a C)1Mica1 piece 01 pipe. 0I"III replacing it wi\l1 a lerlglh 01 pretested pipe
01 eQUal Of greater design pressure. tested in """'""""'""'" with 6.2.
Vl'llere ~ i. not ~ to \a ~ e the pipeline out 01 ..".;00 Of to GtII'!inue ope<a!iol1 at a safe pressure. a !uti
enc;";I",, ...... wekled opIa *e"'" or a _nical y secured Iittin\"j of "PI'OI>late de$ign should be lII'Piied over
injI.rious Q<l'JIIe$. grooves, 0I"III dents ConsiOeralion slWd be.,.....n to f~ ing the ann ...... between the d amp and
pipe with .. llardenable materi81 that wi seM! to i mit mo.emoot in the denled area due to pressore ~ucQja!iol1. In the
.... pipe. By reO .. "" cio ogthe area 0I"III1imitWlg its JlWJVerllOm. Ihe latigue Ole of Ihe <;Iele<:! CiOn be dramatically imprt>Ved.
118 . Ier.. e must be ".tjed to the camer pipe, spedlll consideration slWd be giYro to the """ding pmcedore, weld
inspoction, 0I"III l upp<>rl to ~t probIeml ~.ooci.ted with
crac;kr.g.
9.2.9.4.2
hydrogen""""""""
9.2.9.5
Field Re pai, of Weld Defects
9.2.9.5. 1 tl'ljuriou$ "",,d <;Ie1ecls sho<Jd be repaired ... ""","""a...", with 7.2.1.6. pr<)Vded the pipel;"" can be tak""
out of ..".;00 . .... ..".;00 weld repan may be made pr<)Vded the weld .. notleiOl<ing; the prewJre in the pipeline is
reduced to a level that wi! limit the hoo!> stre.. to not rr.:;.re than 20 % 01 !he SMYS of the pipe; !fnding 01 the
deIect;...e wad area .. limited 10 nllliJ'illlin al teast 50 % 01 ,-.ami ..... wall INe~ ". ... ; and the """ .... ted ~~ .. tested ...
""",""""""" wilh 8.2.4.
9.2.9.5.2 Vl'llere injurious weld defects C3MOI be repaO-ed and ~ removat 01 the defect from the pipeIW>e by
replacement is not praclical, the defect may be repaired b~ !he ;"'$!al ation of" IuI I.."ocioc!"" ...... wehled $IlI~ $Ieeve or
a mechanically oewred frtting 01 appropriate des9>.
9.2.9.6
Field Re pai, of Leaks
9.2.9.6.1 Vl'llere practical, !he pipe.". sIIouId be taken out 01 service and repMed t')' "'tting out .. cyli.-.lricaf piece
01 pipe and repl300ing ~ wilh prete.led pipe 01 """a l or grealer clesign pre"",","".
sIIouId be made b~ In$I.olling " IuII..,rociod"" "",t welded $!>~ $tee"" or a med1a r»cal rotting 01
a(llll"Opi"te design """'e it is inl><""""'" to remo.e .. c~indrica l piece 01 pipe.
9.2.9.6.2
RepiO,-s
II oorrosion ~ a. recIuoed 1M wal l Ihid<ne ... 01 the pipe 10 Ie... tMn IMt req.oired by tte MOP, tte pipe should be
repaired or replaced . Tho MOP. based on re~ pipe wall. slWd be detern>inod t')' the cr'I:eria ... ASME B31G
9.2.9.8
Reduction In Ope<atlng Preuure
om.
For pipe with corrosion pits that exceed the
lirmations of ASME B31o. 0I"III lor pipe with a re as...tle< ~ the wall
Ihld<ne$$ has been rediJced lor IWl)' reason. ope<atirog preso.xe sI>::Md be red><;ed to Ie$$ tMn that a !OW!!<l t')'
rem ......... wall Ihid<ne ... at IMt point ..,tiI repairs e.., be made. I'I'!lefl Iea ~ s a re rep;Wed with a de'o'ice thaI has a
lowe, MOP 11>.., the pipet... system, the MOP 01 the system sIIouId be red><;ed 10 Ihe MOP 01 1M de""",.
9.2.9.9
resting 01 Repl;ocemeni Pipe Section.
When a repa ~ to a pipet ... is made by cutting out a •• ::Iion 01 the pipe a. a cylinde< 0I"III replacing ~"; 111 anothe<
s - :th I 01 pipe, the replace"""" $<!CIb"I 01 the pipe $I1a11 be ~ 1"Sled in IOCCQrdlo..", wilh B.2. Tho test ""'Y be
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fI'IlIde on the re"'~t section prior to inmllation.
mea ... in aocordanoe wiIh API 1104.
9.2.9.10
Test ing of Repaired Goul/u, G,ooYe>!,
~
1""1 all lie-in wek!s are
ii~ ~y 1'\QrXIe$tructivt!
0._, We lds, and Pits
wgou~, • . Q<OO"o'M, """!S, welds. and pOlS Me repaired by ..eIding in ~"';111 the pn:'/i, j"", 01 API 11 04, tile
welding sha i be r.spected by
radiogra~
ar _
"""""pled
ronde~
metl>o<ls
0<
"'spected visuaIy by a
qui>1ified ~
Invest igation 01 Fal"',",. and Abnormal OUUrTence.
9.2.10
9 .2.10.1 A""""'nts. abnormal ooeu<renoe., and signif""""- ma_ failures shook! be inv<>sbgaled to OOIerrnine
tMir CII<Oscs. Foiled material should be feo>'>'8red lar irwesIigabon _
. ,. _. E'.oicIence, reo:><ds. and <IocumeI1ts
to the occ:urrence shoYk! be rotained ...,tj !he _ligation is dosed and • probaOIe couse has been
deterrrtiroed. Appnlpriat.. $1""" $ho:MJId bo taken to prevent fe(>.JrTMOe of accidenl$ or oigniI"""'nt ma_ failures_
""'.tng
9.2.10.2
Pipeline ',,",,"0
s/lo<Ad be r~ to
and ir><:io:leI>ts
11>31
..,..""i.>t~ r~ator)'
cacose
cIamage
to the
pipeline, ~ Sln.ICIUres, or
en"01.". '"
agencies and to Ope<atonl 01 other facilities iivolved.
9.3 Emergency Plan
9.3.1 General
A written emergency plan 5I>ouId be established lor ~mentation ii the e""'" of syslem '"dure, ac:>::idenl. or othe<
emergency aJ>d shook! include ptOCedures lor prompt and ex~ remedial oction ""surirIg tile loI"""ing:
8) lhesaletyofper""""",
0)
prOIeCIionoilhe""Woomen~
9.3.2 r",ining
Tn.. plan sI>ouId provide lor tranng of per$Orlnel reoponsble lor !he e. ocution 01 emergency action PefSOlYlOl
sl>::Md be ii!onned of tI>e cMr8cte<i$lic$ 01 !he h~rt;.on . in !he pipeline, !he sale ~$ 10< handling
acdc!enlal dOscha'll". and !he procedures lor !he repair of !he pipeline or related lacMI)o. The plan shoYk! provide lot
1rIoiM>g and mock emor~s for opentmg pe~ ""'" might become invdved in an emergeocy. Spcdal
erJllha$is $houk! "'" 9""'" to !he procedure for !he
ot pla~Ofm$ in ton emergency.
""""""lion
9.3.3
Communications
PfQcedures in !he plan shoYk! indude ~"; 111 "PI'OPiate ~t agende$ and&" notif"",tion ot
pa~ie5 IMI sI>ruId be _
in !he emergency acIion. incIoding OCher pipe'ne and plattorm ope<ator:o.
9.3 . ~
Plan Provisions
The plan sI>ruId indude procedures to "'" implemented in "".., ot .. pi~ine failure or
mo .. Sl.Kes to GtII'troI pollution 11131 m9>t resutt !rom a liquid pipeline falure.
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"'ale
and sMoId establish
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AP' '''~ ''',,'''''''' ""
'"
10 Corrosion Control
10.1
General
This se<:tion rocorrmen<Is g<.>i<leline. /of !he eslaOlislun.nl 01 eo<rosian mitigaDon
proce<Iu~ for offshore
hydfocolbon ~ines For 1iQ<jd...-.:l ga$ ~ines, !he IaIowing po.b''''''Don$ lOre no::.POI81ed by rele,MCe /of !he
delf>Clion 8M mitiQabon of ext""""" aM internal corrosion:
a) ASME 63' .4 /of liquid pipelines.
b) ASME 93' .8 /of g"" pipelines,
c) NACE SP 1)807.
10.2 External Coatings
,0.2.1 Submerged
'0.2.1.1 An e xternal coating !hal is eIIoctive in ill(! environmenl to ....tlich ~ is exp<sed s~ protect sutJmergod
SI""" pipelines. The de$ign of e xternal coaling $y$IemS $hould irI<;Iudo, but '"" be limited 10. oon$iOerlOlion of !he
- n g:
a) loading characleristk:s;
b) ""'Slanoe 10 ...-!de,·fllm ",ate, migration:
f)
~ ity
10 withstand ;,SlaIiIOlion sm.$$e$.
10.2.1.2 The w old. and Iho """" .....fa ce ohQo.Ad be in$pected for irregul"";lie$ th,,1 could protrude IIlrough lhe
"""" coaling. a.-.:lthese irregularilies should be ,emo""<:l, In ""nd;bon. """"" Iho", are significanl shea, Ioad;,gs
on lI>e pipeline. cold "''''I> coatings a.-.:l hea1-st<irl ~ s leeves .tlcMJld be _ d due 10 polemial lIi.bondmenl
i:ssues. A eo<rosian cell can I""" unde, tho disbon<led Of. a and lhe calhodic protection $yslem will be "e «~ ..
protecting the pipe .
10.2.1.3 Pipe coating should be ;,sp<ICIod both "';suaIly ...-.:I by a holiday tletector sol al tho _
""'tage before
Ihe pipe is lowered ;'10 Ihe wate, or a weigll coat (~ used) is "ppIied. My hoIidiOy or O!he< damage 10 the coaling
~d be repaired ...-.:I reirlsjJecled, f ollowing inspection. pipe should be Mndled and lowered inIo Ihe wate, so 1M!
damag<! to Ihe coating is P'C"C"ted
10.2.2 Splash Zone
Exposed rise,. in !he splash lone should be proIeC!ed with an external splash zone mating thaI resists !he e«ects of
corrosion. ~~ wa_e oction. and _nicaI damage, Iiea'o')' ice
may indic31& lhe need Ior_
~
'""""lions
""'8......".
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
~--.---
...
...'. .
_"....... . .:.. .....
-~-
"
-'-
10.2.3
Atme>spheric 2 0ne
val""" a rd fittings e xpo....:l \Q t... atmosp/lefe should be PfOtecIed with a suitable coating and sIIouId be 'o'isualy
irls!lected /of CQfTO$ion at r"9'JIar interv"'s.
10.3 Ca1hodlc Protection
Oes;gn and instal atiot1 01 calhodi< protection systems sIIouId be in """",cia,.,., with NACE Sf' ()6()7. C81hodi<
proIoction may be prtIYicIood by a gaNanic anode system. an imp<essed current system. or both. capable 01 cIeI'-'ering
suIIicienI CI.>rfe(l! \Q a<IcquateIy protocIthe pipeline . In the "".q, and installation 01 caIho<Iic proIection systems, !he
!oI<:M>ing """'-'Id be (;OI'I:IicIer!!d:
81 a gatvanic anode system _
use only alloys that ha.e been socx:essllJly tested Ic.r 0/1..."" applications:
bl a gatvanic anode system ""'I' be designed lor the Irte 01 the pipeline c.r lor peMdic replaoemMl:
cl the a>mpoI"IMts 01
damage;
system st.ouk! be Iocaled and Installed 10 minimize the possil,ildy of
8 calhodi< protectiot1
dl design <>:II"ISiderati should be g .... n 10 ......... zing inlerferera 01 electrical curreN s Ifom nearby pipelines or
struct...-es:
e l the "".q, sto:>uld take "'to account the waler deplh, !he water lempcralu~, ~ operating temperature. and
possbMy 01 an i,...."ase in o.xrenl require""""" after installation;
I) isolating joints _
be instaled in the
necessary lor prope< cat_
proIeCIion:
NOTE
iooloting joints "'"
tho , 1• • 'ieoI _tion .. _
gl
int_. '" "
~ ~
ot
pipe ~ne
_
they
!he
system wile", eleolrical isolation 01 portions 01 the system is
0,. ...... Ied 000... <ho .plAsh zono in 'MdIly.a:es_ Iocotioos ond
10 ex," : i t5 """""". !>.It 0" "" """"' PO< ye.,
<e<:tifie", or other im pr~ c..mmt O<>I.n:eS should be inspe<:led six times ead1 yea< at intervals not exceeding
2 S monlh. in Ienijth.
10.4
Inlema l Corrosion Conlrol
10.4.1 NACE SP Ot oe guideline. should be 1oIo.."d /of the design, the instanation. and the eval""tion 01 tile results
01 an internal corrosion mitigation program. Whem neoessary, internal rorrosior1 ""'I' be mitigated by one c.r more of
tile following:
81 the running 01 pipeline saapern at regular inte ......,
b l dehy,htkJn,
d) the use 01 a biocide,
el l '" use 01 OX)'QOI' sca.engers.
I) the
LJ$e
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
01 "" inl<!mal coating,
~--.---
...
...'. .
_". ........ . .:.. ....-~-
"
-'-
de\e""ine tile pr_~ me~oc:>ds 1"'t should be used. A
monitoring program should be estaOlOshod to evaluate tho corrosiveness of!n.. transported liquid 0< gas and tho
results of the internal <XlITOsion miliQation systems 0< programs. Appropriate ~'" me ........... should be token
_
1,," results 01 morMtoring ioOcale tIlat pro1oct"" _ins! ; , , _ oorrosion is requOred.
10..4.2 The . ariables and
se~ly '" eac/1 case wi~
10.5 Mainlenance 01 Cathodic Protection
S~tems
The catMdic prolf>Ction system shook! be maintoined in """"''''''''''' wiIh NACE Sf' 0607.
10.6 Records
R ~5
""sign. instollation. and opera!iorial dato 01 the rorrosion ronIroi system should be maintained as
indoding
OUCIined in NACE SP
"""---.... ...
-~
0106 and NACE SP 0607.
--.~~
~--.---
..
General
C HI' -
-- .~~
~--.---
A. Jl
..
S
,
~C~"')('-)
.0..4.2 Rele.-ei'l(>! pro>$$Ure. lor e act. $IOmfiIe
procedore ..... :
w'
(A.1)
be deternoined. The two values usad lor oontn:oI 01 !he test
.0. .• . 1 Eacto $IOmpIe shall be pressured ..,til bursllai1ure oo:u<s. Tho test ~uid may be eilller wMer 0< gas, The les1
s/IQuId be condu<:!ed in a coverod pi! 0< pre","", """""I to e ......... safety 01 tesmg pe<WnJ>eI .
A.4 Test Proce-dure
.0..3.3 The wall lhicI<ne$$ 01 the lest $IOi1llIe shall be meas!ii"ed using an ultrasonic measuring de-.ice, TM
mea surements shall be ta ~en wtMJnd !toe circumlerenoo al mid I. ng~, arol 31 'lUll"'" paints 01 the $IOmpIe , rec:o<dirig
!toe mini,,",-,m and fuur val,,",s of thQness at 90' ""'rvals aroo.n! !toe pipe at ead> <7Oa se<:!ion.
"""---.... ...
-~
w"
.0..3.2 The t:<Jr$I test $IOmpie sIoail have " length gr""ter !Non si>. pipe diamel= not inckJding erol cIo$Jre .. W"'ded
0< mechanical end caps with pre$$urn ports shall be c>sed. The Ieng1l1 01 the sample shal l be """"""d,
1e..-
.0..3.1 The mech"""",, prnpe<1ies 01 pipe joints from which sam~es are to be made
be dete<mined, It is
tesI !nom e acl1 end of eacl1 pipe joinl be performed. The yield stress, the
reo:ommerlded 11131 at leaS1 0I"Ie
uttmate sireS$, a nd!he elongation sIoa i be recorded lor ead> test Tho "' ..... 10 spcci-nen shall be oaken from the .......
pipe joint a. the tourst $IleCimen. The yield s tr= Pnd !he ultimate s tr= lor !he pipe joint are Wned 1>$ !he Itver&ge
yield sIre$$ ..-.:I !he average ultimate slre$$ from the tensile tests, MecNonicIII prt>pe~y tests lor determining burst
design criteria shall be O<It"Iot.>cted in a manner consist",,! witn mechani<:al property tests pcrIormcd during
mai'kJi"tdLD"og .
A.3 Test Sample Description and Properties
Pipe rep<e"""ta~.e of 11131 PfOPO • • d lor u... sIoa~ be bursilested. Tho pipe ",,1oeIed lor tesling sIoail ~a.e the .......
pipe mamJ a<:turing process and grade And snal hollC dime.,..,.,.. ........ to the dimensions lor the .,....,n appIicotion .
A.2 Test Sample Selection
.o..1.i Tho procedure de ..... ibood .. th<s annex is interxlcd lor qua lification lor usc of the IimiI stote design proco:;t"'"
lor a spedIIc application. T his proco:;t"'" ~ a miniorum of si>. burst tests be O<It"Iot.>cted. More testing will be
"",","ad to 'IUIIt.y a cIa$$ 01 pOpe m.torials 10< limit stat ~ design. which would permit. e.g. ""'11<" of Vir. S • ..-.:I U to be
usad This broader qualiI">eation .nc..;d be part 01 a pelition to the AS ME Sc<:tion euo",;tt"" (..... ASME 9-31.8).
.0..1.1 Tho Iim~ sta'" design procedure in Ihis RP is based on use of d...::tilo materials Tho pipe is assumed to be
$UIIidenIIy do.>:::tiIo arxl hove w/f.cient Ir i"td ~ lOogt.n..$$ to hove ~ la ilure ". : <'~ in burst. tension. bending.
collapse. And cnmbined k>Ading. Qualillcation of material. <>!her IMn carbon steets. which have been demonstrated
to ~ave _
prt>per1ies. shalt be tesIed in iKltlOrdanoo "';1I1 the qualif>eation requireme-n!S in ASME 9-31 .8 ar>d the
pmce<h.re in Ihis .......",
A.1
Procedure for Determining Burst Design Criteria for Other Materials
Annex A
(normative)
-
CHI'
is !he C3IJI)ed end yield pressure In Nlmm1 (psi);
(,fliP
;"the copped end bin! press<Jre in Nlmm' (psi);
is the minirrum meascxed ... "" !hick"" ... in mm (in.):
',.;,.
"',(.3 n., ~ end b<x$t .. :'''fe is cIo:!e to. but L>S<J>III)' less than, the """",I bur$! pre_. Til!. $lI1Tl>Io $hal l
be pressured sIowtV to e ...... '" MI """",ate dele<mination of the burst pressure.
a) 1nc:<e<l5e pres ...... to CErr and !>old
to e!1 ....., stable <!efO<malion. A
representa . .... tIOId lime is 15 minutes.
Ihe """ $<Ire !rom CEYl'to n's/' ~y Of in steps to ~ sta/;>le meo>sure"""'T$. The ~
maximum step size lor pressure """"ase is !he minirrum 01 1000 psi Of (CHI' - CE rf'Y4. The """"""",nded
mi ..... ...., elapsed time for this step is 20 mi<1,
b ) 11'I<;:Te_
0) The pressure shan be held at CEllI' (~ !he sample h"" f'IOI bYrst) to ensure a stable pressure, e.g. 15 minYtes.
The IIoCIc>aI b.xsl preSSeKe. (1'"",,). is !he ""'. ;......, prHSUnl rewded in Ihe te s t " ' - be r>OCed ItIa1 Ihe
preswre might drop just prior to burst duo to sample delo<mation
"'''',5
"'A .6 FoIo..,.;,.,g ead:1 burst test. the failure ",-",aces snail be "xa ......"led to yerily thatlhe lai"", mcde is doc\je. A
ducIiIe burs1 '"",,,,,, has a distine! bulge at Ihe b<KsI location. A k>:"Igitcodir>al ffacIure e>:lends 0-;." tile lerlglh of Ihe
bulge and terminates ne8r
end of the bulge . The er-d 01 fracture !Ln>' at rough/)' 45" !rom !he '""" axis at "act.
end. The fai"", ",-",aces hal''' shaf? edges and !he .,,,1,.,. has a similar appearanoe to !he "rup.anck:one- sort"""
obs......ed in a teIlpe \est. A l'\'PiCaI a.ICIiIe burs! , .. Iu<e Os "h."lr31od io !toe Fig ..... A. l, A typical br~ burst ',,",..-e Os
t""
i lustrated in
Figur ~ A.~_
II the l<>iIure mode is "'" fVpicaI of D clJcIiIe burst. then the pipe is "'" scWtat.-e lor ....., with the IimiI state OOsign
in this RP.
"..-.7
procedu~
"..-.8 For ead> teSi. caIruIate the rlltio:
.-
(Y.....
'-~ U..... )ln(V)('-)
D,
.....,
•
computed
burs11~
1'.-,
is the actual "",a sured burst pr"SSUre. in NJmm~ (psi);
U""""
is the a.erage measured ultimate ten .. te su-eng'" of pipe, in NIlml" (psi).
"'"---.... ...
-~
'
--.~~
~--.---
..
(".3)
00_.C<Ho'''''''"''
",""",' 00« _
..... , """"'" ""
00' _ - . _ . (l"" S,.'. """"
Fill""' ". I--Ductile Bunot Sample
Figu re " .2_Bri1lIe Bu ...1 Sample
"-""--...,--_._-_
...
...
,
,
-~
~
--.~
"00
-~-
. -, . " ".::
_ .. _ .. ___
_
<\
A.5
Determ ination of Specified Minimum BU l'$t Pre55Urt!
A.5.1 T.., spocifoed Iloio oio lOJm b\qt ~~ may be written in !he form:
'-'""--..
, , ...
-~
--.~
~
,~--.---
...
"00
-~-
. -, . " ".::
_ .. _ ...__
_
Annex B
(normative)
Qualification of Increased Minimum Burst Pressure
B.1
General
B.l .l EQUatiorl (41_ EQUation (51 ,..., ~ '''' estimMion o! the minirrom burst pressure '''' pipe Imed in 5.1.2.
The ccelfocients in Equalion (4) ...-.d EQUation (5 ) ( _ 4.3.1) (0.45 a nd 0.90. respea;..relyl ___ consideralions cI
opo:ocibIion roQUi"oments, sud"> as
walllhickness a'ld mecI1aniciJI testing lroqo.oo:<"q. I ~ control cI
~ prOPerties and di-nenoior'o. can produ:;<o pipe with improved b<.<$1 per1(>rm""""'. The ~remento in Ih<$
Annex....., inIen<!ed 10 ...... " users 10 lake
cI ~ marMJ'OCWIing control, 10 Inorease the Sj}ed!ied
i1.,i1oum burs1 press ......
p. - O,SO(S+
'Ii. Iii,,,,,,
_""Iage
U)m(~)
(B .ll
"
p. -
I.00(S+U)I~/)~ ,)
(B,2)
B.l.3 The coelfociems in Equatiot:> (4) and Equa lion (5) may be meased Ifom 0,45 and 0.90 up 10 maximcwn val...,.;
01 050 _ 1.00. respcctivcly.
B.U
To justify the increased bursI pressure. supplementa!)' speci!ications shall be inc:IudecI in !tie ma_
specification. The ~ supplements a r ~ ;
81 oped!Ied .... ........." burst pressure. liP 10 1M ma><imlm <leflned in Eqc>aUon (B.l ) '" Equatiorl
b) U-length
~ica l
ultrasonic inspection o! ead'> length. i-duding ultrasonic wall IIlid<ness
(8.2~
meas~
with a
_lKJ1~ a ~ageo! 1 0%;
c) spec:;i"0Id mirWnum wallll>icl<ness greM..-lhIin or equal 10 90 % o! nomina!:
d) medoanical properties. Induding yield otrengll1 and vltimate """ngtI>. 10 be teSled for compIian(:e using ASCI Zl.S
";111 an """'"PIo'obie QUaiif\' Ie"" • 0.10 %;
e) bursl lesting as pre=ibed herein,
B .2
Burst Testing Requirements
_lim
B.2.1 Bont Ie.ts a ", conducIed 10 eil$'-"" lI1a t ~ with """'9111 o>nd r;limefl$ioroal properties pr<wi<Ies
adeQl.iale e-,;der!ce thai 1M speO ~ed
burst pressure" "'50 mel. 8<itslleSlS shall be cordl>Cled lor 81ieasl
one 101, ... _
at
for eactllol for -..hicI1 T,gNened Inspection applies. Compianoe"",,~ be IeSled in
accotdance with ASCI Z1.9"'1I1 an """",lable quaily Ie"" ~ 0.10%. II. lor the randomly scl,;1'" Iotisl. the
mechanicoo! I"<»oty ~lli 1.,;1 to meel the ltC<'<'pl.!ibiity o-iIerioo, then the lot " re;ected and an ltIlditionallol is
... _
at rar\IXIm lor burs! and mectoanicIo! propeny testing, K 1M burs! pressure ,,,,ts 10 "-1 1M acoep(abOiiCy
<7iter'oon and the me<:hanicaI property IeSIs meet the acoeptabilily o-iIenon. IMn 1M lot .. rCJocIcd and bursI ",sting is
re~ for aIIl<lI$
"'I>dom. _
. ... __... ._-_ ...
----~
,.-- .~
"
.
6.2.2 Each lot $11&11,
ItS f",
as practica/;>Ie, con$i$l 01 unil$ 01 pipe (pip<! joint$) 01 a $4nijIe h!.at, heAt_lreat""'''' batch
gr_. aamete<. and wali lhid<ness, manYlactured l.W"de< !he same conditions "'"" eSSMtial1y at the same time.
B.3 Test Sample Selection
9 .4 Test Sa mple Description and Properties
6 .• ,1
The yield str""Sllh ar>d 1"" uUi"'''te Slrengtl1 01 the b<KsI sa"'Ple 3r" lhe.o!ue1; to be obtained trom tile
correopondiog mcd1anica1
property
"'s'
The b.nt le51 sample ""all ~3~ a Iengll1 greater than six ppe di.....eters, no! ir><Iuding end closures. Waded
or ~ end caps with pressure ports $I1a11 be used . Tho length 0111>0 ...-npIo shall be ~_
6 .• ,2
8"',3 The wa~ II1id;nes.s 01 Ihe lest ... ~ e shal l be me",exed using an ultrasonic me"..".;"g ""vice. The
mea ....ements _ II be \aI<en arc>..nd t ... ciraJmfeJ«lOl! at micHengll1 "'"" a l "",,,,,,, poiI1ts 011,," sa.T()Ie, rec:or<jng
the " .... , ... '" and foI..>r values of Ihid<ne.. at 90° i1tcrvals a<oUJ>d the pipe at ead> cross section.
B.S Test Procedure
B.5.1 The binI te ... shall be conducted 8$ & so ibed in " A . T"" bo.Jr$l .. : :,'..., (1'_,) is tile prOllerl)' to be
d>ed<ed lor ~ """'II ASQ 2:1 .9. The min ...... '" val"" is Ihe specif",d minimum bo.xs! pressure.
6 .5.2 K the f",ure m:)<!o of .n~ I:xx$t test $IIrTllIe i$ noI ~ 01 a ductile b\r$L then !he pipe Os noI suitable lor use
with the limit state doesign procedure in this RP,
8 .5.3 FOf pipe tna' meets !he r<>qU .... menls al lhi. anne<, !he opedfiod rninmum bon! pressure $I1a11 be used lor
<lesign instead of Ihe ~ ""W aled by Equation (4) or EQUIOt>::>n (5).
-. .......-.-._-_
...
---...
--. ~
. -...,.
,~::::::,.
" - ,,;;.
... _ .......
,..""..;0'
Problem State me nt
allow romparisoo
4000 n
3000 ft
~
~ 0,80
• 0.30
.
U~
ultima,. ott"""o, U, psi
12.75
PIP exIofroai p;pe _'"', in.
.,t_
~
_ I • • tt"""h. pOi
75,(1(1(1
-
-
-
,,~
65,(1(1(1
.~
ro .~
8625
No. 2
Single Pi""
P Ipet ...
--.~
-. .....,.-.-._-_
...
---...
.;;.~::::::". -" ,, "".;;
. ...... .. . -...,.
_
Cab. ati<Jn p""""'exe descri>od here is lor two ocenarios. depe.-.;lr.g on ~ !he stoJI"" prosso.re is spocik>J at !he
$Ut>sea~, or ..1 tho lOP 01 !he riser (surfI>::e). For all .. "'mal ~ desq1 calrulations based on !his RP.
"""'" tNt 1M pressure d'le J«oCe {I'; - 1'01 is used instead '" 1'i alone. where hydrostatic presscres baCh inside and
~!he pipe vary _
1M wat ... cIe¢l along tile pipen one! nser, In 1M prtICeWre d
'ibed below !he deepes1
wale< depIh is assumed to be at tho oWoea weIhoad b:;:ation _ !he $1> .... "est wale< deptI1 is at !he ~aIIorm 0< riser
location. _
approaches should be taken to """"'-"'I lor Ihe pressure gains and losses rue to manges in eIe..tioo in
case tile deep aI'Id _1ocalion5 iIIong Ihe to ..... ..-.:I riser ..... (jIIorent Iran tile ~ made !>ere,
C.2 Calcu lation Procedu re
PIP
PIP ext ......
ro.~
78,(1(1(1
...... >'!>o .... ima.. "'''''11'''. U, poi
>'!>o SMYS. poi
~.~
......
SMYS. S. psi
~
~
... Ino
ro . ~
poi
~SMYS . S ,
... Ino
"'
,m
-
~,
....'M
Tab .. C,'_tpe [);ola
_
_ _ _.V.".
P ipo D.1o
Internal con-t<Iion alQwal'l(>! • 0 mm
Specific "aYily of ~uid. oil prodiJcIic>:1 _
~
shot·., pressexe. 1'; ~ 10.000 ps;
~atIorm ~
SpeciIIc "aYily 01 ~ uid. gas
SUbsea .... e.
Water deptI1 al
Water deptI1 at subsea well
Fo< _ l i o n p..oposes. two di~erent proOOction cases of 51115 ..-.:I crude oil ..-e llustrM.od. Input data ara ... .....-..<1
to be a. 1oIow$:
(TLP) at tile otller end. as """"" ., Table C.l. Only British criIs are included to reduce dune< _
to previous editions 01 API 11 11 .
1Ilick",," cai<:u/ations are performed lor two different " ouIated ~owIines configured as "PIP" a.-.d 'single pipe."
Coo$ider a $leel ~ooM;"" Pnd SCR connect.od to • O<t>$ea wei tot the deep e.-.d _ connect.od to • /IoIo1ing ~ alform
To iluslra1e aWlicalion of tile ~miI SI3Ie de'gr, ., aooordonoo witt> ' .3.1. internal pressure (burst) d.,lI'I a.-.d ....aII
C.l
Exa mple Calculations fo r Intern al Pressure (Bu rs t) Design
and Wall Thickness
Ann ex C
(informative)
AP' '''~ ''',,'''''''' ""
....
..,mo 'ho - - . . """"0. "'''''''. j0.4Sf') It elI.1I ., IWb......... oI>Jt-1n "'....... j/', •!he10,000
psi ... "'" ""Iou\t,.,...
. o mplo). F", this cal<_ • .."pIe, tfle ""l"io'ed minimum hydrostatic ,est ".....IUJ",
IOOreo jIWbsea _ _ <I)
ot
"",", be.' ,.."' I.l) (p;
p. ). whore !he h ydrost.otic teO! "'....... I', It. ~ i l.. "". . "'........ The ."U.' " ," ",..."
requQd "'to",", lost ".....SU "'., !he su _ _ , OCCWni;iog 10.- oy<lro$talic fIe. d , wiIIlhon".., ...., eli ,,"1 10
E.2l (/', p. t + I', or '2H\ O.l) p ~
_
rOQUlot"""', _ . 'elI,,",!he _
(eQUi"od . ........ ,. .t "'....... ("'" .... _ _ 1M' ~ .... )., be . t
...., ........ It>. 'actor ...... !he "'Sf', _ . ,fie o.4Sf' is ... in_ ~ '" c ..... , ~ "'" 1..- "'"" equalS 1,25,
""" _
load ., . _
roquired ........ _
PfOS$U'.
~
'.lSI'• .-.gardless cf ~ w",er dep<I1,
.,ampIe In C.3 """"'" wiII--.",.".., • •10.-1<
" ... ",,'od '"" ....... I«>m "'" ....._ , ~ will_yo be !he
tho, will Oote.. ,... "'" memll . . - teo' "'...... , ...:! """ _ .... o'rboe" t... "' ........ ....
..... yo o..-d 'ho ",;';".Jffl roquirod ...."... . , ..... ""' "'........ deI." ,"ood by _ _ .-e, lie no,." Ihor• .,.
...., CUO$ _
• • mOlt.... how tho 'oquir..:! teo' "'• ..., .. It
.... !he " ' _
,. .t prosou .... ""' ....._
CASE 1
""'.""oed:
aI
for...., . , ......
be su!ljocIod kI 0 sut>oequoro;
')'SI""" ,. .
011_. lot -..pIo . • . . . - ...... "-"'"- ....,. tIod
"""_")'0_ hos _ IntWIod """ ,..tod.
Surface t. . ting
!hOI moy ....
0QUipm0nt
full
t
,~",!he
CASE 1
So~,,.
"',,!;no
hydf(lSlItic tMting aI • 10, "'" tha,lt .... "'" ' '''''"''' kI "'" o..-!_ .... _, fo.- 0,"""," ....... aI •
to ... . ><iotlt1Q ... , ...... IY'_, -'!he e","""" fto ,,'.... I)'SI"'" It "'" ' ....'00 ,~",!he _.
ca.. 1. "'" ,,"sign """'-" Ic>IIaw..:! in ..... RP, _ 010.. tfle ~ '" be _od.t tho 1 ...._ "' . "'...... "'lull '"
' .2l (/\ 1',), with 1'. ~!he . _ 1»'_ Mod ot tho "' _ _ ion for!he~, proYidod tho i-<nper "'- ....
_ . """"" _ "'...... ",""", ' l c i > _
hydo;>ttatic ""'.
In
1)'0' ' ' '
'n Close 2. for tho design a p ~ 'ole , . d in ..... RP, !he . " _ , teot
Ll5 P, O.l5 Po jlo.-. PIP _ e, 1'. voould ". 0),
Tho fJSef ~ "'" RP 10
",".U'. to
be . ~
IUJb ... WO<J ld eQuo l
UfJ_
~ir'g Close 1 ...:! Clo . . 1, ...tOct> .,. ""'oIst .... with "'" <IooIgo> "' 1r<1 ~ I 51 ~ "'" RP.
Tflio RP". '-"""y may .... be .. , .. d by some~ , on<! in """ co ..... !he roquirod _
. .ernaI
hyO'<>tlltic .... pr ........ may hove " be __ , "' . loeb" _I',,~"" ai_hot the "" ,,,... ...... 10 .... 00 ot!he
_or"-.
ft"'" specifIC Wl'Wy 01 030 (walcr rele<enced),
This ntormation is .,eneral\' kno-<om . 11 unknown, a
repr=nIi'lg " Pi>f\iIoIIy gas·fined ,;"". may i;J., a$$Umed .
STEP 2
Calculal & tile iI>1erna1 s/>ut· in pres"," a' l '" top ~ tile riser,
Start MIhe subs .... well".ad lot whid11he internal shu'-in pressure is known, CalruIa'e Ihe 5h<r'-in pres.sore
al tile !Op ~ tile Ii.... by sublrac!if"lg tile pressu'e ""'" clue \Q eleva!iol1 ~irl irl tlle produc!ioI1 ftuid ooIrJITW1,
using !he prodo.telion ftuid tle~ lrom Step , .
STEP 3
Calrulale 1'" hydrostatic lesl pressure 81 !he !Op o/!he riser.
m
Calrulale I'" hyU"osta!ic lesl pressure at !he !Op aI!he riser usirlg Equation
if sI-o.r! ...... 01 !he wells
I~ I'" ftCI'M;"" and riser are olfamed. 0< using Equa!iol1 (3) ~ s\rl1 $I1u!...... II«' incidental.
STEP 4
Calrul.' e hydrostatic !est press ..... a long tile s""P".-.;\od riser and al Ihe subsea
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
~--.---
...
... .
"
_,,-, . . -...
,,".;.-'-,
-~-
~ad .
Start with !he l1yt1rosta\O;: tesl pressur ~ al the top of !he riser wI1ere !he l1yt11t1$tat>:;: tesl pressure is krwJwn.
Calculate !he hy4o$lalir; test pr~ along the riser aroj a t the s o.b$ea wel head by ttdding the l1ydrootato;:
pressure due \Q the "'ale< 00 " ..... Fo< d.';~ purposes, CII4cuI.te the dill.r...,~" pressure (the ;"tern"
pressure m..... the e~ p<e$$U<O) at ead> pon:. F", a single pipe I'>:>wi"". the tiIIe,-...,tial l1yt1rostatic
te$! ~ is con$lant along the lIowIine and Jiser Fo< a PIP 1IowIine. the contmlling pre$$L.-e is at tho
lowe$! point and 10< tho Ii.... it c.c:>:>..n DlIhe ba ....
STEP 5 Oetetmine Ihe wall lhO:;kne .. for rise< and 1IowI.,.,.
Calru!ate Ihe wal l thd<ne$$ to< a g;ven pipe diamele< and grade, using the Ie$! pressures Imm Step 4 and
Equation (4) 0< Equillion (5). as required \Q obtain tM _
SI3Ie design. Use the l1ydrostatic t...t pres .....e
dill.renee, wtO<:t> .,we. tho tIlk:I<est wall 10< both Ihe 1IowI.,., pipe and the riser pipe.
S/>ut.;" pressure is spedied at the top of the riser.
C.2.2
The CIOlQJtalion prQCedL.-e for Ihe
with Step 3.
. rul ..... pre_ $!leCified a t the
top of the riser is the $lime .... C.2. 1.
~
C.l Calcu lations
Fo<!I>e example ",,'rulalions, Ie! Ill .
'"
•
•
m, I'~ 1, and SG be M 1oI1ows:
~,
-,
'"
e, •
,•
SG
~
10.000 psi:
...aw31o< derosity. 64 IbIII":
sp&<ific ~ 01 produced 1Iuid. 0.30 !o< gas. and 0.80 !o< crude oil.
""'rea.
Note that ;" ·Plp· CIO .... the ;"I!!ma l pipe is I'\QI $Ubjected to the exl!!mal pressure due to "'alo< <leptl'l
lho
ruter pipe (0< jacl<e\ pipe) is a~eCIed. The pressure in the alVf.liar spaoe between Ihe two pipes is assumed to be
atmospheric or negligible in this ,.. a mple 01 PIP I'>:>wiine. For • single -pipe fIawme. tM e xternal pressures althe riser
ba ... and AI the ,,'b$ ea wel lhead Are iJ_ bye
1'. " ris<r bas< - 1 ' IrlIl ~4
1'... subsc.
STEP 2
,,~I l
- 1 ' 111 1144
Calculate internal
pr~
11 at the top of the rise<.
Using the .... b .... wellhead ........... pressure. produced ftui<l density a .-.;l wale< deptn, ""Irulate the ;"tern"
pres .... ,., at the 101> of lho rise<.
/'; .. "-'P oft"" riscr. 1'; - 1', -1 ' HI (S(,)/144
Calculated inlemal pressures are sIIOWI'1 in Table C.2 lor the e xample oases.
STEP 3
Calculate l1ydrostatic I!OSI pr~ I', at the top of the rise,.
. ...._-_._-_
-----.-... ...
-~
" , ....
--_
..-,-,*..."-,,
,""".;.
Usirig the slwHn preSSlXe at t,," lOp oI t,," _from Step 2, caIcuIale the hydraSlatOc leSi pressure althe
top dthe riser A&&m>e pIaonod .nul in 01 the .ystern from the plallorm, tt.... ~ Equation (2),
1', - (1', - 1'. )/0.8
1', .,
n,., '''I' •
I',/ O.S
U$ing the hj4o .... tic leSi pro>$$Ure at the lOp 01 the riser,
base oIlhe rise< ...-.:I Dllhe subsea
1', ., n5<r '-<
- 1', + P
H 2I 14~
calrula t ~
Ihe h)tdn:>SIatic test ..
we~l>ead .
- 1'. " nocr base
For the singIe. pipe case, from lI>e lOp 01 rise< III tl>e walenine to _ a d ,
CII~
out inlemal
h~
:"ore$ at Ihe
load,
""'~ing
ex~
hydrostatic pre ' wre wi
resulting preSSln d'-""'Sl hydrostatic leSi GtII"IStanl
1', ., subsea "'0111>0><1 • 1', • Y , HI / 144 _ I', .. ""Ul>c><l
1', .'
,ubs<.
,,~IIl>c><l
- (I', - 1'. )/ 0.8
See Table C,2 at>d Table C,) lot lI>e calcoJ4aled external preSSeKe, srut-in pressure ddlere""" and the
~ydrtI6tatOc test pressure as per Step 3 at>d Step~,
STEP 5 CakUate pipe wai l lhid<ness lot riser and 1IowI...,
Use Equation (1)10 ""bstitute 1', lot Po, in Equation (4) or Equation (5) 10 det",,,,jh' pipe dillmeler 10 wall
thicl<ness ratio (WI) for given pipe grades, Wal i l/>iclo.""ss is Clliculiltod k.-.owirog the pipe diameter at>d the
ill ratio. EQL>lItion (5) is rnodif.,d arxl used lot the ~xa~ cases. n IoIows:
0/, - 1 +0,9(1 (H U) I Po,
• 1 , O.SIO (S , U) I I', r", n...wh.."
- 1 + 0,675 (S + U) I 1', r..-,.;..,,Calculated pipe walllhd;""ss as per Step 5 are ...,.,., in Table C, 2 ...-.:I Table C.3 lor !he e xample cases,
C.4
Limiting Riser to Within" Horlzontal Distan..::t! of 300 It from the Sorf"..::t! F"..::ltlty
$peCif.,.
Section 3 1. 5 01 !lis RP
th/tt lot ~$ aI in~ presO<re <Ie$ign. the Iiser <lesign lo>:;>tor awlies to pipe
within 8 horizonIaI diSlanOe 01300 ft lrom the surf""" Iadlily and !he pipeline design laclor appfies be\'Ofld tha! point.
For this c x ~ ~ i. ~ thal at a 300 ft hori«Intal distance Irom the ""1"",, laciily in lI>e examples deocrbod
he<";". !he liser e>:.terxl. to a 1000 ft depth below lI>e wate< ",,!lace, Thu. Ihe ""clio", 01 pipe uP 10 1000 ft water depth
MId within 300 ft I>orizontal distance from !he surf""" can be dssllJ'l"d using !he Iiser design lacIO< lot ~ aI
inlemal pressl-"8 design. At>d !he pipe beyond ttli>t poir1t CII~ be de'g;>e<I usirlg !he I'i-. , ~"" design laclOf. This
dillc,entiation 01 !he Iiser Irom
provides a<lditional sa1ety oIlI>e nser based on third party damag+o and
dn)psled object ~ tc TOOle C A _ Table C5 $how the resol!$ aI calcufatian. US<ng,...;:h crit""'" The calcufation
procedure clesa'ibed in Co2 ...-.:I C.3 remains !he """""
pipe.""
...."'"--... --~
-- .~ ~
~-- .-- -
..
C.S
Increased Burst Pressure Due to Improved Mechanical Properties and Dimens ions
Con trol
4.3.1. Note 3. improved WI ,g oi '" med"larlic3l ~ aM dimensions can produoo ~ ... ", improv«!
blnt perf""""""". Tn., specif.... "'i"imum bo.nl pre ........ may be increased ;., ~ with Annex B. Assuming
sucto aile"" are met !or pipe ;., !he example. desai>ed cot1sidered he<e. Table C.6. Table C, 7, Table C.S. and Table
C.g show !he r_
'" _lions b<lsed upco:>!he CII4a.oI "fion po ":eWre descf'bed;" C.2 to C,4 and Equabon (8.21.
Table C.6 and Table C.7 ..... for !he riser and ~ino design lactor.Ilhat ..... simi ... to applied ;., COWationl shown ;.,
Table C.2 aM Table C.3. Tablo c.a and Table C9 are !or !he riser design fllClOr'$ applied to pipe within 300 /I
haoizontal distaf'lCe Irom the sorf""" faci lity, This sceMrio i. simi"" to the one. de .... ibed;., C.4 and Table C.4 aM
As
~
TableC.5.
C.6 Comparison of Results
I~ ~ to IIXther iluSlr3le oppIicatioI1 '" !he limit state lor the ;"tema! pre ........ design. ""' ...... and !i .... ~ wall
!hick",," al coIwlatecl and descrbed in C.2 to C.S were compiII'Od with !he traditioMI desigo1 melhod. Refer 10 Table
C.l0. Re$Ul1$ Irom Table C.2 to Table C.9 we<e taken and compared with the C>.Jrrent design ~ ;.,
with 30 CoOO of Federal Re{}fhriM. 250, PI P and single ~!or \I'" aM oil production oases were taken. FO<.O"
oompI""""
coses '" I"",. state design were WIT1JlI'fed with the lr3di\ioI1a! desig!1, TIle 10<.0" CiIOSeI are:
a) limit $tOle desigo1 of fIoy,Iine and riser (Table C.2 ar<! Table C.3):
bl limit state design "' " _
Table C.5);
'"",ted!O w;!hio " 300 II haoi.""taI dis1arlc:8 from the """""" lad!Oty (T_ C.4 and
cl limit state des<gn '" ~ material having
AIY\ox 8 (Table C.B and Table C.7);
~
WI"1trn1 01 mech""""" properties aM climensions a. per
dl limit state design of 8 riser limiIed to witlWo. 300 II haoi~ distanco from the _ace I"oihty. 8M ~ material
ha.,.;.,g im~ GOI'IIfoi '" mecfIarIicaI PfOpeItieI aM dio''"''sico:>l .1 per Anne. B (T"bIe C,S aM Table C.9),
$h<:M-$ N I " material $Oving. 01 4.4 % to 21 .2 % Os ~e to
ibed;" tin Rf'!O!he exampie problem considered in this a........ .
The compOrison '" oesulls given ;., !he Ta/;>!e C. l0
_va b\lapplying the _
"""---.... ...
-~
--.~~
~--.---
..
state design ...
d., .•
.... ROCO<"E'_ .... ,"""" 1111
..,
,
<'
J
•
~
"""'l'_
..... _ _ , " ' _... '" ""'1- .....
. _ ...,.. ,";"" ..... ~ - . 10,000
Figure C, I -Eumple Subsea FIowli"". and RI..".
'-'""--...,--_._-_
.. ...
,
-~
~
'
-- .~
"n
- ~-
. -, . """"
_ .. _ . . _
po;........,.,........
00_ ,
C<Ho'''''''"'' ",""",' 00« _
..... , """"'" ""
00' _ - . _
. (l"" S,.'. """"
_.
- --
Table C,2_PIP, Gas/OH Production flow1lne and Rise,
F_ine"
SUb .... WOIi
Description
PIP. Gao P1'oduction F_ine _
1'~ _",Maure ,pol
0
".), _ .............. _onoo, ~ I
1'" ,. ., ~ r . ", riM<
,~
">1>. poi
........... 1:Iuring hydr.,.,.tM; * l pol
_ ...
,atic "" ~IMI" c ",.,.
....
',
P,
......,
{I';
... _
1'. ), _
.. ... ,
.'
__
"''''"'''"'' .......... b c...~.~ 1M ,otio. pol
....
.aticb hV_ticlM'''' ........
,
"-""--...,--_._-_
...
...
,
-~
~
,
--.~
11.l133
13.6 11
13, 167
11.l133
13.6 11
13.167
-
10,0.06
$. :13 1
$,:131
O, ~
1.0l5
1,0l5
M"
0
....
"00
0
-
-
12,500
12,0 56
-
12,500
12.056
12,056
10.aoo
9.007
.~
O~
O~
O~
10 ,000
'osuiting .......... 00ring hydrostaOic tal pol
',
-
0
r" ,.., ~ ,. "' "- ">1>. poi
J)"
0
-
10 ,000
.... , poi
.............. _
""
""
PIP, Oil P ....:IIIOII"" F ...... I1 ...... d Ri_
sWt.... "' ........ , poi
1'.. _
0
10 ,000
"...,..,.." ........... 1or r""" ~ 1" 'atio. poi
J)"
Rise<
10,000
1'. sWt.... 1M LI . ... , pol
<",
,~.
- ~-
. -, . " ".::
_ .. _ ..._ __
W.
10,=
~I
•
Table C.3-Siog"'-pip<t. G.sIOit Production FlowIi"" ond R"er
,
,
11 ,m
,
,
11,all
•
----...
.. .....,.-.-._-_
...
--.~
.."". _......
'""" ....
"-"_
.,"'-"-'
llm~ l ng
Tab" C..4-PIP, Gu/oil Production Flowli .... and Ri.....RI_ 10 Wilhln I Horizontal Distance o r lOO II rrom the SUr1ace Facility
F_ine"
SUb .... WOIi
Description
.. 1000 11
PIP. Gao .... aductlon F_IM and RIM<
po;
;>r_ure, po;
i'. shut ... IIfflSUre,
P~ _
". J, sid ... _ . -......., ~ i
,",
P" _
-
~.
10 ,000
-
0
0
10,000
.......... ~
""
0
""
'" c ..... 11 rioo.-Iop. pOi
,~
--
,~.
11 ,1\33
~''"'tetl, pol
13.6 11
12,278
11 .1\33
""",....." "'....... '" <"""'*'II III ,,,<>. pol
n, '"tio '" iYI'<IrootItic ..., IHQUr.
13.6 11
12,278
10 .046
6 .~2
, ~
I, WIllI 'hid"'...., in.
O~
0 .973
0 .973
PIP. 0;1 Pfod_on F_i"...,d RI_
P~ _
","'ure, pOi
0
0
-
-
10 ,722
12,500
11,167
10,722
ma»mum ;>r........ '" ,,*,<1.*'11 /" ""i<>. po;
12,500
11,167
-
/)"
10,&50
9.6oIl
.~
O~
O~
089<
11', 1'.1, ................... -....:e,
i'.
_1HQUr. 01
rioo.- lOP. poi
0
'"
'osuiling pressur.. <luring ~bc ""'l
'*"'~"'I"'E "\Ye
I, "'.II1I-od....., ...
-. .....,.-.-._-_
...
---...
--.~
8,518
10,000
p. shut.... ",.....,,., pOi
10 ,000
po;
. -...,.
,~"::,,,
.- ,,..
.. _ ......
"... "..;0'
~"
•
Table C.S-Singlel'ipill, a,."JOH Production FIow1 ine and Ri...,.-
--- --
Limiting Riser to Within. HOI1z""ca l DI."'nee 01 300 ft lrom the SurfloCe Faci lity
F lowIi ......
SubHOWeiI
Duco ijllion
Sin~lpe.
P" loSt .......... at _lop,
,~
,~-
.. 1000 ft
Gao Production FloMI ... :and RIM,
1'. .......... pres ..... , po;
r ~ ext...... " ....... , psi
,", 1'.1.......... pres ..... _
RiM.
10,000
-
,~
~
po;
•
."
=
...... ~
."
11,833
"'........ dumg ~!Ic _, poi
11 ,m
11 ,&3
11 ,m
11 ,&3
'M rat" I:< I'\ydrootot" IKt ..........
11.-105
~_ 1 57
9.157
I, wol _
O .7~
."'
0.942
rna""'" "'....... 10< """"tOng
1M 'otio, poi
. in.
11,m
Single-pipe. Oil Production Flowline OM RiM .
p. ......... pres ..... , po;
p ~ . " ' _ p' ......, pol
,
1',
,~
".1......,.... "'....... _ .,..,.. poi
pr....... duling
~0S!01ic
t. .~ poi
maxim<.<n Ilf8=Ir.!of oak:uIoting 1>1""",
'M rotio b
IIydoootat" 1M! ..........
', ..... thld< ....... in.
-. .....,.-.-._-_
...
---...
--.~
po;
~
•
Mn
-
-
10 .722
10.=
10 .722
to.n2
-
12.0183
10.002
10.002
0.001
..~
0862
=
_....-o at _lOP, poi
~
Mn
10.<100
. -...'.
...
.. _ ......
"..""..;0'
'~,,::"'
" -"-
10. =
10 .722
T~ble C.e-PIP, G~sIOil Production Flowline ~nd Ri_
Incrtlaoed Bu ... t P,,,... u,,, Du" to Iml"O'o'ed Mechanical Properties and o;",,,noiono Control
"
9.'''6
' 0.722
---. .... ...
-~
--.~
~--.---
...
... .
"
_"-,. . .::. "-.'' '-~,,
"p , "''''"'''''"''''" ,,,,,,,,.,. ' " I
T~ble C.7-Si"ll'e~ipo, ~oJOil
P,oduction FIow1ine ~nd Ri .....
'"",.ued Bu..1 Pre.. urtl DUG 10 'mpnwed """'ham"'" Profl"rIioo. a nd Dim"".I""" Control
I
FlowIl ......
SubH. Well
-~
Sin~lpt, ~
/'........... pres ...... , psi
I'~ ext.........
",
...., psi
=
,-aop, poi
pres ......
ma,;m"m
_ "".Iew o;ab" , Ong
HI ~io lor lIydrnotatic
HI '"'"" psi
'*" pres.....
Si"~lpe.
p. ......-Io
-
,~.
""
0
."
",m
"W•• tflid< ........ in.
0;1
pres ..... , poi
11 ,m
11 ,&3
11,&3
11 .&3
11,&3
-
I E>6 !
10.063
!0.063
o.6e1
0.M7
O.M7
P'l><h.",~
Flowline . Old R;"'.
!O,OOO
.><t_ "'_....,
,=
,~
psi
Mn
°
-
-
10,122
ffIWfting "' ....... <lotting ~!Ic ' fl!, poi
10,122
10.122
10,122
maximom ......... "'!of cak:uIotir,g HI '"'"" psi
!0.122
! 0.n 2
-
1M r.tio lew IrydogoWic IoSI
13 159
IHI03
11.003
, In.
O.W
""
0.1$01
..-- ...
... .
1/\
I',.,. ohoJ,.jn "'....... _"""". poi
1'. '"'
"""'0-'_"""
I, "'.. _
---....... .. ... ....
~
,=
,~
,~ "'....... dut'o'og hyO'OOIO!Ic 'fl!, poi
P"
-
10,000
,.oJ. 0I"0rt.... pres ..... iJ;O'I.......,., ~
p. ' " '
-~.
Rln'
P,oductloo, FIo""", and RIM,
-- .~
. ~--
poi
ptM .....
=
_,. _. . -_...,,...,,,"' ,;;
'~,,::"'-.
Mn
Tab .. C.II-PIP. OaslOil Production Flowline and Rise<
_.
---
limijing Ri_1O Within a Horizontal Di.tance 01 300 II from the Surfa"" Facility
Increased Burst Pressure Due to ImprOYed Mechanical Properties and DImensions Control
FIowII .... >t
SUboeo Well
12,50(1
"'"---. .. ...
-~
--.~~
~--.---
..
11 .157
10,722
M' I "'~ . , ..." .:. " "
Table C.9-Slnglel"pe. Gas/Oil Production F ~wll ... and ~I.er
Umi~ng Ri M ' to Within a Hori.ontal Distance of 300 It nom \tie Surface Facility
Increased Bu.st Pressure Due to 1m_eel Mecha"ul PropeR;". and Dimensions Control
FlowIl .... ...
Sub... _
---- -
T"" 01
0.857
10.=
..."-_._--"
---...-~
-- .~~
' 0.=
10.=
Table C.1 D--Comparlson of Resulls
API "" Um~_
_
" " UmK
Stolo. T_C.2
. nd Tobie 1:.3
TobIo C,4_
T_C.5
,-.,
(FtiHfDnign
_m'Um~
StoIo. T.1>Io C.8
. ndToblel:.7
(Anne.
BJ
_.
-"
ntlo30~01
Reg ..... iI<o ... 250
T...:Iil""''-
,
----
.......
. .. ...
-~
--.~~
~--.---
..
Annex D
(informative)
External Pressure Design Example
0 ,1
Problem Statement
Perform enemol pressur~ (collapse) design .a6datiQn pcr 4 3Z lor two n~ with the followWlg nominal
$l>edficatiQn. Pnd <lesiQn
Fog'"'" C. f). On/)' British ooits Ii<" included to reduce ctutter Pnd allow
compaoisoo to pm""'" editions 01 API 1111.
"(oo,,,ation ("'"
P ~ine
NO. 1: 11 in . • 12 In, PIP_roe and SCR
F~ine ~:
6625 in . • OS75 in, API-5L X70, seamle$$. uttirnate \e01$i1e
K
80 k$i
Jo>:::ket Pipc: 12.75 in . • 0.562 in., API-5L X6(l. searnless, ultrnate t""siie K 75 k$i
SC R ~ : S.625 In. , HIOO in __ API-5L xes. seamie$$, LAtimate tel\$ie K 77 ksi
Jo>:::ket Pipe: 12.75 in . • 0.562 in., API-5L X6(l. searnless, ultrnate t""siie K 75 k$i
P ~ine
No. 2: 11 in. ~<>w1ine and SCR
F~ine ~:
S625 in . • OS75 in, API-5L X70, seamle$$. uttirnate \e01$i1e
K
80 k$i
SC R Pipe: 8.625 in. , HIOO in __ API-5L xes. seamie$$, LAtimate tel\$ie K 77 ksi
Maximum AoMine Wate' Depth: 4000 ft (1776 psi)
Maximum SCR Wale< Deplto: 3000 ft (1333 psi)
Shut.;" ?o--e$$Jre at Subsea Wt!I: 10,000 psi
Maximum Product Spedfic GrIMly: 0.80 (moi<iy oil)
MinimL.OJl Product Specific Gral'ity: 030 (maointy (/itS)
Young', ModuI...., £ : ~
.
106
P ipe CNality. J. 05"
0 .2 Collapse Due to External Pre55Urt! per 4. 3.2.1
The Inequa'ly (9) ......t be satOsfied
<0,
{p . - I',)~ f,J',
The m ... imum fatio 01 (f. - P;) _
be determinod for the ;"staliatiQn and operating condition • . The l1yo;1msta\O;: tes!
condition is i(p:>red .n:e the;.,~ pressure e>:ceed. the e xternal pre$$Ure . I'. is the maximum e xternal water
pressure and I'; is tI>e minimum ;"lema! pr ....... 'e. Internal pressure 1015 also be"" asscmed 85 zero lor both tI>e
instaliatOon and operating ClOSe • • Cefl3in operating condi!ior1. sucI1 ... _
""""" 0< """ lilting ..... y rediJoe tI>e
internal pres:u<: to ""91;gible level., con_ n~ y use 01 tony ~ in\enUII pre$$Ure lor tho: OPI'rating (;(>I'I<Hon
may not be realistic, Table D.1 ~ze. the net exlemal pmssore loading lot bolh installation aM opet8!ior1
""' ;9'1 cases,
Nen. calculate the coI"I'$e ~, P,. lor all $ix pipeline <Ie$igro C8$es !rom Ta ble D.1 . E""a tion (10).
Equation (11), aM Equation (12) life used to <leleomine 1',.
'-'""--...,-- _.
.. _-_...
,
-~
~
.
-- . ~
On
- ~-
. -,. " ".:;
_
.. _
.. _ _ __
00_.C<Ho'''''''"''
",""",' 00« _
..... , """"'" ""
. (l"" S,.'. """"
00' _ - . _
"\
Table D, t aro::I Tabte 0.2 • • can be estabiMed whethe< a~ the clesign cases satisfy
ir>equItlity relaliol1 (9), The seamless pipe coIta~ t3ClOrJ .. ct 0,7 is ulilized,
Combining !he results
trom
0 .3
Resu lts
Tabte
0 .3 clem:;>nStrates
!~t all cleoign """"" to<
tho ,,",
cli,,,,"
meet !he extemat p'ess<t«t collapse resisla"""
reQUirements ct 4 32 1.
Table D, 1-Net External Pressure loading
"'esS<J,. in po<.<>:!s po< SQI'''''' inch
ti.1l No 1,-"
no .......~
I'll No. 1. jacIo:et
0
0
0
0
,~
0
,~
0
0
0
,m
0
,m
,m
0
,m
'm
0
'm
I'll No. 1. _
F>IlNo 1,!Is .. jttd<et
F>Il No 2, "'"' Iio ..
I'll No. 2. _
"-,
".
("0
Tab le D,2-CoHapoe Pressure
"'esS<J,- in j><IUO<!S po< _ _ inch
-" ~
I'Il No. 1, no.tnt
F>Il No. 1, jado;et
F>Il No, 1, _
I'll No, 1, _
1',.
'-,
,--
14,lQ'l
00,$46
13,88\1
"""
""
99,:131
15,012
j.tck'"
,m
14,901
,m
I'll No 1. 110. tnt
1~,lQ'l
""""
OO _ ~
""
13,889
F>Il No.1. _
15,072
99,:131
1 ~ . 90 1
Table O,3-ElCtemal l'ressure conapse Resistance
••• n P<>U<><ts ~-- inch
Pr
-" ~
Pll No.1 ,1Io . ' "
I'll No 1, '"""'"
PIl No. 1, _
,
--.~
0
'm
I.J',
s...I. lIed?
(VnlNo)
=
~
-,=
10,431
0
PIlNo . 1,_~
'm
F>Il No2,_
,~
I'llNo, 2. !Iso<
,m
'-'""--.. ...
.....---.-._-_
-~
~
"-,
("0
lneqwollty (9)
"00
-~-
10,' 31
. -, . " ".::
_ .. _ .. , __
•
,.
,.
,.
,.
-
Table D..4-Bu<:kling Limit Stale Bending Stra ins
DHI ~nC ....
I'll. No.
,-
1~3' 11'0
0.:14001
~~
0 ,901/1
1, .....
0.0~ 7
0.9091
I'll. No. 1. jacl<0I
I'll. No. I, .... jacl<0I
0.4073
I'll. No 2, 110 " ....
0.7261
I'll. No.2, ....
0.7813
,
•
I'M/-,I'JI
00461
.=
.=
.=
•.=
•.
.~
.-
~
.m
0.0507
0.0453
Table 0 .~omb<ned Bend ing""" Extemol Buckle Re.i.tance
0 ..... C...
Pi\.No, 1, _
Pi\. No, 1, jacl<0I
PII. No.I , ' "
I'll. No.1 , . . . jacl<0I
I'll. No 2,
II,,, Iino
PII.No. 2. ......
.
.,.
O.OO I ~
Inot"HOIi""
,
Dpe<ation
0,0461
0.0527
--
.~
~
.~
.~
0.0368
.~
.~
.. ~
.~
.~
I,t,
,
-- ,,..
.- ,.,.
h'
•. . = •.
.= •. .= •.
•.
0.0461
1_,,1~.~
(Yesmol
~
.~
.~
.~
$!rains can be defined w ~h I"oigher precision due to the ""-" b<:o-ldary coooditioo.$. In man
tr.led that operational c.r In-plaoe bending Sir";"" "'" _"imiting due to !he support geome
'" 0.1 ~ ".
In.pace structural pipeline """lyses aI>d pipeline _
spec;r""!ions IypicaIIy dete_ !he ma<.imum 0Il'"'3100M1
be.-.;ling $!rain Tho ..,Ie<:ted value of 0.15 ". Os typical lor pipeline PfOie<:t$.
0 .5
Resu lts
0 .5 <lemon$trales thaI all design cases lor !he pipelino$ """,I !he cont>ined bending and e><lem3I
bucI<Ie resislanoe reqoi<ements of 4.3.2.2.
T~ e
-. .......-.-._-_
__..... ...
----
_
.. -...
...'~,,::"'
. .......
, ""..;;
.-". '.
~
Bibliography
[1 ] CftlSSland. S .. ond Jones. J, A.. ·S"'a'o'ior of Thid<·Walled C)1inc1ets Sutjecled to 1~!eJMI PrewJ<e:
Pnx:o<xIing. of fnstilulion of /.kcllllnQI Engineers. Vaf 172. 1958, PI'. n7 to S04
12] HII, Ro, The
13]
Ma~(iG.1/
TIIoory of ~stdy,
C I ~rendon
Press, Ol<io<d. 1950
HOTPIPE. "Guideline for High Pn.$$UR!IHigh Temperatur~ ~'nes "" Uneven Seat>ed: R<lI'Ort 99-3342.
Ja..,al)' 2000. Del Norske Ver .... J IP Repon
[4] 1",,,,,,aIionBI Joumtli of /.k~ Science • • Pari<. T D. and KyriokiOes. S.• Pari<, "On !he Pe<Iorma<>;;e 01
I nle~aI Ane$lOr$ lor 0Ibh0re ~Iines. " 1997, Vol 39, No 6 , !>P, &43 to 669
[5]
OTC 6335 n. Pa!me< A. C, EI""" C, p. Ridwds D. M ,
Upl-.eo>val Bucl<linij: OTC '90 PO<)(; Vol. 2.!>p. 55 1 to 560
G\.ii! J, 'Design 01 Submarine
P;peli,,,,.
aga;ns!
[6] OTC 10711, Lange<, C.G, 'Buckle ArresI<n for Oe"I'Water P~i<Ie$: Vol. 3. PI'. 73 to 84. OTC. May, 1999
17] OTC 16063, HIIfIisoo, GE .. McCarron, W., "Potential
Pipe..,..f>ipe: OTC May 2006
(8]
F~'"re
Scenario !or High Tempera!"",. Oeef/Waler
OTC 13013, KOW. F. Peek. R. "Oeleomi1a\ion ot Witll ThicI<."., .. and AMowabie Bending Slrairo ot Oeef/Waler
Pipelines: OTC May z00 1
19] SAF EBUCI( 58fe Oe$ign of Pipe ...... with iJJlerai BucAJing. Desi}r1 Guide ..... , Augu$L 2004. Boreal
CoosoitanlS. Lid .. JIP Pmdx:I. www.boreaSCOl"OSlll.!anl.com
" 0IIsI>0<.
T~C<>n1<ot....,.,
-. .......-.-._-_
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P,O, 60, 833SSS , R _ " " ,. T_75Oe3-3a6a,
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Order Form
;"..,Iea To {D 0>0<, !'lei. _ ......... "51111' WI
Ship To {UPS >0<1 not _
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SQooo 51.. 5<>oci!ltation "" l ... P;'"
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.....
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