COMMENTS AND CASES
ON
PROPERTY
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FIFTH EDITION
2006
Published & Distributed by
856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St.
Tel. Nos. 736-05-67 • 735-13-64
1977 C.M. Recto Avenue
Tel. Nos. 735-55-27 • 735-55-34
Manila, Philippines
!
www.rexinteractive.com
!"#$#%%#&'()*%+,#-"./(0112
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ISBN 978-971-23-4684-2
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698'B
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
BY THE AUTHORS
No. ____________
ISBN 978-971-23-4684-2
Printed by
84 P. Florentino St., Quezon City
Tel. Nos. 712-41-08
!! • 712-41-01
PREFACE
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!
PROPERTY, OWNERSHIP,
AND ITS MODIFICATIONS*
Title I — CLASSIFICATION
OF PROPERTY
PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
Article 414. All things which are or may be the object of appropriation are considered either:
(1) Immovable or real property; or
(2) Movable or personal property. (333)
Concept of things and property.
"#!"#$%&'()*+,&$%#&'(')*++,#-(.')%/00.#/0#1'#*(,#012'3/#/4*/
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*(.#/40%'#/4*/#*)'#%-%3'6/$1+'#07#*66)06)$*/$0(9
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$%#*+)'*.,#/4'#012'3/#07#*66)06)$*/$0(#0)#$%#70-(.#$(#/4'#60%%'%>
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?4'#@$A$+#@0.'=#40;'A')=#-%'%#/4'#/;0#/')8%#$(/')34*(&'*1+,
*(.#%,(0(,80-%+,9#B(.')#")/$3+'#C!C=#6)06')/,#3086)$%'%#D*++
/4$(&%#;4$34#*)'#0)#8*,#1'#/4'#012'3/#07#*66)06)$*/$0(9EE#F0;>
'A')=#/4')'#*)'#/4$(&%#;4$34#*)'#(0/#%-%3'6/$1+'#07#*66)06)$*/$0(
*(.# /4',# *)'# (0/# $(3+-.'.# $(# /4'# 30(3'6/# 07# 6)06')/,9# ?4-%=
D/4$(&EE#$%#/4'#80)'#3086)'4'(%$A'#/')89
GH00I#::=#@$A$+#@0.'#07#/4'#J4$+$66$('%9#KL"#M09#NOP9Q
!
R
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C!C
Requisites of property.
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/$/+'=# $(340*/'# 0)# 3086+'/'=# +'&*+# 0)# 'X-$/*1+'9# K@4$(*# H*(I$(&
@0)60)*/$0(#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#!NY#U@"V#!ZP=#NRZ#U@L"#NZO
[RYYY\9Q
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+0;$(&#)'X-$%$/'%]
K!Q 5!#/#!3&0)#/4'#3*6*3$/,#/0#%*/$%7,#%08'#4-8*(#;*(/%=#%-34
*%#70)#700.=#%4'+/')=#3+0/4$(&=#I(0;+'.&'=#30870)/=#)'3)'*/$0(=#'/39
?4$%#-/$+$/,#;4$34#$%#&'(')*++,#'30(08$3#'(.0;%#6)06')/,#;$/4
A*+-'#%-%3'6/$1+'#07#6'3-($*),#'%/$8*/$0(^
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$%/'(3'#*6*)/#7)08#*(,#0/4')#/4$(&9#?4-%=#6*)/%#07#/4'#4-8*(#10.,
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.'6'(.'(/#07#/4'#10.,^#/4',#1'308'#6)06')/,#0(+,#;4'(#%'6*>
)*/'.#7)08#/4'#10.,#07#/4'#6')%0(#/0#;408#/4',#1'+0(&^#*(.
KNQ 922-)2-#+4#/#!3&0)#/4'#%-%3'6/$1$+$/,#07#1'$(&#60%%'%%'.#1,
8'(9#K%''#!#@*%/*(=#O/4#'.9=#NP_=#NPZ>NP`9Q
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*(.#/4'#03'*(=#*)'#(0/#3*6*1+'#07#*66)06)$*/$0(#$(#/4'$)#'(>
/$)'/,#*%#%-34#*+/40-&4#/4',#8*,#1'#*66)06)$*/'.#-(.')#3')>
/*$(#30(.$/$0(%#$(#*#+$8$/'.#;*,#K.;%;<&'+'3/)$3$/,=#05,&'(=#.$%>
/$++'.#;*/')Q#*(.#/4')'1,#1'308'#6)06')/,#$(#+*;9
K1Q "#/4$(&#'-.*&$0//#0*,&8*,#4*A'#(0#0;(')#1'3*-%'#$/#4*%
(0/#,'/#1''(#*66)06)$*/'.#K.;%;<&;$+.#*($8*+%=#4$..'(#/)'*%>
-)'%Q=#0)#1'3*-%'#$/#4*%#1''(#+0%/#0)#*1*(.0('.#1,#/4'#0;(')9
:/# 30(%/$/-/'%# 6)06')/,# *%# +0(&# *%# $/# $%# %-%3'6/$1+'# 07# 1'$(&
60%%'%%'.#70)#/4'#-%'#07#8*(9
K3Q ?4$(&%#3*((0/#1'#30(%$.')'.#*%#6)06')/,#;4'(#/4',
*)'#(0/#%-%3'6/$1+'#07#*66)06)$*/$0(#1'3*-%'#07#2"3*#(+/&#:=
2)**#4#/#!3&%-34#*%#/4'#%-(=#/4'#800(#K*/#+'*%/#*/#/4'#6)'%'(/
/$8'Q=#*(.#0/4')#4'*A'(+,#10.$'%^#0)#/.%+/&#:2)**#4#/#!3&%-34
*%#/4'#4-8*(#10.,#;4$+'#/4'#6')%0(#$%#*+$A'#*%#$/#$%#0-/%$.'
/4'#3088')3'#07#8*(9#F0;'A')=#-(.')#3')/*$(#30(.$/$0(%=#/4'
10.,#07#*#6')%0(#0)#6*)/%#/4')'07#8*,#1'#/4'#%-12'3/#8*//')
07#*#30(/)*3/#K.;%;<&60%$(&#*%#*#80.'+=#.0(*/$0(#07#1+00.#0)#*
30)6%'Q9#H-/#*(#0(')0-%#30(/)*3/#$(A0+A$(&#0('E%#0;(#10.,
")/9#C!C
@c"UU:d:@"?:<M#<d#JL<JTL?W
J)'+$8$(*),#J)0A$%$0(%
N
0)#*#30)6%'#'A'(#70)#8'.$3*+#0)#%3$'(/$7$3#6-)60%'#$%#A0$.#*%
30(/)*),#/0#6-1+$3#80)*+%#*(.#6-1+$3#60+$3,9!
Rights as property.
?4'#;0).#>2-)2.-!3??&$%#-%'.#%08'/$8'%#/0#.'(0/'#/4'#/4$(&
;$/4# )'%6'3/# /0# ;4$34# +'&*+# )'+*/$0(%# 1'/;''(# 6')%0(%# '5$%/# a
/4'#-.*&0A')#;4$34#)$&4/%#K6*)/$3-+*)+,#0;(')%4$6Q#8*,#1'#'5')>
3$%'.#a#*(.#%08'/$8'%#/0#/4'#)$&4/%#;$/4#)'%6'3/#/0#/4'#/4$(&9
U-34#)$&4/%#;4$34#*)'#30(%$.')'.#6)06')/,#*)'#07#/;0#I$(.%]
)'*+#*(.#6')%0(*+9
Real rights.
"#-.+/&-#%"!&$%#/4'#)$&4/#0)#$(/')'%/#1'+0(&$(&#/0#*#6')%0(#0A')
*#%6'3$7$3#/4$(&#;$/40-/#*#.'7$($/'#6*%%$A'#%-12'3/#*&*$(%/#;408
%-34#)$&4/#8*,#1'#6')%0(*++,#'(70)3'.9
:/#$%#%08'/$8'%#3*++'.#10*&#$&-.;
K!Q @+*.*;#A&B(.')#0-)#+*;=#*80(&#/4'#)'*+#)$&4/%#*)'#0;(>
')%4$6#0)#.08$($0(#K")/9R# CRO9Q=#%-)7*3'# )$&4/# K")/9# CNZ9Q=# K3$A$+Q
60%%'%%$0(#K")/9#_RN9Q=#-%-7)-3/#K")/9#_YR9Q=#'*%'8'(/#0)#%')A$/-.'
K")/9#P!N9Q=#4')'.$/*),#)$&4/#K")/9#ZZC9Q=#30(A'(/$0(*+#0)#+'&*+#)'>
.'86/$0(# K")/%9# !PY!=# !P!`9Q=# +'*%'# )'30).# K")/9# !PZP9Q=# 6+'.&'
K")/9# RYO_9Q=# )'*+# 80)/&*&'# KB4#89^# ")/9# R!RC9Q=# *(/$34)'%$%# K")/9
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6)06')/,=#*%#$(#6+'.&'#*(.#34*//'+#80)/&*&'^#)'*+#6)06')/,=#*%#$(
'*%'8'(/=#+'*%'#)'30).=#)'*+#80)/&*&'=#*(.#*(/$34)'%$%^#0)#'$/4')
6')%0(*+#0)#)'*+#6)06')/,=#*%#$(#0;(')%4$6=#60%%'%%$0(=#-%-7)-3/=
4')'.$/*),#)$&4/=#*(.#30(A'(/$0(*+#0)#+'&*+#)'.'86/$0(9
KNQ C#$8&+*&2-)2.-!3;#a#:7#/4'#-.*#07#*#)'*+#)$&4/#$%#)'*+#6)06>
')/,=#/4'#)$&4/#$/%'+7#$%#)'*+#6)06')/,^#0/4');$%'=#$/#$%#6')%0(*+#6)06>
')/,9
!
L9"9# M09# NC`# +'&*+$b'%# 6')8$%%$0(# /0# -%'# 4-8*(# 0)&*(%# 0)# *(,# 60)/$0(# 0)# 60)>
/$0(%#07#/4'#4-8*(#10.,#70)#8'.$3*+=#%-)&$3*+#0)#%3$'(/$7$3#6-)60%'%=#-(.')#3')/*$(#30(>
.$/$0(%9#L9"9#M09#Z!ZY#*-/40)$b'%#/4'#+'&*3,#0)#.0(*/$0(#07#4-8*(#0)&*(%#*7/')#.'*/4
70)# /)*(%6+*(/# *%# ;'++# *%# /4'# *.A*(3'8'(/# 07# )'%'*)34=# 8'.$3*+# *(.# .'(/*+# '.-3*/$0(
*(.#/4')*6,9#L9"9#M09#ZZ!`#6)080/'%#A0+-(/*),#1+00.#.0(*/$0(9
R
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C
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C!C
U/)$3/+,# %6'*I$(&=# )$&4/%# *)'# (0/# D/4$(&%EE^# 4'(3'=# /4',# *)'
('$/4')#80A*1+'#(0)#$880A*1+'9#F0;'A')=#%$(3'#/4',#8-%/#1'
3+*%%$7$'.#70)#+'&*+#6-)60%'%=#/4'$)#3+*%%$7$3*/$0(#%40-+.#(*/-)*++,
70++0;#/4*/#07#/4'#/4$(&%#0)#012'3/%#0A')#;4$34#/4',#*)'#'5')3$%'.
K:#@*6$%/)*(0=#@$A$+#@0.'#07#/4'#J4$+$66$('%#[!`_Y\=#69#NN`9Q#*(.
/0#;4$34#/4',#*)'#30(%$.')'.#-($/'.9N
Classification of real rights based
upon dominion.
?4',#4*A'#1''(#3+*%%$7$'.#*%#70++0;%]
K!Q D):#$)&2/.$)<&#;.;<&/4'#60;')%#/0#'(20,#*(.#/0#.$%60%'#*)'
-($/'.]
K*Q V08$($0(^
K1Q K@$A$+Q#J0%%'%%$0(^#*(.
K3Q F')'.$/*),#)$&4/9
KRQ D):#$)&:.$)*&2/.$)<&#;.;<&/4'#60;')%#/0#'(20,#*(.#/0#.$%>
60%'#*)'#%'6*)*/'.]
K*Q U-)7*3'#)$&4/^#*(.
K1Q B%-7)-3/9
KNQ D):#$)&/#:#!+8)<&#;.;<&/4'#60;')%#/0#'(20,#*(.#/0#.$%60%'=
/40-&4#-($/'.=#*)'#+$8$/'.]
K*Q H,#*#34*)&'=#%-34#*%#'*%'8'(/=#/*5=#'/39
K1Q H,#*#&-*)*(/,=#%-34#*%#80)/&*&'=#6+'.&'=#'/39
K3Q H,# *# 6)$A$+'&'=# %-34# *%# 6)'>'86/$0(# K%''#")/%9# !PRR=
!PRN9Q=# )'.'86/$0(=# +'*%'# )'30).=# '/39# K%''# H03010=# <-/+$('%
07#?4'#c*;#07#J)06')/,=#669#_>Z9Q
N
U'3/$0(#C#07#L9"9#M09#!OR_#K"(#"3/#/0#6)0A$.'#70)#/4'#*++03*/$0(=#)'*++03*/$0(#*(.
*.8$($%/)*/$0(# 07# /4'# *1%0+-/'# X-0/*# 07# %-&*)Q# )'*.%]# D?4'# 6)0.-3/$0(# *++0;*(3'# 0)
X-0/*# 30))'%60(.$(&# /0# '*34# 6$'3'# 07# +*(.# -(.')# /4'# 6)0A$%$0(%# 07# /4$%# "3/# %4*++# 1'
.''8'.# /0# 1'# *(# $86)0A'8'(/# *//*34$(&# /0# /4'# +*(.# '(/$/+'.# /4')'/09# ?4'# $(/*(&$1+'
6)06')/,#/4*/#$%#/4'#%-&*)#X-0/*#%40-+.#1'#30(%$.')'.#*%#)'*+#6)06')/,#1,#.'%/$(*/$0(=
*(#$86)0A'8'(/#*//*34$(&#/0#/4'#+*(.#'(/$/+'.#/4')'/09EE#U-&*)#X-0/*#*++03*/$0(%#.0#(0/
4*A'#'5$%/'(3'#$(.'6'(.'(/+,#07#*(,#6*)/$3-+*)#/)*3/#07#+*(.9#?4')'#3*(#1'#(0#%*+'#%$8>
6+,# 07# %-&*)# X-0/*# 07# *# 3')/*$(# (-81')# 07# 6$3-+%# ;$/40-/# %6'3$7$3*/$0(# 07# /4'# +*(.# /0
;4$34#$/#)'+*/'%9#U-34#*#%*+'#;0-+.#1'#A0$.#70)#;*(/#07#*#.'/')8$(*/'#%-12'3/#8*//')9
K@086*($*#e'(')*+#V'#?*1*30%#.'#d$+$6$(*%#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#!O_#U@L"#ROC#[!``Y\9Q
")/9#C!C
@c"UU:d:@"?:<M#<d#JL<JTL?W
J)'+$8$(*),#J)0A$%$0(%
_
Personal rights.
E.-*)$+/& -#%"!& $%# /4'# )$&4/# 0)# 60;')# 07# *# 6')%0(# K3)'.$/0)# 0)
01+$&''Q#/0#.'8*(.#7)08#*(0/4')#K.'1/0)#0)#01+$&0)Q#*%#*#.'7$>
($/'#6*%%$A'#%-12'3/=#/4'#7-+7$++8'(/#07#/4'#+*//')E%#01+$&*/$0(9
:/#$%#%08'/$8'%#I(0;(#*%#10*&#$&2.-*)$+:&0)#10*&+8&-.:;#S0)'
6)06')+,#3*++'.#-#%"!&)F&)4/#%+!#)$<#6')%0(*+#)$&4/#4*%#/4'#70++0;>
$(&#'+'8'(/%]
K!Q +(!#7.&*041.(!&0)#/4'#6')%0(#$(#;408#/4'#)$&4/#)'%$.'%^
KRQ 2+**#7.& *041.(!& 0)# /4'# 6')%0(# *&*$(%/# ;408# /4'# )$&4/# $%
*A*$+*1+'^
KNQ )41.(!&0)#2-.*!+!#)$&0)#/4'#30(.-3/#;4$34#8-%/#1'#01%')A'.
1,#/4'#.'1/0)#;4$34#8*,#30(%$%/#$(#&$A$(&#K*#/4$(&#0)#6)06')/,Q=
.0$(&=#0)#(0/#.0$(&^#*(.
KCQ 10-#8#(+/&0)#/.%+/&!#.&0)#/4*/#;4$34#1$(.%#/4'#6*)/$'%#/0#/4'
01+$&*/$0(9#?4'#/$'#$(#*(#01+$&*/$0(#3*(#'*%$+,#1'#.'/')8$('.#1,
I(0;$(&# /4'# %0-)3'# 07# /4'# 01+$&*/$0(=# #;.;<& +*;=# 30(/)*3/=# X-*%$>
30(/)*3/=#*3/#0)#08$%%$0(#6-($%4'.#1,#+*;=#0)#X-*%$>.'+$3/9#K")/9
!!_Z9Q
?4-%=#$(#*#30(/)*3/#07#%*+'#07#*#6*)3'+#07#+*(.#;4')'#/4'#6)$3'
4*%#1''(#6*$.=#/4'#*3/$A'#%-12'3/#$%#/4'#A'(.''=#/4'#6*%%$A'#%-1>
2'3/#$%#/4'#A'(.0)=#/4'#6)'%/*/$0(#$%#/4'#+'&*+#.'+$A'),#07#/4'#+*(.=
*(.#/4'#+'&*+#/$'#$%#/4'#30(/)*3/#1'/;''(#/4'89
Distinctions between real rights
and personal rights.
"80(&#/4'8#*)'#/4'#70++0;$(&]
K!Q G3&$0:4.-&)F&2.-*)$*&H")&!+I.&2+-!&#$&!".&/.%+/&-./+!#)$;&A
:(# )'*+# )$&4/# K.;%;<& 0;(')%4$6Q=# /4')'# $%# *# .'7$($/'# *3/$A'# %-12'3/
;40# 4*%# *# )$&4/# *&*$(%/# *++# 6')%0(%# &'(')*++,# *%# *(# $(.'7$($/'
6*%%$A'#%-12'3/=#;4$+'#$(#6')%0(*+#)$&4/=#/4')'#$%#*#.'7$($/'#*3/$A'
%-12'3/#*(.#*#.'7$($/'#6*%%$A'#%-12'3/^
KRQ G3&!".&*041.(!=:+!!.-;&A&:(#)'*+#)$&4/=#/4'#012'3/#$%#&'(')>
*++,# *# 30)60)'*+# /4$(&=# ;4$+'# $(# 6')%0(*+# )$&4/=# $/# $%# *+;*,%# *(
$(30)60)'*+#/4$(&=##;.;<&/4'#6)'%/*/$0(#.'8*(.'.#07#/4'#.'1/0)^
KNQ G3&!".&:+$$.-&#$&H"#("&!".&H#//&)F&!".&+(!#7.&*041.(!&+(!*;&a
P
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C!C
:(#)'*+#)$&4/%=#4'#&'(')*++,#*3/%#.$)'3/+,=#;4$+'#$(#6')%0(*+#)$&4/=
4'#*3/%#$(.$)'3/+,#/4)0-&4#/4'#6)08$%'#07#/4'#01+$&0)^
KCQ G3&!".&(+0*.*&)F&!".#-&(-.+!#)$;&A&L'*+#)$&4/%#*)'#3)'*/'.#1,
D80.'EE#*(.#D/$/+'EE#K%''#")/9#Z!R9Q=#;4$+'#6')%0(*+#)$&4/%#*)'#3)'>
*/'.#8')'+,#1,#D/$/+'EE^
K_Q G3&!".&:)8.*&)F&!".#-&.J!#$(!#)$;A&L'*+#)$&4/#$%#'5/$(&-$%4'.
1,#/4'#+0%%#0)#.'%/)-3/$0(#07#/4'#/4$(&#0A')#;4$34#$/#$%#'5')3$%'.=
;4$+'#6')%0(*+#)$&4/#%-)A$A'%#/4'#%-12'3/#8*//')^#*(.
KPQ G3&!".&$+!0-.&)F&!".&+(!#)$*&+-#*#$%&F-):&!".&10-#8#(+/&-./+!#)$;
A&L'*+#)$&4/#$%#.$)'3/'.#*&*$(%/#/4'#;40+'#;0)+.=#&$A$(&#)$%'#/0
)'*+#*3/$0(%#'+(!#)&#$&-.:,& *&*$(%/#/4$).#6')%0(%=#;4$+'#6')%0(*+
)$&4/#$%#1$(.$(&#0)#'(70)3'*1+'#0(+,#*&*$(%/#*#6*)/$3-+*)#6')%0(=
#;.;<#/4'#.'1/0)=#&$A$(&#)$%'#/0#6')%0(*+#*3/$0(%#'+(!#)&#$&2.-*)$+:,
*&*$(%/#%-34#.'1/0)9#K%''#N#U*(34'b#L08*(#P>Z9Q
Classification of property.
J)06')/,#8*,#1'#3+*%%$7$'.#*%#70++0;%]
K!Q "%#/0#/4'$)#(*/-)']
K*Q L'*+^
K1Q J')%0(*+^#0)
K3Q S$5'.9
KRQ "%#/0#/4'$)#0;(')%4$6]
K*Q J-1+$3^#0)
K1Q J)$A*/'9
KNQ "%#/0#/4'$)#.$A$%$1$+$/,]
K*Q V$A$%$1+'#K.;%9=#%*3I#07#)$3'Q^#0)
K1Q :(.$A$%$1+'#K.;%9=#3*)Q9
KCQ "%#/0#/4'$)#30(%-8*1$+$/,]
K*Q @0(%-8*1+'^#0)
K1Q M0(>30(%-8*1+'9
K_Q "%#/0#/4'$)#%-%3'6/$1$+$/,#07#%-1%/$/-/$0(]
K*Q d-(&$1+'^#0)
K1Q M0(>7-(&$1+'9
")/9#C!C
@c"UU:d:@"?:<M#<d#JL<JTL?W
J)'+$8$(*),#J)0A$%$0(%
Z
KPQ "%#/0#/4'$)#*+$'(*1$+$/,]
K*Q f$/4$(#/4'#3088')3'#07#8*(^#0)
K1Q <-/%$.'#/4'#3088')3'#07#8'(9
KZQ "%#/0#/4'$)#'5$%/'(3'#$(#/$8']
K*Q '5$%/$(&#0)#6)'%'(/^#0)
K1Q 7-/-)'#K.;%9=#-(&*/4')'.#3)06%Q9
KOQ "%#/0#/4'$)#.'6'(.'(3'#0)#$860)/*(3']
K*Q 6)$(3$6*+#K.;%9=#+*(.#0(#;4$34#*#40-%'#$%#1-$+/Q^#0)
K1Q *33'%%0),#K.;%9=#40-%'#1-$+/#0(#*#+*(.Q9
K`Q "%#/0#/4'$)#.'7$($/'('%%#0)#.'%$&(*/$0(]
K*Q &'(')$3^#0)
K1Q %6'3$7$39
K!YQ "%#/0#/4'$)#8*($7'%/*1$+$/,#/0#/4'#%'(%'%]
K*Q 30)60)'*+^#0)
K1Q $(30)60)'*+#K.;%9=#)$&4/%Q9
?4')'#*)'#0/4')#3+*%%$7$3*/$0(%#07#6)06')/,#.'6'(.$(&#0(#0('E%
A$';60$(/%9# ?4'# @$A$+# @0.'# &$A'%# /;0# 6)$8*),# 3+*%%$7$3*/$0(%]
)'*+#0)#6')%0(*+#K")/9#C!C9Q=#*(.#6-1+$3#0)#6)$A*/'9#K")/9#C!`9Q
Classification into real property
and personal property.
D:880A*1+'#6)06')/,EE#*(.#D80A*1+'#6)06')/,EE#*)'#/4'#3$A$+
+*;# /')8%# $(# T(&+$%4# 70)# /4'# U6*($%4# >4#.$.*& #::0.4/.*??# *(.
>4#.$.*&:0.4/.*;??#F0;'A')=#*%#/4'#"8')$3*(#+*;#/')8%#D)'*+#6)06>
')/,EE#*(.#D6')%0(*+#6)06')/,EE#*)'#07#&'(')*+#-%'#$(#/4'#J4$+$6>
6$('%#.-'#/0#"8')$3*(#$(7+-'(3'=#/4'#@0.'#@088$%%$0(#;4$34
.)*7/'.#/4'#(';#@$A$+#@0.'#.'3$.'.#/0#*.06/#10/4#/4'#3$A$+#+*;
*(.#"8')$3*(#+*;#/')8%9#K:#@*6$%/)*(0=#)2;&(#!;=#69#NN_9Q
K!Q G+*#*&)F&(/+**#F#(+!#)$;#a#")/$3+'#C!C#&$A'%#/4'#80%/#7-(.*>
8'(/*+#2-)$%/$3#3+*%%$7$3*/$0(#07#/4$(&%#30(%$.')'.#;$/4#)'%6'3/#/0
0;(')%4$69#:/#$%#1*%'.#0(#/4'#(*/-)'#07#/4'#/4$(&#$/%'+7#'B4#8;,=#/4*/
$%=#$/%#801$+$/,#0)#$8801$+$/,9
O
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C!C
KRQ K+$$.-& )F& (/+**#F#(+!#)$;# a# ?4'# @$A$+# @0.'# .0'%# (0/# .'>
7$('#)'*+#*(.#6')%0(*+#6)06')/,#1-/#&0'%#1,#;*,#07#'(-8')*/$0(9
L'*+#6)06')/$'%#*)'#/40%'#'(-8')*/'.#$(#")/$3+'#C!_=#*(.#6')%0(*+
6)06')/$'%#*)'#/40%'#'(-8')*/'.#$(#")/$3+'%#C!P#*(.#C!Z9
KNQ L)& +4*)/0!.& (-#!.-#)$;# a# ?4'# '(-8')*/$0(%# *)'# (0/# 308>
6+'/'#(0)#.0#/4',#%-66+,#*(#*1%0+-/'#3)$/')$0(#0(#/4'#.$%/$(3/$0(
07#6)06')/,#$(/0#)'*+#*(.#6')%0(*+9#e'(')*++,=#40;'A')=#)'*+#6)06>
')/$'%#*)'#/4$(&%#/4*/#*)'#6')8*('(/+,#0)#$(/'(.'.#/0#1'#6')8*>
('(/+,#*//*34'.#0)#7$5'.#/0#*(0/4')#/4$(&=#0)#3*((0/#1'#/)*(%7'))'.
7)08#6+*3'#/0#6+*3'=#0)#$7#/4',#3*(#1'#/)*(%7'))'.=#/4'#/)*(%7')#3*(>
(0/#1'#.0('#;$/40-/#$(2-),#0)#.*8*&'#/0#/4'#$880A*1+'#/0#;4$34
/4',#*)'#*//*34'.^#0/4');$%'=#/4',#*)'#6')%0(*+#6)06')/$'%9
Importance of the classification.
?4'#3+*%%$7$3*/$0(#07#/4$(&%#$(/0#80A*1+'%#0)#$880A*1+'%#$%
/4'#80%/#$860)/*(/#$(#/4'#+*;#07#6)06')/,9#?4$%#$%#.-'#/0#/4'#7*3/
/4*/#/4'#30(.$/$0(#07#6)06')/,#*%#80A*1+'%#0)#$880A*1+'%#*77'3/%
*++#6)06')/,=#%-34#*%#*3X-$%$/$0(=#-%'=#*(.#+0%%=#*(.#6*)/$3-+*)+,
%-34#$860)/*(/#*%6'3/%#/4')'07#*%#6)'%3)$6/$0(=#)'&$%/)*/$0(=#60%>
%'%%$0(=#'/39=#;4$34#*)'#&0A')('.#1,#.$77')'(/#6)0A$%$0(%#07#+*;9
KN#S*()'%*#!R9Q
:(# 7*3/=# /4')'# *)'# %6'3$*+# )-+'%# *66+$3*1+'# /0# 0('# 3+*%%# 0(+,9
d0)#$(%/*(3']
K!Q :(#6)$A*/'#$(/')(*/$0(*+#+*;=#/4'#&'(')*+#)-+'#$%#/4*/#$8>
80A*1+'%#*)'#&0A')('.#1,#/4'#+*;#07#/4'#30-(/),#$(#;4$34#/4',
*)'#+03*/'.=#;4')'*%#80A*1+'%#*)'#&0A')('.#1,#/4'#6')%0(*+#+*;
07# /4'# 0;(')# ;4$34# $(# %08'# 3*%'%# $%# /4'# +*;# 07# 4$%# (*/$0(*+$/,
*(.#$(#0/4')#3*%'%=#/4'#+*;#07#4$%#.08$3$+'9
KRQ :(# 3)$8$(*+# +*;=# -%-)6*/$0(# 07# 6)06')/,# 3*(# /*I'# 6+*3'
0(+,#;$/4#)'%6'3/#/0#)'*+#6)06')/,9#<(#/4'#0/4')#4*(.=#)011'),
*(.#/4'7/#3*(#1'#3088$//'.#0(+,#*&*$(%/#6')%0(*+#6)06')/,9
KNQ :(# 6)03'.-)'=# *3/$0(%# 30(3')($(&# )'*+# 6)06')/,# K)'*+# *3>
/$0(Q#*)'#1)0-&4/#$(#/4'#)'&$0(*+#/)$*+#30-)/#;4')'#/4'#6)06')/,#0)
*(,#6*)/#/4')'07#+$'%=#;4')'*%#*3/$0(%#$(A0+A$(&#6')%0(*+#6)06>
')/,#*)'#1)0-&4/#$(#/4'#30-)/#;4')'#/4'#.'7'(.*(/#0)#*(,#07#$/%
.'7'(.*(/%#)'%$.'#0)#8*,#1'#70-(.=#0)#;4')'#/4'#6+*$(/$77#0)#*(,
07#/4'#6+*$(/$77%#)'%$.'%=#*/#/4'#'+'3/$0(#07#/4'#6+*$(/$779#?4'#6)06')
")/9#C!C
@c"UU:d:@"?:<M#<d#JL<JTL?W
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`
*3/$0(#/0#)'30A')#60%%'%%$0(#07#)'*+#6)06')/,#8*,#1'#*(#*3/$0(#70)
70)3$1+'#'(/),#*(.#-(+*;7-+#.'/*$(')^#$7#/4'#%-12'3/#07#/4'#308>
6+*$(/#$%#6')%0(*+#6)06')/,=#/4'#6+*$(/$77#8*,#*A*$+#07#/4'#6)0A$>
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!!
Chapter 1
IMMOVABLE PROPERTY
Art. 415. The following are immovable property:
(1) Land, buildings, roads, and constructions of all
kinds adhered to the soil;
(2) Trees, plants, and growing fruits, while they are
attached to the land or form an integral part of an immovable;
(3) Everything attached to an immovable in a fixed
manner, in such a way that it cannot be separated
therefrom without breaking the material or deterioration
of the object;
(4) Statues, reliefs, paintings or other objects for use
or ornamentation, placed in buildings or on lands by the
owner of the immovable in such a manner that it reveals
the intention to attach them permanently to the tenements;
(5) Machinery, receptacles, instruments or implements intended by the owner of the tenement for an industry or works which may be carried on in a building
or on a piece of land, and which tend directly to meet
the needs of the said industry or works;
(6) Animal houses, pigeon-houses, beehives, fish
ponds or breeding places of similar nature, in case their
owner has placed them or preserves them with the intention to have them permanently attached to the land,
and forming a permanent part of it; the animals in these
places are included;
(7) Fertilizer actually used on a piece of land;
!!
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(8) Mines, quarries, and slag dumps, while the matter thereof forms part of the bed, and waters either running or stagnant;
(9) Docks and structures which, though floating, are
intended by their nature and object to remain at a fixed
place on a river, lake, or coast;
(10) Contracts for public works, and servitudes and
other real rights over immovable property. (334a)
Classes of immovable or real property.
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of land.
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Contracts for public works and servitudes
and other real rights over immovables.
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6)'%'(/%#/4'#0+.'%/#/$/+'=#6)0A$.'.#/4')'#$%#&00.#7*$/49#K!CZNQ
NN
Chapter 2
MOVABLE PROPERTY
Art. 416. The following things are deemed to be personal property:
(1) Those movables susceptible of appropriation
which are not included in the preceding article;
(2) Real property which by any special provision of
law is considered as personalty;
(3) Forces of nature which are brought under control by science; and
(4) In general, all things which can be transported
from place to place without impairment of the real property to which they are fixed. (335a)
Art. 417. The following are also considered as personal property:
(l) Obligations and actions which have for their object movables or demandable sums; and
(2) Shares of stock of agricultural, commercial and
industrial entities, although they may have real estate.
(336a)
Classes of movable or personal property.
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70)'=#3*(#1'#/4'#%-12'3/#8*//')#07#*#34*//'+#80)/&*&'9#U0#*)'#/4'
3')/$7$3*/'%#/4'8%'+A'%#'A$.'(3$(&#/4'#0;(')%4$6#07#/4'#%4*)'%9
KH*34)*34# S0/0)# @09# A9# c'.'%8*=# PC# J4$+9# PO!# [!`NZ\^# e-*(# A9
U*8*4*(&# S*&%*%*I*=# :(39=# PR# J4$+9# CZR# [!`NP\^# S0(%'))*/# A9
@')0(=#_O#J4$+9#CP`#[!`NN\9Q
K*Q ?4'# /')8# D'(/$/$'%EE# 8'(/$0('.# $(# ")/$3+'# C!ZKRQ
%40-+.#1'#.''8'.#/0#$(3+-.'#*++#2-)$.$3*+#6')%0(%=#'A'(#6*)/>
(')%4$6%#*+/40-&4#/4',#.0#(0/#$%%-'#%4*)'%#07#%/03I%9
K1Q ?4'#;0).#D%/03IEE#8'*(%#D6*)/$3$6*/$0(EE#0)#D$(/')'%/9EE
?4-%=#$/#4*%#1''(#4'+.#/4*/#*#4*+7>$(/')'%/#$(#*#.)-&#%/0)'#1-%$>
('%%# $%# 6')%0(*+# 6)06')/,9# K:(A0+-(/*),# :(%0+A'(3,# 07
U/)034'3I')#A9#L*8$)'b=#*02-+;Q#H-/#/4'#$(/')'%/#$(#*#1-%$('%%
8-%/#(0/#1'#30(7-%'.#;$/4#$(/')'%/#$(#/4'#)'*+#6)06')/,#07#*
1-%$('%%#'(/$/,#;4$34#$(/')'%/#$%#*+%0#)'*+#6)06')/,9
KZQ ^!".-&#$()-2)-.+/&2.-*)$+/&2-)2.-!3;#a#T5*86+'%#*)'#$(/'+>
+'3/-*+#6)06')/,#%-34#*%#306,)$&4/%=#6*/'(/%=#/)*.'8*)I%=#)$&4/%
/0#$(A'(/$0(=#'/39#:(/'++'3/-*+#3)'*/$0(#$%#)'30&($b'.#$(#/4'#@$A$+
@0.'#*%#*#80.'#07#*3X-$)$(&#0;(')%4$69#K")/9#ZR!9Q
Art. 418. Movable property is either consumable or
non-consumable. To the first class belong those movables which cannot be used in a manner appropriate to
their nature without their being consumed; to the second
class belong all the others. (337)
Consumables and non-consumables.
")/$3+'#C!O#3+*%%$7$'%#80A*1+'#6)06')/,#1*%'.#-60(#$/%#*6/$>
/-.'#/0#)'6'*/'.#-%'#$(/0#'$/4')#30(%-8*1+'#0)#(0(>30(%-8*1+'9
?4'# .$%/$(3/$0(# %')A'%# *# -%'7-+# 6-)60%'9# ?4-%=# 30(%-8*1+'
&00.%#K.;%;=#700.=#80(',Q#3*((0/#1'#/4'#%-12'3/#8*//')#07#*#30(>
/)*3/#07#()::)8+!0:&-(+'%%#/4'#6-)60%'#07#/4'#30(/)*3/#$%#(0/#/4'
30(%-86/$0(# 07#/4'#012'3/=#*%#;4'(#$/#$%# 8')'+,# 70)# '54$1$/$0(9
K")/%9#!`NN=#!`NP9Q#:(#%$86+'#+0*(#0)#:0!00:<&/4'#%-12'3/#8*//')
$%# 80(',# 0)# 0/4')# 30(%-8*1+'# /4$(&9# K")/9# !`NN9Q# e'(')*++,=
-%-7)-3/#%40-+.#(0/#$(3+-.'#/4$(&%#;4$34#*)'#30(%-8'.#;4'(
-%'.9#K%''#")/%9#_PR=#_ZN9Q
")/9#C!O
@c"UU:d:@"?:<M#<d#JL<JTL?W
S0A*1+'#J)06')/,
NZ
Fungibles and non-fungibles.
"(0/4')#3+*%%$7$3*/$0(#07#80A*1+'#6)06')/,#*330).$(&#/0#/4'
$(/'(/$0(#0)#6-)60%'#07#/4'#6*)/$'%=#$%#$(/0#7-(&$1+'#*(.#(0(>7-(>
&$1+'9# <(# /4'# 0/4')# 4*(.=# /4'# 30(%-8*1$+$/,# 07# 80A*1+'# 6)06>
')/,#.'6'(.%#-60(#/4'#(*/-)'#07#/4'#/4$(&#$/%'+79
"#/4$(&#$%#F0$%#4/.&$7#$/#3*(#1'#%-1%/$/-/'.#1,#*(0/4')#/4$(&
07# /4'# %*8'# I$(.=# X-*(/$/,# *(.# X-*+$/,=# *(.# $)$=F0$%#4/.& $7# (0/
)'6+*3'*1+'#$(#%-34#'X-$A*+'(/%9#?4-%]
K!Q L$3'#$%#1,#$/%#(*/-)'#30(%-8*1+'#1-/#$7#/4'#6*)/$'%#$(/'(.
*#+0*(#07#)$3'=#70)#.$%6+*,#0)#'54$1$/$0(=#$/#$%#$(#/4*/#%'(%'#(0(>
7-(&$1+'#1'3*-%'#/4'#$.'(/$3*+#)$3'#(''.#1'#)'/-)('.9#:7#/4'#)$3'
$%# +0*('.# 70)# 30(%-86/$0(=# $/# $%# (0/# 0(+,# 30(%-8*1+'# 1-/# *+%0
7-(&$1+'9
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$/#$%#30(%$.')'.#30(%-8*1+'#$(#/4'#%'(%'#/4*/#;4'(#-%'.=#80(',
+'*A'%#/4'#0;(')#;40#/4')'1,#6*)/%#;$/4#$/9#S0(',#$%#7-(&$1+'
1'3*-%'#/4'#.'1/0)#(''.#0(+,#/0#)'/-)(#*(#'X-$A*+'(/#*80-(/#$(
3*%'#07#%$86+'#+0*(9#H-/#$7#/4'#01+$&*/$0(#$%#/4*/#/4'#$.'(/$3*+#1$++%
&$A'(#*)'#/4'#%*8'#0('%#/0#1'#)'/-)('.=#/4'(#/4'#80(',#$%#(0(>
7-(&$1+'9
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L)!.M&?4'#0+.#@$A$+#@0.'#-%'.#/4'#;0).%#D7-(&$1+'#0)#(0(>
7-(&$1+'EE#1-/#/4'#(';#@$A$+#@0.'#34*(&'.#/4'8#/0#D30(%-8*1+'
0)# (0(>30(%-8*1+'9EE# ?4'# /')8%# D30(%-8*1+'EE# *(.# D7-(&$1+'EE
*)'#-%'.#$(/')34*(&'*1+,#$(#")/$3+'#!`NN#;4$34#6)0A$.'%#/4*/#/4'
%-12'3/#8*//')#07#:0!00:&$%#D80(',#0)#0/4')#30(%-8*1+'#/4$(&9EE
<(#/4'#0/4')#4*(.=#")/$3+'#!`_N=#)'7'))$(&#/0#/4'#01+$&*/$0(#07#/4'
.'1/0)# $(# :0!00:<& %6'*I%# 07# D80(',# 0)# *(,# 0/4')# 7-(&$1+'
/4$(&9EE
a#0<0#a
NO
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
Chapter 3
PROPERTY IN RELATION TO THE PERSON
TO WHOM IT BELONGS
Art. 419. Property is either of public dominion or of
private ownership. (338)
Property classified according to ownership.
J)06')/,#$%#'$/4')#07]
K!Q E04/#(& 8):#$#)$& 0)# 6)06')/,# 0;('.# 1,# /4'# U/*/'# K0)# $/%
60+$/$3*+# %-1.$A$%$0(%Q# $(# $/%# 6-1+$3# 0)# %0A')'$&(# 3*6*3$/,# *(.
$(/'(.'.#70)#6-1+$3#-%'#*(.#(0/#70)#/4'#-%'#07#/4'#U/*/'#*%#*#2->
)$.$3*+#6')%0(#K")/%9#CRY=#CRN=#CRC9Q^#0)
KRQ E-#7+!.&)H$.-*"#2&0)#6)06')/,#0;('.#1,]
K*Q ?4'# U/*/'# $(# $/%# 6)$A*/'# 3*6*3$/,=# *(.# $%# I(0;(# *%
2+!-#:)$#+/&2-)2.-!3&K")/%9#CR!>CRC9Q^#*(.
K1Q J)$A*/'# 6')%0(%=# '$/4')# $(.$A$.-*++,# 0)# 30++'3/$A'+,9
K")/9#CR_9Q
J)06')/,#$%#6)'%-8'.#/0#1'#U/*/'#6)06')/,#$(#/4'#*1%'(3'#07
*(,# %40;$(&# /0# /4'# 30(/)*),9# KU*+*%# A9# g*)'(3$0=# CP# U@L"# ZNC
[!`ZR\^#L*1-30#A9#h$++'&*%=#__#U@L"#P_O#[!`ZC\9Q#?4'#1-).'(#07
6)007#/0#0A')308'#/4'#6)'%-86/$0(#07#0;(')%4$6#07#+*(.%#07#/4'
6-1+$3#.08*$(#$%#0(#/4'#6')%0(#*66+,$(&#70)#)'&$%/)*/$0(9#Kp*)*/'
A9#V$)'3/0)#07#c*(.%=#CNC#U@L"#NRR#[RYYC\9Q
Dominion and ownership.
")/$3+'#C!`#%6'*I%#07#D6-1+$3#.08$($0(EE#(0/#07#D6-1+$3#0;(>
')%4$6EE# %40;$(&# /4*/# /4')'# $%# *# .$%/$(3/$0(# 1'/;''(# .08$($0(
*(.#0;(')%4$69
NO
")/9#CRY
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J)06')/,#$(#L'+*/$0(#/0#/4'#J')%0(#/0#f408#$/#H'+0(&%
N`
K!Q J-1+$3#.08$($0(#.0'%#(0/#$860)/#/4'#$.'*#07#0;(')%4$69
J)06')/,#07#6-1+$3#.08$($0(#$%#(0/#0;('.#1,#/4'#U/*/'#1-/#%$8>
6+,# -(.')# $/%# 2-)$%.$3/$0(# *(.# *.8$($%/)*/$0(# 70)# /4'# 30++'3/$A'
'(20,8'(/#07#*++#/4'#6'06+'#07#/4'#U/*/'#07#;4$34#$/#$%#/4'#/'))$/0>
)$*+# %0A')'$&(9# ?4$%# 40+.%# /)-'# ;4'/4')# $/# 1'# /4'# U/*/'# $/%'+7# 0)
$/%#60+$/$3*+#%-1.$A$%$0(%9
KRQ ?4'# 6-)60%'# 07# 6)06')/,# 07# 6-1+$3# .08$($0(# $%# (0/# /0
%')A'#/4'#U/*/'#*%#*#2-)$.$3*+#6')%0(#1-/#/4'#3$/$b'(%^#$/#$%#$(/'(.'.
70)#/4'#30880(#*(.#6-1+$3#;'+7*)'=#*(.#%0#$/#3*((0/#1'#/4'#01>
2'3/#07#*66)06)$*/$0(#'$/4')#1,#/4'#U/*/'#0)#1,#6)$A*/'#6')%0(%9
KNQ ?4'#)'+*/$0(#07#/4'#U/*/'#/0#/4$%#6)06')/,#*)$%'%#7)08#/4'
7*3/# /4*/# /4'# U/*/'# $%# /4'# 2-)$.$3*+# )'6)'%'(/*/$A'# 07# /4'# %03$*+
&)0-6=#*(.#*%#%-34#$/#/*I'%#3*)'#07#*(.#6)'%')A'%#/4'#%*8'=#*(.
)'&-+*/'%#$/%#-%'#70)#/4'#&'(')*+#;'+7*)'9#KN#S*()'%*#_Z>PC9Q
Art. 420. The following things are property of public
dominion:
(1) Those intended for public use, such as roads,
canals, rivers, torrents, ports and bridges constructed by
the State, banks, shores, roadsteads, and others of similar character;
(2) Those which belong to the State, without being
for public use, and are intended for some public service
or for the development of the national wealth. (339a)
Property of public dominion.
?4')'#*)'#/4)''#I$(.%#07#/4$%#6)06')/,]
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1,# /4'# 6-1+$3# 0)# 'A'),10.,=# *(.# (0/# +$8$/'.# /0# 6)$A$+'&'.
$(.$A$.-*+%Q#*(.#0/4')%#07#%$8$+*)#34*)*3/')^
KRQ J)06')/,#;4$34#$%#(0/#70)#6-1+$3#-%'#1-/#$(/'(.'.#70)#%08'
%6'3$7$3# 6-1+$3# %')A$3'# K#;.;<& ;4$34# 3*(# 1'# -%'.# 0(+,# 1,# .-+,
*-/40)$b'.#6')%0(%=#%-34#*%#&0A')(8'(/#1-$+.$(&%#*(.#A'4$3+'%Q^
*(.
KNQ J)06')/,=#'A'(#$7#(0/#'86+0,'.#70)#6-1+$3#-%'#0)#6-1+$3
%')A$3'=#$(/'(.'.#70)#/4'#.'A'+068'(/#07#/4'#(*/$0(*+#;'*+/4#K.;%;<
8$(')*+%=#30*+=#0$+=#70)'%/=#*(.#0/4')#(*/-)*+#)'%0-)3'%Q9
CY
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")/9#CRY
?4'# 34*)&$(&# 07# 7''%# /0# /4'# 6-1+$3# .0'%# (0/# .'/')8$('# /4'
34*)*3/')#07#/4'#6)06')/,=#;4'/4')#$/#$%#07#6-1+$3#.08$($0(#0)#(0/9
")/$3+'#CRY#.'7$('%#6)06')/,#07#6-1+$3#.08$($0(#*%#0('#D$(/'(.'.
70)#6-1+$3#-%'9EE#TA'(#$7#/4'#&0A')(8'(/#30++'3/%#/0++#7''%=#/4'#)0*.
$%#%/$++#D$(/'(.'.#70)#6-1+$3#-%'EE#$7#*(,0('#3*(#-%'#/4'#)0*.#-(.')
/4'# %*8'# /')8%# *(.# 30(.$/$0(%# *%# /4'# )'%/# 07# /4'# 6-1+$39# ?4'
34*)&$(&#07#7''%#K.;%;<&/')8$(*+#7''%#S:""#34*)&'%#/0#6*%%'(&')%
*%#;'++#*%#+*(.$(&#7''%#$/#34*)&'%#/0#*$)+$('%Q=#/4'#+$8$/*/$0(#0(
/4'#I$(.#07#A'4$3+'%#/4*/#3*(#-%'#/4'#)0*.=#/4'#%6''.#)'%/)$3/$0(%
*(.# 0/4')# 30(.$/$0(%# 70)# /4'# -%'# 07# /4'# )0*.# .0# (0/# *77'3/# /4'
6-1+$3#34*)*3/')#07#/4'#)0*.#0)#$/%#34*)*3/')#*%#6)06')/,#70)#6-1+$3
-%'9#KS*($+*#:(/')(*/$0(*+#"$)60)/#"-/40)$/,#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=
e9L9#M09#!__P_Y=#g-+,#RY=#RYYP9Q
Property of similar character to those
intended for public use.
T5*86+'%#07#D0/4')%#07#%$8$+*)#34*)*3/')EE#-(.')#6*)*&)*64
K!Q#*(.#30(%'X-'(/+,#0;('.#1,#/4'#U/*/'=#*)']
K!Q J-1+$3# %/)'*8%=# )$A')# 34*(('+%# KS'('%'%# A9# @0880(>
;'*+/4=# [@9"9\# NO# <9e9# RON`# [!`C!\9Q^# )$A')# 1'.%# KS'('%'%# A9
@0880(;'*+/4=#P`#J4$+9#PCZ#[!`CY\9Q^#3)''I%#*(.#'%/')0%#KU*8%0(
A9#V$0($%$0=#!!#J4$+9#_ON#[!`Y`\^#S')3*.0#A9#S-($3$6*+#J)'%$.'(/
07#S*3*1'1'=#_`#J4$+9#_`R#[!`NC\9Q^
KRQ "33)'/$0(%#/0#/4'#%40)'%#07#/4'#%'*#1,#*3/$0(#07#/4'#;*/')
Kq')# k# @09# A9# @*-.'(=# P# J4$+9# ZNR# [!`YP\^# c*(b*)# A9# V$)'3/0)# 07
c*(.%=#ZO#U@L"#!NY#[!`ZZ\9Q^
KNQ U-18')&'.# +*(.%=# +$I'# /4'# ;*/')%# K%'*# 0)# 1*,Q# *10A'
/4'89#?4',#*)'#6*)/#07#/4'#U/*/'E%#$(*+$'(*1+'#(*/-)*+#)'%0-)3'%9
K@4*A'%#A9#J-1+$3#T%/*/'%#"-/40)$/,=#NOC#U@L"#!_R#[RYYY\#*(.#C!_
U@L"#CYN#[RYYN\9Q#c*(.%#)'3+*$8'.#7)08#/4'#%'*#1,#/4'#&0A')(>
8'(/9# Kc*86)'*# A9# V$)'3/0)# 07# c*(.%=# PZ# J4$+9# NOO# [!`N`\9Q# ?4'
8')'# )'3+*8*/$0(# 07# 3')/*$(# 70)'%40)'# +*(.# *(.# %-18')&'.
*)'*%#1,#*#&0A')(8'(/#*&'(3,#KJ-1+$3#T%/*/'#"-/40)$/,Q#.0'%#(0/
30(A')/# /4'%'# $(*+$'(*1+'# (*/-)*+# )'%0-)3'%# 07# /4'# %/*/'# $(/0
*+$'(*1+'#0)#.$%60%*1+'#+*(.%#07#/4'#6-1+$3#.08*$(9#?4')'#8-%/
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KCQ c*(.%# /4*/# .$%*66'*)'.# $(/0# /4'# %'*# 1,# (*/-)*+# ')0%$0(
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/$0(#-(/$+#/4',#*)'#)'3+*$8'.#7)08#/4'#%'*#1,#7$++$(&#.0('#1,#/4'
&0A')(8'(/^#/4',#30(/$(-'#/0#1'#6)06')/,#07#/4'#6-1+$3#.08*$(
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30(%/)-3/'.# *(.# 8*$(/*$('.# 1,# /4'# (*/$0(*+# &0A')(8'(/9# K%''
")/9#CRC9Q
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$))$&*/$(&# 0)# .)*$($(&# +*(.9# ?4',# 8*,# 1'# $(# /4'# 70)8# 07# *# (*)>
)0;# *)8# 07# /4'# %'*# -%-*++,# '5/'(.$(&# 7*)# $(+*(.9# ?40%'# 30(>
%/)-3/'.# 1,# 6)$A*/'# 6')%0(%# 0A')# 6)$A*/'# +*(.%# *)'# 07# 6)$A*/'
0;(')%4$69
"#2)-!#$%#*#6+*3'#;4')'#%4$6%#8*,#/*I'#0(#0)#.$%34*)&'#3*)&0^
*#4*)10)#0)#%4'+/')'.#6+*3'#;4$34#7-)($%4'%#*(340)*&'#70)#%4$6%9
?4'#/')8#D60)/%EE#$(3+-.'%#%'*60)/%#*(.#*$)60)/%9#?4'#S*($+*
:(/')(*/$0(*+# "$)60)/# "-/40)$/,# KS:""Q# *$)60)/# +*(.%# *(.
1-$+.$(&%# 30(%/$/-/'# *# D60)/EE# 30(%/)-3/'.# 1,# /4'# U/*/'# *(.# *)'
6)06')/$'%#07#6-1+$3#.08$($0(#*(.#/4-%#0;('.#1,#/4'#U/*/'#0)
/4'# L'6-1+$3# 07# /4'# J4$+$66$('%9# KS*($+*# :(/')(*/$0(*+#"$)60)/
"-/40)$/,#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#e9L9#M09#!__P_Y=#g-+,#RY=#RYYP9Q
6")-.*#8'*(#/4*/#60)/$0(#07#/4'#+*(.#10).')$(&#/4'#%'*#*(.
;4$34#$%#%-12'3/#/0#/4'#'11#*(.#7+0;#07#/4'#;*/')%9
O)+8*!.+8#$%#*#6+*3'#+'%%#%4'+/')'.#0)#'(3+0%'.#/4*(#*#4*)10)
;4')'#%4$6%#8*,#)$.'#*/#*(340)9
d0)#/4'#8'*($(&#07#)$A')%=#/0))'(/%=#1'.%=#1*(I%=#*(.#3)''I%=
%''#")/$3+'%#C_Z#*(.#C_`9
Property outside the commerce of men.
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'(20,8'(/=#1,#A$)/-'#07#/4'$)#*66+$3*/$0(#/0#/4'#%*/$%7*3/$0(#07#/4'
30++'3/$A'# (''.%=# $%# $(# /4'# %03$*+# &)0-6=# ;4'/4')# (*/$0(*+=
6)0A$(3$*+=#0)#8-($3$6*+9#?4'$)#6-)60%'#$%#(0/#/0#%')A'#/4'#U/*/'
*%#*#2-)$.$3*+#6')%0(#1-/#/4'#3$/$b'(%9#?4',#*)'#$(/'(.'.#70)#/4'
30880(#*(.#6-1+$3#;'+7*)'#*(.#%0#/4',#3*((0/#1'#/4'#012'3/#07
*66)06)$*/$0(#'$/4')#1,#/4'#U/*/'#0)#1,#6)$A*/'#6')%0(%9#KL08*(
@*/40+$3# H$%406# A9# S-($3$6*+$/,# 07# H-)-*(&*=# COP# U@L"# RR`
[RYYP\9Q#F'(3']
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8*//')#07#30(/)*3/%9#Kh$++*(-'A*#A9#@*%/*n'.*=#g)9=#!_C#U@L"#!CR
")/9#CRY
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NRZ# [!`YO\9Q# c*(.# 70)8'.# 1,# /4'# *3/$0(# 07# /4'# %'*# *%# *33)'/$0(
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*(.# 1'# /4'# %-12'3/# 07# *# ?0))'(%# /$/+'9# K%''# J*+*(3*# A9# @0880(>
;'*+/4=# P`# J4$+9# CC`# [!`CY\^# H$%406# 07# @*+1*,0&# A9# V$)'3/0)# 07
c*(.%=#C_#U@L"#C!O#[!`ZR\9Q#?4'#$(3+-%$0(#07#6)06')/,#07#6-1+$3
.08$($0(#$(#*#3')/$7$3*/'#07#/$/+'#.0'%#(0/#30(7')#/$/+'#0(#/4'#)'&>
$%/)*(/9#KL'6-1+$3#A9#",*+*#@$*=#!C#U@L"#CRY#[!`ZP\9Q
"# 6-1+$3# %X-*)'# 0)# 6+*b*# 3*((0/# 1'# )'&$%/')'.# -(.')# /4'
/0))'(%#%,%/'8#*%#8-($3$6*+#6)06')/,9#KV$)'3/0)#07#c*(.%#A9#L0>
8*(#@*/40+$3#H$%406=#P!#J4$+9#PCC#[!`N_\9Q#d0)'%/#+*(.%#70)8#6*)/
CC
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")/9#CRY
07#/4'#6-1+$3#.08*$(#*(.#/$/+'%#$%%-'.#30A')$(&#/4'#%*8'#*)'#A0$.
+4& #$#!#)& *(.# 3*((0/# )$6'(# $(/0# 6)$A*/'# 0;(')%4$69# KL'6-1+$3# A9
:(/')8'.$*/'#"66'++*/'# @0-)/=# RY`# U@L"# `Y# [!``Y\9Q# ?4',# 3*(>
(0/# 1'# 0;('.# 1,# 6)$A*/'# 6')%0(%# *(.# 60%%'%%$0(# /4')'07=# (0
8*//')#40;#8*(,=#.0'%#(0/#)$6'(#$(/0#*#)'&$%/)*1+'#/$/+'9#Kh$++*)$3*
A9# @0-)/# 07#"66'*+%=# NY`# U@L"# !`N# [!``Z\9Q# ?4'# )$&4/# 07# )'A')>
%$0(#0)#)'30(A',*(3'#/0#/4'#U/*/'#07#6-1+$3#6)06')/,#)'&$%/')'.
*(.#;4$34#$%#(0/#3*6*1+'#07#6)$A*/'#*66)06)$*/$0(#0)#*3X-$%$/$0(
.0'%#(0/#6)'%3)$1'9#K@0++*.0#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#N`!#U@L"#NCN
[RYYR\^#L'6-1+$3#A9#F'$)%#07#"9c9#"(&'+'%=#N`Y#U@L"#_YR#[RYYR\9Q
L)!.M# "1*(.0('.# )$A')# 1'.%# 1'+0(&# /0# 6)$A*/'# 0;(')%# 07
+*(.%#033-6$'.#1,#/4'#(';#30-)%'#07#;*/')%#$(#6)060)/$0(#/0#/4'
*)'*#+0%/9#K")/9#CP!9Q
Public lands and government lands.
?4',#*)'#(0/#%,(0(,80-%#/')8%9
K!Q ?4'# F#-*!# $%# -($70)8+,# -%'.# /0# .'%3)$1'# %0# 8-34# 07# /4'
(*/$0(*+#.08*$(#-(.')#/4'#+'&$%+*/$A'#60;')#07#@0(&)'%%#*%#4*%
(0/#1''(#%-12'3/'.#/0#6)$A*/'#)$&4/#0)#.'A0/'.#/0#6-1+$3#-%'9#:/
$%# 4'+.# 'X-$A*+'(/# /0# +*(.%# 07# /4'# 6-1+$3# .08*$(# *(.# .0'%# (0/
$(3+-.'# 1,# *(,# 8'*(%# *++# +*(.%# 07# &0A')(8'(/# 0;(')%4$6# 1-/
0(+,# %0# 8-34# 07# %*$.# +*(.%# *%# *)'# /4)0;(# 06'(# /0# 6)$A*/'# *6>
6)06)$*/$0(# *(.# %'//+'8'(/# 1,# 408'%/'*.# +*;# *(.# 0/4')# +$I'
&'(')*+#+*;%9
KRQ ?4'#*.()$8#$%#/4-%#/4'#1)0*.')#/')89#:/#$(3+-.'%#(0/#0(+,
/4'#7$)%/=#1-/#*+%0#0/4')#+*(.%#07#/4'#&0A')(8'(/#*+)'*.,#)'%')A'.=
0)# .'A0/'.# /0# 6-1+$3# -%'=# 0)# %-12'3/# /0# 6)$A*/'# )$&4/%=# *(.
6*/)$80($*+# +*(.%9# :(# 0/4')# ;0).%=# /4'# &0A')(8'(/# 0;(%# )'*+
'%/*/'#;4$34#$%#6*)/#07#/4'#D6-1+$3#+*(.%EE#*(.#0/4')#)'*+#'%/*/'
;4$34#$%#(0/#*#6*)/#/4')'079#KS0(/*(0#A9#:(%-+*)#e0A')(8'(/=#!R
J4$+9#_ZR#[!`Y`\9Q
Alienation of public agricultural land.
B(.')# /4'# @0(%/$/-/$0(=# *++# (*/-)*+# )'%0-)3'%# 1'+0(&# /0# /4'
U/*/'9# f$/4# /4'# '53'6/$0(# 07# 6-1+$3# *&)$3-+/-)*+# +*(.%=# /4',# *)'
(0/#%-12'3/#/0#*+$'(*/$0(9#K")/9#r::=#U'39#R#/4')'079Q#B(+'%%#6-1+$3
+*(.#$%#%40;(#/0#4*A'#1''(#)'3+*%%$7$'.#*(.#*+$'(*/'.#1,#/4'#U/*/'
")/9#CR!
@c"UU:d:@"?:<M#<d#JL<JTL?W
J)06')/,#$(#L'+*/$0(#/0#/4'#J')%0(#/0#f408#$/#H'+0(&%
C_
/0# *# 6)$A*/'# 6')%0(=# $/# )'8*$(%# 6*)/# 07# /4'# $(*+$'(*1+'# 6-1+$3
.08*$(9#"++#+*(.%#(0/#0/4');$%'#*66'*)$(&#/0#1'#3+'*)+,#;$/4$(
6)$A*/'# 0;(')%4$6# *)'# 6)'%-8'.# /0# 1'+0(&# /0# /4'# U/*/'9# ?4$%
6)$(3$6+'#$%#)00/'.#$(#/4'#O.%+/#+$&.03/)$('#-(.')#;4$34#/4'#U/*/'
$%#/4'#%0-)3'#07#*(,#*%%')/'.#)$&4/#/0#0;(')%4$6#07#+*(.9
K!Q H'70)'#6-1+$3#*&)$3-+/-)*+#+*(.%#*)'#8*.'#*A*$+*1+'#70)#.$%>
60%$/$0(#K-(.')#/4'#J-1+$3#c*(.#"3/#[@9"9#M09#!C!\#*%#*8'(.'.9Q=
/4',#*)'#6)06')/,#07#6-1+$3#.08$($0(#70)#/4'#.'A'+068'(/#07#/4'
(*/$0(*+#;'*+/49#?4',#*)'#(0/#3*6*1+'#07#6)$A*/'#*66)06)$*/$0(=#*(.
60%%'%%$0(#/4')'07=#40;'A')#+0(&=#3*((0/#30(A')/#/4'8#$(/0#6)$A*/'
6)06')/,9#"7/')#1'$(&#8*.'#%0#*A*$+*1+'=#/4',#1'308'#6*/)$80($*+
0)#6)$A*/'#6)06')/,#07#/4'#U/*/'^#*(.#;4'(#*3X-$)'.#1,#6)$A*/'#$(>
.$A$.-*+%=#/4',#1'308'#6)$A*/'#6)06')/,9
KRQ :(#/4'#4*(.%#07#*#&0A')(8'(/#*&'(3,#/*%I'.#*(.#*-/40)>
$b'.# /0# .$%60%'# 07# *+$'(*1+'# 0)# .$%60%*1+'# +*(.%# 07# /4'# 6-1+$3
.08*$(=#/4'%'#+*(.%#*)'#%/$++#6-1+$3=#(0/#6)$A*/'#+*(.%9#<(+,#;4'(
X-*+$7$'.#6*)/$'%#K#;.9=#$(.$A$.-*+%^#%''#@0(%/$/-/$0(=#")/9#r::=#U'39
R9Q#*3X-$)'#/4'%'#+*(.%#;$++#/4',#1'308'#6)$A*/'#+*(.%9#K@4*A'b
A9#J-1+$3#T%/*/'%#"-/40)$/,=#NOC#U@L"#!_R#[RYYY\9Q
Art. 421. All other property of the State, which is not
of the character stated in the preceding article, is
patrimonial property. (340a)
Patrimonial property.
E+!-#:)$#+/&2-)2.-!3&$%#/4'#6)06')/,#07#/4'#U/*/'#0;('.#1,#$/
$(#$/%#6)$A*/'#0)#6)06)$'/*),#3*6*3$/,=##;.;<&/4'#6)06')/,#$%#(0/#$(>
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Art. 422. Property of public dominion, when no longer
intended for public use or for public service, shall form
part of the patrimonial property of the State. (341a)
Conversion of property of public dominion
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Art. 423. The property of provinces, cities, and municipalities is divided into property for public use and
patrimonial property. (343)
Art. 424. Property for public use, in the provinces,
cities, and municipalities, consist of the provincial roads,
city streets, municipal streets, the squares, fountains,
public waters, promenades, and public works for public
service paid for by said provinces, cities, or municipalities.
All other property possessed by any of them is
patrimonial and shall be governed by this Code, without
prejudice to the provisions of special laws. (344a)
Property of political subdivisions.
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Art. 425. Property of private ownership, besides the
patrimonial property of the State, provinces, cities, and
municipalities, consists of all property belonging to private persons, either individually or collectively. (345a)
Property of private ownership.
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Property owned by the Roman
Catholic Church.
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PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE THREE
PRECEDING CHAPTERS
Art. 426. Whenever by provision of the law, or an individual declaration, the expression “immovable things
or property,’’ or “movable things or property,’’ is used, it
shall be deemed to include, respectively, the things enumerated in Chapter 1 and in Chapter 2.
Whenever the word “muebles,’’ or “furniture,’’ is used
alone, it shall not be deemed to include money, credits,
commercial securities, stocks and bonds, jewelry, scientific or artistic collections, books, medals, arms, clothing, horses or carriages and their accessories, grains,
liquids and merchandise, or other things which do not
have as their principal object the furnishing or
ornamenting of a building, except where from the context of the law, or the individual declaration, the contrary
clearly appears. (346a)
Scope of certain terms.
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Title II. — OWNERSHIP
Chapter 1
OWNERSHIP IN GENERAL
Art. 427. Ownership may be exercised over things or
rights. (n)
Ownership defined.
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Beneficial ownership, legal ownership,
and naked ownership.
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/$/+'#$%#$(#*(0/4')9
?4'# /')8# D1'('7$3$*+# 0;(')%4$6EE# $%# -%'.# $(# /;0# KRQ# %'(%'%]
F#-*!=#/0#$(.$3*/'#/4'#$(/')'%/#07#*#1'('7$3$*),#$(#/)-%/#6)06')/,#K*+%0
3*++'.#D'X-$/*1+'#0;(')%4$6EEQ^#*(.#*.()$8=#/0#)'7')#/0#60;')#07
*#%4*)'40+.')#07#*#30)60)*/$0(#/0#1-,#0)#%'++=#/4'#%4*)'%#/40-&4
/4'# %4*)'40+.')# $%# (0/# )'&$%/')'.# $(# /4'# 30)60)*/$0(E%# 100I%# *%
/4'#0;(')9#KH+*3IE%#c*;#V$3/$0(*),=#69#!!NO9Q
B%-*++,=# 1'('7$3$*+# 0;(')%4$6# $%# .$%/$(&-$%4'.# 7)08# $+I.8
)H$.-*"#2=#;4$34#$%#/4'#'(20,8'(/#07#*++#/4'#1'('7$/%#*(.#6)$A$>
+'&'%# 07# 0;(')%4$6=# *%# *&*$(%/# /4'# 1*)'# /$/+'# /0# 6)06')/,9# Kc*
ZZ
ZO
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")/9#CRO
H-&*+>HEc**(# ?)$1*+# "%%03$*/$0(=# :(39# A9# L*80%=# CC_# U@L"# !
[RYYC\9Q
Subject-matter of ownership.
<;(')%4$6#8*,#1'#'5')3$%'.#0A')#/4$(&%#0)#)$&4/%9#K")/9#CRZ9Q
K!Q H,#D/4$(&EE#$%#-(.')%/00.#&'(')*++,#*(,#8*/')$*+#012'3/9
?4-%=# /4$(&%# -%-*++,# )'7')# /0# 30)60)'*+# 6)06')/,9# H-/# /4'# ;0).
D/4$(&EE# 4*%# *3X-$)'.# $(# /4'# +*;=# 70++0;$(&# L08*(# /)*.$/$0(=# *
8'*($(&# ;4$34# '5/'(.%# 1',0(.# 8')'# 8*/')$*+# 012'3/%# *(.# $(>
3+-.'%# )$&4/%# /40-&4# /4'%'# *)'# )'+*/$0(%# *(.# (0/# 012'3/%9# KN
S*()'%*#!!9Q
KRQ L$&4/%=#;4'/4')#)'*+#0)#6')%0(*+=#*)'#3+*%%$7$'.#*%#$(30)>
60)'*+# 6)06')/,9# ?4'#-.*& 07# )$&4/%# 8*,# 1'# 30)60)'*+# K.;%;<& 80)/>
&*&'#0(#)'*+#6)06')/,Q#0)#$(30)60)'*+#K.;%;<&80)/&*&'#0(#/4'#)$&4/
07#-%-7)-3/Q9
Art. 428. The owner has the right to enjoy and dispose of a thing, without other limitations than those established by law.
The owner has also a right of action against the
holder and possessor of the thing in order to recover it.
(348a)
Rights included in ownership.
<;(')%4$6#30(7')%#3')/*$(#)$&4/%#/0#/4'#0;(')9#U-34#)$&4/%=
$(#/)*.$/$0(*+#L08*(#/')8%=#*)'#/4'#70++0;$(&]
K!Q _0*&2)**#8.$8#&0)#/4'#)$&4/#/0#60%%'%%^
KRQ _0*&0!.$8#&0)#/4'#)$&4/#/0#-%'#*(.#'(20,^
KNQ _0*&F-0.$8#&0)#/4'#)$&4/#/0#/4'#7)-$/%^
KCQ _0*&+((.**#)$#*&0)#)$&4/#/0#*33'%%0)$'%^
K_Q _0*#+40!.$8#&0)#/4'#)$&4/#/0#30(%-8'#/4'#/4$(&#1,#$/%#-%'^
KPQ _0*&8#*2)$.$8#&0)#/4'#)$&4/#/0#.$%60%'#0)#*+$'(*/'^#*(.
KZQ _0*&7#$8#(+$8#&0)#/4'#)$&4/#/0#A$(.$3*/'#0)#)'30A')9
?4'#*10A'#)$&4/%#*)'#*+%0#%*$.#/0#1'#/4'#*//)$1-/'%#07#0;(')>
")/9#CRO
<fMTLUF:J
<;(')%4$6#$(#e'(')*+
Z`
%4$6# *+/40-&4# (0/# *++# 07# /4'8# 8*,# 7+0;# 7)08# 0;(')%4$69!# & _0*
F-0.$8#&*(.#10*&+40!.$8#&8*,#1'#.''8'.#$(3+-.'.#$(#10*&0!.$8#;
L)!.M&f4$+'#")/$3+'#CRZ#%6'*I%#07#D/4$(&%#*(.#)$&4/%=EE#")/$>
3+'#CRO#8'(/$0(%#D/4$(&%EE#0(+,9#?4'#;0).#D/4$(&EE#$(#")/$3+'#CRO
$(3+-.'%#D)$&4/9EE#K%''#")/9#_RN9Q
Right to possess.
?4'# )$&4/# /0# 60%%'%%# $%# /4'# )$&4/# /0# 40+.# *# /4$(&# 0)# '(20,# *
)$&4/9# K")/9# _RN9Q# :/# 8*,# 1'# '5')3$%'.# $(# 0('E%# 0;(# (*8'# 0)# $(
/4*/#07#*(0/4')9#K")/9#_RC9Q
K!Q O#%"!& !)& 0*.& $)!& $.(.**+-#/3& #$(/08.8;& a# <('E%# 60%%'%%$0(
8*,# 1'# $(# /4'# 30(3'6/# 07# *(# 0;(')# 0)# *# 8')'# 40+.')# ;$/4# /4'
0;(')%4$6#6')/*$($(&#/0#*(0/4')9#K")/9#_R_9Q#?4-%=#0;(')%4$6#$%
.$77')'(/#7)08#60%%'%%$0(9#?4'#)$&4/#/0#60%%'%%#.0'%#(0/#*+;*,%
$(3+-.'# /4'# )$&4/# /0# -%'9# d0)# '5*86+'=# ;4$+'# /4'# 1*$+''# $(# /4'
30(/)*3/#07#.'60%$/#40+.%#/4'#6)06')/,#$(#/)-%/=#4'#$%#(0/#&)*(/'.
1,#+*;#/4'#)$&4/#/0#8*I'#-%'#07#/4'#6)06')/,#$(#.'60%$/9#KL05*%
A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#!`O#U@L"#_C!#[!``!\^#%''#")/%9#!`PR=#!`ZZ9Q
KRQ _08%:.$!&)F&)H$.-*"#2&:+3&$)!&#$(/08.&2)**.**#)$;#a#"#6')>
%0(#8*,#1'#.'3+*)'.#0;(')#1-/#4'#8*,#(0/#1'#'(/$/+'.#/0#60%>
%'%%$0(#;4$34#8*,#1'#$(#/4'#4*(.%#07#*(0/4')#%-34#*%#*#/'(*(/
0)#*#+'%%''9#"#6')%0(#8*,#4*A'#$86)0A'8'(/%#/4')'0(#07#;4$34
4'#8*,#(0/#1'#.'6)$A'.#07#;$/40-/#.-'#4'*)$(&9#F'#8*,#4*A'
0/4')#A*+$.#.'7'(%'%#/0#)'%$%/#%-))'(.')#07#60%%'%%$0(9#?4')'70)'=
*# 2-.&8'(/# 07# 0;(')%4$6# .0'%# (0/# ('3'%%*)$+,# $(3+-.'# 60%%'%>
%$0(# *%# *# ('3'%%*),# $(3$.'(/9# Kg*10(# A9#"+0=# `!# J4$+9# Z_Y# [!`_R\^
?*+'(%#A9#e*)3$*=#OZ#J4$+9#!ZN#[!`_Y\9Q
F0;'A')=# /4$%# .03/)$('# 8*,# 1'# $(A0I'.# 0(+,# $(# $(%/*(3'%
;4')'#/4'#*3/-*+#60%%'%%0)#4*%#%08'#)$&4/%#;4$34#8-%/#1'#)'%>
6'3/'.9#:/#.0'%#(0/#*66+,#;4')'#*#6*)/,#4*%#(0/#&$A'(#*(,#)'*>
%0(#70)#)'/*$($(&#/4'#60%%'%%$0(#07#*#6)06')/,#*7/')#4$%#3+*$8#07
0;(')%4$6#;*%#)'2'3/'.#1,#/4'#30-)/9
!
?4'%'#)$&4/%#07#*#6')%0(#0A')#4$%#6)06')/,#*)'#*+%0#A$';'.#*%#1'$(&#*#30(%'X-'(3'
07# 0;(')%4$6# /0# ;4$34# *)'# $(3+-.'.# /4'# 0/4')# $(.$A$.-*+# )$&4/%# 30(/*$('.# $(#")/$3+'%
CNY=#CN_=#CNZ=#CNO=#*(.#CCY9
OY
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CRO
KNQ ]".-.& (/+#:& !)& 2)**.**#)$& 4+*.8& )$& (/+#:& )F& )H$.-*"#2;& a
f4')'#/4'#0;(')%4$6#07#*#6)06')/,#;*%#.'3$.'.#$(#*#2-.&8'(/=
/4'#.'+$A'),#07#60%%'%%$0(#%40-+.#1'#30(%$.')'.#$(3+-.'.#$(#/4'
.'3$%$0(# ;4')'# /4'# .'7'*/'.# 6*)/,E%# 3+*$8# /0# /4'# 60%%'%%$0(# $%
1*%'.# 0(# 4$%# 3+*$8# 07# 0;(')%4$6# 0)# %-34# 6*)/,# 4*%# (0/# %40;(
*(,#)$&4/#/0#60%%'%%#/4'#6)06')/,#$(.'6'(.'(/+,#07#4$%#3+*$8#07
0;(')%4$6#;4$34#;*%#)'2'3/'.9#:(.''.=#$/#;0-+.#1'#.'7'*/$(&#/4'
'(.%#07#2-%/$3'#/0#)'X-$)'#*#%-33'%%7-+#+$/$&*(/#*.2-.&'.#/0#1'#/4'
0;(')#07#*#6)06')/,#/0#$(%/$/-/'#*(0/4')#*3/$0(#70)#/4'#6-)60%'
07#01/*$($(&#60%%'%%$0(#07#/4'#6)06')/,9#:/#;0-+.#70%/')#-(('3>
'%%*),#*(.#'56'(%$A'#+$/$&*/$0(%#*(.#)'%-+/#$(#8-+/$6+$3$/,#07#%-$/%=
;4$34# 0-)# 2-.$3$*+# %,%/'8# *140)%9# KJ')'b# A9# TA$/'=# !# U@L"# `C`
[!`P!\^#<+'&0#A9#L'1-'(0=#PZ#U@L"#CCP#[!`Z_\^#J*,+*&0#A9#M$30+*%=
!O`#U@L"#ZRZ#[!``Y\9Q#"(#'53'6/$0(=#40;'A')=#'5$%/%#;4')'#/4'
*3/-*+#60%%'%%0)#4*%#%40;(#*#A*+$.#)$&4/#0A')#/4'#6)06')/,#'(>
70)3'*1+'#'A'(#*&*$(%/#/4'#0;(')#/4')'079#KM*b*)'(0#A9#@0-)/#07
"66'*+%=#!R!#U@"V#PZO=#NRP#U@L"#NNO#[RYYY\9Q
KCQ D0!3& )F& 7.$8)-& !)& 8./#7.-& 2)**.**#)$& )F& !"#$%& *)/8;# a# :(# *
30(/)*3/# 07# %*+'=# /4'# A'(.0)# $%# 10-(.# (0/# 0(+,# /0# /)*(%7')# /4'
0;(')%4$6# 07=# 1-/# *+%0# /0# .'+$A')# *%# ;'++# *%# ;*))*(/# /4'# /4$(&
;4$34#$%#/4'#012'3/#07#/4'#%*+'9#K")/9#!C`_9Q#?4'#0;(')%4$6#07#/4'
/4$(&#%0+.#$%#*3X-$)'.#1,#/4'#A'(.''#7)08#/4'#808'(/#$/#$%#.'>
+$A')'.# /0# 4$89# K")/9# !C`P9Q#"(.# /4'# /4$(&# %4*++# 1'# -(.')%/00.
*%#.'+$A')'.=#;4'(#$/#$%#6+*3'.#$(#/4'#30(/)0+#*(.#60%%'%%$0(#07
/4'#A'(.0)9#K")/9#!C`Z9Q
Right to use and enjoy.
?4$%#)$&4/#('3'%%*)$+,#$(3+-.'%#/4'#)$&4/#/0#/)*(%70)8#*(.#D/4'
)$&4/# /0# '53+-.'# *(,# 6')%0(# 7)08# /4'# '(20,8'(/# *(.# .$%60%*+
/4')'079#d0)#/4$%#6-)60%'=#4'#8*,#-%'#%-34#70)3'#*%#8*,#1'#)'*>
%0(*1+,# ('3'%%*),# /0# )'6'+# 0)# 6)'A'(/# *(# *3/-*+# 0)# /4)'*/'('.
-(+*;7-+#64,%$3*+#$(A*%$0(#0)#-%-)6*/$0(#07#4$%#6)06')/,9EE#K")/9
CR`9Q# F'# 8*,# '(3+0%'# 0)# 7'(3'# 4$%# 6)06')/,=# %-12'3/# /0# /4'
%')A$/-.'%#/4*/#8*,#1'#30(%/$/-/'.#/4')'0(9#K")/9#CNY9Q
"(#0;(')=#40;'A')=#3*((0/#8*I'#-%'#07#4$%#6)06')/,#$(#%-34
*#8*((')#*%#/0#$(2-)'#/4'#)$&4/%#07#*#/4$).#6')%0(#K")/9#CN!9Q^#0/4>
');$%'=#4'#8*,#1'#4'+.#+$*1+'#70)#.*8*&'%9#K")/9#R!ZP9Q#?4'#-%'
")/9#CRO
<fMTLUF:J
<;(')%4$6#$(#e'(')*+
O!
07# 6)06')/,# 4*%# *# %03$*+# 7-(3/$0(# /0# 30(/)$1-/'# /0# /4'# 30880(
&00.9#K@0(%/$/-/$0(=#")/9#r::=#U'39#P9Q
Right to receive the fruits
and accessories.
?4'# 0;(')%4$6# 07# 6)06')/,# &$A'%# /4'# )$&4/# 1,# *33'%%$0(# /0
'A'),/4$(&#;4$34#$%#6)0.-3'.#/4')'1,=#0)#;4$34#$%#$(30)60)*/'.
0)# *//*34'.# /4')'/0=# '$/4')# (*/-)*++,# 0)# *)/$7$3$*++,9# ?4-%=# *33'%>
%$0(#$(3+-.'%#/4'#)$&4/#/0#/4'#7)-$/%#*(.#/4'#)$&4/#/0#/4'#*33'%%0>
)$'%#07#*#/4$(&9#K%''#")/9#CCY9Q#?4'#;0).#>+((.**#)$*??#$%#*+%0#-%'.
/0#)'7')#/0#/4'#7)-$/%#07#*#/4$(&9
?4'#0;(')#07#*#/4$(&#4*%#0).$(*)$+,#/4'#)$&4/#/0#0;(')%4$6
07#/4'#6)0.-3/%#0)#7)-$/%#07#/4'#%*8'9#d)-$/%#-(.')#/4'#+*;#8*,
1'#(*/-)*+=#$(.-%/)$*+=#0)#3$A$+9#K")/9#CC!9Q#:(#%08'#$(%/*(3'%=#/4'
60%%'%%0)=# (0/# /4'# 0;(')=# $%# '(/$/+'.# /0# /4'# 7)-$/%=# %-34# *%# /4'
60%%'%%0)#$(#&00.#7*$/4#K")/9#_CC9Q=#-%-7)-3/-*),#K")/9#_PP9Q=#+'%>
%''#07#*&)$3-+/-)*+#+*(.#K")/9#!PZP9Q=#*(.#*(/$34)'/$3#3)'.$/0)9#K")/9
CNR9Q
?4'# &'(')*+# )-+'# $%# /4*/# *++# *33'%%$0(%# *(.# *33'%%0)$'%# *)'
$(3+-.'.# $(# /4'# 01+$&*/$0(# /0# .'+$A')# *# .'/')8$(*/'# /4$(&
*+/40-&4#/4',#8*,#(0/#4*A'#1''(#8'(/$0('.9#K%''#")/9#!!PP9Q
Right to consume.
:(#L08*(#+*;=# 10*&+40!.$8##$%#8'*(/#/4'#)$&4/#07#/4'#0;(')
/0# 30(%-8'# *# /4$(&# 1,# $/%# -%'=# /4'# -%'# /4*/# '5/$(&-$%4'%=# /4*/
30(%-8'%#/4$(&%#;4$34#*)'#30(%-8*1+'9#K%''#V$%/$++')$*9Q
?4'#0;(')#4*%#'A'(#/4'#)$&4/#/0#*1-%'#0)#'A'(#.'%/)0,#/4'
/4$(&# 0;('.9# ?4')'=# *)'# 40;'A')=# +$8$/*/$0(%# 0(# /4'# )$&4/# 07
0;(')%4$69#'#$F-+;,
Right to dispose or alienate.
"(#0;(')#8*,#.$%60%'#07#0)#*+$'(*/'#4$%#6)06')/,#'$/4')#/0>
/*++,=#*%#$(#%*+'#*(.#.0(*/$0(=#0)#6*)/$*++,=#;$/40-/#/)*(%7'))$(&
0;(')%4$6=#'(3-81')#*%#$(#+'*%'=#6+'.&'=#*(.#80)/&*&'9#:(#/4'
%'30(.#3*%'=#/4'#0;(')#3)'*/'%#*(#'(3-81)*(3'#0(#4$%#6)06')/,
/4*/#)'%/)$3/%#/4'#-%'#0)#/)*(%7')#07#/4'#%*8'9
OR
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CRO
K!Q O#%"!&$)!&!)&8#*2)*.;#a#?4'#)$&4/#/0#.$%60%'#$(3+-.'%#/4'
)$&4/#(0/#/0#.$%60%'9#"#6')%0(#2-%/#1'3*-%'#4'#$%#;$++$(&#/0#%'++
4$%#6)06')/,#/0#DrEE#8*,#(0/#1'#01+$&'.#/0#%'++#$/#/0#DWEE#-(+'%%
/4'#+*;#$(#3')/*$(#%6'3$7$3#3*%'%#%-34#*%#+'&*+#)'.'86/$0(#308>
6'+%#4$8#/0#.0#%09#"&*$(=#*#+*(.#0;(')#8*,#1'#;$++$(&#0)#'A'(
077')#/0#%'++#4$%#+*(.#/0.*,#/0#Dr=EE#1-/#-(+'%%#/4'#077')#$%#*33'6/'.
*(.#*3/'.#-60(=#4'#8*,#34*(&'#4$%#8$(.#*(.#)'7-%'#/0#%'++#/0
DrEE# ('5/# ,'*)# 0)# )'7-%'# /0# %'++# $/# *(,80)'# 70)# /4*/# 8*//')9# KL'>
6-1+$3#A9#H*,+0%$%=#`P#J4$+9#CP!#[!`__\9Q
KRQ D0!3&)F&7.$8)-&!)&!-+$*F.-&)H$.-*"#2;#a#:/#$%#'%%'(/$*+=#*%#*
&'(')*+#)-+'=#$(#0).')#70)#*#%*+'#/0#1'#A*+$.=#/4*/#/4'#%'++')#8-%/
1'#*1+'#/0#/)*(%7')#0;(')%4$6#K")/9#!C_O9Q=#*(.=#/4')'70)'=#4'#8-%/
1'# /4'# 0;(')# 0)# */# +'*%/# *-/40)$b'.# 1,# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# /4$(&
%0+.9#?4$%#)-+'#$%#$(#*330).#;$/4#*#;'++>I(0;(#6)$(3$6+'#07#+*;
/4*/#(010.,#3*(#.$%60%'#07#/4*/#;4$34#4'#.0'%#(0/#4*A'9#K"%30(*
A9#L','%=#_`#J4$+9#CCP#[!`NC\9Q
F0;'A')=#*#%'++')#(''.#(0/#1'#/4'#0;(')#*/#/4'#/$8'#07#/4'
6')7'3/$0(# 07# /4'# 30(/)*3/# 07# %*+'9# :/# $%# %-77$3$'(/# /4*/# 4'# 1'# /4'
0;(')#*/#/4'#/$8'#07#.'+$A'),#07#/4'#/4$(&#%0+.9#K")/9#!C_`9Q
KNQ ^H$.-*"#2&)F&2-)2.-!3&2/.8%.8<&:)-!%+%.8<&)-&/.+*.8;#a#?4'
30(/)*3/#07#6+'.&'#0)#80)/&*&'#8*,#1'#30(%/$/-/'.#0(+,#1,#/4'
*1%0+-/'#0;(')#07#/4'#/4$(&#6+'.&'.#0)#80)/&*&'.#K")/9#RYO_9Q^
0/4');$%'=#/4'#6+'.&'#0)#80)/&*&'#$%#A0$.=#%-34#*%#/4*/#30(%/$>
/-/'.# 1,# *(# $860%/0)# KV'# c*)*# A9#",)0%0=# `_# J4$+9# !O_# [!`_C\^
J*)X-$# A9# J4$+$66$('# M*/$0(*+# H*(I=# `Y# J4$+9# !_Z# [!`_!\9Q=# 0)# 1,
0('#;40#;*%#(0/#,'/#/4'#0;(')#1'70)'#/4'#'5'3-/$0(#07#/4'#30(>
/)*3/9#Kh.*9#.'#H*-/$%/*#A9#S*)30%=#N#U@L"#CNC#[!`P!\9Q
?4$).#6')%0(%=#40;'A')=#;40#*)'#(0/#6*)/$'%#/0#/4'#6)$(3$6*+
01+$&*/$0(#8*,#%'3-)'#/4'#%*8'#1,#6+'.&$(&#0)#80)/&*&$(&#/4'$)
0;(#6)06')/,#;$/40-/#/4')'1,#*%%-8$(&#6')%0(*+#+$*1$+$/,9#K%''
")/9#RYO_=#6*)9#R9Q#?4'#012'3/#07#/4'#+'*%'R#(''.#(0/#1'+0(&#/0#/4'
+'%%0)# 6)0A$.'.# 4'# 4*%# /4'# '(20,8'(/# 07# /4'# /4$(&=# +$I'# *
-%-7)-3/-*),#;40#8*,#6')%0(*++,#'(20,#/4'#/4$(&#$(#-%-7)-3/#0)
+'*%'#$/#/0#*(0/4')9#K")/9#_ZR9Q
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Power of taxation.
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34*)&'#0)#1-).'(#-60(#6')%0(%=#6)06')/,=#0)#6)06')/,#)$&4/%=#70)
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0(#/4'#)$&4/#07#0;(')%4$69
Art. 429. The owner or lawful possessor of a thing has
the right to exclude any person from the enjoyment and
disposal thereof. For this purpose, he may use such force
as may be reasonably necessary to repel or prevent an
actual or threatened unlawful physical invasion or usurpation of his property. (n)
Principle of self-help.
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Art. 430. Every owner may enclose or fence his land
or tenements by means of walls, ditches, live or dead
hedges, or by any other means without detriment to
servitudes constituted thereon. (388)
Right to enclose or fence.
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Art. 431. The owner of a thing cannot make use
thereof in such manner as to injure the rights of a third
person. (n)
Obligation to respect the rights
of others.
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Art. 432. The owner of a thing has no right to prohibit the interference of another with the same, if the interference is necessary to avert an imminent danger and
the threatened damage, compared to the damage arising
to the owner from the interference, is much greater. The
owner may demand from the person benefited indemnity
for the damage to him. (n)
Obligation to permit interference
under certain conditions.
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Art. 433. Actual possession under claim of ownership
raises a disputable presumption of ownership. The true
owner must resort to judicial process for the recovery of
the property. (n)
Resort to judicial process.
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;)$/=# %$(3'# /0# .0# %0# ;0-+.# 1'# /*(/*80-(/# /0# 4$%# %-88*),
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*3/-*+#60%%'%%0)#07#*#6)06')/,#'(20,%#*#+'&*+#6)'%-86/$0(#07#2-%/
/$/+'# $(# 4$%# 7*A0)=# ;4$34# 8-%/# 1'# 0A')308'# 1,# /4'# 6*)/,# 3+*$8>
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Art. 434. In an action to recover, the property must
be identified, and the plaintiff must rely on the strength
of his title and not on the weakness of the defendant’s
claim. (n)
Requisites in an action to recover.
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Evidence to prove ownership.
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Art. 435. No person shall be deprived of his property
except by competent authority and for public use and
always upon payment of just compensation.
Should this requirement be not first complied with,
the courts shall protect and, in a proper case, restore the
owner in his possession. (349a)
Power of eminent domain.
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/$3'#*(.#7*$)('%%#/0#*++0;#/4'#4*64*b*).#;0)I#07#*#8$(0)#1->
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30-)/#6)08-+&*/'.#0(+,#*7/')#'56')/#3088$%%$0(')%#4*A'#*3>
/-*++,#A$';'.#/4'#6)06')/,=#*7/')#'A$.'(3'#*(.#*)&-8'(/%#6)0
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V-+*,=#*02-+a&%''#:&(*3$0#A9#e-'))')0=#!_Y#U@L"#NP`#[!`OZ\9Q
KRQ 604*!+$!#7.& 80.& 2-)(.**& )'X-$)'%# /4*/# /4'# +*;# $/%'+7=# (0/
8')'+,#/4'#6)03'.-)'%#1,#;4$34#/4'#+*;#$%#'(70)3'.=#$%#7*$)=#)'*>
%0(*1+'#0)#2-%/9#?4'#+*;#8-%/#1'#A*+$.=##;.;<&;$/4$(#/4'#30(%/$/->
/$0(*+#60;')#07#/4'#+'&$%+*/$A'#10.,#/0#'(*3/#*(.#$%#)'*%0(*1+'
$(#$/%#06')*/$0(9#:(#0/4')#;0).%=#(0#6')%0(#%4*++#1'#.'6)$A'.#07
K+$7'=# +$1')/,# 0)Q# 6)06')/,# 70)# *)1$/)*),# )'*%0(%# 0)# 0(# 7+$8%,
&)0-(.%9#?4-%=#/4'#/*I$(&#07#6)06')/,#70)#6)$A*/'#-%'=#0)#;$/4>
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60)*/$0(#;4$34#$%#(0/#*#D3086'/'(/#*-/40)$/,=EE#077'(.%#%-1%/*(>
/$A'#.-'#6)03'%%9
Restoration to the owner of his property.
U40-+.#/4'#)'X-$)'8'(/%#70)#/4'#'5')3$%'#07#'8$('(/#.08*$(
1'# (0/# 7$)%/# 3086+$'.# ;$/4=# /4'# 30-)/%# %4*++# 6)0/'3/=# *(.# $(# *
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a#"+/40-&4#/4'#60;')#%40-+.#1'#'5')3$%'.#30(70)8*1+,#/0#+*;
K%''#@$/,#07#S*($+*#A9#@4$('%'#@088-($/,=#CY#J4$+9#NC`#[!`!`\9Q=
/4'#)$&4/#07#/4'#0;(')#8*,#1'#+0%/#1,#'%/066'+#0)#*3X-$'%3'(3'9
?4-%=#$/#;*%#4'+.#$(#*#3*%'=#/4*/#$7#/4'#0;(')#07#*#+*(.#*++0;%#*
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)'8'.$'%# -%-*++,# *770).'.# /0# 4$8# *&*$(%/# -%-)6')%# $%# /4'
$))'8'.$*+#$(2-),#;4$34#;0-+.#)'%-+/#/0#/4'#)*$+)0*.#3086*(,
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$(/'))-6/$0(#07#/4'#/)*(%60)/*/$0(#%')A$3'#*/#*(,#60$(/#0(#/4'
)$&4/#07#;*,#$86'.'%#/4'#'(/$)'#%')A$3'#07#/4'#3086*(,#*(.
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07#'2'3/8'(/#0)#$(2-(3/$0(9#?4')'#$%#*+%0#%08'/4$(&#*I$(#/0#'X-$>
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;*/34'%#/4'#30(%/)-3/$0(#07#/4'#)*$+)0*.#;$/40-/#6)0/'%/%9EE#KS*>
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KRQ ]".-.&2)H.-&.J.-(#*.8&H#!")0!&+0!")-#!3;#a#?4')'#$%#*#+$8$/
/0#/4'#)-+'9
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60)*/$0(%#;40%'#7-(3/$0(%#*)'#/0#077')#%')A$3'#07#%08'#%0)/
/0#/4'#&'(')*+#6-1+$3=#%-34#*%#4$&4;*,%=#)*$+)0*.%=#/'+'&)*64
*(.#/'+'640('#3086*($'%=#6-1+$3#%')A$3'%#6+*(/%=#*(.#/4'#+$I'9
f4$+'#/4'#60;')#07#'8$('(/#.08*$(#$%#-%-*++,#*(.#0).$(*)>
$+,#.'+'&*/'.#/0#*++#%-34#'(/')6)$%'%=#*(.#8*,#1'#30(%$.')'.
'%%'(/$*+# /0# /4'$)# 6)06')# .'A'+068'(/# *(.# '77$3$'(3,=# $/# $%
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3)$1'.9
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6)$A*/'# 6)06')/,# $(# /4'# *1%'(3'# 07# %-34# *-/40)$/,=# /4',# *)'
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Art. 436. When any property is condemned or seized
by competent authority in the interest of health, safety
or security, the owner thereof shall not be entitled to
compensation, unless he can show that such condemnation or seizure is unjustified. (n)
Condemnation or seizure of property
in the exercise of police power.
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?4$%#6)0A$%$0(#$%#1*%'.#0(#60+$3'#60;')9#'*02-+;,&"(,#40+.')#07
6)06')/,=# 40;'A')# *1%0+-/'# *(.# -(X-*+$7$'.# 8*,# 1'# 4$%# /$/+'=
40+.%#$/#-(.')#/4'#$86+$'.#30(.$/$0(#/4*/#4$%#8*((')#07#-%$(&#$/
%4*++#(0/#1'#$(2-)$0-%#/0#/4'#'(20,8'(/#07#0/4')%#4*A$(&#*(#'X-*+
)$&4/#/0#/4'#'(20,8'(/#07#/4'$)#6)06')/,=#(0)#$(2-)$0-%#/0#/4'#308>
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+/#.$0:&$)$&/+.8+*;&KF$11*).#A9#F0++$.*,=#_O#<I+*9#RCC=#!_O#J9#!!_O9Q
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?4-%=#*#6)04$1$/$0(#0(#/4'#-%'#07#6)06')/,=#70)#6-)60%'%#/4*/#*)'
.'3+*)'.#1,#A*+$.#+'&$%+*/$0(#/0#1'#$(2-)$0-%#/0#/4'#4'*+/4=#80)*+%=
0)#%*7'/,#07#/4'#3088-($/,#3*((0/=#$(#*(,#%'(%'=#1'#.''8'.#*
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07#$/9#:/#$%#0(+,#*#.'3+*)*/$0(#1,#/4'#U/*/'#/4*/#$/%#-%'#1,#*(,#0('#70)
3')/*$(#70)1$..'(#6-)60%'%#$%#6)'2-.$3$*+#/0#/4'#6-1+$3#$(/')'%/%9
?4'#'5')3$%'#07#60+$3'#60;')#1,#/4'#.'%/)-3/$0(#07#/4'#6)06>
')/,#;4$34#$%#$/%'+7#*#6-1+$3#(-$%*(3'=#0)#/4'#6)04$1$/$0(#07#$/%#-%'
$(#*#6*)/$3-+*)#;*,=#;4')'1,#$/%#A*+-'#1'308'%# .'6)'3$*/'.=# $%
A'),#.$77')'(/#7)08#/*I$(&#6)06')/,#70)#6-1+$3#-%'=#0)#7)08#.'>
6)$A$(&#*#6')%0(#07#4$%#6)06')/,#;$/40-/#.-'#6)03'%%#07#+*;9#K?*(
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H-/#/4'#$(.$A$.-*+#;40%'#6)06')/,#$%#/*I'(#0)#.'%/)0,'.#1,
A$)/-'#07#*#60+$3'#60;')#$%#(0/#/0/*++,#;$/40-/#3086'(%*/$0(9#F'
.')$A'%#%08'#3086'(%*/$0(#*+/40-&4#$/#$%#(0/#$88'.$*/'#0)#60%>
%$1+,#*66*)'(/9#:(#/4'#*66+$3*/$0(#07#3')/*$(#+*;%#0)#)'&-+*/$0(%
'(*3/'.#6-)%-*(/#/0#/4'#60+$3'#60;')=#*((0,*(3'#*(.#7$(*(3$*+
+0%%#8*,#'A'(#1'#3*-%'.#/4'#3$/$b'(=#+'*A$(&#/4'#)';*).#07#/4'
$(.$A$.-*+#/0#1'#)'*6'.#/4)0-&4#4$%#*+/)-$%/$3#)'30&($/$0(#/4*/#/4'
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NR#J4$+9#_OY#[!`!_\9Q
Art. 437. The owner of a parcel of land is the owner
of its surface and of everything under it, and he can construct thereon any works or make any plantations and
excavations which he may deem proper, without detriment to servitudes and subject to special laws and ordinances. He cannot complain of the reasonable requirements of aerial navigation. (350a)
Surface rights of a landowner.
:/#$%#*(#*(3$'(/#8*5$8#07#/4'#30880(# +*;# /4*/# +*(.=# $(# $/%
+'&*+#%$&($7$3*/$0(=#'5/'(.%#7)08#/4'#%-)7*3'#.0;(;*).%#/0#/4'
3'(/')# 07# /4'# '*)/4# *(.# -6;*).%# $(.'7$($/'+,# /0# /4'# %I$'%# KV'+
S0(/'#S$(9#k#S$++#@09#A9#c*%/#@4*(3'#S$(9#k#S$++#@09=#!Z!#BU
__=#!O#@/9#O`_9Q=#%0#/4*/#;4*/'A')#$%#$(#*#.$)'3/#+$('#1'/;''(#/4'
%-)7*3'# 07# *(,# +*(.# *(.# /4'# 3'(/')# 07# /4'# '*)/4# 1'+0(&%# /0# /4'
0;(')#07#/4'#%-)7*3'9
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%6'3$*+#+*;%=#KNQ#+03*+#0).$(*(3'%=#KCQ#/4'#)'*%0(*1+'#)'X-$)'8'(/%
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?4'# )'*%0(*1+'# )'X-$)'8'(/%# 07# *')$*+# (*A$&*/$0(# *)'# /0# 1'
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Limitations imposed by special laws.
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"330).$(&+,=#$7#*#6')%0(#$%#/4'#0;(')#07#*&)$3-+/-)*+#+*(.#$(
;4$34#8$(')*+%#*)'#.$%30A')'.=#4$%#0;(')%4$6#07#%*$.#+*(.#.0'%
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07# $/%# %0A')'$&(# 6)')0&*/$A'9# d0)# /4'# +0%%# %-%/*$('.# 1,# %-34
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8$($(&#+*;%#0)#$(#*66)06)$*/'#'56)06)$*/$0(#6)03''.$(&%9
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0;(')# /4'# )$&4/# /0# +$8$/# *')$*+# (*A$&*/$0(# 0A')# 4$%# +*(.=# $/
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.'60/%#K)'8'81')#/4'#*/08#1081Q#;$/4#6)06')#*-/40)$/,=#%0
+0(&#*%#/4'#'(20,8'(/#07#/4'#%-)7*3'#0)#/4'#%/)-3/-)'%#/4')'0(
$%#(0/#%-1%/*(/$*++,#.$%/-)1'.9#:7#/4'#0;(')%4$6#.0'%#(0/#'5>
/'(.# +8& ()/0:$<& ('$/4')# %40-+.# $/# &0# .0;(# 0*d0.& +8& #$F.-)*;
K<1%')A*/$0(%# 0(# /4'# (';# @$A$+# @0.'=# !_# c*;,')E%# g0-)(*+
C``=#<3/9#N!=#!`_Y9Q
<(#/4$%#60$(/=#/4'#@0.'#@088$%%$0(#'56)'%%'.#/4'#A$';=#/4*/
D/4'#6)01+'8#07#40;#7*)#/4'#0;(')#%40-+.#1'#+$8$/'.#$(#4$%#30(>
/)0+# 07# /4'# %-1%0$+# 5# 5# 5# ;0-+.# )'X-$)'# *# .'/*$+'.# %6'3$*+# +*;9EE
KS'80)*(.-8#07#/4'#@0.'#@088$%%$0(=#d'19#!Z=#!`_!=#69#R9Q
Art. 438. Hidden treasure belongs to the owner of the
land, building, or other property on which it is found.
Nevertheless, when the discovery is made on the
property of another, or of the State or any of its sub-divisions, and by chance, one-half thereof shall be allowed
to the finder. If the finder is a trespasser, he shall not be
entitled to any share of the treasure.
If the things found be of interest to science or the
arts, the State may acquire them at their just price, which
shall be divided in conformity with the rule stated. (351a)
Right to hidden treasure.
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Art. 439. By treasure is understood, for legal purposes, any hidden and unknown deposit of money,
jewelry, or other precious objects, the lawful ownership
of which does not appear. (352)
Concept of hidden treasure.
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/4'#U/*/'9#K")/9#!Y!!9Q
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@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
Chapter 2
RIGHT OF ACCESSION
General Provisions
!"#$%&'()*(+(!"#$%&'(&)**+,,"'-&."%$&!+,/+*%
%'&0$1%&",&23'45*+4&67&23'/+3%7
Art. 440. The ownership of property gives the right
by accession to everything which is produced thereby,
or which is incorporated or attached thereto, either naturally or artificially. (353)
Accession defined.
K!Q :(#/4'#+$&4/#07#/4'#*10A'#6)0A$%$0(=#+((.**#)$&$%#/4'#)$&4/
07#/4'#0;(')#07#*#/4$(&=#)'*+#0)#6')%0(*+=#/0#1'308'#/4'#0;(')
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/0#/4'#0;(')#07#*#/4$(&#0A')#$/%#6)0.-3/%#*(.#;4*/'A')#$%#$(%'6*>
)*1+,#*//*34'.#/4')'/0#*%#*(#*33'%%0),9#KN#U*(34'b#L08*(#O`9Q
KNQ ?0#V'+#h$%0=#$(#*+80%/#/4'#'5*3/#;0).%#07#")/$3+'#COY=#*3>
3'%%$0(#$%#/4'#)$&4/#;4$34#0;(')%4$6#07#6)06')/,#&$A'%#0A')#'A'>
),/4$(&#;4$34#/4'#%*8'#6)0.-3'%#0)#;4$34#$%#*//*34'.#0)#$(30)>
60)*/'.#/4')'/0#(*/-)*++,#0)#*)/$7$3$*++,9#KR#V'+#h$%0#NN9Q
")/$3+'# CCY# .0'%# (0/# *66+,# /0# 6)06')/,# /4*/# 1'+0(&%# /0# /4'
6-1+$3#.08*$(9#KU60-%'%#J9#*(.#J9#e-++*#A9#F'$)%#07#"9#c*1)*.0)=
e9L9#M09#!C`C!O=#g-+,#RZ=#RYYP9Q
Distinguished from accessory.
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/0# /4'# /4$(&# 0A')# ;4$34# /4'# )$&4/# $%# '5')3$%'.# *%# .$%/$(&-$%4'.
7)08#*33'%%0),#*%#70++0;%]
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L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
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8'(/%#-60(=#*#/4$(&#K/4'#6)$(3$6*+Q9#?4'#30(3'6/#$(3+-.'%#+((.*=
*#)$#$(#$/%#/4)''#70)8%#07#1-$+.$(&=#6+*(/$(&=#*(.#%0;$(&#K%''#")/9
CC_9Q=#*(.#+((.**#)$&$+!0-+/<#%-34#*%#*++-A$0(#K%''#")/9#C_Z9Q=#*A-+>
%$0(#K%''#")/9#C_`9Q=#34*(&'#07#30-)%'#07#)$A')%#K%''#")/%9#CP!>CPR9Q=
*(.#70)8*/$0(#07#$%+*(.%9#K%''#")/%9#CPC>CP_9Q
<(#/4'#0/4')#4*(.=#+((.**)-#.*#*)'#/4$(&%#20$('.#/0=#0)#$(3+-.'.
;$/4=# /4'# 6)$(3$6*+# /4$(&# 70)# /4'# +*//')E%# '81'++$%48'(/=# 1'//')
-%'=#0)#3086+'/$0(#K.;%;=#I',#07#*#40-%'^#7)*8'#07#*#6$3/-)'^#1)*3'>
+'/#07#*#;*/34^#8*34$('),#$(#*#7*3/0),^#10;#07#*#A$0+$(Q9
KRQ f4$+'#*33'%%$0(%#*)'#(0/#('3'%%*),#/0#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&=
/4'#*33'%%0),#*(.#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&#8-%/#&0#/0&'/4')9#H0/4#3*(
'5$%/#0(+,#$(#)'+*/$0(#/0#/4'#6)$(3$6*+9#KV'#c'0(#*(.#V'#c'0(=#g)9=
@088'(/%# *(.# @*%'%# 0(# <1+$&*/$0(%# *(.# @0(/)*3/%=# RYYN# '.9=
669#NO>N`9Q
Accession, not a mode of acquiring
ownership.
:(#L08*(#+*;=#*33'%%$0(#;*%#)'&*).'.#*%#*#80.'#07#*3X-$)>
$(&# 0;(')%4$69# :/# $%# *+%0# %0# )'&*).'.# $(# /4'# d)'(34# @$A$+# @0.'
*%#;'++#*%#$(#"(&+0>"8')$3*(#+*;9
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'(-8')*/'.#$(#")/$3+'#Z!R9#?4'#/4'0),#*.06/'.#$(#/4'#@$A$+#@0.'
$%#/4*/#*33'%%$0(#$%#8')'+,#*#30(%'X-'(3'#0)#$(3$.'(3'#07#0;(')>
%4$69# :(# /4'# 0/4')# 80.'%# 07# *3X-$)$(&# 0;(')%4$6=# /4')'# $%# (0
6)'A$0-%+,# '5$%/$(&# 0;(')%4$6# ;4$34# $%# (0/# /)-'# $(# /4'# 3*%'# 07
*33'%%$0(#;4$34#6)'%-660%'%#*#6)'>'5$%/$(&#)$&4/#07#0;(')%4$69
"33'%%$0(#$%#*(#'5')3$%'#07#/4'#)$&4/#07#0;(')%4$6=#*(#'5/'(%$0(
07#.08$($0(#0A')#*#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&#/0#*(#*33'%%0),9
U$(3'#/4'#+*;#$/%'+7#&$A'%#/4'#)$&4/=#*33'%%$0(#8*,=#$(#*#%'(%'=
1'#30(%$.')'.#*%#*#80.'#07#*3X-$)$(&#6)06')/,#-(.')#/4'#+*;9
Kinds of accession.
?4')'#*)'#/;0#I$(.%#07#*33'%%$0(9
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Art. 441. To the owner belongs:
(1) The natural fruits;
(2) The industrial fruits;
(3) The civil fruits. (354)
Right of owner to the fruits.
K!Q e.$.-+/&-0/.;&a#?4'#&'(')*+#)-+'#$%#/4*/#*++#7)-$/%#1'+0(&
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R!NR9Q
Art. 442. Natural fruits are the spontaneous products
of the soil, and the young and other products of animals.
Industrial fruits are those produced by lands of any
kind through cultivation or labor.
!NC
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCR
Civil fruits are the rents of buildings, the price of
leases of lands and other property and the amount of
perpetual or life annuities or other similar income. (355a)
Definitions of the different kinds
of fruits.
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0(+,#D(*/-)*+#0)#3$A$+#7)-$/%=EE#$/#;*%#4'+.#/4*/#/4'#30-)/#;*%#(0/
*-/40)$b'.# /0# )'A$';# /4'# X-'%/$0(# *%# /0# /4'# )$&4/# 07# *# 6*)/,# /0
$(.-%/)$*+#7)-$/%9#KJ*8$(/-*(#A9#e*)3$*=#N`#J4$+9#ZCP#[!`!`\9Q
Natural fruits.
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'&&%=#;00+=#8$+I=#'/39Q
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*++,#(0/#7)-$/%9#?4',#*)'#$880A*1+'%9#K")/9#C!_[R\9Q
?4'#%'30(.#I$(.#$%#30(%$.')'.#*%#(*/-)*+#7)-$/%#;4*/'A')#3*)'
0)#8*(*&'8'(/=#%3$'(/$7$3#0)#0/4');$%'=#8*,#4*A'#1''(#&$A'(#1,
8*(#%$(3'#/4'#+*;#8*I'%#(0#.$%/$(3/$0(9#?4'#0;(')#07#*#7'8*+'
30;# $%# 6)'%-8'.# /0# 1'# /4'# 0;(')# 07# $/%# ,0-(&# 1,# /4'# )$&4/# 07
*33)'/$0(9#F'#3*((0/=#/4')'70)'=#1'#34*)&'.#;$/4#)011'),#07#/4'
077%6)$(&#07#4$%#30;9#KB9U9#A9#@*1*++')0=#R_#J4$+9#N_P#[!`!N\9Q
B(.')#/4'#)-+'#07#2+-!0*&*.d0#!0-&7.$!-.:<&/0#/4'#0;(')#07#7'>
8*+'#*($8*+%#;0-+.#*+%0#1'+0(&#/4'#,0-(&#07#%-34#*($8*+%#*+>
/40-&4# /4$%# )$&4/# $%# +0%/# ;4'(# /4'# 0;(')# 8$5'%# 4$%# 3*//+'# ;$/4
/40%'#07#*(0/4')9#K%''#U4*)$#h*++',#T%/*/'%=#:(39#A9#c-3*%*(=#`R#J4$+9
`OZ#[B()'69#!`__\^#")/9#CZN9Q#?4$%#)-+'#8')'+,#30(/$(-'%#/4'#0;(>
")/9#CCR
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%/$++#$(#/4'#;081#07#/4'#80/4')9#KN#U*(34'b#L08*(#!N`9Q
Industrial fruits.
?4'# .$%/$(3/$0(# 1'/;''(# (*/-)*+# 7)-$/%# *(.# $(.-%/)$*+# 7)-$/%
$%# (0/# *+;*,%# '*%$+,# .'/')8$('.# 70)# $/# $%# %08'/$8'%# .$77$3-+/# /0
*%3')/*$(#/4*/#6*)/#07#/4'#6)0.-3/#;4$34#30))'%60(.%#/0#/4'#70)3'%
07# (*/-)'# *(.# /4*/# 6*)/# ;4$34# 30))'%60(.%# /0# /4'# $(.-%/),# 07
8*(9#KN#S*()'%*#!OR9Q#?4-%]
K!Q e)*%%=#*%#/4'#c+(+!.&70)#40)%'=#$%#0).$(*)$+,#*#(*/-)*+#7)-$/
1-/#$%#30(%$.')'.#*(#$(.-%/)$*+#7)-$/#;4'(#$/#$%#3-+/$A*/'.#*%#700.
70)#40)%'%9
KRQ f$+.#8-%4)008%#*)'#(*/-)*+#7)-$/%#1-/#3-+/$A*/'.#8-%4>
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/4'8%'+A'%#1-/#/4',#8*,#1'#30(%$.')'.#*%#$(.-%/)$*+#7)-$/%#;4'(
/4',# *)'# 3-+/$A*/'.# 0)# '56+0$/'.# /0# 3*)),# 0(# *(# $(.-%/),9# KN
S*()'%*#!ON9Q
Civil fruits.
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1-$+.$(&%^# 6)$3'%# 07# +'*%'%# K)'(/%Q# 07# +*(.%# *(.# 0/4')# 6)06')/,
K$(3+-.$(&# 80A*1+'%Q^# *(.# /4'# *80-(/# 07# 6')6'/-*+# 0)# +$7'# *(>
(-$/$'%#0)#0/4')#%$8$+*)#$(308'9
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)*/$0(# 07# /4'# +'*%'# 30(/)*3/# $(%6$/'# 07# /4'# .'8*(.# 8*.'# -60(
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7*$/4# *(.# 8*,# 1'# %-'.# (0/# 0(+,# 70)# /4'# )'/-)(# 07# /4'# +*(.# 1-/
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*#)'.'86/$0(')=#0)#1,#/4'#*%%$&(''#07#'$/4')#07#/4'8=#7)08#6)06')/,#/4-%#%0+.#6)'3'.>
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Art. 443. He who receives the fruits has the obligation to pay the expenses made by a third person in their
production, gathering, and preservation. (356)
Obligation of recipient of fruits to reimburse
necessary expenses of third person.
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1''(#&*/4')'.#0)#4*)A'%/'.^#0)#/4'#60%%'%%0)#4*%#*+)'*.,#)'3'$A'.
/4'# 7)-$/%# 1-/# $%# 0).')'.# /0# )'/-)(# /4'# %*8'# /0# /4'# 0;(')9# ?4'
0;(')# $%# 01+$&'.# /0# )'$81-)%'# /4'# 6)'A$0-%# 60%%'%%0)# 70)# /4'
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7)08#4$%#01+$&*/$0(#1,#*++'&$(&#1*.#7*$/4#0(#/4'#6*)/#07#/4'#60%>
%'%%0)#1'3*-%'#")/$3+'#CCN#8*I'%#(0#.$%/$(3/$0(#*(.#1'3*-%'#/4'
'56'(%'%#8*.'#;')'#('3'%%*),#;$/40-/#;4$34#/4'#0;(')#;0-+.
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*+)'*.,#1''(#&*/4')'.#0)#4*)A'%/'.#;4'(#/4'#0;(')#)'30A>
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0)#%0;')=#$(#1*.#7*$/4#4*%#(0#)$&4/#07#)'$81-)%'8'(/#70)#'5>
6'(%'%^#(0)#/0#/4'#7)-$/%9#:(#0/4')#;0).%=#/4'#0;(')#&'/%#/4'
7)-$/%# ;$/40-/# $(.'8($/,# 1,# /4'# 6)$(3$6+'# 07# *33'%%$0(# ()$=
!#$0+;&H-/#/4'#60%%'%%0)#$(#1*.#7*$/4#$%#'(/$/+'.#/0#)'$81-)%'>
8'(/#70)#/4'#('3'%%*),#'56'(%'%#07#6)'%')A*/$0(#07#/4'#+*(.9
K")/9#C_R9Q
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")/$3+'%# _CC# /0# __!# ;4$34# 6)0A$.'# 70)# /4'# '77'3/%# 07# 60%%'%%$0(
$(# &00.# 7*$/4# *(.# 1*.# 7*$/49# B(.')#")/$3+'# _CC=# *# 60%%'%%0)# $(
&00.#7*$/4#4*%#(0#)$&4/#/0#)'$81-)%'8'(/#70)#4$%#'56'(%'%#%$(3'
4'#$%#'(/$/+'.#/0#7)-$/%#*+)'*.,#)'3'$A'.9
KCQ ]".-.&.J2.$*.*&.J(..8&F-0#!*;&a#<(+,#'56'(%'%#$(3-))'.#1,
/4'#60%%'%%0)#70)#/4'#6)0.-3/$0(=#&*/4')$(&#*(.#6)'%')A*/$0(#K(0/
$86)0A'8'(/Q#07#/4'#7)-$/%#*)'#)'$81-)%'*1+'9
K*Q TA'(# ;4')'# %-34# '56'(%'%# '53''.# /4'# A*+-'# 07# /4'
7)-$/%# ;4$34# 8*,# ;'++# 4*66'(# $7# *# 3*+*8$/,# 033-)%# ;4$34
.'3)'*%'%#/4'$)#A*+-'=#/4'#0;(')#8-%/#6*,#/4'#'56'(%'%#2-%/
/4'#%*8'#1'3*-%'#/4'#+*;#8*I'%#(0#.$%/$(3/$0(9
K1Q S0)'0A')=#4'#;40#$%#'(/$/+'.#/0#/4'#1'('7$/%#*(.#*.>
A*(/*&'%#8-%/#*%%-8'#/4'#)$%I%#*(.#+0%%'%9#?4'#0;(')=#40;>
'A')=# 8*,# 7)''# 4$8%'+7# 07# /4'# '56'(%'%# 1,# 6')8$//$(&# /4'
60%%'%%0)# /0# 3086+'/'# /4'# 4*)A'%/$(&# *(.# &*/4')$(&# 07# /4'
7)-$/%#70)#4$8%'+79#KN#S*()'%*#!OZ>!OO9Q
Art. 444. Only such as are manifest or born are considered as natural or industrial fruits.
With respect to animals, it is sufficient that they are
in the womb of the mother, although unborn. (357)
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When natural fruits and industrial
fruits deemed to exist.
:/#8*,#1'#('3'%%*),#/0#6)0)*/'#0)#*++03*/'#/4'#7)-$/%#/0#.$77')>
'(/#6')%0(%9#@$A$+#7)-$/%#*)'#'*%$+,#6)0)*/'.#70)#-(.')#")/$3+'#_CC
/4',#*)'#.''8'.#/0#*33)-'#.*$+,#*(.#1'+0(&#/0#/4'#60%%'%%0)#$(
&00.#7*$/4#$(#/4*/#6)060)/$0(9#M*/-)*+#*(.#$(.-%/)$*+#7)-$/%#;4$+'
%/$++#6'(.$(&#K-(&*/4')'.Q#*)'#)'*+#6)06')/,9#?4'$)#%6'3$*+#(*/-)'
)'X-$)'%# )-+'%# %0# /4*/# /4'# /$8'# ;4'(# /4',# *)'# .''8'.# /0# '5$%/
8-%/#1'#.'7$($/'+,#7$5'.9#KN#S*()'%*#!`Y9Q
?4'#70++0;$(&#$++-%/)*/$0(%#4*A'#1''(#&$A'(#/0#%')A'#*%#&-$.']
K!Q f$/4#)'%6'3/#/0#6+*(/%#;4$34#6)0.-3'#0(+,#0('#3)06#*(.
/4'(#6')$%4#K.;%9=#)$3'=#30)(=#%-&*)Q=#/4',#%40-+.#1'#.''8'.#8*($>
7'%/# 0)# '5$%/$(&# 7)08# /4'# /$8'# /4'# %''.+$(&%# *66'*)# 7)08# /4'
&)0-(.^
KRQ "%#/0#6+*(/%#*(.#/)''%#;4$34#+$A'#70)#,'*)%#*(.#&$A'#6'>
)$0.$3#7)-$/%#K.;%9=#8*(&0'%=#3030(-/%=#0)*(&'%Q=#/4'#7)-$/%#*)'#(0/
.''8'.#'5$%/$(&#-(/$+#/4',#*3/-*++,#*66'*)#0(#/4'#6+*(/%#0)#/)''%^
KNQ "%#)'&*).%#*($8*+%=#/4',#*)'#.''8'.#'5$%/$(&#*/#/4'#1'>
&$(($(&# 07# /4'# 8*5$8-8# 0).$(*),# 6')$0.# 07# &'%/*/$0(# K;4'(
/4')'#3*(#1'#(0#.0-1/#/4*/#/4',#*)'#*+)'*.,#$(#/4'#;081#07#/4'
80/4')Q=#/4$%#1'$(&#/4'#%-)'%/#3)$/')$0(#07#/4'$)#'5$%/'(3'#$(#/4'
80/4')E%#;081^#*(.
KCQ f$/4#)'%6'3/#/0#70;+%=#1,#*(*+0&,=#/4'#7*3/#07#*66'*)*(3'
07#/4'#34$3I%#%40-+.#)'/)0*3/#/0#/4'#1'&$(($(&#07#$(3-1*/$0(9#KN
S*()'%*#!`Y>!`!9Q
f4$+'#6)0.-3/%#07#/4'#%0$+#*)'#30(%$.')'.#(*/-)*+#0)#$(.-%>
/)$*+#7)-$/%#0(+,#$7#8*($7'%/#0)#A$%$1+'=#/4'#,0-(&#07#*($8*+%#*)'
30(%$.')'.# (*/-)*+# 7)-$/%# 0(+,# $7# '5$%/$(&# $(# /4'# ;081# 07# /4'
80/4')=#/40-&4#-(10)(9#?4-%=#/4'#%'30(.#6*)*&)*64#07#")/$3+'
CCC#$%#*(#'53'6/$0(#0)#X-*+$7$3*/$0(#/0#/4'#7$)%/#6*)*&)*64#/4')'079
!"#$%&'(,*(+(!"#$%&'(&)**+,,"'-&."%$&!+,/+*%
%'&899':16;+&23'/+3%7
Art. 445. Whatever is built, planted or sown on the
land of another and the improvements or repairs made
thereon, belong to the owner of the land, subject to the
provisions of the following articles. (358)
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Accession continua.
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07#*++-A$0(=#*A-+%$0(=#34*(&'#07#30-)%'#07#)$A')%=#*(.#70)8*/$0(
07#$%+*(.%9
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)-+'%#;4$34#*/#/$8'%#*)'#30(7-%$(&#*(.#.$77$3-+/#/0#-(.')%/*(.9
:(#/4'#%/-.,#07#/4'#)-+'%=#3')/*$(#1*%$3#6)$(3$6+'%#8-%/#1'#I'6/
$(#8$(.9
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/4'#6)$(3$6*+#K%''#")/%9#CCZ=#CCO=#C_C9Q^#;$/4#)'%6'3/#/0#*33'%%$0(
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7*$/4#4*%#(0#)$&4/%9#F'#8*,#*+%0#1'#4'+.#+$*1+'#70)#.*8*&'%9#K")/%9
CCZ>C__9Q#F0;'A')=#*#6')%0(=#;4'/4')#$(#&00.#7*$/4#0)#1*.#7*$/4=
$%# '(/$/+'.# /0# )'$81-)%'8'(/# 70)# ('3'%%*),# '56'(%'%# 07# 6)'%')>
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KCQ fFF.(!&H".-.&4)!"&2+-!#.*&#$&4+8&F+#!";#a#?4'#1*.#7*$/4#07#0('
6*)/,#('-/)*+$b'%#/4'#1*.#7*$/4#07#/4'#0/4')9#f4')'#/4'#6*)/$'%#*)'
'X-*++,# $(# 1*.# 7*$/4=# /4',# %4*++# 10/4# 1'# 30(%$.')'.# *%# 1'$(&# $(
&00.# 7*$/49# K")/9# C_N9Q# f4')'# /4'# +*(.0;(')# *(.# /4'# 1-$+.')=
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8*,# .'8*(.# *%# *# 8*//')# 07# )$&4/# /4'# )'80A*+# 07# /4'# $86)0A'>
8'(/%#*&*$(%/#/4'#;$++#07#/4'#0/4')#70)#%-34#)$&4/#$%#*A*$+*1+'#0(+,
/0#*#6*)/,#$(#&00.#7*$/4#;4')'#/4'#0/4')#$%#$(#1*.#7*$/49#K%''#")/%9
CCZ=#CC`=#C_Y=#C_N>C__9Q
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K_Q E-#$(#2/.&+%+#$*!&0$10*!&.$-#(":.$!;#a#M0#0('#%40-+.#-(>
2-%/+,#'()$34#4$8%'+7#*/#/4'#'56'(%'#07#*(0/4')9#?4$%#6)$(3$6+'#$%
&'(')*++,# *66+$3*1+'9# ?4-%=# /4'# )$&4/# 07# /4'# 0;(')# 07# +*(.# /0
*3X-$)'#;4*/#$%#1-$+/=#6+*(/'.=#0)#%0;(#;$/4#/4'#8*/')$*+%#07#*(>
0/4')# $%# %-12'3/# /0# /4'# 01+$&*/$0(# /0# 6*,# /4'$)# A*+-'# K")/9# CCZ9Q^
*(.# $7# /4'# 8*/')$*+%# 1'+0(&# /0# *# /4$).# 6')%0(=# /4'# 0;(')# %4*++
*(%;')#%-1%$.$*)$+,#70)#/4'$)#A*+-'#-(+'%%#4'#'5')3$%'%#4$%#)$&4/
07#)'80A*+9#K")/9#C__9Q#?4'#1-$+.')=#6+*(/')=#0)#%0;')=#*+/40-&4
$(# 1*.# 7*$/4=# $%# '(/$/+'.# /0# )'$81-)%'8'(/# 70)# /4'# ('3'%%*),
'56'(%'%#07#6)'%')A*/$0(#07#/4'#+*(.9#K")/9#C_R9Q
General rule on accession industrial.
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70++0;%#/4'#6)$(3$6*+9#K%''#")/9#CNZ9Q#?4'#+*(.#$%#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#*(.
;4*/#$%#1-$+/=#/4'#*33'%%0),9#"(#'53'6/$0(#$%#6)0A$.'.#$(#")/$3+'
!RY# 07# /4'# d*8$+,# @0.'# KT5'39# <).')# M09# RY`9Q# ;$/4# )'%6'3/# /0
$86)0A'8'(/%#8*.'#0(#/4'#%'6*)*/'#6)06')/,#07#/4'#%60-%'%9R
K!Q ?4'#;0).#D1-$+.$(&EE#$%#*#&'(')$3#/')8#70)#*++#*)34$/'3/-)*+
;0)I#;$/4#)007#1-$+/#70)#/4'#6-)60%'#07#1'$(&#-%'.#*%#*#8*(E%
.;'++$(&=#0)#70)#077$3'%=#3+-1%=#/4'*/')%=#'/39#"#;*)'40-%'=#;4')'
$/%#3$)3-8%/*(3'%#*(.#.'/*$+%#.0#(0/#*66'*)#$(#/4'#)'30).=#30-+.
(0/#1'#30(%/)-'.#*%#/4'#3+*%%#07#1-$+.$(&%#8'(/$0('.#$(#")/$3+'
!CYC#07#/4'#0+.#@$A$+#@0.'=#;4$34#1'3*8'#")/$3+'#!_O#07#/4'#(';
@$A$+#@0.'#*(.#(0;#")/$3+'#!RY#07#/4'#d*8$+,#@0.'9#KH$(0(.0#A9
S$')=#NP#J4$+9#NZP#[!`!Z\9Q
KRQ ?4'# ;0).# D)'6*$)%EE# $86+$'%# /4'# 6-//$(&# 07# %08'/4$(&
1*3I# $(/0# /4'# 30(.$/$0(# $(# ;4$34# $/# ;*%# 0)$&$(*++,# *(.# (0/# *(
$86)0A'8'(/#$(#/4'#30(.$/$0(#/4')'07#1,#*..$(&#%08'/4$(&#(';
/4')'/09#K%''#g*A$')#A9#g*A$')=#Z#J4$+9#RP!#[!`YZ\9Q
d0)#")/$3+'#CC_#/0#1'#*66+$3*1+'=#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#8-%/
1'#I(0;(9#</4');$%'=#(0#.'3$%$0(#3*(#1'#)'(.')'.#0(#/4'#0;(>
')%4$6#07#/4'#/4$(&%#6+*(/'.=#1-$+/=#0)#%0;(#-(/$+#*#4'*)$(&#%4*++
R
")/9#!RY9#?4'#0;(')%4$6#07#$86)0A'8'(/%=#;4'/4')#70)#-/$+$/,#0)#*.0)(8'(/=#8*.'
0(#/4'#%'6*)*/'#6)06')/,#07#/4'#%60-%'%#*/#/4'#'56'(%'#07#/4'#6*)/(')%4$6#0)#/4)0-&4
/4'#*3/%#0)#'770)/%#07#'$/4')#0)#10/4#%60-%'%#%4*++#6')/*$(#/0#/4'#30(2-&*+#6*)/(')%4$6=
0)#/0#/4'#0)$&$(*+#0;(')>%60-%'=#%-12'3/#/0#/4'#70++0;$(&#)-+'%9#5#5#59#K!_O*Q
!CR
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCP
4*A'#1''(#*330).'.#/0#;408%0'A')#$%#'(/$/+'.#/4')'/09#KH$(0(.0
A9#S$')=#*02-+9Q
Where builder and owner of land
and materials, same person.
B(.')#/4'#6)0A$%$0(%#K")/%9#CC_#/0#C_P9Q#0(#$(.-%/)$*+#*33'%>
%$0(=#%-34#*33'%%$0(#$%#+$8$/'.#'$/4')#/0#40#/8#$%*&.-.(!.8&)$&!".&/+$8
)F& +$)!".-& K")/9# CC_9Q# 0)# 1-$+.$(&%# 30(%/)-3/'.# 1,# /4'# 0;(')# 07
/4'#+*(.#;$/4#:+!.-#+/*&)H$.8&43&*):.)$.&./*.;&K")/9#CC`9Q
")/$3+'%#CC_#*(.#CCZ#/)'*/#07#*33'%%$0(#6)0.-3'.#1,#/4'#+*(.>
0;(')E%#1-$+.$(&=#6+*(/$(&#*(.#%0;$(&#H#!"&!".&:+!.-#+/*&)F&+$=
)!".-& *(.# ;4'(# /4'# 8*/')$*+%=# 6+*(/%# 0)# %''.%# 4./)$%& !)& +& !"#-8
2.-*)$&0/4')#/4*(#/4'#+*(.0;(')#0)#/4'#1-$+.')=#6+*(/')#0)#%0;')9
M0;4')'# $(# /4'%'# *)/$3+'%# 0(# $(.-%/)$*+# *33'%%$0(# $%# /4')'# *(,
8'(/$0(# 07# /4'# 3*%'# 07# *# +*(.0;(')# 1-$+.$(&# 0(# 4$%# 0;(# +*(.
;$/4#8*/')$*+%#0;('.#1,#4$8%'+79
?4'#)'*%0(#70)#/4'#6)0A$%$0(#$%#)'*.$+,#*66*)'(/^#)'30-)%'#/0
/4'#)-+'%#07#*33'%%$0(#*)'#/0/*++,#-(('3'%%*),#*(.#$(*66)06)$*/'
;4')'#/4'#0;(')%4$6#07#+*(.#*(.#07#/4'#8*/')$*+%#-%'.#/0#1-$+.
/4')'0(# *)'# 30(3'(/)*/'.# 0(# 0('# *(.# /4'# %*8'# 6')%0(9# TA'(# $7
/4'# +*;# .$.# (0/# 6)0A$.'# 70)# *33'%%$0(=# /4'# +*(.0;(')# ;0-+.
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Art. 446. All works, sowing, and planting are presumed made by the owner and at his expense, unless
the contrary is proved. (359)
Presumptions as to improvements.
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Art. 447. The owner of the land who makes thereon,
personally or through another, plantings, constructions
or works with the materials of another, shall pay their
value; and, if he acted in bad faith, he shall also be
obliged to the reparation of damages. The owner of the
materials shall have the right to remove them only in case
he can do so without injury to the work constructed, or
without the plantings, constructions or works being destroyed. However, if the landowner acted in bad faith, the
owner of the materials may remove them in any event,
with a right to be indemnified for damages. (360a)
Rights where land and materials
belong to different owners.
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Art. 448. The owner of the land on which anything has
been built, sown or planted in good faith, shall have the
right to appropriate as his own the works, sowing or
planting, after payment of the indemnity provided for in
articles 546 and 548, or to oblige the one who built or
planted to pay the price of the land, and the one who
sowed, the proper rent. However, the builder or planter
cannot be obliged to buy the land if its value is considerably more than that of the building or trees. In such
case, he shall pay reasonable rent, if the owner of the
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land does not choose to appropriate the building or trees
after proper indemnity. The parties shall agree upon the
terms of the lease and in case of disagreement, the court
shall fix the terms thereof. (361a)
Builder, planter, or sower in good faith.
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:(%/'*.#/4'$)#)$&4/%#*)'#&0A')('.#1,#")/$3+'#!PZO#07#/4'#@$A$+#@0.'#;4$34#*++0;%
)'$81-)%'8'(/#07#+'%%''%#-6#/0#!lR#07#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'$)#$86)0A'8'(/%#$7#/4'#+'%%0)#%0
'+'3/%9#U40-+.#/4'#+'%%0)#)'7-%'#/0#)'$81-)%'#%*$.#*80-(/=#/4'#+'%%''#8*,#)'80A'#/4'
$86)0A'8'(/%#1-/#4'#%4*++#(0/#3*-%'#*(,#80)'#$86*$)8'(/#-60(#/4'#6)06')/,#+'*%'.
/4*(#$%#('3'%%*),9
!CO
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCO
1-$+/#%/)-3/-)'%#0(#/4'#+0/%#0;('.#1,#/4'$)#6*)'(/%#;40#$(A$/'.
/4'$)#34$+.)'(#/0#033-6,#*(.#-%'#/4'#+0/%#*(.#7-++,#30(%'(/'.#/0
/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%#$(/)0.-3'.#1,#/4'89#KS*3*%*'/#A9#S*3*%*'/=
*02-+=#3$/$(&#6)'3'.$(&#3*%'%9Q
KNQ E-.*0:2!#)$& )F& %))8& F+#!";& a#"%# &00.# 7*$/4# $%# 6)'%-8'.=
4'#;40#*++'&'%#1*.#7*$/4#0(#/4'#6*)/#07#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39#4*%#/4'
1-).'(#07#6)0079#K")/9#_RZ9Q
KCQ E-.*.$(.&)F&$.%/#%.$(.;&a#?4'#&00.#7*$/4#07#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39
.0'%# (0/# ('3'%%*)$+,# 6)'3+-.'# ('&+$&'(3'# ;4$34# &$A'%# )$&4/# /0
.*8*&'%#-(.')#")/$3+'#R!ZP9#K%''#")/9#C_P9Q#"#+0/#1-,')#;40#30(>
%/)-3/%#$86)0A'8'(/%#0(#/4'#;)0(&#6)06')/,#'))0('0-%+,#.'+$A>
')'.#1,#/4'#0;(')E%#*&'(/=#40('%/+,#1'+$'A$(&#/4*/#/4'#%*$.#+0/
;*%#;4*/#4'#10-&4/#7)08#/4'#6'/$/$0(')#K%'++')Q=#$%#(0/#&-$+/,#07
('&+$&'(3'=#*(.#4$%#A$0+*/$0(#07#/4'#30(/)*3/#07#%*+'#0)#$(%/*++8'(/
8*,#(0/#1'#/4'#1*%$%#/0#('&*/'#/4'#6)'%-86/$0(#07#&00.#7*$/4#*%
%-34# A$0+*/$0(# 4*%# (0# 1'*)$(&# 0(# 4$%# %/*/'# 07# 8$(.# */# /4'# /$8'
4'#1-$+/#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%9#K%''#J+'*%*(/A$++'#V'A9#@0)69#A9#@0-)/
07#"66'*+%=#*02-+9Q
:/# 4*%# 1''(# 4'+.# /4*/# -(+'%%# 0('# $%# A')%'.# $(# /4'# %3$'(3'# 07
%-)A',$(&=#D(0#0('#3*(#.'/')8$('#/4'#6)'3$%'#'5/'(/#0)#+03*/$0(
07#4$%#6)06')/,#1,#8')'+,#'5*8$($(&#4$%#/$/+'9EE#K@0#?*0#A9#@4$30=
ON#J4$+9#_CN#[!`C`\^#?'34(0&*%#J4$+9#S*(-7*3/-)$(&#@0)69#A9#@0-)/
07#"66'*+%=#Z`#U@"V#R`Y=#RPO#U@L"#_#[!``Z\9Q
K_Q 922/#(+!#)$&!)&4)!"&204/#(&+$8&2-#7+!.&/+$8*9#a#?4'#6)0A$>
%$0(#8*I'%#(0#.$%/$(3/$0(#1'/;''(#6)$A*/'#+*(.#*(.#+*(.#07#6-1>
+$3#.08$($0(9#?4-%=#;4')'#$/#;*%#%40;(#/4*/#.-)$(&#/4'#U6*(>
$%4#)'&$8'#*#6)$A*/'#3086*(,#;*%#&$A'(#A')1*+#6')8$%%$0(#1,
/4'#60+$/$30>8$+$/*),#&0A')(0)#07#*#6)0A$(3'#/0#033-6,#/4'#+*(.
*(.#%40)'#$(#X-'%/$0(#;4$34#;')'#6*)/#07#/4'#6-1+$3#.08*$(#*(.
/4'(# 30(%/)-3/'.# /4')'0(# *# ;*)'40-%'=# *# 6$')# *(.# *# )'/*$($(&
;*++=# /4'# 3086*(,# ;*%# 30(%$.')'.# *# 1-$+.')# $(# &00.# 7*$/4# -(>
.')#/4'#6)0A$%$0(%#07#")/$3+'#CCO9#K:(%-+*)#e0A')(8'(/#A9#"+.'30*
k#@09=#!`#J4$+9#_Y_#[!`!!\9Q
Option given to landowner.
K!Q ^2!#)$&+/!.-$+!#7.;&A&?4'#+*(.0;(')#3*(#'5')3$%'#*#)'8>
'.,#07#4$%#0;(#+$I$(&9#F'#$%#&$A'(#*(#06/$0(=#'$/4')]
")/9#CCO
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!C`
K*Q /0#*66)06)$*/'#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/#-60(#6*,8'(/#07#/4'
)'X-$)'.#$(.'8($/,#K")/%9#_CP=#_CO9Q^#0)
K1Q /0#01+$&'#/4'#1-$+.')#0)#6+*(/')#/0#6*,#/4'#6)$3'#07#/4'
+*(.#K-(+'%%#$/%#A*+-'#$%#30(%$.')*1+,#80)'#/4*(#/4*/#07#/4'
1-$+.$(&#0)#/)''%Q=#*(.#/4'#%0;')=#/0#6*,#/4'#6)06')#)'(/9
f4')'# *# 30>0;(')%4$6# $%# /')8$(*/'.# 1,# *# 6*)/$/$0(# *(.# $/
*66'*)%#/4*/#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/#30(%/)-3/'.#1,#*(#')%/;4$+'#30>
0;(')#4*%#'(3)0*34'.#-60(#*#60)/$0(#6')/*$($(&#/0#*(0/4')#30>
0;(')#;4$34#;*%=#40;'A')=#8*.'#$(#&00.#7*$/4=#/4'#6)0A$%$0(%
07#")/$3+'#CCO#;0-+.#*66+,#/0#.'/')8$('#/4'#)'%6'3/$A'#)$&4/%#07
/4'#6*)/$'%9#:/#$%#/4'#30>0;(')#;40%'#60)/$0(#$%#'(3)0*34'.#-60(
;40#4*%#/4'#06/$0(#/0#%'++#/4*/#60)/$0(#0)#1-,#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/9
K:&(*3$0#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'#"66'++*/'#@0-)/=#!`N#U@L"#!Z#[!``!\9Q
KRQ @)::0$#(+!#)$&)F&(")#(.;#a#?4'#340$3'#07#/4'#0;(')#%4*++
6)0.-3'# '77'3/# 7)08# /4'# /$8'# $/# 4*%# 1''(# 3088-($3*/'.# /0# /4'
0/4')#6*)/,9#K%''#")/9#!RYR^#?*,*&#A9#W-%'30=#!Y_#J4$+9#COC#[!`_`\9Q
<(3'#6)06')+,#8*.'=#$/#3*((0/#1'#34*(&'.#1,#/4'#70)8')#;$/4>
0-/#/4'#30(%'(/#07#/4'#+*//')9
KNQ e))8&F+#!"&)F&40#/8.-<&.!(;<&#::+!.-#+/;#a#:/#$%#$88*/')$*+#/4*/
/4'#1-$+.')#*3/'.#$(#&00.#7*$/4#0)#/4*/#D6'3-+$*)#3$)3-8%/*(3'%
%-6')A'('.#*7/')#/4'#$(%/$/-/$0(#07#/4'#3*%'#+$I'=#70)#$(%/*(3'=#/4'
$(/)0.-3/$0(# 07# 3')/*$(# 8*20)# )'6*$)%# *(.# 0/4')# %-1%/*(/$*+# $8>
6)0A'8'(/%EE# 1'3*-%'# /4'# 06/$0(# &$A'(# 1,# +*;# /0# )'/*$(# /4'
6)'8$%'%# *(.# 6*,# 70)# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%# /4')'0(# 0)# /0# %'++# /4'
%*$.#6)'8$%'%#/0#/4'#1-$+.')#1'+0(&%#/0#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#6)06>
')/,9#KS*(0/0I#L'*+/,=#:(39#A9#?'3%0(=#!PC#U@L"#_OZ#[!`OO\9Q
Reason for option.
f4*/'A')# $%# 1-$+/=# 6+*(/'.# 0)# %0;(# 0(# /4'# +*(.# 07# *(0/4')=
/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%#0)#)'6*$)%#8*.'#/4')'0(=#1'+0(&#/0#/4'#0;(')
07#/4'#+*(.9#K")/9#CCP9Q
f4')'=#40;'A')=#/4'#6+*(/')=#1-$+.')=#0)#%0;')#4*%#*3/'.#$(
&00.#7*$/4=#*#30(7+$3/#07#)$&4/%#*)$%'%#1'/;''(#/4'#0;(')%=#*(.#$/
1'308'%# ('3'%%*),# /0# 6)0/'3/# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%
;$/40-/# 3*-%$(&# $(2-%/$3'# /0# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# +*(.9# :(# A$';# 07
/4'# $86)*3/$3*1$+$/,# 07# 3)'*/$(&# ;4*/# S*()'%*# 3*++%# *# %/*/'# 07
D70)3'.#30>0;(')%4$6=EE#/4'#+*;#4*%#6)0A$.'.#*#2-%/#*(.#'X-$/*>
!_Y
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCO
1+'#%0+-/$0(#1,#&$A$(&#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#/4'#06/$0(#0)#340$3'
/0#*3X-$)'#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%#*7/')#6*,8'(/#07#/4'#6)06')#$(.'8>
($/,#0)#/0#01+$&'#/4'#1-$+.')#0)#6+*(/')#/0#6*,#70)#/4'#+*(.#*(.
/4'#%0;')#/0#6*,#/4'#6)06')#)'(/9
:/# $%# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# +*(.# ;40# $%# *++0;'.# /0# '5')3$%'# /4'
06/$0(#1'3*-%'#4$%#)$&4/#$%#0+.')#*(.#1'3*-%'=#1,#/4'#6)$(3$6+'
07#*33'%%$0(#4'#$%#'(/$/+'.#/0#/4'#0;(')%4$6#07#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&9
KH')(*).0#A9#H*/*3+*(=#PP#J4$+9#_`O#[!`NO\=#3$/$(&#N#S*()'%*=#C/4
'.9=# R!N^# V'6)*# A9# V-8+*0=# !NP# U@L"# CZ_# [!`O_\^# J4$+$66$('
M*/$0(*+# H*(I# A9# V'# g'%-%=# C!!# U@L"# __Z# [RYY_\^# L0%*+'%# A9
@*%/'++/0)/=# CZR# U@L"# !CC# [RYY_\9Q# ?4'# 01A$0-%# 1'('7$/# /0# /4'
1-$+.')#$%#/4*/#$(%/'*.#07#1'$(&#0-/)$&4/+,#'2'3/'.#7)08#/4'#+*(.=
4'#3*(#3086'+#/4'#+*(.0;(')#/0#8*I'#*#340$3'#1'/;''(#/4'#/;0
06/$0(%=# '$/4')# /0# 6*,# 70)# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/# 0)# /0# %'++# /4'# +*(.9
K?'34(0&*%#J4$+%9#S*(-7*3/-)$(&#@0)69#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#Z`
U@"V#R`Y=#RPO#U@L"#_#[!``Z\9Q
Builder’s, etc., right limited to reimbursement.
?4'#)$&4/#/0#3400%'#$%#&$A'(#/0#/4'#+*(.0;(')#*(.#(0/#/0#/4'
1-$+.')9#?4'#0(+,#)$&4/#&$A'(#/0#/4'#1-$+.')#$(#&00.#7*$/4#$%#/4'
)$&4/#/0#)'$81-)%'8'(/#70)#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/9#:/#$%#('A')#30(/'8>
6+*/'.# /4*/# *# 60%%'%%0)# 0)# 1-$+.')# $(# &00.# 7*$/4# %4*++# 4*A'# *(
*1%0+-/'#)$&4/#07#*66)06)$*/$(&#70)#4$8%'+7#/4'#'(/$)'#4*)A'%/%#0)
7)-$/%#;$/40-/#&$A$(&#/4'#)$&4/7-+#0;(')#*(,#%4*)'9#?4'#)$&4/#07
*# 1-$+.')# $(# &00.# 7*$/4# 3*((0/# .'7'*/# /4*/# 07# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'
+*(.# /0# ;408# 1'+0(&=# 1,# %'//+'.# )-+'=# /4'# 7)-$/%# a& 10*& F-0.$8#;
KJ*%$1'#A9#S*(0(&.0=#_C#<9e9#M09#!`=#69#_NCN9Q#M0)#3*(#4'#308>
6'+#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#/0#%'++#$/#/0#4$89#Ko-'8-'+#A9#<+*'%=#!
U@L"# !!_`# [!`P!\^#"3-(*# A9# d-)-I*;*# J+*(/*/$0(# @09=# `N# J4$+9
`_Z#[!`_N\9Q
:/#$%#/0#1'#(0/'.#/4*/#*%#)'&*).%#%0;$(&=#/4'#*+/')(*/$A'#)$&4/
&$A'(#/0#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#$%#8')'+,#/0#.'8*(.#/4'#6)06')
)'(/# 7)08# /4'# 6')%0(# ;40# %0;'.9# ?4$%# $%# .-'# /0# /4'# 7*3/# /4*/
%0;$(&#$%#/'860)*),=#*(.#*7/')#4*)A'%/=#/4'#30(7+$3/#1'/;''(#/4'
)$&4/%# 07# 0;(')# 07# /4'# +*(.# *(.# /4'# %0;')# (0# +0(&')# '5$%/%9
K@*6$%/)*(0=#)2;&(#!;<&69#CY_9Q
:(#*#3*%'=#*#6-1+$3#%')A$3'#30)60)*/$0(#K#;.;<&S*($+*#L*$+)0*.
@09Q#1-$+/#$/%#/)*3I#0(#*#+*(.#;$/40-/#*(,#0660%$/$0(#0)#6)0/'%/
")/9#CCO
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!_!
7)08#/4'#0;(')#;40#8')'+,#%/00.#1,9#:/#;*%#4'+.#/4*/#/4'#0;(')
K;40#8*,#(0/#1'#30(%$.')'.#$(#&00.#7*$/4Q#;*%#.''8'.#/0#4*A'
;*$A'.#4$%#)$&4/#/0#)'30A')#60%%'%%$0(#07#4$%#6)06')/,#*(.#/4'
30(%/)-3/$0(# /4')'0(9# F$%# 0(+,# )'8'.,# K#;.;<& 4'# 4*%# (0# 06/$0(Q
;0-+.#1'#/0#)'30A')#.*8*&'%#70)#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#6)06')/,#/*I'(
30(%$.')$(&#/4*/#/4'#30)60)*/$0(#8')'+,#'5')3$%'.#$/%#60;')#07
'8$('(/#.08*$(#*%#*-/40)$b'.#1,#+*;9#KV'#W(34*-%/$#A9#S*($+*
T+'3/)$3#@09=#NP#J4$+9#`YO#[!`!Z\^#S*($+*#L*$+)0*.#@09#A9#J*)'.'%=
NR#J4$+9#_NC#[!`!_\9Q
Right of landowner to remove
or demolish improvement.
K!Q U$(3'#/4'#06/$0(#$%#&$A'(#/0#/4'#+*(.0;(')#*(.#$/#$%#+$8>
$/'.# /0# 6*,$(&# 70)# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/# 0)# %'++$(&# 4$%# +*(.# /0# /4'
1-$+.')=#'/39=#4'#3*((0/#)'7-%'#/0#'5')3$%'#4$%#)$&4/#07#340$3'#*(.
3086'+#/4'#1-$+.')#/0#)'80A'#0)#.'80+$%4#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/9#"(
0).')#1,#*#30-)/#3086'++$(&#*#1-$+.')#$(#&00.#7*$/4#/0#)'80A'
4$%#1-$+.$(&#7)08#*#+*(.#1'+0(&$(&#/0#*(0/4')#;40#3400%'%#('$>
/4')#/0#6*,#70)#%-34#1-$+.$(&#(0)#%'++#/4'#+*(.#$%#(-++#*(.#A0$.
70)#1'$(&#077'(%$A'#/0#")/$3+'#CCO9#KU*)8$'(/0#A9#"&*(*=#!R`#U@L"
!RR#[!`OC\^#L0%*+'%#A9#@*%/'++/0)/=#CZR#U@L"#!CC#[RYY_\9Q
KRQ ?4'# +*(.0;(')# $%# '(/$/+'.# /0# %-34# )'80A*+# 0(+,# ;4'(
*7/')#4*A$(&#340%'(#/0#%'++#4$%#+*(.=#/4'#0/4')#6*)/,#7*$+%#/0#6*,
70)# /4'# %*8'9# K:&(*3$0# A9# F$+*)$0=# ZP# J4$+9# PY_# [!`CP\^# V'6)*# A9
V-8+*0=#!NP#U@L"#C!_#[!`O_\9Q
KNQ ?4'#$86)0A'8'(/#8-%/#1'#07#*#6')8*('(/#34*)*3/')=#*/>
/*34'.#/0#/4'#%0$+#;$/4#*(#$.'*#07#6')6'/-$/,=#1-/#$/#$%#07#*#/)*(%$>
/0),#34*)*3/')#0)#$%#/)*(%7')*1+'=#/4')'#$%#(0#*33'%%$0(#*(.=#/4')'>
70)'=#/4'#+*(.0;(')#4*%#'A'),#)$&4/#/0#4*A'#/4'#%*8'#)'80A'.
7)08# 4$%# 6)06')/,9# K"+A$0+*# A9# @0-)/# 07#"66'*+%=# `N# U@"V# `!Y=
RO`#U@L"#_NZ#[!``O\9Q
Right to improvement before payment.
K!Q N+$8)H$.-E*&-#%"!&!)&+(d0#-.&)H$.-*"#2;&A&f4'(#*#6')%0(
1-$+.%#$(#&00.#7*$/4#0(#+*(.#1'+0(&$(&#/0#*(0/4')=#/4'#+*(.0;(')
.0'%#(0/##2*)&F+(!)&*3X-$)'#0;(')%4$6#07#;4*/#4*%#1''(#1-$+/^#4'
8-%/# 7$)%/# $.'(/$7,# /4'# 1-$+.')# 1'70)'# 4'# 3*(# *66)06)$*/'# /4'
%*8'9#f4')'#/4'#$%%-'#*%#/0#;4'/4')#*#6')%0(#$%#*#6+*(/')#$(#&00.
!_R
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCO
7*$/4#0)#(0/#$%#%/$++#-()'%0+A'.=#/4'#30-)/#8*,#(0/#'(20$(#/4'#&*/4>
')$(&# 07# 3)06%# /4')'0(# 1,# /4'# 6+*(/')# *%# /4$%# ;0-+.=# $(# '77'3/=
8'*(#/4*/#%*$.#6+*(/')#$%#*#6+*(/')#$(#1*.#7*$/49#K:(/')>L'&$0(*+
V'A'+068'(/#@0)69#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#P_#U@L"#RP_#[!`Z_\9Q
KRQ G0#/8.-E*&-#%"!&!)&-.!+#$;&A&B(/$+#/4'#$(.'8($/,#;4$34#$(>
3+-.'%#('3'%%*),#*(.#-%'7-+#'56'(%'%#K")/9#_CP9Q#4*%#1''(#6*$.
$(# 7-++# 1,# /4'# +*(.0;(')# ;40# 4*%# '+'3/'.# /0# *66)06)$*/'# /4'
$86)0A'8'(/%=#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39=#8*,#)'/*$(#10/4#/4'#+*(.#*(.#/4'
$86)0A'8'(/%# 'A'(# *&*$(%/# /4'# )'*+# 0;(')9# KS')3*.0# A9# @0-)/
07#"66'*+%=# !PR# U@L"# Z_# [!`OO\^# S*)/$('b# A9# H*&*(-%=# RO# J4$+9
_YY#[!`!C\9Q
K*Q E0-2)*.&)F&-#%"!;#a#?4'#)$&4/#07#)'/'(/$0(#$%#30(%$.')'.
*%#0('#07#/4'#8'*%-)'%#.'A$%'.#1,#/4'#+*;#70)#/4'#6)0/'3/$0(
07#1-$+.')%#$(#&00.#7*$/49#:/%#012'3/#$%#/0#&-*)*(/''#7-++#*(.
6)086/#)'$81-)%'8'(/#*%#$/#6')8$/%#/4'#*3/-*+#60%%'%%0)#/0
)'8*$(#$(#60%%'%%$0(#;4$+'#4'#4*%#(0/#1''(#)'$81-)%'.#K1,
/4'# 6')%0(# ;40# .'7'*/'.# 4$8# $(# /4'# 3*%'# 70)# 60%%'%%$0(# 07
/4'# 6)06')/,Q# 70)# /40%'# ('3'%%*),# '56'(%'%# *(.# -%'7-+# $8>
6)0A'8'(/%# 8*.'# 1,# 4$8# 0(# /4'# /4$(&# 60%%'%%'.9#"330).>
$(&+,=# *# 1-$+.')# $(# &00.# 7*$/4# 3*((0/# 1'# 3086'++'.# /0# 6*,
)'(/*+%#.-)$(&#/4'#6')$0.#07#)'/'(/$0(#(0)#1'#.$%/-)1'.#$(#4$%
60%%'%%$0(# 1,# 0).')$(&# 4$8# /0# A*3*/'9# KM-&-$.# A9# @0-)/# 07
"66'*+%=#C_R#U@L"#RCN#[RYY_\9Q
K1Q ^FF*.!!#$%&$.(.**+-3&+$8&0*.F0/&.J2.$*.*;#a#?4'#0;(')
07#/4'#+*(.#$%#6)04$1$/'.#7)08#077%'//$(&#0)#3086'(%*/$(&#/4'
('3'%%*),#*(.#-%'7-+#'56'(%'%#;$/4#/4'#7)-$/%#)'3'$A'.#1,#/4'
1-$+.')>60%%'%%0)#$(#&00.#7*$/49#</4');$%'=#/4'#%'3-)$/,#6)0>
A$.'.#1,#+*;#;0-+.#1'#$86*$)'.9#?4$%#$%#%0#1'3*-%'#/4'#)$&4/
/0#/4'#'56'(%'%#*(.#/4'#)$&4/#/0#/4'#7)-$/%#10/4#6')/*$(#/0#/4'
60%%'%%0)=#8*I$(&#3086'(%*/$0(#2-)$.$3*++,#$860%%$1+'^#*(.
0('#3*((0/#1'#-%'.#/0#)'.-3'#/4'#0/4')9#'B4#8;,
K3Q ]".-.&#:2-)7.:.$!*&8.*!-)3.8;#a#f4')'#/4'#$86)0A'>
8'(/%#4*A'#1''(#.'%/)0,'.#1,#*#70)/-$/0-%#'A'(/#;$/40-/#/4'
7*-+/# 07# /4'# +*(.0;(')=# /4'# 1*%$%# 70)# /4'# 1-$+.')E%# )$&4/# /0
)'/*$(#/4'#6)'8$%'%#$%#'5/$(&-$%4'.^#4'(3'=#/4')'#$%#(0#0/4')
)'30-)%'#70)#4$8#1-/#/0#A*3*/'#/4'#6)'8$%'%#*(.#.'+$A')#/4'
%*8'#/0#/4'#+*(.0;(')9#KS*(0/0I#L'*+/,=#:(39#A9#?'3%0(=#!PC
U@L"#_OZ#[!`OO\9Q
")/9#CCO
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K.Q ]".-.&2-)2.-!3&)F&204/#(&8):#$#)$;&A& ?4'#)$&4/#07#)'>
/'(/$0(#07#*#1-$+.')#$(#&00.#7*$/4#-(/$+#6*,8'(/#07#/4'#6)06')
$(.'8($/,#*66+$'%#0(+,#0(#6)$A*/'#+*(.9#:/#3*((0/#1'#$(A0I'.
*(.#*66+$'.#/0#6)06')/,#07#6-1+$3#.08$($0(#%-34#*%#*#)0*.
1'3*-%'# 6-1+$3# $(/')'%/# $%# $(A0+A'.9# ?4'# 6'06+'# 3*((0/# 1'
.'6)$A'.#07#/4'#-%'#07#/4'#+*(.9#?4-%=#$(#*#3*%'#;4')'#*#6)0>
A$(3$*+#10*).=#;$/40-/#*-/40)$/,#07#+*;=#&)*(/'.#'53+-%$A'#-%'
70)#/;'(/,#,'*)%#07#*(#-(7$($%4'.#6)0A$(3$*+#)0*.#/0#*#+-8>
1')# 3086*(,# $(# 30(%$.')*/$0(# 07# /4'# +*//')# 3086+'/$(&# /4'
30(%/)-3/$0(#07#/4'#%*8'=#$/#;*%#4'+.#/4*/#/4'#10*).#8*,#'+'3/
1'/;''(#6*,$(&#/4'#3086*(,#;4$34#*3/'.#$(#&00.#7*$/4#/4'
/0/*+#30%/#07#30(%/)-3/$0(#;$/4#$(/')'%/#0)#-60(#%'3-)$(&#/4'
*-/40)$b*/$0(#07#/4'#6)06')#*-/40)$/$'%=#.'%$&(*/'#%-34#)0*.
*#/0++#)0*.#/0#)*$%'#/4'#('3'%%*),#7-(.%#/0#)'$81-)%'#/4'#308>
6*(,9#K@*+*6*(#c-81')#@09#A9#@088-($/,#U*;8$++#@09=#!!
U@L"#NCP#[!`PC\9Q
K'Q ]".-.& 40#/8.-<& .!(;& #$& 4+8& F+#!";& A& U$(3'# &00.# 7*$/4# $%
/4'#+'&*+#70-(.*/$0(#07#/4'#)$&4/#07#)'/'(/$0(=#$7#/4'#1-$+.')=
'/39#$%#$(#1*.#7*$/4=#4'#+0%'%#;4*/#4'#4*%#1-$+/=#'/39#;$/40-/
)$&4/#/0#*(,#$(.'8($/,9#K?-7'5$%#A9#@4-(*30=#[@9"9\#NP#<9e9
RC_C9Q#?4'#1-$+.')=#'/39#;$++#*+%0#+0%'#/4'#)$&4/#07#)'/'(/$0(#$(
3*%'#4'#7*$+%#/0#6*,#70)#/4'#+*(.#*7/')#/4'#+*(.0;(')#4*%#340>
%'(#/0#)'X-$)'#/4'#70)8')#/0#6*,#/4'#6)$3'#07#/4'#+*(.=#0)#/4'
%0;')=#/0#6*,#/4'#6)06')#)'(/=#1'3*-%'#4'#$%#/4'#0('#)'X-$)'.
/0#6*,=#(0/#/4'#+*(.0;(')9#KH')(*).0#A9#H*/*3+*(=#*02-+9Q
Liability of builder, etc., to pay rents.
?4'#+*(.#$%#30(%$.')'.=#$(#/4'#8'*(;4$+'=#*%#*(#$(4')'(/#6*)/
07# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%9# ?4$%# 1'$(&# /4'# '5$%/$(&# 2-)$.$3*+# )'+*/$0(
3)'*/'.#1,#+*;#1'/;''(#/4'#6*)/$'%=#$/#$%#3+'*)#/4*/#/4'#+*(.0;(')
K;40# 4*%# 340%'(# /0# *66)06)$*/'# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%Q# 4*%# *1%0>
+-/'+,#(0#)$&4/#/0#.'8*(.#)'(/%#70)#/4'#033-6*/$0(#07#/4'#+*(.=
*%# /4'# )$&4/# /0# )'/*$(# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%# ;4$+'# /4'# 30))'%60(.>
$(&#$(.'8($/,#$%#(0/#6*$.=#$86+$'%#/4'#/'(*(3,#0)#60%%'%%$0(#$(
7*3/#07#/4'#+*(.#0(#;4$34#/4',#*)'#1-$+/9#K%''#?-7'5$%#A9#@4-(*30=
*02-+9Q
"# 30(/)*),# )-+'# ;0-+.# )'(.')# (-&*/0),# /4'# 1-$+.')E%# )$&4/
07#)'/'(/$0(9#?4$%#)$&4/#8*,#1'#*((0/*/'.#*%#*#+$'(#0(#/4'#3')/$7$>
!_C
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCO
3*/'# 07# /$/+'9# K%''#"/I$(%# q)0++# k# @09# A9# V08$(&0=# CP# J4$+9# NPR
[!`RC\9Q
:7#/4'#+*(.0;(')#.0'%#(0/#3400%'#/0#*66)06)$*/'#/4'#$86)0A'>
8'(/%#*(.#4'#3*((0/#01+$&'#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39#K;4'(#4'#$%#;$/4>
0-/#7$(*(3$*+#8'*(%Q#/0#6*,#/4'#6)$3'#07#/4'#+*(.=#/4'#+*//')#%4*++
6*,#)'*%0(*1+'#)'(/9#:7#/4',#3*((0/#*&)''#0(#/4'#/')8%#07#/4'#+'*%'
/4'(#/4',#8*,#&0#/0#30-)/#/0#7$5#/4'#%*8'9
Liability of builder, etc. to account
for fruits received.
<(3'#/4'#+*(.0;(')#'+'3/%#/0#*66)06)$*/'#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%=
/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39#3*((0/#'5*3/+,#1'#30(%$.')'.#*#60%%'%%0)#$(#&00.
7*$/49#F'(3'=#;4*/'A')#7)-$/%#K)'(/%Q#4'#)'3'$A'%#.-)$(&#/4'#6'>
)$0.#07#)'/'(/$0(#8-%/#1'#.'.-3/'.#7)08#;4*/'A')#$(.'8($/,#$%
.-'# /0# 4$8^# *(.# $(# 3*%'# $/# '53''.%# /4'# A*+-'# 07# /4'# $(.'8($/,=
/4'#'53'%%#%4*++#1'#)'/-)('.#/0#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.9#KS'(.0b*
A9#.'#e-b8*(=#_R#J4$+9#!PC#[!`RO\9Q
?4'# *10A'# $%# /)-'# $7# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%# K.;%;=# 1-$+.$(&Q# *)'
+'*%'.#/0#*(0/4')#1,#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39#H-/#$7#/4'#1-$+.$(&#$%#033->
6$'.#1,#/4'#1-$+.')#4$8%'+7#;40#*3/'.#$(#&00.#7*$/4=#/4'#+*(.>
0;(')#4*%#(0#)$&4/#/0#30++'3/#)'(/%#70)#/4'#033-6*/$0(#07#/4'#+*(.
;4$+'#/4'#+*//')#)'/*$(%#/4'#1-$+.$(&9#K?-7'5$%#A9#@4-(*30=#*02-+9Q
Right of landowner to require payment
of value of land.
?4'#+*(.0;(')#8*,#01+$&'#/4'#1-$+.')#0)#6+*(/')#/0#1-,#/4'
+*(.9
K!Q b+/0.&)F&/+$8&()$*#8.-+4/3&:)-.&!"+$&!"+!&)F&!".&#:2-)7.:.$!*;
a#?4$%#)$&4/#3*((0/#1'#'5')3$%'.#$7#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#+*(.#$%#30(>
%$.')*1+,#80)'#/4*(#/4*/#07#/4'#1-$+.$(&#0)#/)''%9#?4'#6-)60%'
07#/4'#'53'6/$0(#$%#/0#6)'A'(/#$(2-%/$3'#*%#;4'(=#70)#'5*86+'=#*
%/)-3/-)'#;0)/4#0(+,#J!YY=YYY#$%#1-$+/#0(#*#3088')3$*+#+*(.#;$/4
*#8*)I'/#A*+-'#07#J!=YYY=YYY9#KS'80)*(.-8#07#/4'#@0.'#@08>
8$%%$0(#/0#/4'#g0$(/#@0(&)'%%$0(*+#@088$//''#0(#@0.$7$3*/$0(=
d'19#!Z=#!`_!=#69#N9Q
:/#$%#30(%$.')'.#$('X-$/*1+'#$(#%-34#3*%'#/0#3086'+#/4'#1-$+.')
0)#6+*(/')#/0#6*,#/4'#6)$3'#07#/4'#+*(.9#"#D70)3'.#+'*%'EE#$%#3)'>
")/9#CCO
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!__
*/'.# 1'/;''(# /4'# 6*)/$'%# $7# /4'# +*(.0;(')# .0'%# (0/# 3400%'# /0
*66)06)$*/'# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/# *7/')# 6)06')# $(.'8($/,9# ?4'
1-$+.')#0)#6+*(/')#%4*++#6*,#)'*%0(*1+'#)'(/9#?4'#30-)/#%4*++#7$5
/4'#/')8%#07#/4'#+'*%'#$(#3*%'#/4'#6*)/$'%#3*((0/#*&)''#/4')'0(9
K")/9#CCO=#+*%/#/;0#%'(/'(3'%^#V'6)*#A9#V-8+*0=#*02-+9Q
"%#/0#;4'(#/4'#+*(.E%#A*+-'#D$%#30(%$.')*1+,#80)'EE#/4*(#/4*/
07#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/#;$++#4*A'#/0#1'#.'/')8$('.#1,#/4'#30-)/#/*I>
$(&#$(/0#30(%$.')*/$0(#/4'#3$)3-8%/*(3'%#07#'*34#6*)/$3-+*)#3*%'9
KRQ E-.7+#/#$%&:+-I.!&7+/0.&)F&/+$8&+!&!".&!#:.&)F&2+3:.$!;#a#:(
/4'#'A'(/#/4*/#/4'#+*(.0;(')#'+'3/%#/0#%'++#/4'#%-12'3/#+*(.#/0#/4'
1-$+.')#;40#*&)''%#/0#1-,#/4'#%*8'=#/4'#6)$3'#8-%/#1'#7$5'.#*/
/4'#6)'A*$+$(&#8*)I'/#A*+-'#*/#/4'#/$8'#07#6*,8'(/=#(0/#*/#/4'
/$8'# 07# /*I$(&# ;4$34# $%# /4'# /$8'# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%# ;')'# 'A'(
1-$+/#0(#/4'#+*(.9#:(#'56)06)$*/$0(#6)03''.$(&%=#/4'#/$8'#07#/*I>
$(&#1,#/4'#U/*/'#07#6)$A*/'#6)06')/,#70)#*#6-1+$3#6-)60%'#$%#.'>
/')8$(*/$A'#07#2-%/#3086'(%*/$0(9#?4'#3*%'#4')'#$%#(0/#70)#'56)0>
6)$*/$0(#1-/#07#*(#0;(')#;40#4*%#1''(#6*,$(&#)'*+#'%/*/'#/*5'%
0(#4$%#+*(.#1-/#4*%#1''(#.'6)$A'.#07#/4'#-%'#07#$/#0)#*#60)/$0(
/4')'07#70)#*#3')/*$(#6')$0.#07#/$8'9#:/#$%#1-/#7*$)#*(.#2-%/#/0#7$5
3086'(%*/$0(#*/#/4'#/$8'#07#6*,8'(/9#KH*++*/*(#A9#@0-)/#07#"6>
6'*+%=#!YC#U@"V#NY=#NYC#U@L"#NC#[!```\9Q
:(# /4'# *10A'>3$/'.# 3*%'=# /4'# U-6)'8'# @0-)/# 80.$7$'.# /4'
.'3$%$0(#07#/4'#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%#*%#70++0;%]
DJ'/$/$0(')%#[0;(')%\#*)'#0).')'.#/0#'5')3$%'#;$/4$(#/4$)/,
KNYQ#.*,%#7)08#7$(*+$/,#07#/4$%#.'3$%$0(#/4'$)#06/$0(#/0#'$/4')
1-,#/4'#60)/$0(#07#)'%60(.'(/%#e0E%#$86)0A'8'(/#0(#/4'$)
c0/# M09# RC=# 0)# %'++# /0# %*$.# )'%60(.'(/%# /4'# 60)/$0(# 07# /4'$)
+*(.#0(#;4$34#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/#%/*(.%9#:7#6'/$/$0(')%#'+'3/
/0#%'++#/4'#+*(.#0)#1-,#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/=#/4'#6-)34*%'#6)$3'
8-%/# 1'# */# /4'# 6)'A*$+$(&# 8*)I'/# 6)$3'# */# /4'# /$8'# 07# 6*,>
8'(/9# :7# 1-,$(&# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/# ;$++# )'(.')# )'%60(.'(/%
e0E%# 40-%'# -%'+'%%=# /4'(# 6'/$/$0(')%# %40-+.# %'++# /4'# '(>
3)0*34'.#60)/$0(#07#/4'$)#+*(.#/0#)'%60(.'(/%#e09#:7#6'/$/$0(>
')%#3400%'#/0#%'++#/4'#+*(.#1-/#)'%60(.'(/%#e0#*)'#-(;$++$(&
0)#-(*1+'#/0#1-,=#/4'(#/4'#+*//')#8-%/#A*3*/'#/4'#%-12'3/#60)>
/$0(#*(.#6*,#)'*%0(*1+'#)'(/#7)08#/4'#/$8'#6'/$/$0(')%#8*.'
/4'$)#340$3'#-6#/0#/4'#/$8'#/4',#*3/-*++,#A*3*/'#/4'#6)'8$%'%9
!_P
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CCO
H-/# $7# /4'# A*+-'# 07# /4'# +*(.# $%# 30(%$.')*1+,# 80)'# /4*(# /4'
A*+-'# 07# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/=# /4'(# )'%60(.'(/%# e0# 8*,# '+'3/
/0#+'*%'#/4'#+*(.=#$(#;4$34#3*%'#/4'#6*)/$'%#%4*++#*&)''#-60(
/4'#/')8%#07#/4'#+'*%'9#U40-+.#/4',#7*$+#/0#*&)''#0(#%*$.#/')8%=
/4'#30-)/#07#0)$&$(#$%#.$)'3/'.#/0#7$5#/4'#/')8%#07#/4'#+'*%'9
d)08#/4'#808'(/#6'/$/$0(')%#%4*++#4*A'#'5')3$%'.#/4'$)
06/$0(=#)'%60(.'(/%#e0#%4*++#6*,#)'*%0(*1+'#80(/4+,#)'(/#-6
/0#/4'#/$8'#/4'#6*)/$'%#*&)''#0(#/4'#/')8%#07#/4'#+'*%'#0)#-(>
/$+#/4'#30-)/#7$5'%#%-34#/')8%9#5#5#5EE
Remedies of landowner where builder
or planter refuses or fails to pay.
f4')'# *# 6')%0(# 1-$+/# *# 60)/$0(# 07# 4$%# 40-%'# 0(# *(0/4')E%
+*(.=#$/#;0-+.#1'#-(7*$)#0)#$86)*3/$3*+#70)#/4'#+*//')#/0#6*,#70)
%*$.# 60)/$0(# 07# /4'# 40-%'# D;4$34# $%# (0/# 0(+,# 6)'2-.$3$*+# 1-/# $%
3')/*$(+,#*#(-$%*(3'#/0#4$%#6)06')/,9EE#H-/#/4'#+*;#.0'%#(0/#70)3'
/4'#0;(')#/0#1-,#/4'#40-%'9#?4'#0(+,#;0)I*1+'#%0+-/$0(#$%#70)
/4'# 0;(')# /0# %'++# /4'# 60)/$0(# 07# 4$%# +0/# 033-6$'.# 1,# /4'# 40-%'9
")/$3+'# CCO# *.8$/%# 07# (0# .$%/$(3/$0(9# :7# /4'# 1-$+.')# 7*$+%# /0# 6*,
70)#/4'#+*(.=#/4'#+*(.0;(')#3*(#*A*$+#07#4$%#)'8'.$'%#-(.')#/4'
+*;9#K%''#@0#?*0#A9#@4*(#@4$30=#ON#J4$+9#_CN#[!`C`\9Q
U-660%'# /4'# +*(.0;(')# )$&4/7-++,# '5')3$%'.# 4$%# 06/$0(# /0
)'X-$)'#/4'#1-$+.')#0)#6+*(/')#/0#6*,#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#+*(.=#1-/
/4'#1-$+.')#0)#6+*(/')#)'7-%'%#0)#7*$+%#/0#6*,=#;4*/#)'8'.$'%#*)'
*A*$+*1+'#/0#/4'#6*)/$'%i
K!Q ?4',#8*,#*%%-8'#/4'#)'+*/$0(#07#+'%%0)>+'%%''=#*(.#%40-+.
/4')'#1'#.$%*&)''8'(/#0(#/4'#/')8%#07#/4'#+'*%'=#/4'#30-)/%#30-+.
7$5#/4'8#KS$)*(.*#A9#d*.-++0(=#`Z#J4$+9#OY!#[!`__\9Q^#0)#/4',#8*,
%'++#/4'#6)06')/,#*/#6-1+$3#*3/$0(#*(.#*66+,#/4'#6)03''.%#07#/4'
%*+'=#7$)%/=#/0#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#+*(.#*(.#/4'#'53'%%#/0#/4'#$86)0A'>
8'(/%9#KH')(*).0#A9#H*/*3+*(=#PP#J4$+9#_`O#[!`NO\9Q
KRQ U40-+.#(0#0/4')#*))*(&'8'(/#1'#*&)''.#-60(=#/4'#0;(')
07#/4'#+*(.#.0'%#(0/#*-/08*/$3*++,#1'308'#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#$8>
6)0A'8'(/9#K%''#d$+$6$(*%#@0++'&'%=#:(39#A9#?$81*(&=#!YP#J4$+9#RCZ
[!`_`\9Q#"(#*3/$0(#1,#/4'#+*(.0;(')#70)#6')70)8*(3'#/0#1-,#/4'
+*(.#$%#(0/#*A*$+*1+'#70)#*#6')%0(#3*((0/#1'#3086'++'.#/0#'(/')
$(/0#*#30(/)*3/#;$/40-/#4$%#30(%'(/#0)#*&*$(%/#4$%#;$++#K%''#")/%9
")/9#CCO
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!_Z
!NY_=#!N!O[R\9Q^#(0)#70)#/4'#%*8'#)'*%0(=#8*,#/4'#30-)/#$860%'
-60(#/4'#6*)/$'%#*#D70)3'.#+'*%'9EE
?4'#+*(.0;(')E%#)'8'.,#$%#*(#0).$(*),#*3/$0(#70)#/4'#)'30A>
'),#07#/4'#6)$3'#07#/4'#+*(.#0)#/0#4*A'#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%#)'80A'.
*/# /4'# 1-$+.')E%# '56'(%'9# K:&(*3$0# A9# F$+*)$0=# *02-+a& V'6)*# A9
V-8+*0=#*02-+a&%''#H')(*).0#A9#H*/*3+*(=#*02-+9Q
Effect of alienation by owner of land
with improvements.
K!Q ]".-.&20-("+*.-&2+#8&)$/3&2-#(.&)F&/+$8;#a#:(#*#3*%'=#*#34*6'+
;*%#1-$+/#0(#/4'#+*(.#07#*(0/4')9#?4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#%0+.#/4'
%*8'#/0#*#6-)34*%')#;40#6*$.#0(+,#70)#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#+*(.#1-/
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U)9#A9#d)*(3$%30=#P#U@L"#`!Z#[!`PR\9Q^#0)
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1*.# 7*$/4# *(.# 0).')'.# /0# .'+$A')# /4'# $86)0A'8'(/%# /0# /4'
0;(')#;4$34#7$(.$(&#$%#6)'%-8'.#30))'3/#-(/$+#)'A')%'.#1,#*
4$&4')# 30-)/=# *(.=# /4')'70)'=# (0/;$/4%/*(.$(&# *++'&*/$0(# 07
&00.#7*$/4=#$%#(0/#'(/$/+'.#/0#)'/*$(#60%%'%%$0(#-(/$+#)'$81-)%'.
6'(.$(&#*66'*+#KV'#c'0(#A9#@*+-*&=#R!#U@L"#O_#[!`PZ\9Q^#0)
K'Q 10-&4/#*#6*)3'+#07#+*(.#*(.#/4'(#30(%/)-3/'.#*#(';
1-$+.$(&#*7/')#/4'#7$+$(&#07#*3/$0(#*&*$(%/#4$8#70)#*((-+8'(/
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U@L"#!`Y#[!`P_\9Q^#0)
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6)06')/,#;*%#-(.')#+$/$&*/$0(#*(.#/4'(#6+*(/'.#*10-/#N=YYY
3030(-/# /)''%# /4')'0(# Kc-8-(&0# A9# B%8*(=# R_# U@L"# RR_
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K&Q 1-$+/# *# 40-%'# 0(# *# +0/# *7/')# 4$%# 6)'.'3'%%0)>$(>$(/')>
'%/=#4$%#6*)'(/%=#4*.#1''(#%-880('.#$(#3$A$+#3*%'#)'&*).$(&
%*$.#+0/=#*(.#'A'(#)'30(%/)-3/'.#/4'#40-%'#$(/0#*#1$&&')#0('
;4$+'#/4'#3*%'#;*%#6'(.$(&9#KU*(/0%#A9#S02$3*=#RP#U@L"#ZYN
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Art. 450. The owner of the land on which anything has
been built, planted or sown in bad faith may demand the
demolition of the work, or that the planting or sowing be
removed, in order to replace things in their former condition at the expense of the person who built, planted or
sowed; or he may compel the builder or planter to pay
the price of the land, and the sower the proper rent.
(363a)
Art. 451. In case of the two preceding articles, the
landowner is entitled to damages from the builder, planter
or sower. (n)
Alternative rights of owner of land.
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*80-(/# %40-+.# )'*%0(*1+,# 30))'%60(.# ;$/4# /4'# A*+-'# 07# /4'
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6)06')/$'%# /4*/# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# +*(.# )'*%0(*1+,# '56'3/'.# /0
01/*$(9#KF'$)%#07#L*80(#V-(*(=#U)9#A9#B,=#NCC#U@L"#RNO#[RYYY\9Q
:(#*#3*%'=#;4')'#*#+'%%''#;*%#70-(.#/0#1'#*#1-$+.')#$(#1*.#7*$/4=
/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#;*%#4'+.#'(/$/+'.#/0#.*8*&'%#'X-$A*+'(/
/0#/4'#7*$)#)'(/*+#A*+-'#07#/4'#+*(.#1'&$(($(&#7)08#/4'#/$8'#/4'
+'%%''#%/*)/'.#30(%/)-3/$0(#-(/$+#/4'#0;(')#)'30A')'.#60%%'%%$0(
/4')'079#KH-&*//$#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#!NP#U@"V#N!O=#NCN#U@L"
NN_#[RYYY\9Q
?4'#%0;')#%40-+.#0(+,#6*,#/4'#6)06')#)'(/#1'3*-%'#%0;$(&
$%# /'860)*),=# /4'# 3)06# 1'$(&# 4*)A'%/'.# *7/')# *# 7';# 80(/4%9# K:
@*6$%/)*(0=#)2;&(#!;<&69#C!P9Q
Liabilities of the builder, etc. in bad faith.
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4$%#+$*1$+$/$'%]
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.*8*&'%9
Art. 452. The builder, planter or sower in bad faith is
entitled to reimbursement for the necessary expenses of
preservation of the land. (n)
Right to reimbursement for necessary expenses
of builder, etc. in bad faith.
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$7#/4'#$86)0A'8'(/%#4*.#(0/#1''(#8*.'9#F0;'A')=#/4'#1-$+.')=
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10).')$(&#*#)$A')#7)08#1'$(&#%'&)'&*/'.#*(.#3*))$'.#*;*,#1,#/4'
3-))'(/#07#/4'#;*/')%^#*(.#/40%'#70)#+$/$&*/$0(#$(#.'7'(%'#07#/4'
+*(.# *&*$(%/# 3+*$8%# 07# -%-)6')%9# K:# @*6$%/)*(0=# )2;& (#!;<& 69# C!Z9Q
:))$&*/$0(#'56'(%'%#*)'#-%'7-+#'56'(%'%#1-/#(0/#('3'%%*),#70)#/4'
6)'%')A*/$0(#07#/4'#+*(.9#H-/#)'*+#6)06')/,#/*5'%#8*,#1'#30(%$.>
')'.#('3'%%*),#'56'(%'%#-(.')#")/$3+'#C_R#70)#/4'$)#(0(>6*,8'(/
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Art. 453. If there was bad faith, not only on the part
of the person who built, planted or sowed on the land of
another, but also on the part of the owner of such land,
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the rights of one and the other shall be the same as
though both had acted in good faith.
It is understood that there is bad faith on the part of
the landowner whenever the act was done with his knowledge and without opposition on his part. (364a)
Owner of land and builder, etc.
both in bad faith.
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*)'#80)'#*I$(#/0#/40%'#07#*#-%-7)-3/-*),#-(.')#")/$3+'#_Z`=#;40
8*,#8*I'#0(#/4'#6)06')/,#-%'7-+#$86)0A'8'(/%#1-/#;$/4#(0#)$&4/
/0# 1'# $(.'8($7$'.# /4')'70)9# F'# 8*,=# 40;'A')=# )'80A'# %-34# $8>
6)0A'8'(/%#%40-+.#$/#1'#60%%$1+'#/0#.0#%0#;$/40-/#.*8*&'#/0#/4'
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;0-+.#(0/#4*A'#8*.'9#'Q/)-.*(+&7;&f7+$%./#*!+<&ZV&6@O9&YTi&XYZ[i\;,
Art. 454. When the landowner acted in bad faith and
the builder, planter or sower proceeded in good faith, the
provisions of article 447 shall apply. (n)
Owner of land in bad faith but builder,
etc. in good faith.
:7#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#*3/'.#$(#1*.#7*$/4#$(#/4'#%'(%'#/4*/
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")/$3+'#CCZ#1'308'%#*66+$3*1+'9#:/#$%#*%#$7#/4'#0;(')#1-$+/#0(#4$%
+*(.#$(#1*.#7*$/4#;$/4#/4'#8*/')$*+#07#*(0/4')9#F'(3'=#4'#%40-+.
6*,#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#8*/')$*+%#6+-%#.*8*&'%9
D?4)0-&4#*(0/4')=EE#*%#-%'.#$(#")/$3+'#CCZ=#8*,#;'++#)'7')#/0
/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#8*/')$*+%#;40#$(#&00.#7*$/4#-%'%#/4'#%*8'#$(
1-$+.$(&=#6+*(/$(&=#0)#%0;$(&#0(#/4'#+*(.#;40%'#0;(')#*3/%#$(
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Art. 455. If the materials, plants or seeds belong to a
third person who has not acted in bad faith, the owner
of the land shall answer subsidiarily for their value and
only in the event that the one who made use of them has
no property with which to pay.
This provision shall not apply if the owner makes use
of the right granted by Article 450. If the owner of the
materials, plants or seeds has been paid by the builder,
planter or sower, the latter may demand from the landowner the value of the materials and labor. (365a)
Landowner, builder, and owner of materials,
different persons.
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+*(.#*(.#07#/4'#1-$+.')=#6+*(/')#0)#%0;')=#/4'#)$&4/%#07#/4'#0;(')
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)-&4+8&F+#!"&)F&!".&)!".-*;&A&F'#$%#'(/$/+'.#/0#)'$81-)%'8'(/#70)
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8*/')$*+%#;$/40-/#/4'#)$&4/#/0#1'#$(.'8($7$'.=#*%#/4'#3*%'#7*++%
-(.')#")/$3+'#CC`#*(.#8*I'%#4$8%'+7#+$*1+'#70)#*(,#30(%'X-'(>
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.*8*&'%9#:(#3*%'#07#$(%0+A'(3,#07#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39=#/4'#0;(')#07
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/4'# 6)$3'# 07# /4'# +*(.=# 0)=# $(# /4'# 3*%'# 07# /4'# %0;')=# /0# 6*,# /4'
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)'$81-)%'8'(/#7)08#/4'#+*(.0;(')#70)#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#8*/')$>
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/4'#'56'(%'#07#/4'#1-$+.')=#'/39#?4$%#$%#/)-'#$7]
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A*+-'# 07# /4'# 8*/')$*+%# ;$/4# .*8*&'%9# ?4'# 1-$+.')=# '/39=# 0)# /4'
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Art. 456. In the cases regulated in the preceding articles, good faith does not necessarily exclude negligence,
which gives right to damages under article 2176. (n)
Good faith may co-exist with negligence.
e00.#7*$/4#.0'%#(0/#('3'%%*)$+,#6)'3+-.'#('&+$&'(3'=#70)=#$(
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@$A$+#@0.'9
Art. 457. To the owners of lands adjoining the banks
of rivers belong the accretion which they gradually receive from the effects of the current of the waters.
Alluvion defined.
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07#/4'#3-))'(/#07#/4'#;*/')%#*(.#;4$34#1'+0(&#/0#/4'#0;(')%#07
+*(.%#*.20$($(&#/4'#%*$.#1*(I%9Z
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Z
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%6'*I$(&=#.$%/$(3/#7)08# /#!!)-+/&)H$.-*<#/4'#+*//')#1'$(&#0;(')%#07#+*(.%#10).')$(&#/4'
%40)'#07#/4'#%'*#0)#+*I'#0)#0/4')#/$.*+#;*/')%9#KF'$)%#07#T9#M*A*))0#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'#"6>
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/$(&# )$A')%# &)*.-*++,# )'3'$A'# *%# *# )'%-+/# 07# /4'# 3-))'(/# 07# /4'
;*/')%EE#KR#@*%/*(#R!O9Q=#0)#D/4'#&)*.-*+#*(.#$86')3'6/$1+'#*.>
.$/$0(#/0#/4'#1*(I%#07#)$A')%9EE#KN#S*()'%*#RN_9Q
Distinguished from accretion.
"+/40-&4# *++-A$0(# *(.# *33)'/$0(# *)'# 07/'(# -%'.# %,(0(,>
80-%+,#$(#30(('3/$0(#;$/4#")/$3+'#C_Z=#/4',#*)'#(0/#'5*3/+,#/4'
%*8'9
?4'#7$)%/#$%#*66+$'.#/0#/4'#.'60%$/#07#%0$+#0)#/0#/4'#%0$+#$/%'+7=
;4$+'#/4'#%'30(.#.'(0/'%#/4'#*3/#0)#6)03'%%#1,#;4$34#*#)$6*)$*(
+*(.#&)*.-*++,#*(.#$86')3'6/$A'+,#)'3'$A'%#*..$/$0(#8*.'#1,#/4'
;*/')#/0#;4$34#/4'#+*(.#$%#30(/$&-0-%9#:(#0/4')#;0).%=#*++-A$0(
$%#1)0-&4/#*10-/#1,#*33)'/$0(9#H-/#/4'#+*//')#/')8#$%#*+%0#-%'.#/0
)'7')#/0#/4'#70)8')9#?4-%=#$(#")/$3+'#C_Z=#*33)'/$0(#$%#-%'.#/0#8'*(
/4'#*..$/$0(#0)#$(3)'*%'#)'3'$A'.#1,#/4'#+*(.9
<('#3+*$8$(&#*33)'/$0(#4*%#/4'#1-).'(#07#6)0079#K%''#@$*#e'(9
V'#?01*330%#A9#h$.'#[@9"9\#_P#<9e9#[M09#Z\=#69#!C!O#[!`_`\9Q
Requisites of alluvion or accretion.
"33)'/$0(=#*%#*#80.'#07#*3X-$)$(&#6)06')/,#-(.')#")/$3+'#C_Z
)'X-$)'%#/4'#30(3-))'(3'#07#/4)''#KNQ#)'X-$%$/'%#;4$34=#$7#6)'%'(/=
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'77'3/%# 07# /4'# 3-))'(/# 07# ;*/')%9# Kh.*9# .'# M*b*)'(0# A9# @0-)/# 07
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/4')'07#*(.#.0'%#(0/#6)'2-.$3'#/4'#6)06')/,#0(#/4'#0660%$/'#%$.'
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;0-+.#%/$++#7*++#;$/4$(#/4'#%306'#07#/4'#.'7$($/$0(#6)0A$.'.#*10A'9
F'(3'=#/4'#+*;#8-%/#4*A'#-%'.#/4'#;0).#D(*/-)*+EE#0(+,#1'3*-%'
$/#$%#$(#I''6$(&#;$/4#/4'#0).$(*),#(*/-)'#*(.#30(3'6/#07#*#)$A')
*+;*,%#/0#4*A'#1'.#*(.#1*(I%9#'B4#8;,
L$A')# 1'.%# *)'# 3+*%%$7$'.# *%# 6)06')/,# 07# /4'# 6-1+$3# .08*$(
-(.')#")/$3+'#CRYK!Q#*(.#")/$3+'#_YRK!Q9#F'(3'=#/4',#*)'#(0/#06'(
/0#)'&$%/)*/$0(#-(.')#/4'#?0))'(%#%,%/'89#KL'6-1+$3#A9#@0-)/#07
"66'*+%=#*02-+9Q#"(.#;4')'#*#)$6*)$*(#0;(')#3+*$8%#/4*/#*#.)$'.
)$A')# 1'.# $%# 4$%# 1,# *33)'/$0(=# $(# 0).')# /0# 1)$(&# /4'# %*8'# -(.')
/4'#06')*/$0(#*(.#30A')*&'#07#/4'#c*(.#L'&$%/)*/$0(#c*;#K(0;
J)06')/,#L'&$%/)*/$0(#V'3)''#[J)'%9#V'3)''#M09#!_R`\9Q=#*#6'/$/$0(
70)#/4'#)'&$%/)*/$0(#07#+*(.#/$/+'#%40-+.#1'#7$+'.9
?4'#*66)0A*+#1,#/4'#30-)/#*(.#/4'#c*(.#L'&$%/)*/$0(#"-/40)>
$/,#07#*#%-1.$A$%$0(#6+*(#30A')$(&#/4'#$(3)'*%'.#*)'*#$%#(0/#%-7>
7$3$'(/9#?4'#+*;#.0'%#(0/#*-/40)$b'#/4'#$(3+-%$0(#07#*(#*)'*#(0/
'81)*3'.# $(# /4'# /$/+'# 0)# $(# '53'%%# 07# ;4*/# $%# %/*/'.# $(# /4'# /$/+'9
KL'6-1+$3#A9#F'$)%#07#"1)$++'=#Z!#U@L"#_Z#[!`ZO\9Q
River banks.
")/$3+'#ZN#07#/4'#U6*($%4#c*;#07#f*/')%#.'7$('%#/4'#64)*%'
4+$I*&)F&+&-#7.-&*%#)'7'))$(&#/0#D/40%'#+*/')*+#%/)$6%#0)#b0('%#07#$/%
1'.#;4$34#*)'#;*%4'.#1,#/4'#%/)'*8#0(+,#.-)$(&#%-34#4$&4#7+00.%
*%#.0#(0/#3*-%'#$(-(.*/$0(%9EE#?4'#-%'#07#/4'#;0).%#D07#$/%#1'.#'8.
*0*&+/7.)*,EE#3+'*)+,#$(.$3*/'%#/4'#$(/'(/#07#/4'#+*;#/0#30(%$.')#/4'
1*(I%#a#70)#*++#+'&*+#6-)60%'%#a#*%#6*)/#07#/4'#)$A')#1'.9
U$(3'#-(.'($*1+,=#*++#1'.%#07#)$A')%#*)'#07#6-1+$3#0;(')%4$6=
$/# 70++0;%# /4*/# /4'# 1*(I%# ;4$34# 70)8# 6*)/# 07# /4'8=# *)'# *+%0# 07
6-1+$3#0;(')%4$69#")/$3+'#CRYKRQ#$%#A'),#3+'*)#/4*/#D6)06')/,#$(>
/'(.'.#70)#6-1+$3#-%'#%-34#*%#5#5#5#)$A')%=#5#5#5#1*(I%=#%40)'%=#5
5#5#*(.#0/4')%#07#%$8$+*)#34*)*3/')EE#*)'#6)06')/,#07#6-1+$3#.0>
8*$(9#K%''#")/9#PNO9Q#L$A')#1*(I%#*)'#.'3+*)'.#*%#6-1+$3#6)06')/,
%$(3'#/4',#*)'#.'%/$('.#70)#6-1+$3#-%'9
?4*/#6+*(/%#3*(#*(.#.0#&)0;#0(#/4'#1*(I%#;4$34#0/4');$%'
30-+.#(0/#4*A'#&)0;(#$(#/4'#1'.#;4$34#$%#30(%/*(/+,#%-12'3/'.
!ZO
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C_Z
/0#/4'#7+0;#07#/4'#;*/')%#6)0A'%#/4'#.$%/$(3/$0(#1'/;''(#D1'.%EE
*(.#D1*(I%EE#$(#/4'#64,%$3*+#0).')9#F0;'A')=#$(#/4'#+'&*+#0).')=
+'&*+#.'7$($/$0(%#6)'A*$+9#'B4#8;,
Reasons for alluvion.
?4'#70++0;$(&#)'*%0(%#4*A'#1''(#&$A'(#70)#&)*(/$(&#*#)$6*)>
$*(#0;(')#/4'#)$&4/#/0#*(,#+*(.#0)#*++-A$0(#.'60%$/'.#1,#*#)$A')]
K!Q /0#3086'(%*/'#4$8#70)#/4'#.*(&')#07#+0%%#/4*/#4'#%-77')%
1'3*-%'#07#/4'#+03*/$0(#07#4$%#+*(.#K70)#'%/*/'%#10).')$(&#0(#)$A>
')%# *)'# '560%'.# /0# 7+00.%# *(.# 0/4')# .*8*&'# 6)0.-3'.# 1,# /4'
.'%/)-3/$A'#70)3'#07#/4'#;*/')%Q^
KRQ /0# 3086'(%*/'# 4$8# 70)# /4'# '(3-81)*(3'%# *(.# A*)$0-%
I$(.%#07#'*%'8'(/%#/0#;4$34#4$%#6)06')/,#$%#%-12'3/#KL'6-1+$3#A9
@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#!NR#U@L"#_!C#[!`OC\^#@0)/'%#A9#@$/,#07#S*($+*=
!Y#J4$+9#_PZ#[!`YO\^#"&-%/$(#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'#"66'++*/'#@0-)/=#!OZ
U@L"#R!O#[!``!\^#d'))')#A9#H*-/$%/*=#C`#U@"V#P!P=#RN!#U@L"#R_Z
[!``C\9Q^#*(.
KNQ /0# 6)080/'# /4'# $(/')'%/%# 07# *&)$3-+/-)'# 70)# /4'# )$6*)$*(
0;(')#$%#$(#/4'#1'%/#60%$/$0(#/0#-/$+$b'#/4'#*33)'/$0(9#KN#S*()'%*
RN!>RNR9Q
d-)/4')80)'=# $/# $%# *+80%/# $860%%$1+'# /0# 6)0A'# 7)08# ;40%'
+*(.%#/4'#&)*.-*+#*..$/$0(%#3*8'#7)089
Alluvion caused by artificial works.
K!Q ?4'#*10A'#)'*%0(%#.0#(0/#'5$%/#;4')'#/4')'#$%#*#4$&4#6)0>
/'3/$(&#;*++#1-$+/#0(#/4'#)$6*)$*(#6)06')/,#10).')$(&#0(#*(#.*!.-)
K)$A')Q#0(#;4$34#*#40-%'#%/*(.%=#*(.#;4')'#%*$.#'%/')0#4*%#(0
)'&-+*)# *(.# 30(/$(-0-%# 3-))'(/# /4*/# 8$&4/# .*8*&'# 0)# .'%/)0,
/4'#)$6*)$*(#6)06')/,#1,#70)3'#*(.=#/4')'70)'=#/4'#*++-A$-8#.'>
60%$/'.# $88'.$*/'+,# 0-/%$.'# /4'# ;*++# $%# (0/# /4'# *++-A$-8# 30(>
/'86+*/'.#1,#+*;9#Ke-$%0(#A9#@$/,#07#S*($+*=#ZR#J4$+9#CNZ#[!`C!\9Q
KRQ U$8$+*)+,=# *# )$6*)$*(# 0;(')# 3*((0/# *3X-$)'# /4'# *..$/$0(
/0# 4$%# +*(.# 3*-%'.# 1,# %6'3$*+# ;0)I%# K.;%;<& .$I'%Q# '56)'%%+,# $(>
/'(.'.#1,#4$8#/0#1)$(&#*10-/#*33)'/$0(#K#;.;<#70)#)'3+*8*/$0(#6-)>
60%'%Q#*(.#(0/#/0#6)0/'3/#4$%#6)06')/,#7)08#/4'#.'%/)-3/$A'#70)3'
07#/4'#;*/')%#07#/4'#)$A')9#KL'6-1+$3#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#*02-+9Q
")/9#C_Z
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!Z`
f4')'=#40;'A')=#/4'#*33)'/'.#+*(.#4*.#1''(#70)8'.#&)*.->
*++,#.-'#/0#/4'#'77'3/#07#/4'#;*/')#3-))'(/#07#/4'#3)''I=#/4'#)$6*)>
$*(#0;(')#8*,#$(A0I'#/4'#1'('7$/#07#*++-A$0(#/0#%-660)/#4$%#3+*$8
07# /$/+'# /4')'/09# ?4'# 7*3/# /4*/# /4'# 7$%4# /)*6%# %'/# -6# $(# /4'# 3)''I
8$&4/# 4*A'# %+0;'.# .0;(# $/%# 3-))'(/=# *(.# 8$&4/# 4*A'# 1''(
1)0-&4/#*10-/#0)#3*-%'.#*33)'/$0(=#;$++#(0/#*77'3/#4$%#0;(')%4$6=
$(#/4'#*1%'(3'#07#'A$.'(3'=#/0#%40;#/4*/#/4'#%'//$(&#-6#0)#')'3>
/$0(#07#/4'#7$%4#/)*6%#;*%#'56)'%%+,#$(/'(.'.#/0#3*-%'#0)#1)$(&
*10-/# /4'# *33)'/$0(9# Kp*6*/*# A9# V$)'3/0)# 07# c*(.%=# P# U@L"# NN_
[!`PR\9Q
Accretions affecting lands registered
under the Torrens system.
K!Q B$& (+*.& )F& 8#:#$0!#)$& )F& +-.+;# a#"33)'/$0(%# -(.')#")/$3+'
C_Z#*)'#(*/-)*+#$(3$.'(/%#/0#+*(.#10).')$(&#0(#)-(($(&#)$A')%#0)
%/)'*8%#*(.#*)'#(0/#*77'3/'.#1,#/4'#)'&$%/)*/$0(#+*;9
:/# 70++0;%# /4*/# )'&$%/)*/$0(# .0'%# (0/# 6)0/'3/# /4'# )$6*)$*(
0;(')#*&*$(%/#.$8$(-/$0(#07#/4'#*)'*#07#4$%#+*(.#/4)0-&4#&)*.-*+
34*(&'%#$(#/4'#30-)%'#07#/4'#*.20$($(&#%/)'*89#"33)'/$0(%#;4$34
/4'#1*(I%#07#)$A')%#8*,#&)*.-*++,#)'3'$A'#7)08#/4'#'77'3/#07#/4'
3-))'(/#1'308'#/4'#6)06')/,#07#/4'#0;(')%#07#/4'#1*(I%9#KJ*,*/*%
T%/*/'#:86)0A'8'(/#@09#A9#?-*%0(=#*02-+a#@9M9#F0.&'%#A9#e*)3$*=
!Y`# J4$+9# !NN# [!`PY\^# h$*2*)# A9# @0-)/# 07#"66'*+%=# !PO# U@L"# CY_
[!`OO\9Q
KRQ B$&(+*.&)F&#$(-.+*.&)F&+-.+;#a#<(#/4'#0/4')#4*(.=#*(#*++->
A$0(=#*+/40-&4#1,#8*(.*/'#07#")/$3+'#C_Z#$%#*-/08*/$3*++,#0;('.
1,#/4'#)$6*)$*(#0;(')#7)08#/4'#808'(/#/4'#%0$+#.'60%$/#3*(#1'
%''(=#.0'%#(0/#*-/08*/$3*++,#1'308'#)'&$%/')'.#+*(.=#2-%/#1'3*-%'
/4'#+0/#;4$34#)'3'$A'%#%-34#*33)'/$0(#$%#30A')'.#1,#*#?0))'(%#/$>
/+'=# /4')'1,# 8*I$(&# /4'# *++-A$*+# 6)06')/,# $86)'%3)$6/$1+'9# K%''
F'$)%#07#T9#M*A*))0#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'#"66'++*/'#@0-)/=#Z`#U@"V
N_!=#RPO#U@L"#ZC#[!``Z\9Q
K*Q <;(')%4$6# 07# *# 6$'3'# 07# +*(.# $%# 0('# /4$(&^# )'&$%/)*>
/$0(#-(.')#/4'#?0))'(%#%,%/'8#07#/4*/#0;(')%4$6#$%#*(0/4')9
<;(')%4$6# 0A')# /4'# *33)'/$0(# )'3'$A'.# 1,# /4'# +*(.# *.20$(>
$(&#*#)$A')#$%#&0A')('.#1,#/4'#@$A$+#@0.'9#:86)'%3)$6/$1$+$/,
07#)'&$%/')'.#+*(.#$%#6)0A$.'.#$(#/4'#)'&$%/)*/$0(#+*;9
!OY
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C_O
K1Q L'&$%/)*/$0(#-(.')#/4'#c*(.#L'&$%/)*/$0(#*(.#@*.*%>
/)*+#"3/%# .0'%# (0/# A'%/# 0)# &$A'# /$/+'# /0# /4'# +*(.=# 1-/# 8')'+,
30(7$)8%#*(.=#/4')'*7/')=#6)0/'3/%#/4'#/$/+'#*+)'*.,#60%%'%%'.
1,# /4'# 0;(')=# 8*I$(&# $/# $86)'%3)$6/$1+'# 1,# 033-6*/$0(# 07
/4$).#6*)/$'%9#H-/#/0#01/*$(#/4$%#6)0/'3/$0(=#/4'#+*(.#8-%/#1'
6+*3'.#-(.')#/4'#06')*/$0(#07#/4'#)'&$%/)*/$0(#+*;%=#;4')'$(
3')/*$(#2-.$3$*+#6)03'.-)'%#4*A'#1''(#6)0A$.'.9#Ke)*(.'#A9
@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#_#U@L"#_RC#[!`PR\^#"-)'&#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'
"66'++*/'#@0-)/=#!ZZ#U@L"#N!N#[!`O`\^#%''#"&('#A9#V$)'3/0)
07#c*(.%=#!O!#U@L"#Z`N#[!``Y\9Q
K3Q U0=#*++-A$*+#.'60%$/#*3X-$)'.#1,#*#)$6*)$*(#0;(')#07
)'&$%/')'.#+*(.#1,#*33)'/$0(#8*,#1'#%-12'3/'.#/0#*3X-$%$/$0(
/4)0-&4#6)'%3)$6/$0(#1,#*#/4$).#6')%0(=#1,#/4'#7*$+-)'#07#%-34
0;(')#/0#)'&$%/')#%*$.#*33)'/$0(#;$/4$(#/4'#6)'%3)$1'.#6')$0.9
KL',(*(/'#A9#@0-)/#07#"66'*+%=#RYZ#U@L"#Z`C#[!``R\9Q
Art. 458. The owners of estates adjoining ponds or
lagoons do not acquire the land left dry by the natural
decrease of the waters, or lose that inundated by them
in extraordinary floods. (367)
Estates adjoining ponds or lagoons.
U$(3'#/4$%#6)0A$%$0(#)'7')%#0(+,#/0#60(.%#*(.#+*&00(%=#$/#4*%
(0#*66+$3*/$0(#;4'(#/4'#'%/*/'#*.20$(%#*#3)''I=#%/)'*8=#)$A')=#0)
+*I'9#d0)#6-)60%'%#07#*++-A$0(=#+*I'%#*)'#07#/4'#%*8'#3*/'&0),#07
3)''I%=#%/)'*8%=#*(.#)$A')%9!Y#K%''#e)0/#A9#@0+'&$0#.'#U*(#g0%'=#_N
J4$+9#CRN#[!`R`\9Q
K!Q E)$8&$%#*#10.,#07#%/*&(*(/#;*/')#;$/40-/#*(#0-/+'/=#+*)&')
/4*(#*#6-..+'#*(.#%8*++')#/4*(#*#+*I'=#0)#*#+$I'#10.,#07#;*/')
;$/4#*#%8*++#0-/+'/9#KH+*3IE%#c*;#V$3/$0(*),=#N).#'.9=#69#!NZZ9Q
KRQ N+%))$&$%#*#%8*++#+*I'=#0).$(*)$+,#07#7)'%4#;*/')=#*(.#(0/
A'),#.''6=#7'.#1,#7+00.%=#/4'#40++0;#1'.#07#;4$34#$%#10-(.'.
1,#'+'A*/$0(%#07#+*(.9#KT(3,3+06'.$*#g-)$3*#T%6*n0+*=#h0+9#rr:=
669#!RC>!R_=#X-0/'.#$(#e0AE/9#A9#@0+'&$0#.'#U*(#g0%'=#*02-+;Q
!Y
")/9#OC9#"33)'/$0(%#.'60%$/'.#&)*.-*++,#-60(#+*(.%#30(/$&-0-%#/0#3)''I%=#%/)'*8%=
)$A')%=# *(.# +*I'%# 1,# *33'%%$0(%# 0)# %'.$8'(/%# 7)08# /4'# ;*/')%# /4')'07=# 1'+0(&# /0# /4'
0;(')%#07#%-34#+*(.%9#KU6*($%4#c*;#07#f*/')%=#"-&9#N=#!OPP9Q
")/9#C_`
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!O!
KNQ N+I.&$%#*#10.,#07#;*/')#70)8'.#$(#.'6)'%%$0(%#07#/4'#'*)/4=
0).$(*)$+,#7)'%4#;*/')=#308$(&#7)08#)$A')%=#1)00I%#0)#%6)$(&%=#*(.
30(('3/'.# ;$/4# /4'# %'*# 1,# /4'89#"330).$(&# /0# /4$%# .'7$($/$0(=
c*&-(*#.'#H*,#$%#*#+*I'9#:/#$%#30(('3/'.#;$/4#S*($+*#H*,#1,#/4'
J*%$&#L$A')9#'B4#8;,
U08'# 3088'(/*/0)%# 1'+$'A'# /4*/#")/$3+'# C_O# .0'%# (0/# .'*+
;$/4#*++-A$0(9#"3/-*++,=#$/#6)0A$.'%#*(#'53'6/$0(#/0#/4'#&'(')*+
)-+'#0(#*++-A$0(9#H-/#/4'#*)/$3+'#.0'%#(0/#'53+-.'#+0%%#0)#*3X-$>
%$/$0(# 1,# 6)'%3)$6/$0(# 07# /4'# +*(.%# /0# ;4$34# $/# )'7')%9# K:
@*6$%/)*(0=#)2;&(#!;<&69#CR_^#N#S*()'%*#RNP>RNZ9Q
Art. 459. Whenever the current of a river, creek or
torrent segregates from an estate on its bank a known
portion of land and transfers it to another estate, the
owner of the land to which the segregated portion belonged retains the ownership of it, provided that he removes the same within two years. (368a)
Avulsion defined.
")/$3+'#C_`#/)'*/%#07#+70/*#)$&0)#F)-(.&)F&-#7.-<&*(0/4')#70)8#07
*33'%%$0(#$+!0-+/;
K!Q :(#/4'#+$&4/#07#%*$.#*)/$3+'=#$/#8*,#1'#.'7$('.#*%#/4'#*33)'>
/$0(#;4$34#/*I'%#6+*3'#;4'(#/4'#3-))'(/#07#*#)$A')=#3)''I#0)#/0)>
)'(/#%'&)'&*/'%#7)08#*(#'%/*/'#0(#$/%#1*(I#*#I(0;(#60)/$0(#*(.
/)*(%7')%# $/# /0# *(0/4')# '%/*/'=# $(# ;4$34# 3*%'=# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'
'%/*/'# /0# ;4$34# /4'# %'&)'&*/'.# 60)/$0(# 1'+0(&'.=# )'/*$(%# /4'
0;(')%4$6#/4')'079
KRQ :/#4*%#*+%0#1''(#.'7$('.#*%#/4'#*33)'/$0(#;4$34#/*I'%#6+*3'
;4'(#/4'#3-))'(/#07#*#)$A')=#3)''I=#0)#/0))'(/#%'&)'&*/'%#*#I(0;(
60)/$0(# 07# +*(.# 7)08# *(# '%/*/'# 0(# $/%# 1*(I%# *(.# /)*(%7')%# $/# /0
*(0/4')#'%/*/'#KN#S*()'%*#RCN9Q^#0)#/4'#*33)'/$0(#/*I$(&#6+*3'#$(
/4'#'%/*/'#0(#/4'#1*(I#07#*#)$A')#3*-%'.#(0/#1,#/4'#%+0;#*(.#30(>
%/*(/#*3/$0(#07#/4'#;*/')%#1-/#1,#/4'#A$0+'(/#*(.#%-..'(#*3/$0(
07#*#/0))'(/9#KR#@*%/*(=#O/4#'.9=#R!O>R!`9Q
KNQ ?4'#/')8#$%#*+%0#-%'.#/0#)'7')#/0#/4'#%'&)'&*/$0(#0)#/)*(%>
7')#$/%'+7#07#*#I(0;(#60)/$0(#07#+*(.#/0#*(0/4')#1,#/4'#70)3'#07
/4'#3-))'(/9
!OR
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C_`
Distinguished from alluvion.
?4'#.$%/$(3/$0(%#*)'#/4'#70++0;$(&]
K!Q :(#*++-A$0(=#/4'#.'60%$/#07#%0$+#$%#&)*.-*+=#;4$+'#$(#*A-+>
%$0(=#$/#$%#%-..'(#0)#*1)-6/^
KRQ :(#*++-A$0(=#/4'#.'60%$/#07#/4'#%0$+#1'+0(&%#/0#/4'#0;(')
07# /4'# 6)06')/,# ;4')'# /4'# %*8'# ;*%# .'60%$/'.=# ;4$+'# $(# *A-+>
%$0(=#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#6)06')/,#7)08#;4$34#*#6*)/#;*%#.'/*34'.
)'/*$(%#/4'#0;(')%4$6#/4')'07^#*(.
KNQ :(#*++-A$0(=#/4'#%0$+#3*((0/#1'#$.'(/$7$'.=#;4$+'#$(#*A-+>
%$0(=#/4'#.'/*34'.#60)/$0(#3*(#1'#$.'(/$7$'.9
f4')'#/4')'#4*.#1''(#*33)'/$0(%#/0#/4'#+*(.#*.2*3'(/#/0#/4'
1*(I#07#*#)$A')=#/4'#)$6*)$*(#0;(')#.0'%#(0/#+0%'#/4'#0;(')%4$6
07#%-34#*33)'/$0(%#'A'(#$7#/4',#*)'#%'6*)*/'.#1,#*A-+%$0(#7)08
/4'#+*(.#K#;.9=#*#I(0;(#60)/$0(#/4')'07Q#1,#/4'#%-..'(#34*(&'#07
30-)%'#07#/4'#)$A')9#K"&-%/$(#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'#"66'++*/'#@0-)/=#!OZ
U@L"#R!O#[!``Y\9Q
Requisites of avulsion.
?4')'#*)'#/4)''#)'X-$%$/'%9
K!Q P".&*.%-.%+!#)$&+$8&!-+$*F.-&:0*!&4.&(+0*.8&43&!".&(0--.$!&)F
+& -#7.-<& (-..I<& )-& !)--.$!;& a& :/# ;$++# 1'# -%'7-+# /0# .'7$('# /4'# /')8%
-%'.#1,#/4'#+*;9
K*Q @0--.$!&)'7')%#/0#/4'#30(/$(-0-%#80A'8'(/#07#*#10.,
07#;*/')=#07/'(#40)$b0(/*+=#$(#*#3')/*$(#.$)'3/$0(9
K1Q O#7.-& 4*%# 1''(# .'7$('.# *%# D*# (*/-)*+# %-)7*3'# %/)'*8
07#;*/')#07#30(%$.')*1+'#A0+-8'#*(.#6')8*('(/#0)#%'*%0(*+
7+0;EE#Kf'1%/')E%#N).#:(/9#V$3/$0(*),=#69#!`PR9Q=#'86/,$(&#$(/0
*(#03'*(=#+*I'#0)#0/4')#10.,#07#;*/')9
K3Q @-..I!!#$%#*#%8*++#$%+'/#'5/'(.$(&#7-)/4')#$(/0#/4'#+*(.^
!!
:/#$%#*#)'3'%%#0)#*)8#'5/'(.$(&#7)08#*#)$A')#*(.#6*)/$3$6*/$(&#$(#/4'#'11#*(.#7+0;
07#/4'#%'*9#:/#$%#*#6)06')/,#1'+0(&$(&#/0#/4'#6-1+$3#.08*$(#;4$34#$%#(0/#%-%3'6/$1+'#/0
6)$A*/'#*66)06)$*/$0(#*(.#*3X-$%$/$A'#6)'%3)$6/$0(=#*(.#*%#*#6-1+$3#;*/')=#$/#3*((0/#1'
)'&$%/')'.#-(.')#/4'#?0))'(%#%,%/'89#KS*('3+*(&#A9#:(/')8'.$*/'#"66'++*/'#@0-)/=#!P!
U@L"# CP`# [!`OO\^# @'+'%/$*+# A9# @*3406')0=# C!N# U@L"# CP`# [RYYN\^# B%')0# A9# @0-)/# 07
"66'*+%=#CC`#U@L"#N_R#[RYY_\9Q
")/9#C_`
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!ON
*# (*/-)*+# %/)'*8# 07# ;*/')# (0)8*++,# %8*++')# /4*(# *(.# 07/'(
/)$1-/*),#/0#*#)$A')9#K%''#B4#8;<&69#_NN9Q
K.Q P)--.$!&$%#*#A$0+'(/#%/)'*8#07#;*/')#*%#*#7+00.'.#)$A')
0)# 0('# %-..'(+,# )*$%'.# 1,# *# 4'*A,# )*$(# *(.# .'%3'(.$(&# *
%/''6#$(3+$('^#*#)*&$(&#7+00.#0)#)-%4$(&#%/)'*8#07#;*/')9#K%''
B4#8;<&69#RC!N9Q
U-660%'# *# I(0;(# 60)/$0(# 07# +*(.# $%# /)*(%7'))'.# 7)08# 0('
'%/*/'#/0#*(0/4')#1,#0/4')#70)3'%#07#(*/-)'#/4*(#/4'#3-))'(/#07#*
)$A')=#%-34#*%#;4'(#+*(.#7)08#*#80-(/*$(#%+06'#)0++%#.0;(#/0
*(0/4')#'%/*/'#1,#)'*%0(#07#*(#'*)/4X-*I'=#;$++#")/$3+'#C_`#*6>
6+,i#"#(0/'.#*-/40)$/,#4*%#06$('.#/4*/#$(#/4'#*1%'(3'#07#*(#'5>
6)'%%#6)0A$%$0(#0(#/4'#8*//')=#")/$3+'#C_`#3*(#1'#*66+$'.#1,#*(*+>
0&,9# K::# ?0+'(/$(0=# )2;& (#!;<& 69# !RR=# 3$/$(&# H0)'++# ,# U0+')=# 669# R`O>
R``9Q#?4'#%6$)$/#07#/4'#*)/$3+'#2-%/$7$'%#$/%#*66+$3*/$0(9
KRQ P".& *.%-.%+!#)$& +$8& !-+$*F.-& :0*!& 4.& *088.$& )-& +4-02!;& a
?4-%=#;4')'#/4'#'A$.'(3'#30(3+-%$A'+,#%40;'.#/4*/#6)$0)#/0#0)
*10-/#/4'#,'*)#!OOO#/4'#6*)3'+%#07#+*(.%#$(#X-'%/$0(#70)8'.#*(
$(/'&)*+#6*)/#07#/4'#J*,*/*%#T%/*/'#*(.#/4*/#$(#/4*/#,'*)#*(.#%-1>
%'X-'(/#,'*)%#0;$(&#/0#/4'#%-..'(#*(.#8*)I'.#34*(&'%#$(#/4'
30-)%'#07#/4'#U*(#S*/'0#L$A')=#/4'#6*)3'+%#;')'#%'6*)*/'.#7)08
/4'#8*$(#6*)/#07#/4'#J*,*/*%#T%/*/'#*(.#;')'#/)*(%7'))'.#/0#*(>
0/4')#%$.'#07#/4'#)$A')=#$/#;*%#4'+.#/4*/#%*$.#6*)3'+%#%/$++#1'+0(&'.
/0#/4'#J*,*/*%#T%/*/'=#6-)%-*(/#/0#")/$3+'#C_`9#KS*)/$('b#A9#S->
($3$6*+$/,#07#U*(#S*/'0=#P#J4$+9#N#[!`YP\9Q
H-/#;4')'#/4'#0(+,#'A$.'(3'#$(#/4'#3*%'#/0#%40;#/4*/#/4'#/)*3/
07#+*(.#07#/4$)/,#4'3/*)'%#4*.#1''(#%'6*)*/'.#1,#/4'#3-))'(/#*(.
/)*(%60)/'.#/0#/4'#0/4')#%$.'#07#/4'#)$A')#;*%#/4'#/'%/$80(,#07
0('# 0)# /;0# ;$/('%%'%# ;40# .'3+*)'.# D/4*/# /4'# 1*(I# ;*%# '*/'(
*;*,#'A'),#,'*)#/0#*#3')/*$(#'5/'(/#1,#/4'#[U*(#S*/'0\#)$A')=#/4*/
$%=#/4'#)$A')#5#5#5#.'%/)0,'.#/4'#1*(I#07#/4'#)$A')=EE#$/#;*%#$860%>
%$1+'#/0#%*,#/4*/#/4'#3-))'(/#07#/4$%#)$A')#4*.#%'6*)*/'.#7)08#/4'
S*)$X-$(*#T%/*/'#*#I(0;(#6*)3'+#*(.#4*.#/)*(%7'))'.#$/#/0#/4'
J*,*/*%#T%/*/'#%$.'9#?4'#8')'#7*3/#/4*/#/4$)/,#,'*)%#*&0#/4'#+*(.
$(#X-'%/$0(#;*%#0(#/4'#S*)$X-$(*#%$.'#07#/4'#)$A')#;*%#4'+.#(0/
%-77$3$'(/#/0#6)0A'#/4*/#")/$3+'#NPO#K(0;#")/9#C_`9Q#;*%#*66+$3*>
1+'9#K@*n*%#A9#?-*%0(=#!_#J4$+9#POO#[!`!Y\9Q
:(#/4'#*1%'(3'#07#'A$.'(3'#*%#/0#;4'/4')#/4'#34*(&'#$(#/4'
30-)%'#07#*#)$A')#;*%#3*-%'.#1,#*33)'/$0(#*(.#')0%$0(#K*++-A$0(Q
!OC
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#C_`
0)#;4'/4')#$/#4*.#033-))'.#/4)0-&4#*A-+%$0(=#/4'#6)'%-86/$0(
$%# /4*/# /4'# 34*(&'# ;*%# &)*.-*+# *(.# ;*%# 3*-%'.# 1,# *++-A$0(9
KJ*,*/*%#T%/*/'#:86)0A'8'(/#@09#A9#?-*%0(=#_N#J4$+9#__#[!`R`\9Q
KNQ P".&2)-!#)$&)F&/+$8&!-+$*2)-!.8&:0*!&4.&I$)H$&)-&#8.$!#F#+4/.;
a&:(#*A-+%$0(=#/4'#.'/*34'.#60)/$0(#8-%/#1'#I(0;(#0)#*/#+'*%/=
$.'(/$7$*1+'9#?4'#+*;#30(/'86+*/'%#8*%%#07#'*)/4#%-..'(+,#/)*(%>
7'))'.#7)08#0('#'%/*/'#/0#*(0/4')#*(.=#/4')'70)'=#)'80A*1+'#1,
/4'# 0)$&$(*+# 0;(')9# TA'(# $7# /4'# .'/*34'.# 60)/$0(# 1'# 6+*3'.# 0(
/06#07#*(0/4')#+*(.#$(%/'*.#07#1'$(&#*.20$('.#/0#$/=#")/$3+'#C_`#$%
%/$++#*66+$3*1+'#*%#+0(&#*%#$/#3*(#1'#$.'(/$7$'.#*%#308$(&#7)08#/4'
'%/*/'#7)08#;4$34#$/#;*%#.'/*34'.9#K%''#")/9#CPN9Q
:7#0(+,#%0$+#$%#)'80A'.#1,#/4'#;*/')#*(.#%6)'*.#0A')#*(0/4>
')E%#+*(.#%-34#/4*/#(0#I$)H$&2)-!#)$&3*(#1'#%*$.#/0#'5$%/#;4$34
3*(#1'#)'80A'.=#/4')'#$%#(0#*A-+%$0(9#?4'#+*//')#*3X-$)'%#0;(>
')%4$6#1,#)$&4/#07#*33)'/$0(9
Removal within two years.
?4'#70)8')#0;(')#6)'%')A'%#4$%#0;(')%4$6#07#/4'#%'&)'&*/'.
60)/$0(# 6)0A$.'.# 4'# )'80A'%# K(0/# 8')'+,# 3+*$8%Q# /4'# %*8'
;$/4$(#/4'#6')$0.#07#/;0#,'*)%9#?4'#6')$0.#$%#30(%$.')'.#%-77$>
3$'(/# 70)# /4'# 0)$&$(*+# 0;(')# /0# '77'3/# /4'# )'80A*+# 07# /4'# /)*(%>
7'))'.# 60)/$0(# ;4$34# 8*,# 1'# 07# 30(%$.')*1+'# *)'*9# "+/40-&4
")/$3+'# C_`# .0'%# (0/# '56)'%%+,# %*,=# $/# ;0-+.# %''8# /4*/# 4$%# 7*$+>
-)'#/0#.0#%0#;0-+.#4*A'#/4'#'77'3/#07#*-/08*/$3*++,#/)*(%7'))$(&
0;(')%4$6#0A')#$/#/0#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#0/4')#'%/*/'9
?4'#+*;#.0'%#(0/#'56)'%%+,#)'X-$)'#/4*/#/4'#(';#0;(')#/*I'
70)8*+# 60%%'%%$0(# 07# /4'# %'&)'&*/'.# 60)/$0(9# M'$/4')# .0'%# $/
8*I'# .$%/$(3/$0(# 1'/;''(# A0+-(/*),# 0)# $(A0+-(/*),# 7*$+-)'# /0
)'80A'=# *(.# 1'/;''(# 6)$A*/'# +*(.# *(.# +*(.# 07# /4'# 6-1+$3# .0>
8*$(9
Reasons for clause on removal.
"80(&#/4'#)'*%0(%#&$A'(#70)#/4'#3+*-%'#0(#)'80A*+#;$/4$(
/;0#,'*)%#*)'#/4'#70++0;$(&]
K!Q ?4'#%'&)'&*/'.#60)/$0(#$%#-%-*++,#A'),#%8*++#*(.#$/#$%#/4-%
-%'+'%%#/0#/4'#0)$&$(*+#0;(')#07#/4'#+*(.#7)08#;4$34#$/#0)$&$(*/'.
*(.#;4$34#$%#&'(')*++,#7*)#7)08#/4'#0/4')#+*(.^
")/9#CPY
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!O_
KRQ ?4'# 6)$(3$6+'# $(A0+A'.# $%# %$8$+*)# /0# /4*/# -(.')+,$(&
")/$3+'# CPY# ;4')'1,# /4'# 0;(')# 07# -6)00/'.# /)''%# 8-%/# 3+*$8
/4'8#;$/4$(#%$5#KPQ#80(/4%^
KNQ :7#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#%'6*)*/'.#60)/$0(#)'/*$(%#4$%#0;(')>
%4$6#;$/40-/#*(,#X-*+$7$3*/$0(=#4'#;0-+.# 4*A'# *# )$&4/# /0# '(/')
/4'#0/4')#'%/*/'#*/#*(,#/$8'=#*(.#/4$%#'*%'8'(/=#*%$.'#7)08#6)'>
A'(/$(&# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# +*//')# '%/*/'# 7)08# '(20,$(&# 4$%# 6)06>
')/,=#8*,#3)'*/'#$++>7''+$(&#1'/;''(#/4'8^#*(.
KCQ "7/')#*#/$8'#/4'#/)*(%7'))'.#60)/$0(#8*,#1'308'#6')8*>
('(/+,#*//*34'.=#64,%$3*++,#%6'*I$(&#/0#/4'#0/4')#+*(.^#/4'#0)$&$>
(*+#0;(')#%40-+.=#/4')'70)'=#)'80A'#$/#*%#%00(#*%#60%%$1+'#*(.
;$/4$(#/;0#,'*)%9#K%''#S'80)*(.-8#07#/4'#@0.'#@088$%%$0(=
d'19#!Z=#!`_!=#O#c*;,')E%#g0-)(*+=#69#R!Z9Q
Art. 460. Trees uprooted and carried away by the
current of the waters belong to the owner of the land
upon which they may be cast, if the owners do not claim
them within six months. If such owners claim them, they
shall pay the expenses incurred in gathering them or
putting them in a safe place. (369a)
Trees uprooted and carried away
by the current.
K!Q 922/#(+!#)$;& A& ?4$%# 6)0A$%$0(# *66+$'%# 0(+,# /0# -6)00/'.
/)''%9#:7#*#I(0;(#60)/$0(#07#+*(.#;$/4#/)''%#%/*(.$(&#/4')'0(#$%
3*))$'.#*;*,#1,#/4'#3-))'(/#/0#*(0/4')#+*(.=#")/$3+'#C_`#&0A')(%9
KN#S*()'%*#RCN>RCC9Q
KRQ N#+4#/#!3& )F& (/+#:+$!;& a& ?4'# 0)$&$(*+# 0;(')# 3+*$8$(&# /4'
/)''%#$%#+$*1+'#/0#6*,#/4'#'56'(%'%#$(3-))'.#1,#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'
+*(.# -60(# ;4$34# /4',# 4*A'# 1''(# 3*%/# $(# &*/4')$(&# /4'8=# 0)
6-//$(&#/4'8#$(#*#%*7'#6+*3'#K.;%;<&/)*(%6+*(/$(&#/4'8#$(#0).')#/0
6)'%')A'#/4'8Q9#'B4#8;,
KNQ E.-#)8&F)-&:+I#$%&(/+#:;&a&?4'#6')$0.#70)#8*I$(&#*#3+*$8
;*%#$(3)'*%'.#7)08#0('#80(/4#/0#%$5#80(/4%9#<('#80(/4#;*%
30(%$.')'.#$(%-77$3$'(/#70)#/4')'#8*,#1'#X-$/'#*#(-81')#07#/)''%
$(A0+A'.#*(.# /4',#8*,#1'#.$77$3-+/#/0#/)*(%60)/9# K:# @*6$%/)*(0=
)2;& (#!;<& 69# CR`9Q# ?4'# 6')$0.# $%# *# 30(.$/$0(# 6)'3'.'(/# *(.# (0/# *
!OP
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")/9#CP!
6')$0.#07#6)'%3)$6/$0(9#"7/')#*#3+*$8#$%#8*.'#;$/4$(#%$5#80(/4%
*(#*3/$0(#8*,#1'#1)0-&4/#;$/4$(#/4'#6')$0.#6)0A$.'.#1,#+*;#70)
6)'%3)$6/$0(#07#80A*1+'%9#K%''#")/9#!!CY9Q
Art. 461. River beds which are abandoned through
the natural change in the course of the waters ipso facto
belong to the owners whose lands are occupied by the
new course in proportion to the area lost. However, the
owners of the lands adjoining the old bed shall have the
right to acquire the same by paying the value thereof,
which value shall not exceed the value of the area occupied by the new bed. (370a)
River beds abandoned through natural change
in the course of the waters.
K!Q G./)$%& !)& )H$.-*& )F& /+$8*& )((02#.8& 43& $.H& ()0-*.;& A& ?4'
70)8')#6)0A$%$0(#&*A'#/4'#0;(')%4$6#07#/4'#*1*(.0('.#)$A')#1'.
/0#/4'#)$6*)$*(#0;(')%#*+0(&#/4'#1'.9#")/$3+'#CP!#&$A'%#/4*/#)$&4/
(0;# /0# /4'# 0;(')%# 07# +*(.%# 033-6$'.# 1,# /4'# (';# 30-)%'# $(
6)060)/$0(#/0#/4'#*)'*#+0%/9#?4'#(';#%0+-/$0(#$%#1,#;*,#07#308>
6'(%*/$0(#70)#/4'#+0%%#07#/4'#+*(.#033-6$'.#1,#/4'#(';#1'.9#:/#$%
30(%$.')'.# 80)'# 'X-$/*1+'# /0# 3086'(%*/'# /4'# *3/-*+# +0%')%
/4*(# /0# *..# +*(.# /0# /40%'# ;40# 4*A'# (0/4$(&9# KL'60)/# 07# /4'
@0.'#@088$%%$0(=#69#`P^#@'+'%/$*+#A9#@*3406')0=#C!N#U@L"#CP`
[RYYN\9Q
?4'# (';# )-+'# 8*,=# 40;'A')=# 1'# $86)*3/$3*+# 70)# /4'# (';
30-)%'#8*,#1'#7*)#7)08#/4'#0+.#1'.9
KRQ ^H$.-*"#2& +(d0#-.8& #2*)& F+(!);& A& "330).$(&# /0# V'*(
@*6$%/)*(0=#*#8'81')#07#/4'#@0.'#@088$%%$0(#;4$34#.)*7/'.
/4'#(';#@$A$+#@0.'=#D/4'#;0).%##2*)&F+(!)&;')'#$(%')/'.#/0#8*I'
$/#3+'*)#/4*/#/4'#)-+'#*66+$'%#1,#/4'#8')'#7*3/#07#/4'#033-))'(3'
07#*#(*/-)*+#34*(&'#$(#/4'#30-)%'#07#/4'#;*/')%9#?4'#@0.'#@08>
8$%%$0(#;*%#07#/4'#06$($0(#/4*/#/4'#30(/)*),#.03/)$('#07#/4'#3*%'
07# E+$/#/#)& 7;& K.-(+8)=# CC# J4$+9# P`_# '#$F-+;,<# ;*%# '))0('0-%# *(.
%40-+.#(0/#1'#70++0;'.9EE#K:#@*6$%/)*(0=#)2;&(#!;<&69#CNY9Q
M0/'# /4*/#")/$3+'# CP!# %6'*I%# 07# )$A')# 1'.%# ;4$34# *)'# *1*(>
.0('.9#?4'#;0).%#8*,#1'#30(%/)-'.#/0#8'*(#/4*/#;4')'#/4')'
")/9#CP!
<fMTLUF:J
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!OZ
$%#*1*(.0(8'(/#1,#/4'#&0A')(8'(/#07#$/%#)$&4/#0A')#/4'#0+.#1'.=
/4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'# $(A*.'.# +*(.# *-/08*/$3*++,# *3X-$)'%# 0;(')>
%4$6#07#/4'#%*8'#;$/40-/#/4'#('3'%%$/,#07#*(,#70)8*+#*3/#0(#4$%
6*)/9
KNQ DB$&2-)2)-!#)$&!)&!".&+-.+&/)*!;EE#a#?4'#64)*%'#$86+$'%#/4*/
/4')'#*)'#/;0#0)#80)'#0;(')%#;40%'#+*(.%#*)'#033-6$'.#1,#/4'
(';#1'.9#?4')'70)'=#$7#0(+,#0('#0;(')#+0%/#*#60)/$0(#07#4$%#+*(.=
/4'#'(/$)'#0+.#1'.#%40-+.#1'+0(&#/0#4$89
KCQ O#%"!& )F& )H$.-*& )F& /+$8& +81)#$#$%& !".& )/8& 4.8;& a& ?4',# *)'
&$A'(# /4'# 6)'7')'(/$*+# )$&4/# /0# *3X-$)'# /4'# %*8'# 1,# 6*,$(&# /4'
A*+-'#/4')'07#/0#6)080/'#/4'#$(/')'%/#07#*&)$3-+/-)'#1'3*-%'#/4'
)$6*)$*(#0;(')%#07#/4'#0+.#30-)%'#3*(#1'//')#3-+/$A*/'#/4'#%*8'9
?4'#$(.'8($7$3*/$0(#/0#1'#6*$.#%4*++#(0/#'53''.#/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'
*)'*#033-6$'.#1,#/4'#(';#1'.9#?4'#6)01+'8#4')'#$%#/4*/#$/%#A*+-'
8*,#1'#8-34#&)'*/')#/4*(#/4'#0+.#1'.9#:(#3*%'#07#.$%*&)''8'(/=
/4'#30-)/%#%4*++#7$5#/4'#)'*%0(*1+'#$(.'8($/,9
Requisites for the application of rule.
?4')'#*)'#*/#+'*%/#/;0#)'X-$%$/'%9
K!Q P".-.&:0*!&4.&+&$+!0-+/&("+$%.&#$&!".&()0-*.&)F&!".&H+!.-*&)F
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Art. 462. Whenever a river, changing its course by
natural causes, opens a new bed through a private estate, this bed shall become of public dominion. (372a)
New bed through private estate becomes
of public dominion.
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Art. 463. Whenever a current of a river divides itself
into branches, leaving a piece of land or part thereof isolated, the owner of the land retains his ownership. He
also retains it if a portion of land is separated from the
estate by the current. (374)
River divides itself into branches.
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Art. 464. Islands which may be formed on the seas
within the jurisdiction of the Philippines, on lakes, and
on navigable or floatable rivers belong to the State. (371a)
Art. 465. Islands which through successive accumulation of alluvial deposits are formed in non-navigable
and non-floatable rivers, belong to the owners of the
margins or banks nearest to each of them, or to the owners of both margins if the island is in the middle of the
river, in which case it shall be divided longitudinally in
halves. If a single island thus formed be more distant
from one margin than from the other, the owner of the
nearer margin shall be the sole owner thereof. (373a)
Ownership of islands formed
through alluvion.
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8*I'%#(0#.$%/$(3/$0(#1'/;''(#(*A$&*1+'#*(.#(0(>(*A$&*1+'#)$A>
')%9
Concept of navigable river.
"#$+7#%+4/.&-#7.-&$%#0('#;4$34#70)8%#$(#$/%#0).$(*),#30(.$/$0(
1,#$/%'+7#0)#1,#-($/$(&#;$/4#0/4')#;*/')%#*#30(/$(-0-%#4$&4;*,
0A')# ;4$34# 3088')3'# $%# 0)# 8*,# 1'# 3*))$'.# 0(9# KU''# f'1%/')E%
N).#:(/9#V$3/9=#69#!_Y`9Q
:(#"8')$3*(#2-)$%6)-.'(3'=#/4'#6)'A*$+$(&#/'%/#07#;4'/4')#*
)$A')#$%#(*A$&*1+'#$(#+*;#$%#;4'/4')#$/#$%#(*A$&*1+'#$(#7*3/^#*(.#$/
$%#(*A$&*1+'#$(#7*3/#$7#$/#$%#-%'.#0)#%-%3'6/$1+'#07#1'$(&#-%'.=#$(
")/9#CPP
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!`N
$/%# 0).$(*),# 30(.$/$0(=# *%# *# 4$&4;*,# 07# 3088')3'=# /4*/# $%=# 70)
/)*.'#*(.#/)*A'+#$(#/4'#-%-*+#*(.#0).$(*),#80.'%9
:(#/4$%#)'%6'3/=#40;'A')=#D4$&4;*,#07#3088')3'EE#.0'%#(0/
8'*(#*#6*%%*&'#70)#3088')3$*+#$(/')30-)%'#07#*++#I$(.%=#$(3+-.>
$(&#/)*(%60)/*/$0(#07#6')%0(%#*(.#6)06')/,#1,#30880(#3*))$')%9
:7#$/#$%#3*6*1+'#$(#$/%#(*/-)*+#%/*/'#07#1'$(&#-%'.#70)#6-)60%'%#07
3088')3'=#(0#8*//')#$(#;4*/#80.'#/4'#3088')3'#8*,#1'#3*)>
)$'.#0(=#$/#$%#(*A$&*1+'#$(#7*3/=#*(.=#/4')'70)'=#1'308'%#*#6-1+$3
)$A')#0)#4$&4;*,9#:/#$%#%-77$3$'(/#$7#$/#$%#3*6*1+'# 07# 7+0*/$(&# A'%>
%'+%=#10*/%=#0)#0/4')#3)*7/=#0)#)*7/%#07#+0&%=#0)#+0&%#$(#X-*(/$/$'%#/0
8*I'#$/#07#3088')3$*+#A*+-'9
d-)/4')80)'=#/4'#)-+'#07#3$A$+#+*;#$%#/4*/#*#(*A$&*1+'#)$A')#$%
0('#/4*/#$%#D7+0*/*1+'=EE#/4*/#$%=#*#)$A')#*.8$//$(&#7+0*/%9#?4-%=#*
7+0*/*1+'#%/)'*8#$%#30(%$.')'.#*#(*A$&*1+'#%/)'*89#KS*3*/*(&*,
A9# U'3)'/*),# 07# J-1+$3# f0)I%# *(.# @088-($3*/$0(=# !Z# U@L"# N!
[!`PP\=#3$/$(&#_P#"89#g-)9#PC_=#PCZ^#P_#@9g9U9#CO=#_Y9Q
!"#$%&'(-*(+(!"#$%&'(&)**+,,"'-&."%$&!+,/+*%
%'&<':16;+&23'/+3%7
Art. 466. Whenever two movable things belonging to
different owners are, without bad faith, united in such a
way that they form a single object, the owner of the principal thing acquires the accessory, indemnifying the
former owner thereof for its value. (375)
Adjunction defined.
:(#/4'#+$&4/#07#")/$3+'#CPP=#+810$(!#)$&K0)#()$10$(!#)$Q#8*,#1'
.'7$('.#*%#/4'#-($0(#07#/;0#80A*1+'#/4$(&%#1'+0(&$(&#/0#.$77')>
'(/#0;(')%#$(#%-34#*#;*,#/4*/#/4',#70)8#*#%$(&+'#012'3/=#1-/#'*34
0('#07#/4'#30860('(/#/4$(&%#6)'%')A'%#$/%#A*+-'9
Characteristics of adjunction.
:(#0).')#/4*/#*.2-(3/$0(#8*,#/*I'#6+*3'=#$/#$%#('3'%%*),#/4*/]
K!Q ?4')'#*)'#/;0#80A*1+'%#1'+0(&$(&#/0#.$77')'(/#0;(')%^
KRQ ?4',# *)'# -($/'.# $(# %-34# *# ;*,# /4*/# /4',# 70)8# *# %$(&+'
012'3/^#*(.
!`C
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CPZ
KNQ ?4',#*)'#%0#$(%'6*)*1+'#/4*/#/4'$)#%'6*)*/$0(#;0-+.#$8>
6*$)#/4'$)#(*/-)'#0)#)'%-+/#$(#%-1%/*(/$*+#$(2-),#/0#'$/4')#30860>
('(/9
:(#.'/')8$($(&#/4'#)$&4/#07#/4'#6*)/$'%#$(#*.2-(3/$0(=#)'&*).
$%#4*.#0(+,#/0#/4'#/4$(&%#20$('.#*(.#(0/#/0#/4'#6')%0(%9#H-/#;4')'
/4')'#$%#*#8')'#34*(&'#07#70)8#0)#A*+-'#;4$34#.0'%#(0/#.'%/)0,
/4'# $.'(/$/,# 07# /4'# 30860('(/# 6*)/%=# /4'# 0)$&$(*+# 0;(')%# 8*,
.'8*(.#/4'$)#%'6*)*/$0(9#K%''#")/9#CP`9Q
Kinds of adjunction.
".2-(3/$0(#8*,#/*I'#6+*3'#1,]
K!Q #$(/0*#)$&0)#.$%-+F!:.$!<&%-34#*%#;4'(#.$*80(.#$%#%'/#0(
*#&0+.#)$(&^
KRQ *)/8+80-+& 0)# *)/8.-#$%<& %-34# *%# ;4'(# +'*.# $%# -($/'.# 0)
7-%'.# /0# *(# 012'3/# 8*.'# 07# +'*.^# $/# $%# F.--0:#$+(#)$& $7# 10/4# /4'
*33'%%0),# *(.# 6)$(3$6*+# 012'3/%# *)'# 07# /4'# %*8'# 8'/*+^# *(.
2/0:4+!0-+<&$7#/4',#*)'#07#.$77')'(/#8'/*+%^
KNQ .*(-#!0-+&0)#H-#!#$%<&%-34#*%#;4'(#*#6')%0(#;)$/'%#0(#6*>
6')#1'+0(&$(&#/0#*(0/4')^
KCQ 2#$!0-+&0)#2+#$!#$%<&%-34#*%#;4'(#*#6')%0(#6*$(/%#0(#3*(>
A*%#1'+0(&$(&#/0#*(0/4')^#0)
K_Q !.1#8)&0)#H.+7#$%<&%-34#*%#;4'(#/4)'*.%#1'+0(&$(&#/0#.$7>
7')'(/#0;(')%#*)'#-%'.#$(#8*I$(&#/'5/$+'9
Ownership of new object formed
by adjunction.
K!Q :7#/4'#-($0(#/00I#6+*3'#;$/40-/#1*.#7*$/4=#/4'#0;(')#07
/4'#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&#*3X-$)'%#/4'#*33'%%0),=#;$/4#/4'#01+$&*/$0(#/0
$(.'8($7,#/4'#70)8')#0;(')#07#/4'#*33'%%0),#70)#$/%#A*+-'#$(#$/%
-(30(/)0A')/'.#%/*/'9
KRQ :7#/4'#-($0(#/00I#6+*3'#$(#1*.#7*$/4=#")/$3+'#CZY#*66+$'%9
Art. 467. The principal thing, as between two things
incorporated, is deemed to be that to which the other has
been united as an ornament, or for its use or perfection.
(376)
")/%9#CPZ>CPO
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!`_
Art. 468. If it cannot be determined by the rule given
in the preceding article which of the two things incorporated is the principal one, the thing of the greater value
shall be so considered, and as between two things of
equal value, that of the greater volume.
In painting and sculpture, writings, printed matter, engraving and lithographs, the board, metal, stone, canvas,
paper or parchment shall be deemed the accessory thing.
(377)
Tests to determine principal in adjunction.
?0#.'/')8$('#;4$34=#*%#1'/;''(#/;0#/4$(&%#$(30)60)*/'.=#$%
/4'# 6)$(3$6*+# *(.# ;4$34# $%# /4'# *33'%%0),=#")/$3+'%# CPZ# *(.# CPO
6)0A$.'# 3')/*$(# 3)$/')$*9# :(# /4'# 0).')# 07# *66+$3*/$0(=# /4'# 6)$(3$>
6*+#$%#/4*/]
K!Q ?0#;4$34#/4'#0/4')#K*33'%%0),Q#4*%#1''(#-($/'.#*%#*(#0)>
(*8'(/#0)#70)#$/%#-%'#0)#6')7'3/$0(9#K")/9#CPZ9Q#?4$%#$%#D/4'#)-+'
07#$860)/*(3'#*(.#6-)60%'EE^
KRQ <7#&)'*/')#A*+-'=#$7#/4',#*)'#07#-('X-*+#A*+-'%^
KNQ <7# &)'*/')# A0+-8'=# $7# /4',# *)'# 07# *(# 'X-*+# A*+-'# K")/9
CPO9Q^#*(.
KCQ d$(*++,=# /4*/# 07# &)'*/')# 8')$/%# /*I$(&# $(/0# 30(%$.')*/$0(
*++#/4'#6')/$('(/#+'&*+#6)0A$%$0(%#K.;%9=#")/9#CZ_Q#*66+$3*1+'#*%#;'++
*%#/4'#3086*)*/$A'#8')$/%=#-/$+$/,#*(.#A0+-8'#07#/4'$)#)'%6'3/$A'
/4$(&%9#KN#S*()'%*#RO_>ROP9Q
?4'# %'30(.# /'%/# $%# )'*%0(*1+'# 1'3*-%'=# *%# *# &'(')*+# )-+'=
/4$(&%#07#&)'*/')#A*+-'#*)'#80)'#$860)/*(/#/4*(#/4$(&%#07#%8*++')
A*+-'9#?4'#/4$).#/'%/#$%#6-)'+,#*)1$/)*),#1-/#$%#1*%'.#0(#/4'#('>
3'%%$/,#07#)'%0+A$(&#/4'#8*//')#%08'40;9
?4'#%6'3$*+#)-+'#)'&*).$(&#6*$(/$(&=#'/39#$(#/4'#%'30(.#6*)*>
&)*64#07#")/$3+'#CPO#$%#1*%'.#0(#/4'#30(%$.')*/$0(#/4*/#;4*/#$%
6*$(/'.=# '/39# $%# 07# &)'*/')# A*+-'# 0)# $860)/*(3'# /4*(# /4'# 10*).=
'/39#$(*%8-34#*%#/4'#'53'6/$0(%#8'(/$0('.#*)'#%6'3$7$'.=#$/%#6)0>
A$%$0(# 3*(# (0/# 1'# *66+$'.# 1,# *(*+0&,# /0# 3*%'%# 07# *.2-(3/$0(# 07
%$8$+*)#(*/-)'#;4$34#*)'#.''8'.#'53+-.'.9#U-34#3*%'%#%4*++#1'
.'/')8$('.#$(#*330).*(3'#;$/4#")/$3+'%#CPZ#*(.#CPO9#'B4#8;,
!`P
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/9#CP`
Where adjunction involves three
or more things.
:(# 3*%'# *.2-(3/$0(# /*I'%# 6+*3'# *%# /0# /4)''# 0)# 80)'# /4$(&%=
")/$3+'#CPP=#.!&*.d;&%40-+.#1'#*66+$'.#$(#*(#'X-$/*1+'#8*((')9
?4'#6)$(3$6*+#%40-+.#1'#.'/')8$('.#*(.#.$%/$(&-$%4'.#7)08
/4'# 0/4')%# ;4$34# ;0-+.# 1'# 30(%$.')'.# /4'# *33'%%0)$'%9# U40-+.
/4')'#1'#/;0#0)#80)'#/4$(&%#/4*/#30-+.#1'#30(%$.')'.#6)$(3$6*+%
;$/4# )'%6'3/# /0# /4'# 0/4')%=# %/$++# /4'# 30-)/# %40-+.# .'/')8$('# 1,
)'%0)/# /0# )'*%0(*1+'# 8'*(%# ;4$34# $%# /4'# 6)$(3$6*+# /4$(&# *(.
;4$34#*)'#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&%9#KN#S*()'%*#RZ`9Q
Art. 469. Whenever the things united can be separated without injury, their respective owners may demand
their separation.
Nevertheless, in case the thing united for the use, embellishment or perfection of the other, is much more precious than the principal thing, the owner of the former
may demand its separation, even though the thing to
which it has been incorporated may suffer some injury.
(378)
When separation of things united
allowed.
:(#/4'#70++0;$(&#3*%'%]
K!Q 6.2+-+!#)$&H#!")0!&#$10-3;&A&f4'('A')#/4'#%'6*)*/$0(#3*(
1'#.0('#;$/40-/#$(2-),#K(0/#.'%/)-3/$0(Q=#/4'$)#)'%6'3/$A'#0;(>
')%#8*,#.'8*(.#/4'$)#%'6*)*/$0(9#F')'=#/4')'#4*%#1''(#(0#)'*+
*33'%%$0(9#")/$3+'# CP`# *66*)'(/+,# 30(/'86+*/'%# *.2-(3/$0(# 1,
$(3+-%$0(#*(.#1,#%0+.')$(&#$(#;4$34#%'6*)*/$0(#$%#60%%$1+'#;$/4>
0-/#$(2-),#/0#/4'#/4$(&%#-($/'.9#KN#S*()'%*&ROO9Q
KRQ 9((.**)-3&:0("&:)-.&2-.(#)0*;&A&B(.')#/4'#%'30(.#6*)*>
&)*64=# ;4')'# /4'# /4$(&# K.;%;<& .$*80(.Q# -($/'.# 70)# /4'# -%'=# '8>
1'++$%48'(/# 0)# 6')7'3/$0(# 07# /4'# 0/4')=# $%# 8-34# 80)'# K%''#")/9
CCO9Q#6)'3$0-%#/4*(#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&#K.;%;<&&0+.#)$(&Q=#/4'#0;(')
07#/4'#70)8')#8*,#.'8*(.#$/%#%'6*)*/$0(#'A'(#/40-&4#/4'#6)$(>
3$6*+# /4$(&# 8*,# %-77')# %08'# $(2-),9# ?4'# 0;(')# ;40# 8*.'# 0)
3*-%'.# /4'# -($0(# 0)# $(30)60)*/$0(# %4*++# 1'*)# /4'# '56'(%'%# 70)
")/9#CZY
<fMTLUF:J
L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!`Z
%'6*)*/$0(#1'3*-%'#4'#$%#/4'#0('#30(%$.')'.#*/#7*-+/#*+/40-&4#4'
*+%0#*3/'.#$(#&00.#7*$/49#KN#S*()'%*#RO`9Q
KNQ ^H$.-&)F&2-#$(#2+/&+(!.8&#$&4+8&F+#!";&A&?4'#0;(')#07#/4'
*33'%%0),# /4$(&# 8*,# %'6*)*/'# $/# 'A'(# $7# /4'# 6)$(3$6*+# /4$(&# 1'
8.*!-)3.8;&K")/9#CZY9Q
Art. 470. Whenever the owner of the accessory thing
has made the incorporation in bad faith, he shall lose the
thing incorporated and shall have the obligation to indemnify the owner of the principal thing for the damages
he may have suffered.
If the one who has acted in bad faith is the owner of
the principal thing, the owner of the accessory thing shall
have a right to choose between the former paying him
its value or that the thing belonging to him be separated,
even though for this purpose it be necessary to destroy
the principal thing; and in both cases, furthermore, there
shall be indemnity for damages.
If either one of the owners has made the incorporation with the knowledge and without the objection of the
other, their respective rights shall be determined as
though both acted in good faith. (379a)
Adjunction in bad faith.
?4'#70++0;$(&#*)'#/4'#)-+'%]
K!Q G+8&F+#!"&)$&!".&2+-!&)F&)H$.-&)F&+((.**)-3M
K*Q F'#%4*++#+0%'#/4'#/4$(&#$(30)60)*/'.^#*(.
K1Q F'# %4*++# 1'# +$*1+'# 70)# .*8*&'# /0# /4'# 0;(')# 07# /4'
/4$(&9
KRQ G+8&F+#!"&)$&!".&2+-!&)F&)H$.-&)F&2-#$(#2+/M
K*Q ?4'#0;(')#07#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&#$%#&$A'(#/4'#06/$0(
'$/4')]
!Q /0#)'X-$)'#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&#/0#6*,
/4'#A*+-'#07#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&^#0)
RQ /0#4*A'#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&#%'6*)*/'.#'A'(#$7#70)
/4'#6-)60%'#$/#1'#('3'%%*),#/0#.'%/)0,#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#/4$(&^
*(.
!`O
@<SSTM?U#"MV#@"UTU#<M#JL<JTL?W
")/%9#CZ!>CZR
K1Q F'#%4*++#1'#'(/$/+'.#/0#.*8*&'%=#$(#'$/4')#3*%'9
?4'#06/$0(#&$A'(#*10A'#$%#*66+$3*1+'#/0#/4'#*.2-(3/$0(#6)0>
A$.'.#$(#")/$3+'#CP`#1-/#(0/#/0#/4'#3*%'%#8'(/$0('.#$(#/4'#%'3>
0(.# 6*)*&)*64# 07#")/$3+'# CPO# K6*$(/$(&%=# '/39Q# 70)# %'6*)*/$0(# $%
(0/#60%%$1+'9#:(#%-34#3*%'%=#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&#$%
+$8$/'.#/0#/4'#7$)%/#06/$0(#;$/4#/4'#)$&4/#/0#$(.'8($/,#70)#.*8>
*&'%9#KN#S*()'%*#R`N9Q
KNQ G+8&F+#!"&)$&!".&2+-!&)F&4)!";#A&B(.')#/4'#/4$).#6*)*&)*64=
/4'$)#)'%6'3/$A'#)$&4/%#%4*++#1'#.'/')8$('.#*%#/40-&4#10/4#*3/'.
$(#&00.#7*$/49#")/$3+'#C_N#%40-+.#1'#*66+$'.9#?4')'#$%#1*.#7*$/4
;4'(#'$/4')#0('#07#/4'#0;(')%#8*.'#/4'#-($0(#;$/4#/4'#I(0;+>
'.&'# *(.# ;$/40-/# /4'# 012'3/$0(# 07# /4'# 0/4')9# K%''#")/9# C_N=# 6*)9
R9Q
Art. 471. Whenever the owner of the material employed without his consent has a right to an indemnity,
he may demand that this consist in the delivery of a thing
equal in kind and value, and in all other respects, to that
employed, or else in the price thereof, according to expert appraisal. (380)
Form of indemnity.
?4'#8*/')$*+#'86+0,'.#8*,#1'#/4'#6)$(3$6*+#0)#/4'#*33'%%0),
/4'#0;(')#07#;4$34#4*%#)$&4/#/0#*(#$(.'8($/,#1'3*-%'#4'#*3/'.
$(#&00.#7*$/4#;4$+'#/4'#0/4')#;40#8*.'#/4'#$(30)60)*/$0(#;$/4>
0-/#4$%#30(%'(/=#*3/'.#$(#1*.#7*$/49#?4'#$((03'(/#0;(')#4*%#/4'
06/$0(#/0#.'8*(.#/4'#.'+$A'),#07#*#/4$(&#'X-*+#$(#I$(.#*(.#A*+-'
*(.# $(# *++# 0/4')# )'%6'3/%# K.;%9=# X-*(/$/,=# X-*+$/,=# *66'*)*(3'Q# /0
/4*/#'86+0,'.^#0)#/4'#6*,8'(/#07#$/%#6)$3'=#$(3+-.$(&#$/%#%'(/$>
8'(/*+#A*+-'#K")/9#CZ_9Q#*%#*66)*$%'.#1,#'56')/%9
?4'#)$&4/#06/$0(#&)*(/'.#1,#")/$3+'#CZ!#$%#;$/40-/#6)'2-.$3'
/0#/4'#)$&4/#&$A'(#/0#/4'#0;(')#07#/4'#*33'%%0),#/4$(&#/0#.'8*(.
$/%# %'6*)*/$0(# 7)08# /4'# 6)$(3$6*+# /4$(&# -(.')# /4'# %'30(.# 6*)*>
&)*64#07#")/$3+'%#CP`#*(.#CZY9
Art. 472. If by the will of their owners two things of
the same or different kinds are mixed, or if the mixture
occurs by chance, and in the latter case the things are
")/%9#CZR>CZN
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L$&4/#07#"33'%%$0(
!``
not separable without injury, each owner shall acquire a
right proportional to the part belonging to him, bearing
in mind the value of the things mixed or confused. (381)
Art. 473. If by the will of only one owner, but in good
faith, two things of the same or different kinds are mixed
or confused, the rights of the owners shall be determined
by the provisions of the preceding article.
If the one who caused the mixture or confusion acted
in bad faith, he shall lose the thing belonging to him thus
mixed or confused, besides being obliged to pay indemnity for the damages caused to the owner of the thing
with which his own was mixed. (382)
Mixture, commixtion, and confusion,
defined.
")/$3+'%# CZR# *(.# CZN# .'*+# ;$/4# :#J!0-.# ;4$34# /*I'%# 6+*3'
;4'(# /;0# 0)# 80)'# /4$(&%# 1'+0(&$(&# /0# .$77')'(/# 0;(')%# *)'
8$5'.#0)#3081$('.#;$/4#/4'#)'%6'3/$A'#$.'(/$/$'%#07#/4'#30860>
('(/#6*)/%#.'%/)0,'.#0)#+0%/9#"%#.$%/$(&-$%4'.#7)08#*.2-(3/$0(=
/4')'#$%#*#&)'*/')#.'&)''#07#$(/')>6'('/)*/$0(#*(.=#$(#3')/*$(#3*%'%=
'A'(# .'30860%$/$0(# 07# /4'# /4$(&%# ;4$34# 4*A'# 1''(# 8$5'.9# KN
S*()'%*#RZZ9Q
?4')'#*)'#/;0#I$(.%#07#8$5/-)']
K!Q ()::#J!#)$& 0)# /4'# 8$5/-)'# 07# %0+$.# /4$(&%# 1'+0(&$(&# /0
.$77')'(/#0;(')%^#*(.
KRQ ()$F0*#)$&0)#/4'#8$5/-)'#07#+$X-$.#/4$(&%#1'+0(&$(&#/0#.$7>
7')'(/#0;(')%9
?4',#8*,#1'#A0+-(/*),#0)#1,#34*(3'9
Rules governing mixture.
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Art. 474. One who in good faith employs the material of another in whole or in part in order to make a thing
of a different kind, shall appropriate the thing thus transformed as his own, indemnifying the owner of the material for its value.
If the material is more precious than the transformed
thing or is of more value, its owner may, at his option,
appropriate the new thing to himself, after first paying
indemnity for the value of the work, or demand indemnity for the material.
If in the making of the thing bad faith intervened, the
owner of the material shall have the right to appropriate
the work to himself without paying anything to the maker,
or to demand of the latter that he indemnify him for the
value of the material and the damages he may have suffered. However, the owner of the material cannot appropriate the work in case the value of the latter, for artistic
or scientific reasons, is considerably more than that of
the material. (383a)
Specification defined.
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Rules governing specification.
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Adjunction, mixture, and specification
distinguished.
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Art. 475. In the preceding articles, sentimental value
shall be duly appreciated. (n)
RYP
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Chapter 3
QUIETING OF TITLE (n)
Art. 476. Whenever there is a cloud on title to real
property or any interest therein, by reason of any instrument, record, claim, encumbrance or proceeding which
is apparently valid or effective but is in truth and in fact
invalid, ineffective, voidable, or unenforceable, and may
be prejudicial to said title, an action may be brought to
remove such cloud or to quiet the title.
An action may also be brought to prevent a cloud
from being cast upon title to real property or any interest therein.
Reasons, and bases of provisions
on quieting of title.
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Property to which action is applicable.
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'/>9,1&'-+>+/B
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;/.)%9/2I,%/'-)7)%>-/,&7,2-&%c2V,A.)%.,@>'->c/,&7,-./,*>-='/,&7,'/>9
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-/9,1&'-+>+/V,>77/%-)*+,-./1B
Prescriptibility of action.
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50Q$,!U",8!""!:BV,a7,-./,@/'2&*,%9>)1)*+,-&,?/,-./,&A*/',&7,@'&@F
/'-D,)2,)*,>%-=>9,@&22/22)&*,&7,-./,2>1/I,-./,')+.-,-&,2//c,'/%&*F
;/D>*%/I,A.)%.I,)*,/77/%-I,2//c2,-&,H=)/-,-)-9/,-&,-./,@'&@/'-DI,(&/2
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Art. 477. The plaintiff must have legal or equitable title
to, or interest in the real property which is the subject
matter of the action. He need not be in possession of said
property.
!
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Title and possession of plaintiff.
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1=2-,.>;/,>,9/+>9,&',/H=)->?9/,-)-9/,-&I,&',>*,)*-/'/2-,)*,-./,'/>9
@'&@/'-D,A.)%.,)2,-./,2=?]/%-,1>--/',&7,-./,>%-)&*B,T5//,C)*>9>D,;B
M>*>9&I, W_U, 50Q$, 6#\, 8W__W:[, Q&?9/2, ;B, 0&='-, &7,$@@/>92I, 6!L
50Q$,_#,8!""":BV,4E)-9/SS,./'/,(&/2,*&-,*/%/22>')9D,(/*&-/,>,%/'F
-)7)%>-/, &7, -)-9/, )22=/(, )*, 7>;&', &7, -./, @/'2&*, 7)9)*+, -./, 2=)-B
TM>/2-'>(&,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,W!!,50$P,#L_I,6!#,50Q$,Y#L
8!""":BV
T>V $,)"&#)-.%.)",1>D,%&*2)2-,)*,7=99,&A*/'2.)@,&',)*,*>c/(
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Art. 478. There may also be an action to quiet title or
remove a cloud therefrom when the contract, instrument
or other obligation has been extinguished or has terminated, or has been barred by extinctive prescription.
Two cases when action allowed.
^*(/',-./,>'-)%9/I,>*,>%-)&*,-&,H=)/-,-)-9/,1>D,?/,1>)*->)*/(3
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Art. 479. The plaintiff must return to the defendant all
benefits he may have received from the latter, or reimburse him for expenses that may have redounded to the
plaintiff’s benefit.
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Obligation of plaintiff to return
or reimburse.
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Art. 480. The principles of the general law on the
quieting of title are hereby adopted insofar as they are
not in conflict with this Code.
Principles of general law applicable.
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Art. 481. The procedure for the quieting of title or the
removal of a cloud therefrom shall be governed by such
rules of court as the Supreme Court shall promulgate.
Procedure for quieting title.
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Chapter 4
RUINOUS BUILDINGS AND TREES
IN DANGER OF FALLING
Art. 482. If a building, wall, column, or any other construction is in danger of falling, the owner shall be
obliged to demolish it or to execute the necessary work
in order to prevent it from falling.
If the proprietor does not comply with this obligation,
the administrative authorities may order the demolition
of the structure at the expense of the owner, or take
measures to insure public safety. (389a)
Building, etc. in danger of falling.
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2&*2,&',@'&@/'-D[
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@9>*2,>*(,2@/%)7)%>-)&*2,7&',>,?=)9()*+,)2,9)>?9/,7&',(>1>+/2
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%&*-'>%-&',)2,9)c/A)2/,'/2@&*2)?9/,7&',-./,(>1>+/2,)7,-./,/()F
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-./, %&*2-'=%-)&*, &', -./, =2/, &7, 1>-/')>92, &7, )*7/')&', H=>9)-D
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-./,%&99>@2/,&7,-./,?=)9()*+B,T*VSS
Art. 483. Whenever a large tree threatens to fall in
such a way as to cause damage to the land or tenement
of another or to travelers over a public or private road,
the owner of the tree shall be obliged to fell and remove
it; and should he not do so, it shall be done at his expense by order of the administrative authorities.
Large trees about to fall.
$2,@'&;)(/(,)*,-.)2,@'&;)2)&*I,-./,&A*/',&7,-./,-'//,1>D,?/
%&1@/99/(,-&,7/99,>*(,'/1&;/,>,-.'/>-/*)*+,-'//[,>*(,2.&=9(,./
7>)9,-&,(&,2&I,-./,A&'c,2.>99,?/,&'(/'/(,(&*/,>-,.)2,/Z@/*2/,?D
-./,>(1)*)2-'>-);/,>=-.&')-)/2B
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*=)2>*%/, 5"3- 1", &', 5"3- #((%,"$1'- Q=)*&=2, ?=)9()*+2, >*(, -'//2, )*
(>*+/',&7,7>99)*+,>'/,*=)2>*%/2,5"3-1"B,T2//,$'-2B,Y_\8W:I,Y__86:BV
X,&K&,X
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Title III. — CO-OWNERSHIP
Art. 484. There is co-ownership whenever the ownership of an undivided thing or right belongs to different persons.
In default of contracts, or of special provisions,
co-ownership shall be governed by the provisions of this
Title.* (392)
Co-ownership defined.
TWV $2,>,1>*)7/2->-)&*,&7,&A*/'2.)@I,(*F*A$"31@%5-)2,-.>-,7&'1
&7,&A*/'2.)@,A.)%.,/Z)2-2,A./*/;/',>*,=*();)(/(,-.)*+,&',')+.?/9&*+2,-&,()77/'/*-,@/'2&*2B,a-,)2,&*/,>2@/%-,&7,&A*/'2.)@B
T!V $2, >, ')+.-I, )-, .>2, ?//*, (/7)*/(, >2, -./, ')+.-, &7, %&11&*
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Requisites of co-ownership.
^*(/',-./,9>AI,-./'/,>'/,-.'//B
TWV <@"3"-6+1.-9"-#-5)+3#)%.=-*2-*A$"31B,X,E.)2,)2,%9/>',/*&=+.B
T!V <@"-*9L"(.-*2-*A$"31@%5-6+1.-9"-#-.@%$&-*3-3%&@.-A@%(@-%1-+$F
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2=%.,>2,>,9/>2/.&9(,')+.-B,E.=2I,)*,>,%>2/I,)-,A>2,./9(,-.>-,=@&*
-./,(/>-.,&7,-./,9/22//,&7,>,'='>9,9>*(I,.)2,')+.-2,>2,2=%.I,A/'/
-'>*21)--/(,-&,.)2,./)'2I,2)*%/,-./,(/>-.,&7,-./,9/22//,)2,*&-,>1&*+
mE./, @'&;)2)&*2, &*, %&F&A*/'2.)@, >@@9D, -&, -./, >?2&9=-/, %&11=*)-D, &7, @'&@/'-D
?/-A//*, -./, 2@&=2/2, )*, >99, 1>--/'2, *&-, @'&;)(/(, 7&', )*, -./, h>1)9D, 0&(/B, T$'-B, _"I
-./'/&7BV
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>*,&?9)+>-)&*,>'/,-'>*21)22)?9/,)*,>%%&'(>*%/,A)-.,9>AI,2.&=9(
-./'/,?/,*&,2-)@=9>-)&*,-&,-./,%&*-'>'DB,T5>*-)>+&,;B,f)99>])*I,80B$B:
\6,KBgB,8O&B,L:I,@B,6W6#BV
T6V D#(@-(*F*A$"3N1-3%&@.-6+1.-9"-)%6%.",-*$)=-.*-@%1-%,"#)-1@#3"
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.>2, )2, >*, )(/>9, &', >?2-'>%-, H=&->, )*, -./, /*-)'/, =*();)(/(, -.)*+
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&7,-./,@'&@/'-D,>2,.)2,;/'D,&A*B
Characteristics of co-ownership.
E./,%.>'>%-/')2-)%2,&7,%&F&A*/'2.)@,'/7/',-&,)-2,'/H=)2)-/2,>*(
&-./',)*%)(/*->92,A.)%.,()2-)*+=)2.,)-,7'&1,&-./',7&'12,&7,&A*F
/'2.)@B
E./D,)*%9=(/,-./,7&99&A)*+3
TWV E./'/,>'/,-A&,&',1&'/,%&F&A*/'2[
T!V E./'/,)2,>,2)*+9/,&?]/%-W,A.)%.,)2,*&-,1>-/')>99D,&',@.D2)F
%>99D,();)(/(,>*(,&;/',A.)%.,>*(,.)2,)(/>9,2.>'/,&7,-./,A.&9/I
/>%.,%&F&A*/',/Z/'%)2/2,&A*/'2.)@I,-&+/-./',A)-.,-./,&-./',%&F
&A*/'2[
T6V E./'/,)2,*&,1=-=>9,'/@'/2/*->-)&*,?D,-./,%&F&A*/'2[,>*(
T\V a-,/Z)2-2,7&',-./,%&11&*,/*]&D1/*-,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2[
TUV a-,.>2,*&,()2-)*%-,9/+>9,@/'2&*>9)-D[,>*(
TYV a-, )2, +&;/'*/(, 7)'2-, &7, >99, ?D, -./, %&*-'>%-, &7, -./, @>'-)/2[
&-./'A)2/I, ?D, 2@/%)>9, 9/+>9, @'&;)2)&*2I, >*(, )*, (/7>=9-, &7, 2=%.
@'&;)2)&*2I,?D,-./,@'&;)2)&*2,&7,E)-9/,aaa,&*,0&F&A*/'2.)@B
Ownership of a co-owner.
a-, )2, >*, )*./'/*-, >*(, @/%=9)>', 7/>-='/, &7, %&F&A*/'2.)@, -.>>9-.&=+., -./, %&F&A*/'2, 1>D, .>;/, =*/H=>9, 2.>'/2, )*, -./, %&1F
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')+.-I,)*,>,H=>9)->-);/,2/*2/I,>2,>*D,&*/,&7,-./,&-./',%&F&A*/'2B
W
E./'/,1>D,?/,2/;/'>9,&?]/%-2,&;/',/>%.,&7,A.)%.,%&F&A*/'2.)@,)2,/Z/'%)2/(B,E&F
+/-./'I,-./D,>'/,&*/,&?]/%-,&',@'&@/'-DB
!!Y
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$'-B,\L\
TWV OA$"31@%5-*2-A@*)"-#$,-*;"3-@%1-#)%0+*.-1@#3"'-X,N>%.,%&F
&A*/', )2, >-, -./, 2>1/, -)1/, >?2&9=-/, &A*/', &7, .)2, &A*, )(/>9
T>?2-'>%-I,53*-%$,%;%1*7,7'>%-)&*>9I,>9)H=&-V,?=-,(/7)*)-/,2.>'/,A.)%.
(/-/'1)*/2, .)2, ')+.-2, >*(, &?9)+>-)&*2, )*, -./, %&F&A*/'2.)@B, a*
&-./',A&'(2I,/;/'D,%&F&A*/'I,]&)*-9D,A)-.,-./,&-./',%&F&A*/'2I
)2,-./,&A*/',&7,-./,A.&9/,>*(,&;/',-./,A.&9/,./,/Z/'%)2/2,-./
')+.-, &7, (&1)*)&*I, ?=-, ./, )2, >-, -./, 2>1/, -)1/, -./, &A*/', &7, >*
>9)H=&-,@&'-)&*,A.)%.,)2,-'=9D,>?2-'>%-I,?/%>=2/,=*-)9,();)2)&*,)2
/77/%-/(, 2=%., @&'-)&*, )2, *&-, %&*%'/-/9D, (/-/'1)*/(B, Th/9)%/2, ;B
0&9/+>(&I,6U,50Q$,W#6,8W_#":[,P/,g=)>,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,\W6
50Q$,WW\,8!""6:[,0'=e,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,\UY,50Q$,WYU,8!""U:BV
T!V ?"#)%$&-A%.@-15"(%2%(-5*3.%*$-*2-53*5"3.='-X,$,%&F&A*/',1>D
*&-I,-./'/7&'/I,%&*;/D,&',>(]=()%>-/,-&,.)12/97,)*,7//,2)1@9/I,?D
1/-/2,>*(,?&=*(2I,>,(/-/'1)*>-/,@.D2)%>9,@&'-)&*,&7,'/>9,/2->-/
&A*/(,)*,%&11&*B,TG&@/e,;B,a9=2-'/I,U,<.)9B,UYW,8W_"Y:[,M/'%>(&
;B, G)A>*>+I, U, 50Q$, \#!, 8W_Y!:[, P);/'2)7)/(, 0'/()-, 0&'@B, ;B
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Disputed portion/portions owned already concretely
determined
E./'/,)2,*&,%&F&A*/'2.)@,A./*,-./,()77/'/*-,@&'-)&*2,&A*/(
?D, ()77/'/*-, @/&@9/, >'/, >9'/>(D, %&*%'/-/9D, (/-/'1)*/(, >*(
2/@>'>-/9D,)(/*-)7)>?9/I,/;/*,)7,*&-,D/-,-/%.*)%>99D,(/2%')?/(B
TWV E.=2I, A./'/, -./, @&'-)&*, &7, >, @>'%/9, &7, 9>*(, 2&9(, -&, >
?=D/',)2,%&*%'/-/9D,(/-/'1)*/(,&',)(/*-)7)>?9/,2=%.,>2,A./*,-./
*&'-./'*,.>97,&7,-./,9>*(,?/9&*+2,-&,-./,?=D/',>*(,-./,2&=-./'*
.>97I,-&,-./,2/99/'I,-./'/,)2,*&,%&F&A*/'2.)@,?/-A//*,-./1,&;/'
-./,@>'%/9,&7,9>*(,>9-.&=+.,-./)','/2@/%-);/,@&'-)&*2,>'/,*&-,-/%.F
*)%>99D,(/2%')?/(I,&',2>)(,@&'-)&*2,>'/,2-)99,/1?'>%/(,)*,&*/,>*(
-./, 2>1/, %/'-)7)%>-/, &7, -)-9/B, TP/, G>, 0'=e, ;B, 0'=eI, 6!, 50Q$, 6"#
8W_#":[, 5), ;B, 0&='-, &7,$@@/>92I, W6U, 50$P, #U\I, 6\!, 50Q$, YU6
8!""":[,2//,5>9>->*(&9,;B,Q/-/2I,WY!,50Q$,UYL,8W_LL:BV,a-,(&/2,*&1>c/, 2>)(, @&'-)&*2, 9/22, (/-/'1)*>?9/, &', )(/*-)7)>?9/, &'
()2-)*+=)2.>?9/I,&*/,7'&1,-./,&-./'I,*&',-.>-,(&1)*)&*,&;/',/>%.
@&'-)&*, 9/22, /Z%9=2);/I, )*, -./)', '/2@/%-);/, &A*/'2B, TJ/)'2, &7, MB
0>?>9,;B,5@&=2/2,GB,>*(,QB,0>?>9I,gBQB,O&B,WU6Y!UI,d=9D,6WI,!""YBV
$'-B,\L\
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()2@=-/(,9&-,)*,W_\_,A)-.,-./,%&*2/*-,&7,.)2,7>-./'I,.>2,?//*,)*
@&22/22)&*, &7, -./, 9&-, 2)*%/, -./*, A)-., -./, c*&A9/(+/, &7, .)2, %&F
./)'2I, 2=%., /;/*, ?/7&'/, .)2, 7>-./', ()/(, )*, W_U\I, A./*, -./, %&F
&A*/'2.)@, A>2, %'/>-/(I, .)2, )*./')->*%/, &', 2.>'/, )*, -./, %&F
&A*/'2.)@, A>2, >9'/>(D, @>'-)%=9>'9D, (/2)+*>-/(, &', @.D2)%>99D
2/+'/+>-/(I, )-, A>2, ./9(3, 4Z, Z, Z, )-, A&=9(, .>;/, ?//*, ]=2-, >*(
/H=)->?9/, -&, .>;/, 2/+'/+>-/(, 2>)(, @&'-)&*, )*, .)2, 7>;&', >*(, *&&*/,>(]>%/*-,-&,)-ISS,>2,-./,2&*S2,2.>'/,)*,-./,)*./')->*%/B,B:9%,'C
Sources of co-ownership.
0&F&A*/'2.)@,1>D,?/,%'/>-/(,?D,>*D,&7,-./,7&99&A)*+,%>=2/23
TWV CD-(*$.3#(.-T$'-B,\_\I,@>'B,![,$'-B,W##UB!VI,2=%.,>2,A./*,-A&
@/'2&*2,2.>'/(,)*,@>D)*+,-./,@='%.>2/,@')%/,&7,>,@>'%/9,&7,9>*(
A)-., -./, >+'//1/*-, -&, ();)(/, -./, 9>*(, /H=>99D, ?/-A//*, -./1B
Tg>99/1)-,;B,E>?)9)'>*I,!",<.)9B,!\W,8W_WW:BV,EA&,@/'2&*2,.>;)*+
>,%&11&*,)*-/'/2-,)*,>,?=2)*/22,>'/,%&F&A*/'2,-./'/&7,A./*,*&
@>'-*/'2.)@,)2,7&'1/(,?/-A//*,-./1,T5>'>.,;B,G&@/eI,U,<.)9B,#L
8W_"Y:[,5-'>%.>*,N,l,0,M=''>D,;B,N1>9()I,!!,<.)9B,!_U,8W_W!:BV[
T!V CD, )#A7, 2=%., >2, )*, />2/1/*-, &7, @>'-D, A>992, T$'-B, YULBV[
>?2&9=-/,%&11=*)-D,&7,@'&@/'-D,?/-A//*,2@&=2/26,T$'-2B,LLI,_"I
h>1)9D,0&(/BVI,/-%B[
T6V CD,1+(("11%*$I,>2,)*,-./,%>2/,&7,./)'2,&7,=*();)(/(,@'&@F
/'-D,?/7&'/,@>'-)-)&*B,Td>;)/',;B,d>;)/'I,Y,<.)9B,\_U,8W_"Y:BV,b./'/
2&1/,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2,&7,>,@'&@/'-D,()/I,-./,./)'2,&7,-.&2/,A.&
!
$'-B, W##UB,$22&%)>-)&*2, >*(, 2&%)/-)/2I, A.&2/, >'-)%9/2, >'/, c/@-, 2/%'/-, >1&*+, -./
1/1?/'2I, >*(, A./'/)*, >*D, &*/, &7, -./, 1/1?/'2, 1>D, %&*-'>%-, )*, .)2, &A*, *>1/, A)-.
-.)'(,@/'2&*2I,2.>99,.>;/,*&,]=')()%>9,@/'2&*>9)-DI,>*(,2.>99,?/,+&;/'*/(,?D,-./,@'&;)F
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6
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-&, ?/, 9)H=)(>-/(I, @>'-)-)&*/(, >*(, ()2-')?=-/(, )2, -.>-, &7, /H=>9, %&F&A*/'2.)@B
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-./,@'&@/'-D,)2,/22/*-)>9B,E./,%9>)1,&7,%&F&A*/'2.)@,Z,Z,Z,)2,A)-.&=-,?>2)2,?/%>=2/,-./D
7>)9/(,-&,2=?2->*-)>-/,-./)',>99/+>-)&*,-.>-,-./D,%&*-')?=-/(,1&*/D,)*,-./,@='%.>2/,&7
-./,()2@=-/(,@'&@/'-)/2I,Z,Z,Z,-./,7>%-,-.>-,-./,%&*-'&;/'-/(,@'&@/'-D,A>2,-)-9/(,)*,-./
*>1/2,&7,-./,@>'-)/2,-&,>*,>(=9-/'&=2,'/9>-)&*2.)@,)2,*&-,2=77)%)/*-,@'&&7,&7,%&F&A*/'F
2.)@,>?2/*-,/;)(/*%/,&7,>%-=>9,%&*-')?=-)&*,)*,-./,>%H=)2)-)&*,&7,-./,@'&@/'-DB,T5>+=)(
;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,\"6,50Q$,Y#L,8!""6:BV
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2=';);/, T$9%>9>, ;B,$9%>9>I, 6U, <.)9B, Y#_, 8W_WY:[, 0)(, ;B, </'>9->I, !\
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T\V CD-."1.#6"$.#3=-,%15*1%.%*$-&',,*$#.%*$-%$."3-;%;*17,2=%.,>2
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@'&@/'-D,7&',>,%/'->)*,@/')&(,&7,-)1/,T2//,$'-B,\_\I,@>'B,6BV[
TUV CD,2*3.+%.*+1-";"$.-&',?D,(@#$("7-2=%.,>2,)*,%>2/2,&7,%&1F
1)Z-)&*, &', %&*7=2)&*, A.)%., ->c/2, @9>%/, ?D, >%%)(/*-, T$'-B, \#!BV
>*(,()2%&;/'D,&7,.)((/*,-'/>2='/,T$'-B,\6LBV[,>*(
TYV CD- *((+5#$(=7- 2=%., >2, A./*, -A&, @/'2&*2, %>-%., >, A)9(
>*)1>9, &', 7)2., )*, -./, &@/*, 2/>I, &', +>-./', 7&'/2-, @'&(=%-2B, T$'-B
#W!BV,J&A/;/'I,A./*,-./'/,)2,>*,/Z@'/22,&',)1@9)/(,>+'//1/*?/-A//*,-./1I,-./,%&F&A*/'2.)@,1>D,?/,2>)(,-&,>')2/,7'&1,%&*F
-'>%-, T2//, <=*2>9>*, ;B, C&&*, G)>-I, \\, <.)9B, 6!", 8W_!6:BVI, ?=-, -./
&A*/'2.)@,)2,>%H=)'/(,?D,&%%=@>-)&*B
Co-ownership distinguished from
joint ownership.
a*,$*+9&F$1/')%>*,9>AI,%&F&A*/'2.)@,1>D,>22=1/,()77/'/*7&'12,?D,;)'-=/,&7,-./,()77/'/*-,)*%)(/*-2,>-->%./(,-&,)-,?D,9>AB
E./,-A&,%.)/7,c)*(2,>'/,()2-)*+=)2./(,>2,&A*/'2.)@,)*,%&11&*
T>92&, %>99/(, 4-/*>*%D, )*, %&11&*SSV, >*(, ]&)*-, &A*/'2.)@, T>92&
%>99/(,4]&)*-,-/*>*%DSSVB,KA*/'2.)@,)*,%&11&*,)2,/H=);>9/*-,-&
%&F&A*/'2.)@,=*(/',-./,0);)9,0&(/B
E./,1&2-,)1@&'->*-,()77/'/*%/2,?/-A//*,-./,-A&,'/9>-/,-&,-./
7&99&A)*+3
TWV OA$"31@%5-*2-1@#3"',X,a*,-./,7)'2-I,/>%.,%&F&A*/'I,-&+/-./'
A)-., -./, &-./', T%&F&A*/', &', %&F&A*/'2VI, )2, -./, &A*/', &7, -./
A.&9/,=*();)(/(,-.)*+,&',')+.-,?=-,>-,-./,2>1/,-)1/,&7,.)2,&A*
)(/>9,@>'-,-./'/&7I,A.)9/,)*,-./,2/%&*(I,-./'/,)2,*&,>?2-'>%-,2.>'/
&A*/'2.)@,?D,-./,%&F&A*/'2I,-./,')+.-2,&7,-./,]&)*-,-/*>*-2,?/F
)*+,)*2/@>'>?9/,T>2,)7,-./D,>'/,&*/V[
T!V ?%15*1%.%*$-*2-1@#3"1'-E-$,]&)*-,-/*>*-I,=*9)c/,>,-/*>*-,)*
%&11&*I,)2,*&-,@/'1)--/(,-&,()2@&2/,&7,.)2,2.>'/,&',)*-/'/2-,)*
-./,@'&@/'-D,A)-.&=-,-./,%&*2/*-,&7,-./,&-./'2[
T6V D22"(.-*2-,"#.@'-E-a7,>,]&)*-,-/*>*-,()/2I,.)2,&A*/'2.)@,()/2
A)-.,.)1,>*(,)*2-/>(,&7,.)2,./)'2,)*./')-)*+,.)2,2.>'/I,>2,)*,&A*F
$'-B,\L\
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/'2.)@,)*,%&11&*I,-./,2=';);&'2,>'/,2=?'&+>-/(,-&,-./,')+.-2,&7
-./,(/%/>2/(,)11/()>-/9D,=@&*,-./,(/>-.,&7,-./,9>--/',?D,;)'-=/
&7,-./)',')+.-,&7,2=';);&'2.)@,&',L+1-#((3"1("$,%M->*(
T\V I"&#)-,%1#9%)%.=-*3-%$(#5#(%.='-E-E./,()2>?)9)-D,T"'&'7-1)*&'F
)-DV,&7,>,]&)*-,-/*>*-,)*='/2,-&,-./,?/*/7)-,&7,-./,&-./'2,7&',@='F
@&2/2, &7, @'/2%')@-)&*I, >*(I, -./'/7&'/I, @'/2%')@-)&*, A)99, *&-, '=*
>+>)*2-,-./,9>--/',A.&,%>*,)*;&c/,-./,()2>?)9)-D,>2,>,(/7/*2/B,T2//
E>+>'>&,;B,g>'%)>I,YW,<.)9B,U,8W_6\:[,G>D&*/2,;B,C&9);>'I,80B$B:,KBgB
85=@@B,\:I,O&B,LI,@B,WULBV,E.)2,)2,*&-,-'=/,)*,>,%&F&A*/'2.)@B
Co-ownership distinguished from
partnership.
5)*%/,%&F&A*/'2.)@,1>D,?/,%&*7=2/(,A)-.,@>'-*/'2.)@I,)-,)2
=2/7=9,-&,()2-)*+=)2.,&*/,7'&1,-./,&-./'B
E./D,()77/',>2,7&99&A2B
TWV 83"#.%*$'- E- 0&F&A*/'2.)@, 1>D, ?/, %'/>-/(, A)-.&=-, -./
7&'1>9)-)/2,&7,>,%&*-'>%-I,A.)9/,@>'-*/'2.)@,T/Z%/@-,%&*]=+>9,@>'-F
*/'2.)@V,%>*,?/,%'/>-/(,&*9D,?D,%&*-'>%-I,/Z@'/22,&',)1@9)/([
T!V H"31*$#)%.='- E- 0&F&A*/'2.)@, .>2, *&, ]=')()%>9, &', 9/+>9
@/'2&*>9)-DI,A.)9/,)*,@>'-*/'2.)@I,2=%.,]=')()%>9,@/'2&*>9)-D,()2F
-)*%-,7'&1,-./,@>'-*/'2,/Z)2-2[
T6V H+35*1"'-E-a*,%&F&A*/'2.)@I,-./,@='@&2/,)2,-./,%&99/%-);/
/*]&D1/*-, &7, -./, -.)*+, T&', ')+.-VI, A.)9/, )*, @>'-*/'2.)@I, )-, )2, -&
&?->)*,@'&7)-2[
T\V ?%15*1#)-*2-1@#3"'-E,$,%&F&A*/',%>*,()2@&2/,&7,.)2,2.>'/
A)-.&=-,-./,%&*2/*-,&7,-./,&-./'2,A)-.,-./,-'>*27/'//,>=-&1>-)F
%>99D,?/%&1)*+,>,%&F&A*/'I,A.)9/,>,@>'-*/'I,=*9/22,>=-.&')e/(I
%>**&-,(&,2&,>*(,2=?2-)-=-/,>*&-./',>2,>,@>'-*/',)*,.)2,@9>%/[
TUV !+.+#)-#&"$(='-E-a*,%&F&A*/'2.)@I,-./'/,)2,+/*/'>99D,*&
1=-=>9,'/@'/2/*->-)&*I,A.)9/,)*,@>'-*/'2.)@I,>,@>'-*/',%>*,+/*F
/'>99D,?)*(,-./,@>'-*/'2.)@[
TYV ?%1.3%9+.%*$-*2-53*2%.1'-E-a*,%&F&A*/'2.)@I,-./,()2-')?=-)&*
&7,@'&7)-2,1=2-,?/,@'&@&'-)&*>9,-&,-./,'/2@/%-);/,)*-/'/2-2,&7,-./
%&F&A*/'2I, A.)9/, )*, @>'-*/'2.)@I, -./, ()2-')?=-)&*, &7, @'&7)-2, )2
2=?]/%-,-&,-./,2-)@=9>-)&*,&7,-./,@>'-*/'2[
!6"
0KMMNOE5,$OP,0$5N5,KO,<QK<NQER
$'-B,\LU
T#V D22"(.-*2-,"#.@-*3-%$(#5#(%.='-E-$,%&F&A*/'2.)@,)2,*&-,()2F
2&9;/(, ?D, -./, (/>-., &', )*%>@>%)-D, &7, >, %&F&A*/'I, ?=-, 2=%., 7>%()22&9;/2,>,@>'-*/'2.)@[,>*(
TLV ?+3#.%*$'-E-a*,%&F&A*/'2.)@I,>*,>+'//1/*-,-&,c//@,-./
-.)*+,=*();)(/(,7&',>,@/')&(,&7,1&'/,-.>*,-/*,D/>'2,T>9-.&=+.
)-,1>D,?/,/Z-/*(/(,?D,>,*/A,>+'//1/*-V,)2,;&)(I,A.)9/,)*,@>'-F
*/'2.)@I,-./'/,1>D,?/,>+'//1/*-,>2,-&,>*D,(/7)*)-/,-/'1,A)-.F
&=-,9)1)-,2/-,?D,9>AB
Co-ownership distinguished from
easement.
E./,()2-)*%-)&*2,>'/3
TWV a*,%&F&A*/'2.)@I,-./'/,)2,)*,/>%.,%&F&A*/',>,')+.-,&7,(&F
1)*)&*,&;/',-./,A.&9/,@'&@/'-D,>*(,&;/',.)2,=*();)(/(,2.>'/I
A./'/>2,/>2/1/*-,)2,@'/%)2/9D,>,9)1)->-)&*,&*,-./,')+.-,&7,(&1)*F
)&*[,>*(
T!V a*, %&F&A*/'2.)@I, -./, ')+.-, &7, &A*/'2.)@, '/2-2, 2&9/9D, &*
/>%.,>*(,/;/'D,%&F&A*/',&;/',>,2)*+9/,&?]/%-I,A.)9/,)*,/>2/1/*-I
-./,')+.-,&7,(&1)*)&*,)2,)*,7>;&',&7,&*/,&',1&'/,@/'2&*2,>*(,&;/'
-A&,&',1&'/,()77/'/*-,-.)*+2B,T2//,6,M>*'/2>,6_!BV
Art. 485. The share of the co-owners, in the benefits
as well as in the charges, shall be proportional to their
respective interests. Any stipulation in a contract to the
contrary shall be void.
The portions belonging to the co-owners in the coownership shall be presumed equal, unless the contrary
is proved. (393a)
Share of co-owners in benefits
and charges.
$2,@'&;)(/(,>?&;/I,)-,2.>99,?/,@'&@&'-)&*>9,-&,-./,'/2@/%-);/
)*-/'/2-2, &7, />%.B, E.=2I, )7, &*/S2, )*-/'/2-, )*, -./, %&F&A*/'2.)@, )2
Wn\I,.)2,2.>'/,)*,-./,?/*/7)-2,>2,A/99,>2,)*,-./,%.>'+/2,)2,>92&,Wn
\B,E./,>%%'/-)&*,>((/(,-&,>*D,@&'-)&*,&7,9>*(,&A*/(,)*,%&11&*
2.>99,?/*/7)-,-./,%&F&A*/'2,)*,-./,2>1/,@'&@&'-)&*[,)7,)-,2=77/'2
()1)*=-)&*I,-./D,2.>99,.>;/,-&,2.>'/I,-&&I,-./,2>1/,)*,>%%&'(>*%/
A)-.,-./)',)*-/'/2-2B,TE>'*>-/,;B,E>'*>-/I,80B$B:,\Y,KBgB,\6_#BV
$'-B,\LU
0KFKbONQ5Ja<
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E./,)*-/'/2-2,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2,>'/,@'/2=1/(,/H=>9,=*9/22,-./
%&*-'>'D,)2,@'&;/(B
aGG^5EQ$EafN,0$5N53
WB 8*F*A$"3-A#1-*3,"3",-9=-.@"-(*+3.-.*-#((*+$.-2*3-.@"-*$"F@#)2
9")*$&%$&-.*-.@"-*.@"3-(*F*A$"3,23*6-1#)"-*2-2%1@"1'
P#(.1K,E.)2,%>2/,)*;&9;/2,>*,>%%&=*-)*+,?/-A//*,(/7/*(>*-,G
>*(,>@@/99>*-,0B,G,A>2,&'(/'/(,?D,-./,9&A/',%&='-,-&,>%%&=*-,-&
EI,@'/(/%/22&',&7,0I,7&',Wn!,&7,-./,@'&%//(2,&7,-./,2>9/,&7,7)2./2,)*
>,7)2./'D,&7,A.)%.,G,>*(,E,A/'/,&A*/'2,)*,=*();)(/(,)*-/'/2-2B,E./
&'(/','/7/''/(,-&,A>2,2&,A&'(/(,>2,-&,'/H=)'/,G,-&,@>D,E,4-./,&*/F
.>97,?/9&*+)*+,-&,-./,9>--/'SS,&7,-./,2>9/,&7,7)2./2,&*,2>)(,7)2./'DB
:11+"K- b./-./', -./, &*/F.>97, TWn!V, &7, -./, )*%&1/, 7&', A.)%., G
2.&=9(,>%%&=*-,A>2,-./,+'&22,)*%&1/,&',-./,*/-,)*%&1/o
J"),K,O/-,)*%&1/B,4E.)2,%&*%9=2)&*,.>2,-./,1/')-,&7,?/)*+,*&&*9D,]=2-,>2,>@@9)/(,-&,-./,@>'-)%=9>',7>%-2,&7,-.)2,%>2/I,?=-,)-,)2,)*
%&*7&'1)-D, A)-., -./, @')*%)@9/, +&;/'*)*+, -./, >%%&=*->*%D, >2, ?/F
-A//*,-/*>*-,0I,)*,%&11&*,=*(/',$'-)%9/,6_6,8*&A,$'-B,\LUB:,&7
-./,0);)9,0&(/B,$,]=(+1/*-,'/H=)')*+,>*,&A*/',&7,>*,=*();)(/(
.>97,)*-/'/2-,)*,>,7)2./'D,-&,>%%&=*-,-&,.)2,%&F&A*/',7&',&*/F.>97,&7
-./, ;>9=/, &7, -./, 7)2./2, 2&9(, -./'/7'&1, )2, @'&@/'9D, )*-/'@'/-/(, >2
'/H=)')*+,-./,>%%&=*->*-,-&,>%%&=*-,7&',-./,*/-,@'&%//(2I,>*(,*&-./,+'&22,@'&%//(2I,(/');/(,7'&1,-./,2>9/2,&7,-./,7)2./2BSS-B8#9%&#*
;'-I%67-QR-H@%)'-STU-VWXTYZ'C
pppppppppp,pppppppppp,pppppppppp
!B :.-,*"1-$*.-#55"#3-@*A-6+(@-.@"-(*F*A$"31-(*$.3%9+.",-%$-.@"
#(0+%1%.%*$-*2-("3.#%$-L"A")3=-.@"=-*3,"3",-6#,"-A%.@-.@"%3-*A$-6*$"='
P#(.1K- E./, &?]/%-, &7, -.)2, >%-)&*, )2, -&, '/%&;/', @&22/22)&*, >*(
%=2-&(D,&7,%/'->)*,]/A/9'D,A.)%.,2)Z,@)&=2,A&1/*,&7,<>+2>*]>*I
*>1/(, $I, CI, 0I, PI, N, >*(, h, .>(, &'(/'/(, 1>(/, A)-., -./)', &A*
1&*/D,-&,>(&'*,-./,a1>+/,&7,K=',G>(D,&7,g=>(>9=@/B
<9>)*-)772, >'/, hI, &*/, &7, -./, 2)ZI, >*(, -./, ./)'2, &7,$I, C, >*(, 0B
P/7/*(>*-2, >'/, -./, ./)'2, &7, P, >*(, NB, E./, 2>)(, ]/A/92, A/'/, 7)'2@9>%/(,=*(/',-./,%=2-&(D,&7,NB,^@&*,-./,9>--/'S2,(/>-.I,-./D,A/'/
-'>*27/''/(, -&, -./, %=2-&(D, &7, N, >*(, 9>-/', -&, ;>')&=2, (/2%/*(>*-2
&7,./'2,)*,2=%%/22)&*,=*-)9,-./,2>1/,%>1/,)*-&,-./,@&22/22)&*,>*(
%=2-&(D,&7,(/7/*(>*-,PB,E./,]/A/92,.>;/,>9A>D2,?//*,=2/(,7&',-./
@='@&2/,7&',A.)%.,-./D,.>(,?//*,1>(/B
!6!
0KMMNOE5,$OP,0$5N5,KO,<QK<NQER
$'-B,\LY
$7-/'A>'(2I,A./*,(/7/*(>*-,P,A>*-/(,-&,1>c/,-./,0>-.&9)%
C)2.&@,&7,G)@>,-./,%=2-&()>*,&7,-./,2>1/I,@9>)*-)772,&?]/%-/(,>*(
(/2)+*>-/(,@9>)*-)77,h,-./,%=2-&()>*,-./'/&7B,E./*,-./D,?'&=+.-,-.)2
>%-)&*B
E./,-')>9,%&='-,'/*(/'/(,]=(+1/*-,>+>)*2-,(/7/*(>*-2I,(/%9>'F
)*+,-.>-,)*>21=%.,>2,-./,@9>)*-)772,>'/,-./,&A*/'2,&7,\nY,@>'-2,53*
%$,%;%1*-&7,-./,]/A/92,)*,H=/2-)&*,>*(,(/7/*(>*-2,&*9D,&7,!nY,@>'-2
&7,-./,2>1/I,-./,@9>)*-)772,.>;/,-./,')+.-,-&,(/-/'1)*/,A.&,2.&=9(
?/, /*-'=2-/(, A)-., -./)', %=2-&(DB, <9>)*-)772, .>;)*+, %.&2/*, hI, -./
%&='-,&'(/'/(,(/7/*(>*-2,-&,(/9);/',-./,]/A/9'D,-&,./'B,h'&1,-.)2
]=(+1/*-I,(/7/*(>*-2,>@@/>9/(B
:11+"K, J>;/, -./, @9>)*-)772, -./, ')+.-, -&, (/-/'1)*/, A.&, 2.&=9(
?/,/*-'=2-/(,A)-.,-./,%=2-&(D,&7,-./,]/A/92o
J"),K,R/2B, 4a-, *&-, >@@/>')*+, -.>-, 2)Z, &')+)*>9, &A*/'2, ()(, *&%&*-')?=-/, -&, -./, >%H=)2)-)&*, &7, 2>)(, ]/A/9'D, )*, -./, 2>1/, @'&@&'F
-)&*I,-./,1&2-,'/>2&*>?9/,%&*%9=2)&*,X,>*(,-.)2,)2,2=@@&'-/(,?D
-./,@'/2=1@-)&*,&7,9>A,X,)2,-.>-,>99,&7,-./1,%&*-')?=-/(,@'&@&'F
-)&*>-/9D,-&,-./,%&2-,&7,2>)(,]/A/9'DI,/>%.,&*/,@>D)*+,>*,/H=>9,2.>'/B
a7,-.)2,)2,-'=/I,-./*,A/,1=2-,>%%/@-,-./,%&*%9=2)&*,&7,-./,%&='-,-.>-./, >@@/99//2, >'/, -./, &A*/'2, &7, \nY, &7, 2>)(, ]/A/92I, >*(, -.>-, -./
>@@/99>*-2,>'/,&*9D,-./,&A*/'2,&7,-./,'/1>)*)*+,!nYBSS,BI#;#,%#-;'
8*16"7-US-H@%)'-WX[-VWXRWZ'C
Contrary stipulation in a contract.
$*D, 2-)@=9>-)&*, )*, >, %&*-'>%-, 1>c)*+, -./, 2.>'/, )*, -./, ?/*F
/7)-2,&',%.>'+/2,()2@'&@&'-)&*>9,-&,-./,'/2@/%-);/,)*-/'/2-2,&7,-./
%&F&A*/'2,)2,(/%9>'/(,;&)(,?/%>=2/,2=%.,>,2-)@=9>-)&*,)2,%&*-'>'D
-&,-./,/22/*%/,&7,>,%&F&A*/'2.)@B
O&-/I, .&A/;/'I, -.>-,$'-)%9/, \LU, 2@/>c2, &7, 42-)@=9>-)&*, )*, >
%&*-'>%-BSS,E./'/7&'/I,)7,-./,%&F&A*/'2.)@,)2,%'/>-/(,&-./',-.>*,?D
>,%&*-'>%-I,2=%.,>2,?D,A)99,&',?D,(&*>-)&*I,-./,2.>'/,&7,-./,%&F
&A*/'2, *//(, *&-, ?/, @'&@&'-)&*>-/, -&, -./)', '/2@/%-);/, )*-/'/2-2B
E./'/,)2,*&,'/>2&*I,7&',/Z>1@9/I,A.D,-./,-/2->-&',&',(&*&',%>*F
*&-,@'&;)(/,7&','=9/2,-&,+&;/'*,-&,>,%/'->)*,/Z-/*-,>,%&F&A*/'F
2.)@,%'/>-/(,?D,.)1B
Art. 486. Each co-owner may use the thing owned in
common, provided he does so in accordance with the
purpose for which it is intended and in such a way as
$'-B,\LY
0KFKbONQ5Ja<
!66
not to injure the interest of the co-ownership or prevent
the other co-owners from using it according to their
rights. The purpose of the co-ownership may be changed
by agreement, express or implied. (394a)
Limitations on co-owner’s right
of use.
E./, >?&;/, @'&;)2)&*, 9)1)-2, -./, ')+.-, &7, />%., %&F&A*/', -&
1>c/,=2/,&7,-./,-.)*+,&A*/(,)*,%&11&*B,N>%.,%&F&A*/',1>D
=2/,-./,-.)*+,&A*/(,)*,%&11&*,@'&;)(/(,./,(&/2,2&3
TWV :$-#((*3,#$("-A%.@-.@"-5+35*1"-2*3-A@%(@-.@"-(*F*A$"31@%5-%1
%$."$,",', X, E&, (/-/'1)*/, 2>)(, @='@&2/I, '/2&'-, 1=2-, ?/, .>(, -&
-./,>+'//1/*-I,/Z@'/22,&',)1@9)/(I,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2I,>*(,)*,-./
>?2/*%/,-./'/&7I,)-,)2,-&,?/,=*(/'2-&&(,-.>-,-./,-.)*+,)2,)*-/*(/(
7&', -.>-, =2/, 7&', A.)%., )-, )2, &'()*>')9D, >(>@-/(, >%%&'()*+, -&, )-2
*>-='/B,a7,>,-.)*+,.>2,?//*,@'/;)&=29D,=2/(,7&',>,@>'-)%=9>',@='F
@&2/I, )-, )2, @'/2=1/(, -.>-, 2=%., )2, -./, @='@&2/, )*-/*(/(, ?D, -./
@>'-)/2B,T6,M>*'/2>,\\"F\\WBV
E./,%&F&A*/'2,>'/,7'//,-&,%.>*+/,-./,@='@&2/,&7,-./,%&F&A*F
/'2.)@, ?D, >+'//1/*-I, /Z@'/22, &', )1@9)/(B, T!*(, 2/*-/*%/BV, 0&*F
2/H=/*-9DI,)*,-./,>?2/*%/,&7,>+'//1/*-I,/Z@'/22,&',)1@9)/(I,1/'/
-&9/'>*%/,&*,-./,@>'-,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2,%>**&-,?/,)*;&c/(,?D,>
%&F&A*/',-&,9/+>9)e/,>,%.>*+/,)*,-./,=2/,&7,-./,-.)*+,&A*/(,)*
%&11&*,>%%&'()*+,-&,-./,@='@&2/,7&',A.)%.,)-,)2,)*-/*(/([,*/)F
-./', %>*, @'/2%')@-)&*, ?/, )*;&c/(, ?D, >, %&F&A*/', -&, /2->?9)2., >
')+.-,-&,2=%.,()77/'/*-,=2/,?/%>=2/,@'/2%')@-)&*,%>**&-,?/,?>2/(
&*, >%-2, &7, 1/'/, -&9/'>*%/, ?D, -./, &-./', %&F&A*/'2, T6, M>*'/2>
\\6BV[
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Art. 487. Anyone of the co-owners may bring an
action in ejectment. (n)
Action in ejectment.
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Art. 488. Each co-owner shall have a right to compel
the other co-owners to contribute to the expenses of
preservation of the thing or right owned in common and
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to the taxes. Anyone of the latter may exempt himself
from this obligation by renouncing so much of his undivided interest as may be equivalent to his share of the
expenses and taxes. No such waiver shall be made if it
is prejudicial to the co-ownership. (395a)
Obligation to contribute to expenses
of preservation and to taxes.
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Renunciation by a co-owner of his
share in the co-ownership.
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Art. 489. Repairs for preservation may be made at the
will of one of the co-owners, but he must, if practicable,
first notify his co-owners of the necessity for such repairs. Expenses to improve or embellish the thing shall
be decided upon by a majority as determined in Article
492. (n)
Necessity for agreement on expenses.
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Art. 490. Whenever the different stories of a house
belong to different owners, if the titles of ownership do
not specify the terms under which they should contribute to the necessary expenses and there exists no agreement on the subject, the following rules shall be
observed:
(1) The main and party walls, the roof and the other
things used in common, shall be preserved at the
expense of all the owners in proportion to the value of
the story belonging to each;
(2) Each owner shall bear the cost of maintaining the
floor of his story; the floor of the entrance, front door,
common yard and sanitary works common to all shall be
maintained at the expense of all the owners pro rata;
(3) The stairs from the entrance to the first story
shall be maintained at the expense of all the owners pro
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rata, with the exception of the owner of the ground floor;
the stairs from the first to the second story shall be preserved at the expense of all, except the owner of the
ground floor and the owner of the first story; and so on
successively. (396)
Different stories of a house belonging
to different owners.
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Art. 491. None of the co-owners shall without the
consent of the others, make alterations in the thing
owned in common, even though benefits for all would
result therefrom. However, if the withholding of the consent by one or more of the co-owners is clearly prejudicial to the common interest, the courts may afford
adequate relief. (397a)
Necessity of consent of other co-owners
for alterations.
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Art. 492. For the administration and better enjoyment
of the thing owned in common, the resolutions of the
majority of the co-owners shall be binding.
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There shall be no majority unless the resolution is
approved by the co-owners who represent the controlling interest in the object of the co-ownership.
Should there be no majority, or should the resolution
of the majority be seriously prejudicial to those interested
in the property owned in common, the court, at the instance of an interested party, shall order such measures
as it may deem proper, including the appointment of an
administrator.
Whenever a part of the thing belongs exclusively to
one of the co-owners, and the remainder is owned in
common, the preceding provisions shall apply only to the
part owned in common. (398)
Rules for acts of administration
and better enjoyment.
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Art. 493. Each co-owner shall have the full ownership
of his part and of the fruits and benefits pertaining
thereto, and he may therefore alienate, assign or mortgage it, and even substitute another person in its enjoyment, except when personal rights are involved. But the
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effect of the alienation or the mortgage, with respect to
the co-owners, shall be limited to the portion which may
be allotted to him in the division upon the termination
of the co-ownership. (399)
Rights of each co-owner.
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Sale or mortgage of common property.
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Art. 494. No co-owner shall be obliged to remain in
the co-ownership. Each co-owner may demand at any
time the partition of the thing owned in common, insofar as his share is concerned.
Nevertheless, an agreement to keep the thing undivided for a certain period of time, not exceeding ten
years, shall be valid. This term may be extended by a new
agreement.
A donor or testator may prohibit partition for a
period which shall not exceed twenty years.
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No prescription shall run in favor of a co-owner or coheir against his co-owners or co-heirs so long as he
expressly or impliedly recognizes the co-ownership. (400a)
Termination of co-ownership.
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-./,>%-)&*,)*2-)-=-/(,?D,-./,9>--/',2//c)*+,>,(/%9>'>-)&*,&7,-./
/Z)2-/*%/,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2.)@,>*(,&7,-./)',')+.-2,-./'/=*(/'B
T<>i+>*,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,WYY,50Q$,6#U,8W_LL:[,5>9;>(&'
;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,Y",50$P,6"6I,!\6,50Q$,!6_,8W__U:BV
Art. 495. Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding article, the co-owners cannot demand a physical
division of the thing owned in common, when to do so
would render it unserviceable for the use for which it is
intended. But the co-ownership may be terminated in
accordance with Article 498. (401a)
Where partition will render thing
unserviceable.
$'-)%9/,\_U,(/*)/2,-&,>,%&F&A*/',-./,')+.-,-&,(/1>*(,>,@.D2)F
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)?9/, T"'&BI, %>'I, @)>*&V, A./*, -&, (&, 2&, %&=9(, '/*(/', )-, =*2/';)%/F
>?9/,7&',-./,=2/,7&',A.)%.,)-,)2,)*-/*(/(B,a-,(&/2,*&-,@'/;/*-,-./
-/'1)*>-)&*,&7,-./,%&F&A*/'2.)@,2=%.,>2,-./,>22)+*1/*-,&7,-./
-.)*+,-&,&*/,&7,-./1,&',-./,2>9/,&7,-./,-.)*+,>*(,-./,()2-')?=-)&*
&7,-./,@'&%//(2,>2,@'&;)(/(,)*,$'-)%9/,\_LB
Art. 496. Partition may be made by agreement between the parties or by judicial proceedings. Partition
shall be governed by the Rules of Court insofar as they
are consistent with this Code. (402)
Purpose and effect of partition.
a-,)2,?>2)%,-.>-,>*,>%-)&*,7&',@>'-)-)&*,)1@9)/2,-.>-,-./,2=?]/%@'&@/'-D,)2,2-)99,&A*/(,)*,%&11&*B,TQ/@=?9)%,;B,C>9->e>'FQ>1)'/eI
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TWV <>'-)-)&*,.>2,7&',)-2,@='@&2/,-./,2/@>'>-)&*I,();)2)&*,>*(
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)-,1>D,?/9&*+B,a*,&-./',A&'(2I,)-2,@='@&2/,)2,-&,@=-,>*,/*(,-&,%&F
&A*/'2.)@B,N;/'D,>%-,)*-/*(/(,-&,@=-,>*,/*(,-&,)*();)2)&*,>1&*+
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2/*2/I,*&,9&*+/',/Z)2-2B,T5>9>->*(>9,;B,Q/-/2I,WY!,50Q$,UYL,8W_LL:BV
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)*+,-&,/>%.,&*/,>,')+.-,-&,/*]&D,.)2,/2->-/,A)-.&=-,2=@/';)2)&*
&',)*-/'7/'/*%/,7'&1,-./,&-./'2B,TO&%/(>,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,WWW
50$P,Y\WI,6W6,50Q$,U"\,8W___:[,G&@/e,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,6_L
50Q$,UU",8!""6:BV
Action for partition.
TWV $*,>%-)&*,7&',@>'-)-)&*,1>D,?/,2//*,-&,@'/2/*-,2)1=9->F
*/&=29D,-A&,@')*%)@>9,)22=/23,2%31.I,A./-./',-./,@9>)*-)77,)2,)*(//(
>,%&F&A*/'[,>*(,1"(*$,I,>22=1)*+,./,2=%%/227=99D,.='(9/2,-./,7)'2)22=/I,-./'/,)2,-./,2/%&*(>'D,)22=/,&7,.&A,-./,@'&@/'-D,)2,-&,?/
();)(/(I,%'"'7,A.>-,@&'-)&*,2.&=9(,+&,-&,A.)%.,%&F&A*/'B
T!V h=*%-)&*>99DI,>*,>%-)&*,7&',@>'-)-)&*,1>D,?/,2//*,-&,?/,>&*%/, >*, >%-)&*, 7&', (/%9>'>-)&*, &7, %&F&A*/'2.)@, &7, -./, 2=?]/%@'&@/'-D,>*(,7&',2/+'/+>-)&*,>*(,%&*;/D>*%/,&7,>,(/-/'1)*>-/
@&'-)&*, &7, -./, @'&@/'-D, )*;&9;/(B,$, %&F&A*/', %>*, ;>9)(9D, 2//c
-./, @>'-)-)&*, &7, -./, @'&@/'-D, )*, %&F&A*/'2.)@, >*(, -./, %&*;/DF
>*%/,-&,.)1,&7,.)2,9>A7=9,2.>'/B,J/,)2,*&-,'/H=)'/(,-&,7)9/,>*&-./'
>%-)&*I,2/@>'>-/,>*(,)*(/@/*(/*-,7'&1,-.>-,&7,@>'-)-)&*,&')+)*>99D
)*2-)-=-/(B, <=?9)%, @&9)%D, >?.&'2, 1=9-)@9)%)-D, &7, >%-)&*2B, TQ&H=/
;B, a*-/'1/()>-/, $@@/99>-/, 0&='-I, WYU, 50Q$, WWL, 8W_LL:[, 2//
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P/, P>77&*, ;B, 0&='-, &7,$@@/>92I, 6L#, 50Q$, \!#, 8!""!:[, C>9&, ;B
0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,\#W,50Q$,!!#,8!""U:BV
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A)99,*&-,9)/,)7,-./,%9>)1>*-,.>2,*&,')+.-7=9,)*-/'/2-,&;/',-./,2=?F
]/%-,@'&@/'-DB,T2//,Q=9/2,&7,0&='-I,Q=9/,Y_I,5/%B,WBV,a-,A&=9(,?/
@'/1>-='/,7&',>,%&='-,-&,)22=/,>*,&'(/',-&,();)(/,>,@'&@/'-D,=*-)9
>*(,=*9/22,)-,7)'2-,1>c/2,>,(/-/'1)*>-)&*,>2,-&,-./,/Z)2-/*%/,&7
!Y!
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$'-B,\_Y
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6"_,50Q$,U!_,8W___:[,J/)'2,&7,0B,f/9>2H=/e,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I
6!U,50Q$,UU!,8!""":[,K%>1@&,;B,K%>1@&I,\!#,50Q$,U\U,8!""\:[
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&7,&A*/'2.)@,&',%&F&A*/'2.)@,1=2-,7)'2-,?/,'/2&9;/(,)*,&'(/',-&
/77/%-, >, @>'-)-)&*, &7, @'&@/'-)/2B, TQ/D/2FP/, G/&*, ;B, P/9, Q&2>')&I
\6U,50Q$,!6!,8!""\:[,g>')*+>*,;B,g>')*+>*I,\UU,50Q$,\L",8!""U:BV
b./-./', -./, >%-)&*, 7&', @>'-)-)&*, )2, ()21)22/(, &', @>'-)-)&*
>*(n&',>%%&=*-)*+,)2,(/%'//(I,-./,&'(/',)2,>,7)*>9,&*/,>*(,1>D
?/, >@@/>9/(, ?D, >*D, @>'-D, >++')/;/(, -./'/?D[, &-./'A)2/I, )-, ?/F
%&1/2,7)*>9,>*(,/Z/%=-&'DB,TM>+9=%&-F$A,;B,M>+9=%&-I,6!_,50Q$
#L,8!""":BV
How partition effected.
<>'-)-)&*I,A./*,@'&@/',T%'"'7->,%&F&A*/'2.)@,)*,7>%-,/Z)2-2,>*(
@>'-)-)&*,*&-,&-./'A)2/,9/+>99D,@'&2%')?/(VI,1>D,?/,/77/%-/(,/ZF
-'>]=()%)>99D,@='2=>*-,-&,>*,>+'//1/*-,&',]=()%)>99D,?D,]=()%)>9
@'&%//()*+2,=*(/',Q=9/,Y_,&7,-./,Q=9/2,&7,0&='-B,a-,1>D,?/,/7F
7/%-/(,)*,%&*2/H=/*%/,&7,>,2=)-,-.'&=+.,>,2/--9/1/*-,?/-A//*,-./
@>'-)/2,A)-.,-./,>@@'&;>9,&7,>,%&1@/-/*-,%&='-B,TQ&*,;B,M&])%>I
L,<.)9B,6!L,8W_"#:BV
TWV b./*, ]=()%)>9, ()2%'/-)&*, )2, %>99/(, =@&*, -&, 1>c/, =@, 7&'
-./,9>%c,&7,>+'//1/*-,?/-A//*,-./,@>'-)/2I,-./,%&='-2,1=2-,%&*F
2)(/',>*(,'/2@/%-,-./,)*-/'/2-2,&7,>99,-./,@>'-)/2I,>*(,>(&@-,-.>7&'1,&7,@>'-)-)&*,*/>'/2-,-&,>?2&9=-/,/H=)-D,>*(,1&2-,%&*2&*>*A)-., '/>2&*, >*(, ]=2-)%/B, Tg&;/'*1/*-, &7, -./, <.)9)@@)*/2, ;B
$?>()99>I,U6,<.)9B,!6,8W_!_:BV
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W"
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)*;&9;/(B,a7,-./,(/7/*(>*-,%9>)12,/Z%9=2);/,&A*/'2.)@I,-./,>%-)&*,?/%&1/2,&*/,7&','/F
%&;/'D,&7,@'&@/'-DB,TP/,G>,0'=e,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,\W!,50Q$,!L!,8!""6:BV,$,%>2/,7&'
@>'-)-)&*, ?D, r, A./'/, R, 2/-, =@, -./, (/7/*2/, &7, 2&9/, (&1)*)=1, &7, -./, @'&@/'-D, >*(, >*
>%-)&*,?D,R,7&',H=)/-)*+,&7,-)-9/,7&',-./,2&9/,@='@&2/,&7,%9>)1)*+,7&',.)12/97,/Z%9=2);/
&A*/'2.)@,.>;/,)(/*-)%>9,%>=2/2,&7,>%-)&*,>*(,%>*I,-./'/7&'/I,%>*,?/,-./,2=?]/%-,&7,3"1
L+,%(#.#',TJ/)'2,&7,dB,g>=()/*/,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,\!U,50Q$,!_U,8!""\:BV
$'-B,\_Y
0KFKbONQ5Ja<
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?D, -./, @>'-)/2B, b./*, -./, @>'-)/2, >'/, =*>?9/, -&, >+'//, =@&*, -./
@>'-)-)&*,&'(/'/(,?D,-./,%&='-I,)-,2.>99,?/,/77/%-/(,7&',-./,@>'-)/2
?D,-./,%&='-,A)-.,-./,>22)2->*%/,&7,*&-,1&'/,-.>*,-.'//,T6V,%&1F
1)22)&*/'2B, TP/, M/2>, ;B, 0&='-, &7,$@@/>92I, U", 50$P, W6_I, !6W
50Q$,##6,8W__\:BV
T6V $, @>'-D, %>**&-I, )*, 9>A, >*(, )*, +&&(, %&*2%)/*%/I, ?/, >9F
9&A/(, -&, '/>@, -./, 7'=)-2, &7, >, @>'-)-)&*, >+'//1/*-, &', ]=(+1/*>*(,'/@=()>-/,A.>-,(&/2,*&-,2=)-,.)1B,`=/2-)&*2,&7,@&22/22)&*
>*(, &A*/'2.)@, &;/', -./, @'&@/'-D, %&;/'/(, ?D, -./, @>'-)-)&*, >'/
+/*/'>99D,%&*%9=(/(,?D,-./,@>'-)-)&*,>*(,?/%&1/,>,%9&2/(,1>-F
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T\V ^*(/',$'-)%9/,W"L!,&7,-./,0);)9,0&(/I,4/;/'D,>%-,A.)%.,)2
)*-/*(/(,-&,@=-,>*,/*(,-&,)*();)2)&*,>1&*+,%&F./)'2,>*(,9/+>F
-//2,&',(/;)2//2,)2,(//1/(,-&,?/,>,@>'-)-)&*,>9-.&=+.,)-,2.&=9(
@='@&'-,-&,?/,>,2>9/I,>*,/Z%.>*+/I,>,%&1@'&1)2/I,&',>*D,&-./'
-'>*2>%-)&*BSS,T2//,5>*%./e,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,L#,50$P,\Y6I,!#_
50Q$,Y\#,8W__#:[,$?>')*-&2,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,WW6,50$P,6!!I
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8!""":BV
TUV $,%&='-,1>D,*&-,&'(/',@>'-)-)&*,&7,-./,/2->-/,&7,>,(/%/(/*)*, >*, >%-)&*, 7&', H=)/-)*+, -)-9/B, ^*(/', -./, 9>AI, @>'-)-)&*, &7, -./
/2->-/,1>D,&*9D,?/,/77/%-/(3,T>V,?D,-./,./)'2,-./12/9;/2,/Z-'>]=F
()%)>99DI,T?V,?D,-./,%&='-,)*,>*,&'()*>'D,>%-)&*,7&',@>'-)-)&*,&',)*
-./,%&='2/,&7,>(1)*)2-'>-)&*,@'&%//()*+2I,T%V,?D,-./,-/2->-&',.)1F
2/97,?D,>*,>%-,%$."3-;%;*1I,&',T(V,?D,>,-.)'(,@/'2&*,(/2)+*>-/(,?D
-./,-/2->-&'B,T$9/]>*(')*&,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,_L,50$P,\#!I,!_U
50Q$,U6Y,8W__L:BV
TYV <>'-)-)&*,1>D,?/,)*7/''/(,7'&1,%)'%=12->*%/2,2=77)%)/*-9D
2-'&*+,-&,2=@@&'-,-./,@'/2=1@-)&*B,E.=2I,>7-/',>,9&*+,@&22/22)&*
)*,2/;/'>9-DI,>,@>'-)-)&*,/)-./',?D,(//(,&',?D,@'&%//()*+2,)*,-./
@'&?>-/,%&='-,1>D,?/,@'/2=1/(B,TM>+9=%&-F$A,;B,M>+9=%&-I,W!6
50$P,L6!I,6!_,50Q$,#L,8!""":BV
Rules governing partition.
<>'-)-)&*, )2, +&;/'*/(, @')1>')9D, ?D, -./, 0);)9, 0&(/, >*(
2=@@9/-&')9D, ?D, -./, @/'-)*/*-, @'&;)2)&*2, &7, -./, Q=9/2, &7, 0&='-B
!Y\
0KMMNOE5,$OP,0$5N5,KO,<QK<NQER
$'-B,\_Y
E./,'=9/2,'/9>-)*+,-&,]=()%)>9,@>'-)-)&*,&7,'/>9,@'&@/'-D,>'/,*&A
7&=*(,)*,Q=9/,Y_,&7,-./,Q=9/2,&7,0&='-B,$*,>%-)&*,7&',@>'-)-)&*
>*(,>%%&=*-)*+,=*(/',Q=9/,6_,)2,)*,-./,*>-='/,&7,>*,>%-)&*,0+#1%
%$-3"6'-Tf>91&*-/,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,Y#,50$P,Y#I,!U!,50Q$
_!,8W__Y:BV
a-,.>2,?//*,./9(,-.>-,-./,1/'/,7>%-,-.>-,-./,>%-)&*,7)9/(,?D,-./
@>'-)/2,)2,7&',4Q/%&*;/D>*%/,>*(,P>1>+/2SS,>*(,4-./,%&1@9>)*(&/2,*&-,2@/%)7)%>99D,2//c,@>'-)-)&*,(&/2,*&-,@'/%9=(/,-./,%&='7'&1,%&*2)(/')*+,@>'-)-)&*,>2,>,'/1/(D,=*(/',$'-)%9/,\_\,)*,;)/A
&7,-./,7>%-,-.>-,-./,%&1@9>)*-,8A./'/)*,@9>)*-)772,%&*-/*(,-.>-,-./D
>'/,@'&F)*();)2&,&A*/'2,&7,-./,9&-,)*,H=/2-)&*:,>*(,-./,/;)(/*%/
2.&A2, -.>-, -./, '/9)/7, +'>*-/(, ?D, -./, 2>)(, >'-)%9/, )2, >;>)9>?9/, -&
-./,@9>)*-)772,B,B,B,&*,-./,+'&=*(,&7,/H=)-D,>*(,7&',-./,@='@&2/,&7
>;&)()*+,1=9-)@9)%)-D,&7,2=)-2,&*,-./,2>1/,2=?]/%-,1>--/'BSS,TJ/)'2
&7,CB,a*7>*-/,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,WY!,50Q$,\6W,8W_LL:BV
Application of the Statute
of Frauds.
E./,5->-=-/,&7,h'>=(2,(&/2,*&-,>@@9D,-&,@>'-)-)&*,?/%>=2/,))2,*&-,9/+>99D,(//1/(,>,%&*;/D>*%/,&',>,2>9/,&7,@'&@/'-D,T2//,$'-B
W\"68!I,>:BV,'/2=9-)*+,)*,%.>*+/,&7,&A*/'2.)@,?=-,2)1@9D,>,2/+F
'/+>-)&*,>*(,(/2)+*>-)&*,&7,-.>-,@>'-,&7,-./,@'&@/'-D,A.)%.,?/F
9&*+2, -&, />%., &7, -./, %&F&A*/'2B, Tf(>B, (/, N2@)*>, ;B,$?>D>I, W_Y
50Q$, 6W!, 8W__W:[, <>(>Fj)9>')&, ;B, 0&='-, &7,$@@/>92I, WWL, 50$P
\!#I,6!!,50Q$,\LW,8!""":BV,<>'-)-)&*,)2I,-./'/7&'/I,;>9)(,>*(,/*F
7&'%/>?9/,>9-.&=+.,1>(/,&'>99D,A./'/,*&,-.)'(,@/'2&*2,>'/,)*F
;&9;/(B
K*,+/*/'>9,@')*%)@9/I,)*(/@/*(/*-,>*(,)*,2@)-/,&7,-./,5->-F
=-/,&7,h'>=(2I,%&='-2,&7,/H=)-D,.>;/,/*7&'%/(,&'>9,@>'-)-)&*,A./*
)-, .>2, ?//*, %&1@9/-/9D, &', @>'-9D, @/'7&'1/(B, E.=2I, )-, .>2, ?//*
./9(,&',2->-/(,)*,>,*=1?/',&7,%>2/2,)*;&9;)*+,>*,&'>9,@>'-)-)&*
=*(/',A.)%.,-./,@>'-)/2,A/*-,)*-&,@&22/22)&*I,/Z/'%)2/(,>%-2,&7
&A*/'2.)@I, &', &-./'A)2/, @>'-9D, @/'7&'1/(, -./, @>'-)-)&*, >+'//F
1/*-I, -.>-, /H=)-D, A)99, %&*7)'1, 2=%., @>'-)-)&*, >*(, )*, >, @'&@/'
%>2/I,(/%'//,-)-9/,)*,>%%&'(>*%/,A)-.,-./,@&22/22)&*,)*,2/;/'>9-DB
E./D,>'/,/2-&@@/(,-&,H=/2-)&*,-)-9/,-&,@&'-)&*,>99&-/(,-&,>*&-./'
@>'-DB,TM>+9=%&-F$A,;B,M>+9=%&-I,6!_,50Q$,#L,8!""":BV
$'-B,\_#
0KFKbONQ5Ja<
!YU
5)*%/, '/+)2-'>-)&*, 2/';/2, >2, %&*2-'=%-);/, *&-)%/, -&, -.)'(
@/'2&*2I,>*,&'>9,@>'-)-)&*,?D,-./,./)'2,)2,;>9)(,)7,*&,%'/()-&'2,>'/
>77/%-/(B, TM>/2-'>(&, ;B, 0&='-, &7,$@@/>92I, W!!, 50$P, #L_I, 6!#
50Q$,Y#L,8!""":BV
Art. 497. The creditors or assignees of the co-owners may take part in the division of the thing owned in
common and object to its being effected without their
concurrence. But they cannot impugn any partition already executed, unless there has been fraud, or in case
it was made notwithstanding a formal opposition presented to prevent it, without prejudice to the right of the
debtor or assignor to maintain its validity. (403)
Participation of creditors and assignees
in the partition.
TWV >(*5"-*2-4(3",%.*31SS,>*(,4#11%&$""1'SS,X,a*,;)/A,&7,-./,/ZF
)2-)*+, ')+.-2, >*(, )*-/'/2-2, &7, %'/()-&'2, >*(, >22)+*//2, &7, -./, %&F
&A*/'2,)*,-./,%&11&*,@'&@/'-DI,-./D,>'/,+);/*,-./,')+.-,-&,@>'F
-)%)@>-/,)*,-./,@>'-)-)&*B
T>V $2,-./,9>A,(&/2,*&-,()2-)*+=)2.I,-./,-/'1,4%'/()-&'2ISS
>2, =2/(, &*, -./, @'&;)2)&*I, )*%9=(/2, >99, c)*(2, &7, %'/()-&'2I
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Art. 498. Whenever the thing is essentially indivisible
and the co-owners cannot agree that it be allotted to one
of them who shall indemnify the others, it shall be sold
and its proceeds distributed. (404)
Sale of thing co-owned
to a third person.
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Art. 499. The partition of a thing owned in common
shall not prejudice third persons who shall retain the
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rights of mortgage, servitude, or any other real rights
belonging to them before the division was made. Personal rights pertaining to third persons against the coownership shall also remain in force, notwithstanding the
partition. (405)
Rights of third persons, protected.
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Art. 500. Upon partition, there shall be a mutual
accounting for benefits received and reimbursements for
expenses made. Likewise, each co-owner shall pay for
damages caused by reason of his negligence or fraud.
(n)
Art. 501. Every co-owner shall, after partition, be
liable for defects of title and quality of the portion
assigned to each of the other co-owners. (n)
Obligations of co-owners
upon partition.
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Title IV. — SOME SPECIAL PROPERTIES
Chapter 1
WATERS
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Art. 502. The following are of public dominion:
(1) Rivers and their natural beds;
(2) Continuous or intermittent waters of springs and
brooks running in their natural beds and the beds themselves;
(3) Waters rising continuously or intermittently on
lands of public dominion;
(4) Lakes and lagoons formed by nature on public
lands, and their beds;
(5) Rain waters running through ravines or sand
beds, which are also of public dominion;
(6) Subterranean waters on public lands;
(7) Waters found within the zone of operation of public works, even if constructed by a contractor;
(8) Waters rising continuously or intermittently on
lands belonging to private persons, to the State, to a
province, or to a city or a municipality from the moment
they leave such lands;
(9) The waste waters of fountains, sewers and public establishments. (407)
Classification of waters.
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Art. 503. The following are of private ownership:
(1) Continuous or intermittent waters rising on lands
of private ownership, while running through the same;
(2) Lakes and lagoons, and their beds, formed by
nature on such lands;
(3) Subterranean waters found on the same;
(4) Rain waters falling on said lands, as long as they
remain within the boundaries;
(5) The beds of flowing waters, continuous or intermittent, formed by rain water, and those of brooks, crossing lands which are not of public dominion.
In every drain or aqueduct, the water, bed, banks and
floodgates shall be considered as an integral part of the
land or building for which the waters are intended. The
owners of lands, through which or along the boundaries
of which the aqueduct passes, cannot claim ownership
over it, or any right to the use of its bed or banks, unless the claim is based on titles of ownership specifying
the right or ownership claimed. (408)
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/'2.)@B, E./, A>-/'2, 1/*-)&*/(, )*, -./, @'&;)2)&*, >'/, >92&, 1/*F
-)&*/(, )*,$'-)%9/, U"!B, E./, ()2-)*%-)&*, 9)/2, &*, -./, &A*/'2.)@, &7
-./,@'&@/'-D,&*,A.)%.,-./D,>'/,7&=*(B
g/*/'>99DI, A>-/'2, A)-.)*, @');>-/, /2->-/, >'/, &7, @');>-/, &A*F
/'2.)@B, E./, 1&1/*-, -./, A>-/'2, 9/>;/, -./, @');>-/, /2->-/I, >*(
1/'+/, A)-., ');/'2I, 9>c/2I, 9>+&&*2I, /-%B, &*, @=?9)%, 9>*(2I, -./D
?/%&1/, &7, @=?9)%, &A*/'2.)@B, T$'-B, U"!8L:BV, b./*/;/', >, ');/'
%.>*+)*+,)-2,%&='2/,?D,*>-='>9,%>=2/2I,&@/*2,>,*/A,?/(,-.'&=+.
>,@');>-/,/2->-/I,-.)2,?/(,2.>99,?/%&1/,&7,@=?9)%,(&1)*)&*B,T$'-B
\Y!BV, E./, &A*/'2, &7, 9>*(2, -.'&=+., A.)%., >*, >H=/(=%-, @>22/2
%>**&-, %9>)1, &A*/'2.)@, &;/', )-, =*9/22, -./, %9>)1, )2, ?>2/(, &*
-)-9/2,&7,&A*/'2.)@B,T$'-B,U"6I,9>2-,@>'BV
Classification of waters under
the Constitution.
E./,0);)9,0&(/,)*,$'-)%9/2,U"!,>*(,U"6,%9>22)7)/2,A>-/'2,>2,-&
&A*/'2.)@,)*-&,@=?9)%,>*(,@');>-/B,E./,0&*2-)-=-)&*I,.&A/;/'I
=*/H=);&%>?9D, 2->-/23, 4$99, 9>*(2, &7, -./, @=?9)%, (&1>)*I, A#."31I
1)*/'>92I, %&>9I, @/-'&9/=1I, >*(, &-./', 1)*/'>9, &)92I, >99, 7&'%/2, &7
@&-/*-)>9,/*/'+DI,7)2./')/2I,7&'/2-2,&',-)1?/'I,A)9(9)7/I,79&'>,>*(
7>=*>I, >*(, &-./', *>-='>9, '/2&='%/2, >'/, &A*/(, ?D, -./, 5->-/B
Z,Z,ZBSS!,T$'-B,raaI,5/%B,!6,-./'/&7BV,E.=2I,=*(/',-./,0&*2-)-=-)&*I
-./,&A*/'2.)@,&7,A>-/'2,>2,@>'-,&7,-./,*>-='>9,'/2&='%/2,>@@/>'2
-&,?/,/Z%9=2);/9D,;/2-/(,)*,-./,5->-/B,a*,;)/A,&7,-.)2,@'&;)2)&*I
4)-, 2//12ISS, >%%&'()*+, -&, >, *&-/(, >=-.&')-DI, 4-.>-, >99, A>-/'2, )*
-./)',*>-='>9,?/(2,1=2-,?/,%&*2)(/'/(,&7,@=?9)%,(&1)*)&*BSS,Taa
E&9/*-)*&I,0);)9,0&(/,&7,-./,<.)9)@@)*/2,8W_L6:I,@B,W_WBV
K7,%&='2/I,$'-)%9/,U"6,)2,@'/2=1/(,-&,?/,%&*2-)-=-)&*>9,=*-)9
(/%9>'/(,&-./'A)2/,?D,>,%&1@/-/*-,%&='-B
E&,'/2&9;/,-./,>@@>'/*-,)*%&*2)2-/*%DI,$'-)%9/,U"6,2.&=9(,?/
1>(/,-&,>@@9D,&*9D,-&,A>-/',')+.-2,/Z)2-)*+,?/7&'/,-./,/77/%-);)-D
&7,-./,W_6U,0&*2-)-=-)&*B
!
C&-., -./, W_6U, 0&*2-)-=-)&*, T$'-B, raaaI, 5/%B, W, -./'/&7BV, >*(, -./, W_#6, 0&*2-)-=-)&*
T$'-B,rafI,5/%B,L,-./'/&7BV,@'&;)(/,-.>-,A>-/'2,Z,Z,Z,?/9&*+,-&,-./,5->-/,Z,Z,ZBs
6
5//,O&-/,\B
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Art. 504. The use of public waters is acquired:
(1) By administrative concession;
(2) By prescription for ten years.
The extent of the rights and obligations of the use
shall be that established, in the first case, by the terms
of the concession, and, in the second case, by the
manner and form in which the waters have been used.
(409a)
Acquisition of right to make use
of public waters.
$'-)%9/, U"\, @'&;)(/2, 7&', -A&, A>D2, &7, >%H=)')*+, -./, =2/, &7
@=?9)%,A>-/'23,)7,?D,>(1)*)2-'>-);/,%&*%/22)&*I,-./,-/'12,-./'/&7
2.>99,+&;/'*,-./,/Z-/*-,&7,-./,')+.-2,>*(,&?9)+>-)&*2,&7,-./,=2/[
>*(,)7,?D,@'/2%')@-)&*,-.'&=+.,%&*-)*=&=2,=2/,7&',-/*,D/>'2I,-./
1>**/',>*(,7&'1,)*,A.)%.,-./,A>-/'2,.>;/,?//*,=2/(,2.>99,(/F
-/'1)*/,-./,/Z-/*-,&7,-./,')+.-2,>*(,&?9)+>-)&*2,&7,-./,=2/B
<')&')-D, &7, >@@'&@')>-)&*, +);/2, -./, ?/--/', ')+.-, >2, ?/-A//*
-A&,&',1&'/,@/'2&*2,=2)*+,@=?9)%,A>-/'2B,E./,@'/%)2/,@&)*-,&7
-)1/,A./*,-./,')+.-,>--/1@-/(,-&,?/,>22/'-/(,?/+>*,)2,'/+>'(/(
>2,%&11/*%)*+,A./*,-./,%9>)1>*-,2->'-/(,-&,%&*2-'=%-,.)2,(>1I
()-%.I,79=1/I,&',&-./',A&'c2,?D,1/>*2,&7,A.)%.,.)2,>@@'&@')>F
-)&*,)2,/77/%-/(I,@'&;)(/(,./,@'&2/%=-/2,.)2,/*-/'@')2/,-&,2=%%/22
>*(,A)-.,'/>2&*>?9/,()9)+/*%/B,T2//,M>+*&,;B,0>2-'&I,6",<.)9B,ULU
8W_WU:[,5)(/%&,;B,5>'/*>2I,\W,<.)9B,L",8W_!":BV
<=?9)%,A>-/'2,%>**&-,?/,>%H=)'/(,?D,@'/2%')@-)&*B,b.>-,%>*
?/,>%H=)'/(,?D,@'/2%')@-)&*,=*(/',$'-)%9/,U"\,)2,-)-9/,-&,-./,=2/
&7,@=?9)%,A>-/'2,?D,%&*-)*=&=2,/*]&D1/*-,-./'/&7,7&',-/*,D/>'2B
T2//,O>A>2>,;B,5/%'/->'D,&7,<=?9)%,b&'c2,>*(,0&11=*)%>-)&*2I
WY,50Q$,U6Y,8W_YY:BV
Art. 505. Every concession for the use of waters
is understood to be without prejudice to third persons.
(410)
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Concession without prejudice
to third persons.
N;/'D, >(1)*)2-'>-);/, %&*%/22)&*, 7&', -./, =2/, &7, A>-/'2, %>*F
*&-,@'/]=()%/,;/2-/(,')+.-2,&7,-.)'(,@/'2&*2,&',-./,@=?9)%,)*,+/*F
/'>9B, T<.)9)@@)*/, 5=+>', N2->-/2, P/;/9&@1/*-, 0&B, ;B, ^*2&*I, U6
<.)9B,U__,8W_!_:[,5)(/%&,;B,5>'/*>2I,1+53#BV-E.=2I,>,%&*%/22)&*>)'/
1>D, ?/, &'(/'/(, -&, '/1&;/, >, (>1I, %&*2-'=%-/(, A)-.&=-, @')&'
>=-.&')e>-)&*I,A.)%.,();/'-2,-./,79&A,&7,@=?9)%,A>-/'2,-./'/?D
%>=2)*+,(>1>+/,-&,&-./'2B,TN=2/?)&,;B,$+=>2I,U#,<.)9B,UY#,8W_6!:BV
E./,+/*/'>99D,>%%/@-/(,;)/A,)2,-.>-,)-,)2,*&-,*/%/22>'D,7&',>
')@>')>*,&A*/'I,)*,&'(/',-&,1>)*->)*,>*,>%-)&*,7&=*(/(,&*,-./
=*9>A7=9, )*-/'7/'/*%/, ?D, >*&-./', &A*/', A)-., -./, 79&A, &7, >
2-'/>1I,-&,2.&A,)*,.)2,=2/,&7,-./,9>*(,>%-=>9,>*(,@'/2/*-,(>1F
>+/B,a-,)2,/*&=+.,)7,)-,>@@/>'2,-.>-,>*,)*]=')&=2,/77/%-,)2,@'&(=%/(
=@&*,.)2,@'&@/'-DI,2=%.,>2,-&,()1)*)2.,)-2,;>9=/I,)7,-./,(/7/*(F
>*-I,?D,9>@2/,&7,-)1/I,2.&=9(,>%H=)'/,>,')+.-,-&,1>)*->)*,-./,&?F
2-'=%-)&*B,B:9%,'C
Art. 506. The right to make use of public waters is
extinguished by the lapse of the concession and by nonuser for five years. (411a)
Extinguishment of right to make
use of public waters.
E./,')+.-,-&,1>c/,=2/,&7,@=?9)%,A>-/'2,)2,/Z-)*+=)2./(,(/F
@/*()*+,&*,.&A,)-,A>2,>%H=)'/(B,a7,?D,>(1)*)2-'>-);/,%&*%/22)&*I
)-,)2,/Z-)*+=)2./(,?D,-./,9>@2/,&7,-./,%&*%/22)&*[,>*(,)7,?D,@'/F
2%')@-)&*I,?D,*&*F=2/',7&',7);/,D/>'2B
_*."K-<'/2)(/*-)>9,P/%'//,O&B,W"Y#I,&-./'A)2/,c*&A*,>2,-./
4b>-/',0&(/,&7,-./,<.)9)@@)*/2SS,T2//,%$23#BVI,*&A,+&;/'*2I,2=?F
]/%-,-&,-./,@'&;)2)&*2,&7,-./,0&*2-)-=-)&*I\,-./,&A*/'2.)@I,>@@'&F
\
5/%B,!B,$99,9>*(2,&7,-./,@=?9)%,(&1>)*I,A>-/'2I,1)*/'>92I,%&>9I,@/-'&9/=1I,>*(,&-./'
1)*/'>9,&)92I,>99,7&'%/2,&7,@&-/*-)>9,/*/'+DI,7)2./')/2I,7&'/2-2,&',-)1?/'I,A)9(9)7/I,79&'>,>*(
7>=*>I,>*(,&-./',*>-='>9,'/2&='%/2,>'/,&A*/(,?D,-./,5->-/B,b)-.,-./,/Z%/@-)&*,&7,>+')F
%=9-='>9,9>*(2I,>99,&-./',*>-='>9,'/2&='%/2,2.>99,*&-,?/,>9)/*>-/(B,E./,/Z@9&'>-)&*I,(/F
;/9&@1/*-I,>*(,=-)9)e>-)&*,&7,*>-='>9,'/2&='%/2,2.>99,?/,=*(/',-./,7=99,%&*-'&9,>*(,2=F
@/';)2)&*,&7,-./,5->-/B,E./,5->-/,1>D,()'/%-9D,=*(/'->c/,2=%.,>%-);)-)/2I,&',)-,1>D,/*-/'
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@')>-)&*I,=-)9)e>-)&*I,/Z@9&)->-)&*I,(/;/9&@1/*-I,%&*2/';>-)&*,>*(
@'&-/%-)&*,&7,A>-/','/2&='%/2B,a-,'/@/>9/(,-./,@'&;)2)&*2,&7,-./
5@>*)2.,G>A,&7,b>-/'2I,-./,0);)9,0&(/I,>*(,&-./',9>A2,'/9>-)*+
-&,A>-/'2,A.)%.,>'/,)*%&*2)2-/*-,A)-.,-./,@'&;)2)&*2,&7,-./,(/F
%'//B
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Art. 507. The owner of a piece of land on which a
spring or brook rises, be it continuous or intermittent,
may use its waters while they run through the same, but
after the waters leave the land they shall become public, and their use shall be governed by the special Law
of Waters of August 3, 1866, and by the Irrigation Law.
(412a)
Art. 508. The private ownership of the beds of rain
waters does not give a right to make works or constructions which may change their course to the damage of
third persons, or whose destruction, by the force of
floods, may cause such damage. (413)
Art. 509. No one may enter private property to search
waters or make use of them without permission from the
owners, except as provided by the Mining Law. (414a)
Art. 510. The ownership which the proprietor of a
piece of land has over the waters rising thereon does not
prejudice the rights which the owners of lower estates
may have legally acquired to the use thereof. (415)
)*-&,%&F@'&(=%-)&*I,]&)*-,;/*-='/I,&',@'&(=%-)&*F2.>')*+,>+'//1/*-2,A)-.,h)9)@)*&,%)-)F
e/*2I,&',%&'@&'>-)&*2,&',>22&%)>-)&*2,>-,9/>2-,2)Z-D,5"3-("$.+6-&7,A.&2/,%>@)->9,)2,&A*/(
?D,2=%.,%)-)e/*2B,5=%.,>+'//1/*-2,1>D,?/,7&',>,@/')&(,*&-,/Z%//()*+,-A/*-DF7);/,D/>'2I
'/*/A>?9/,7&',*&-,1&'/,-.>*,-A/*-DF7);/,D/>'2I,>*(,=*(/',2=%.,-/'12,>*(,%&*()-)&*2
>2,1>D,?/,@'&;)(/(,?D,9>AB,a*,%>2/2,&7,A>-/',')+.-2,7&',)'')+>-)&*I,A>-/',2=@@9DI,7)2./'F
)/2I,&',)*(=2-')>9,=2/2,&-./',-.>*,-./,(/;/9&@1/*-,&7,A>-/',@&A/'I,?/*/7)%)>9,=2/,1>D
?/,-./,1/>2='/,>*(,9)1)-,&7,-./,+'>*-B
E./,5->-/,2.>99,@'&-/%-,-./,*>-)&*S2,1>')*/,A/>9-.,)*,)-2,>'%.)@/9>+)%,A>-/'2I,-/'')F
-&')>9,2/>I,>*(,/Z%9=2);/,/%&*&1)%,e&*/I,>*(,'/2/';/,)-2,=2/,>*(,/*]&D1/*-,/Z%9=2);/9D
-&,h)9)@)*&,%)-)e/*2B
E./, 0&*+'/22, 1>DI, ?D, 9>AI, >99&A, 21>99F2%>9/, =-)9)e>-)&*, &7, *>-='>9, '/2&='%/2, ?D
h)9)@)*&,%)-)e/*2I,>2,A/99,>2,%&&@/'>-);/,7)2.,7>'1)*+I,A)-.,@')&')-D,-&,2=?2)2-/*%/,7)2.F
/'1/*,>*(,7)2.,A&'c/'2,)*,');/'2I,9>c/2I,?>D2I,>*(,9>+&&*2B,Z,Z,ZBSS,T$'-B,raa,-./'/&7BV
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Art. 511. Every owner of a piece of land has the right
to construct within his property, reservoirs for rain
waters, provided he causes no damage to the public or
to third persons. (416)
Rights of private owners of waters.
E./D,>'/,>2,7&99&A23
TWV -&,=2/,-./,A>-/'2,&7,>,2@')*+,&',?'&&c,A.)%.,')2/2,&*,.)2
9>*(,A.)9/,-./D,'=*,-.'&=+.,-./,2>1/,T$'-B,U"#BV[
T!V -&, 1>c/, A&'c2, &', %&*2-'=%-)&*2, &*, ?/(2, &7, '>)*, A>-/'2
&A*/(, ?D, .)1, @'&;)(/(, -./D, (&, *&-, %.>*+/, -./, %&='2/, &7, -./
A>-/'2,-&,-./,(>1>+/,&7,-.)'(,@/'2&*2I,&',A.&2/,(/2-'=%-)&*I,?D
-./,7&'%/,&7,79&&(I,1>D,%>=2/,2=%.,(>1>+/,T$'-B,U"LBV[
T6V -&, A)-..&9(, @/'1)22)&*, -&, >*D, &*/, -&, /*-/', .)2, @');>-/
@'&@/'-D, -&, 2/>'%., A>-/'2, &', 1>c/, =2/, &7, -./1I, /Z%/@-, A./*
'/H=)'/(,?D,-./,M)*)*+,G>A,T$'-B,U"_BV[,>*(
T\V -&,%&*2-'=%-,&*,.)2,9>*(,'/2/';&)'2,7&','>)*,A>-/'2,-&,c//@
'>)*,A>-/',7&',.)2,&A*,=2/,@'&;)(/(,./,%>=2/2,*&,(>1>+/,-&,-./
@=?9)%,&',-&,-.)'(,@/'2&*2B,T$'-B,UWWBV
^*(/',$'-)%9/, U"#I, -./, 1&1/*-, -./, A>-/'2, 9/>;/, >, @');>-/
/2->-/I, -./D, ?/%&1/, @=?9)%I, &', )7, -./D, /*-/', >, @');>-/, /2->-/, )*F
2-/>(I, -./D, 2.>99, ?/9&*+, -&, -./, &A*/', &7, -./, 9>--/'I, >*(, 2&, &*
2=%%/22);/9DI,A./'/,-./D,@>22B,T5>*2>*&,;B,0>2-'&I,80B$B:,\",KBgB
8WW-.,5=@@BI,O&B,WU:I,@B,!!#BV
Obligations of private owners
of waters.
E./D,>'/,>2,7&99&A23
TWV *&-,-&,1>c/,A&'c2,&7,%&*2-'=%-)&*2,&',A&'c2,&*,?/(2,&7
'>)*,A>-/'2,&A*/(,?D,.)1,A.)%.,1>D,%.>*+/,-./,%&='2/,&7,-./
A>-/'2,-&,-./,(>1>+/,&7,-.)'(,@/'2&*2I,&',A.&2/,(/2-'=%-)&*I,?D
-./,7&'%/,&7,79&&(2I,1>D,%>=2/,2=%.,(>1>+/,T$'-B,U"LBV[
T!V -&,@/'1)-,/*-'D,)*-&,.)2,@');>-/,@'&@/'-D,?D,9*$#-2%,"-.&9(F
/'2,&7,1)*)*+,%9>)12,-&,2/>'%.,7&',A>-/'2,&',1>c/,=2/,&7,-./1
>2,@'&;)(/(,?D,-./,M)*)*+,G>A,T$'-B,U"_BV[
T6V *&-, -&, (&, >*D-.)*+, A.)%., A&=9(, @'/]=()%/, -./, ')+.-2
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=2/,&7,A>-/'2,')2)*+,&*,.)2,9>*(,T$'-B,UW"BV[,>*(
T\V *&-, -&, %&*2-'=%-, A)-.)*, .)2, @'&@/'-D, '/2/';&)'2, 7&', '>)*
A>-/'2, A.)%., A)99, %>=2/, (>1>+/, -&, -./, @=?9)%, &', -&, -.)'(, @/'F
2&*2B,T$'-B,UWWBV
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Art. 512. Only the owner of a piece of land, or another
person with his permission, may make explorations
thereon for subterranean waters, except as provided by
the Mining Law.
Explorations for subterranean waters on lands of
public dominion may be made only with the permission
of the administrative authorities. (417a)
Exploration of subterranean waters.
TWV O$- 53%;#."- )#$,1B, X, K*9D, -./, &A*/', -./'/&7, &', >*&-./'
A)-.,.)2,@/'1)22)&*,1>D,1>c/,-./,/Z@9&'>-)&*,-./'/&*,7&',2=?F
-/''>*/>*,A>-/'2,&',A>-/'2,9D)*+,=*(/',-./,2='7>%/,&7,-./,/>'-.B
a7, >99&A/(, ?D, -./, M)*)*+, G>AI, /Z@9&'>-)&*2, 1>D, ?/, 1>(/, ?D
>*&-./',/;/*,A)-.&=-,2=%.,@/'1)22)&*B
T!V O$-5+9)%(-)#$,1B,X,E./D,1>D,?/,1>(/,&*9D,A)-.,-./,@/'F
1)22)&*,&7,-./,@'&@/',>(1)*)2-'>-);/,>=-.&')-)/2B,E./,=-)9)e>-)&*I
/Z@9&)->-)&*I,(/;/9&@1/*-I,%&*2/';>-)&*I,>*(,@'&-/%-)&*,&7,A>F
-/','/2&='%/2,>'/,2=?]/%-,-&,-./,%&*-'&9,>*(,'/+=9>-)&*,&7,-./,+&;F
/'*1/*-, -.'&=+., -./, O>-)&*>9, b>-/', Q/2&='%/2, 0&=*%)9B, T$'-B
68/:I,b>-/',0&(/I,%$23#'V
E./, b>-/', 0&(/, (/%9>'/2, >2, ?/9&*+)*+, -&, -./, 5->-/, A>-/'2
/*=1/'>-/(I,)*%9=()*+,2=?-/'>*/>*,&',+'&=*(,A>-/'2,7&=*(,&*
@');>-/,9>*(2B,T5/%B,Y,-./'/&7BV,b>-/'2,1>D,?/,>@@'&@')>-/(,>*(
=2/(,&*9D,)*,>%%&'(>*%/,A)-.,-./,0&(/B,T5/%B,_,-./'/&7BV
Art. 513. Waters artificially brought forth in accordance with the Special Law of Waters of August 3, 1866,
belong to the person who brought them up. (418)
Art. 514. When the owner of waters artificially brought
to the surface abandons them to their natural course,
they shall become of public dominion. (419)
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Waters artificially brought forth.
b>-/'2,>'-)7)%)>99D,?'&=+.-,7&'-.,T=2=>99D,-.'=,A/992V,>'/,@')F
;>-/,@'&@/'-DB,T2//,$'-B,U"68WI,6:BV,b./*,-./,&A*/',>?>*(&*2,-./
A>-/'2,-&,-./)',*>-='>9,%&='2/I,-./D,?/%&1/,&7,@=?9)%,(&1)*)&*B
E.)2, )2, )*, >%%&'(>*%/, A)-.,$'-)%9/, U"!TLV, >*(,$'-)%9/, U"#B, T2//
5>*2>*&,;B,0>2-'&I,1+53#BV
a*,>,%>2/I,-./,(/7/*(>*-I,A)-.,-./,/Z@'/22,%&*2/*-,&7,-./,@9>)*F
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Art. 515. The owner of a piece of land on which there
are defensive works to check waters, or on which, due
to a change of their course, it may be necessary to reconstruct such works, shall be obliged, at his election,
either to make the necessary repairs or construction himself, or to permit them to be done, without damage to
him, by the owners of the lands which suffer or are
clearly exposed to suffer injury. (420)
Repair or reconstruction of defensive
works.
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Art. 516. The provisions of the preceding article are
applicable to the case in which it may be necessary to
clear a piece of land of matter, whose accumulation or
fall may obstruct the course of the waters, to the damage or peril of third persons. (421)
Removal of accumulated or fallen matter.
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Art. 517. All the owners who participate in the
benefits arising from the works referred to in the two
preceding articles, shall be obliged to contribute to the
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expenses of construction in proportion to their respective interests. Those who by their fault may have caused
the damage shall be liable for the expenses. (422)
Proportional contribution to expenses.
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Art. 518. All matters not expressly determined by the
provisions of this Chapter shall be governed by the special Law of Waters of August 3, 1866, and by the Irrigation Law. (425a)
Governing laws.
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6W#
Chapter 2
MINERALS
Art. 519. Mining claims and rights and other matters
concerning minerals and mineral lands are governed by
special laws. (427a)
Mineral lands and minerals defined.
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6W_
Chapter 3
TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES
Art. 520. A trademark or trade name duly registered
in the proper government bureau or office is owned by
and pertains to the person, corporation, or firm registering the same, subject to the provisions of special laws.
(n)
Trademark, trade name, and service mark
defined.
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Art. 521. The goodwill of a business is property, and
may be transferred together with the right to use the
name under which the business is conducted. (n)
Goodwill, a transferable business asset.
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Art. 522. Trademarks and trade names are governed
by special laws. (n)
Governing laws.
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Title V — POSSESSION
Chapter 1
POSSESSION AND THE KINDS THEREOF
Art. 523. Possession is the holding of a thing or the
enjoyment of a right. (430a)
Concept of possession.
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Ownership and possession
distinguished.
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Elements of possession.
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Relations created by possession.
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Forms or degrees of possession.
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Nature of possession.
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Possession as a fact.
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Classes of possession.
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Extent of possession.
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Doctrine of constructive possession.
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Art. 524. Possession may be exercised in one’s own
name or in that of another. (431a)
Name under which possession
may be exercised.
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Art. 525. The possession of things or rights may be
had in one of two concepts: either in the concept of
owner, or in that of the holder of the thing or right to keep
or enjoy it, the ownership pertaining to another person.
(432)
Concept in which possession
may be had.
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and holder or in neither.
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Art. 526. He is deemed a possessor in good faith who
is not aware that there exists in his title or mode of acquisition any flaw which invalidates it.
He is deemed a possessor in bad faith who possesses in any case contrary to the foregoing.
Mistake upon a doubtful or difficult question of law
may be the basis of good faith. (433a)
Possessor in good faith and possessor
in bad faith defined.
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Requisites for possession in good faith
or in bad faith.
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Concept of good faith.
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Concept and instances of bad faith.
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Mistake upon a doubtful or difficult
question of law.
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Ignorance of the law as a basis
of good faith.
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Art. 527. Good faith is always presumed, and upon
him who alleged bad faith on the part of a possessor
rests the burden of proof. (434)
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Presumption of good faith.
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Instances of the presumption.
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@'&;/([,)-,)2,*/;/',@'/2=1/(B,T$'-B,WW6WBV
Art. 528. Possession acquired in good faith does not
lose this character except in the case and from the moment facts exist which show that the possessor is not
unaware that he possesses the thing improperly or
wrongfully. (435a)
Cessation of good faith during possession.
<&22/22)&*,A.)%.,?/+)*2,)*,+&&(,7>)-.,)2,@'/2=1/(,-&,%&*F
-)*=/, )*, +&&(, 7>)-., =*-)9, -./, @&22/22&', >%H=)'/2, c*&A9/(+/, &7
7>%-2, 2.&A)*+, >, (/7/%-, &', A/>c*/22, )*, .)2, -)-9/B, Tf>9/*%)>, ;B
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(/(=%/(,)*;&9;/,>%-2,&7,-./,@&22/22&',.)12/97,&',&7,2&1/,&-./'
@/'2&*,&',>*D,/Z-'>*/&=2,/;)(/*%/B,C=-,-./,/Z)2-/*%/,&7,-./,7>%-2
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h=/*-/?/99>I,1+53#'V
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9/+>9)-D, &7, .)2, @&22/22)&*B, <&22/22)&*, )*, +&&(, 7>)-., &', ?>(
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>+>)*2-,.)1,>*(,./,)2,2/';/(,2=11&*2,-./'/7&'B,TP/;/9&@F
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6\6
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-)&*,&7,+&&(,7>)-.,1>D,?/,(/-/'1)*/(,>*(,>*,>%-)&*,)2,7)9/(
-&,'/%&;/',@&22/22)&*I,+&&(,7>)-.,%/>2/2,7'&1,-./,(>-/,&7,'/F
%/)@-, &7, -./, 2=11&*2B, a7, 2=%., (>-/, (&/2, *&-, >@@/>', )*, -./
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-)&*, ->c/2, @9>%/, =@&*, 2/';)%/, &7, ]=()%)>9, 2=11&*2B, T$'-2B, U\\I
WW!6BV
Art. 529. It is presumed that possession continues to
be enjoyed in the same character in which it was acquired, until the contrary is proven. (436)
Continuity of the character
of the possession.
E./,%.>'>%-/',&7,@&22/22)&*,)2,/)-./',)*,+&&(,7>)-.,&',)*,?>(
7>)-.,(/@/*()*+,&*,A./-./',&',*&-,-./,@&22/22&',)2,>A>'/,-.>-./'/, /Z)2-2, )*, .)2, -)-9/, &', 1&(/, &7, >%H=)2)-)&*, >*D, 79>A, A.)%.
)*;>9)(>-/2,)-B,T$'-B,U!YBV,E.)2,%.>'>%-/',)2,@'/2=1/(,-&,%&*-)*=/
=*-)9,-./,%&*-'>'D,)2,@'&;/(B
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Q&1>*,G>A,A.)%.,)2,-.>-,*&,&*/,%>*I,?D,.)2,2&9/,A)99,*&',?D,-./
1/'/, 9>@2/, &7, -)1/I, %.>*+/, -./, %>=2/, &7, .)2, @&22/22)&*B, T\
M>*'/2>,W!!BV
Presumption on the continuance
of possession.
E./'/,>'/,&-./',@'/2=1@-)&*2,>2)(/,7'&1,$'-)%9/2,U!#,>*(,U!_
>77/%-)*+,@&22/22)&*I,*>1/9D3
TWV =*)*-/''=@-/(, @&22/22)&*, &7, ./'/()->'D, @'&@/'-D, T$'-B
U66I,@>'B,WBV[
T!V @&22/22)&*,A)-.,]=2-,-)-9/,T$'-B,U\WBV[
T6V @&22/22)&*,&7,1&;>?9/2,A)-.,'/>9,@'&@/'-D,T$'-B,U\!BV[
6\\
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T\V /Z%9=2);/,@&22/22)&*,&7,%&11&*,@'&@/'-D,T$'-B,U\6BV[
TUV %&*-)*=&=2,@&22/22)&*,T$'-B,UU\BV[
TYV =*)*-/''=@-/(,@&22/22)&*,T$'-B,UYWBV[,>*(
T#V @&22/22)&*,(=')*+,)*-/';/*)*+,@/')&(B,T$'-B,WW6L8!:BV
Art. 530. Only things and rights which are susceptible of being appropriated may be the object of possession. (437)
Object of possession.
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T!V _"",-$*.-9"-1+1("5.%9)"-*2-53"1(3%5.%*$',X,$'-)%9/,WWW6,@'&F
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-.)*+,)2,3"1-$+))%+17-)-,)2,*&-,A)-.)*,-./,%&11/'%/,&7,1/*B,T2//
\,M>*'/2>,W6!FW6YBV
T?V <'&@/'-D,&7,@=?9)%,(&1)*)&*,T$'-B,WWW6BV,%>**&-,>92&
?/, -./, &?]/%-, &7, @'/2%')@-)&*B, E./, 2>1/, )2, -'=/, &7, %&11&*
-.)*+2,?=-,?&-.,1>D,?/,-./,&?]/%-,&7,@&22/22)&*B,T2//,$'-B,\W\BV
X,&K&,X
6\U
Chapter 2
ACQUISITION OF POSSESSION
Art. 531. Possession is acquired by the material occupation of a thing or the exercise of a right, or by the
fact that it is subject to the action of our will or by the
proper acts and legal formalities established for acquiring such right. (438a)
Ways of acquiring possession.
E&,?/,%&*2)(/'/(,)*,@&22/22)&*I,&*/,*//(,*&-,.>;/,>%-=>9,&'
@.D2)%>9,&%%=@>-)&*,&7,>,-.)*+,>-,>99,-)1/2B,E./'/,>'/,-.'//,A>D2
&7,>%H=)')*+,@&22/22)&*I,*>1/9D3
TWV CD,-./,1>-/')>9,&%%=@>-)&*,&',/Z/'%)2/,&7,>,')+.-[
T!V CD,-./,2=?]/%-)&*,&7,-./,-.)*+,&',')+.-,-&,&=',A)99[,>*(
T6V CD, @'&@/', >%-2, >*(, 9/+>9, 7&'1>9)-)/2, /2->?9)2./(, 7&'
>%H=)')*+,2=%.,')+.-,&7,@&22/22)&*B
E./, 1&(/2, &7, >%H=)')*+, &A*/'2.)@, >'/, @'&;)(/(, )*,$'-)%9/
#W!B
Material occupation or exercise of right.
TWV ^%.@-3"15"(.-.*-.@%$&1'-E,E./,9>A,'/H=)'/2,1>-/')>9,&%%=F
@>-)&*,>2,&*/,&7,-./,1&(/2,&7,>%H=)')*+,@&22/22)&*B
K%%=@>-)&*I,>2,=2/(,)*,$'-)%9/,U6WI,(&/2,*&-,.>;/,-./,]=')()F
%>9,>*(,-/%.*)%>9,2/*2/,-.>-,)-,.>2,=*(/',$'-)%9/,#W!I,".-1"0'I,7&'
@='@&2/2,&7,>%H=)')*+,&A*/'2.)@,?=-,)*,)-2,+/*/'>9,>*(,1>-/')>9
2/*2/,&',=2=>9,>*(,%&11&*,1/>*)*+B,T\,M>*'/2>,W\BV,a-,)2,@&2F
2/22)&*,>2,>,7>%-B
T!V ^%.@- 3"15"(.- .*- 3%&@.1'- E, 5)*%/, ')+.-2, >'/, )*->*+)?9/, >*(
%>**&-,9&+)%>99D,?/,&%%=@)/(I,A.>-,)2,>%H=)'/(,)2,-./,/Z/'%)2/,&7
6\U
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>,')+.-I,)2,>%H=)'/(,?D,-./,/Z/'%)2/,&7,-./,')+.-I, %'"'7-?D,@>22)*+
&;/',-./,2/';)/*-,9>*(B,^*(/',$'-)%9/,WU"WI,'/9>-);/,-&,-./,-.)*+
2&9(I, (/9);/'D, A)-., '/2@/%-, -&, )*%&'@&'/>9, @'&@/'-D, 1>D, ?/, /7F
7/%-/(, ?D, >99&A)*+, -./, ;/*(//, -&, =2/, .)2, ')+.-2, >2, */A, &A*/'
A)-., -./, %&*2/*-, &7, -./, ;/*(&'B, E.)2, )2, >, 1&(/, &7, -'>()-)&*, &'
(/9);/'D,c*&A*,>2,0+#1%F.3#,%(%*$7,>,c)*(,&7,%&*2-'=%-);/,(/9);F
/'DB,T2//,$'-B,#W!BV
Material occupation by delivery.
E./,1>-/')>9,&%%=@>-)&*,&7,>,-.)*+,>2,>,1/>*2,&7,>%H=)')*+
@&22/22)&*,1>D,->c/,@9>%/,*&-,&*9D,?D,>%-=>9,(/9);/'D,?=-,>92&
?D,4%&*2-'=%-);/,(/9);/'DBSS,E./,9>--/',)2,>,+/*/'>9,-/'1,%&1@'/F
./*()*+,>99,-.&2/,>%-2,A.)%.I,>9-.&=+.,*&-,%&*7/'')*+,@.D2)%>9
@&22/22)&*,&7,-./,-.)*+I,.>;/,?//*,./9(,/H=);>9/*-,-&,>%-2,&7,>%F
-=>9,(/9);/'DB,a-,)*%9=(/23
TWV .3#,%(%*$-93";%-6#$+-A.)%.,->c/2,@9>%/,A./*,&*/,>9'/>(D
)*,@&22/22)&*,&7,>,-.)*+,?D,>,-)-9/,&-./',-.>*,&A*/'2.)@,%&*-)*F
=/2,-&,@&22/22,-./,2>1/,=*(/',>,*/A,-)-9/I,-.>-,&7,&A*/'2.)@B,T2//
$'-B,\__BV,E.=2I,>,9/22//,A.&,?=D2,-./,9>*(,9/>2/(,*//(,*&-,-='*
&;/',-./,9>*(,-&,-./,9/22&',2&,-.>-,-./,9>--/',1>DI,)*,-='*I,(/9);/'
)-I,>99,-./2/,?/)*+,%&*2)(/'/(,>2,(&*/,?D,7)%-)&*,&7,9>A[,>*(
T!V .3#,%(%*$-(*$1.%.+.+6-5*11"11*3%+6-A.)%.,.>@@/*2,A./*,-./
&A*/',%&*-)*=/2,)*,@&22/22)&*,&7,-./,@'&@/'-D,>9)/*>-/(,*&-,>2
&A*/',?=-,)*,2&1/,&-./',%>@>%)-DI,2=%.,>2,-.>-,&7,9/22//I,@9/(+//I
&',(/@&2)->'DB,T2//,$'-B,WU""BV,E.=2I,(/9);/'D,&7,-./,-.)*+,-&,-./
;/*(//,>*(,-./*,?>%c,-&,-./,;/*(&',>'/,(//1/(,?D,9>A,-&,.>;/
->c/*,@9>%/,?D,1/'/,%&*2/*-,&',>+'//1/*-,&7,-./,@>'-)/2B
Subject to the action of will.
E.)2,2/%&*(,1/-.&(,&7,>%H=)2)-)&*,)2,2&,?'&>(,)*,2%&@/,-.>)-, @'>%-)%>99D, %&;/'2, >99, 1/>*2, &7, >%H=)')*+, @&22/22)&*B, E.=2I
&%%=@>-)&*,.>2,-./,/77/%-,&7,2=?]/%-)*+,-.)*+2,-&,-./,>%-)&*,&7,-./
@&22/22&'S2,A)99B,E./,2>1/,)2,-'=/,&7,@'&@/',>%-2,>*(,9/+>9,7&'F
1>9)-)/2B
b.>-, -./, 9>A, %&*-/1@9>-/2, )2, >, ()2-)*%-, %>=2/, &7, >%H=)')*+
@&22/22)&*,>*(,*&-,1/'/9D,>*,/77/%-B,a-,'/7/'2,1&'/,-&,-./,')+.-
$'-B,U6W
<K55N55aKO
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6\#
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-A&,&-./',c)*(2,&7,%&*2-'=%-);/,(/9);/'DI,*>1/9D3
TWV .3#,%(%*$-)*$&#-6#$+7-A.)%.,)2,/77/%-/(,?D,-./,1/'/,%&*F
2/*-, &', >+'//1/*-, &7, -./, @>'-)/2I, >2, A./*, -./, ;/*(&', 1/'/9D
@&)*-2,-&,-./,-.)*+,2&9(,A.)%.,2.>99,-./'/>7-/',?/,>-,-./,%&*-'&9
>*(,()2@&2>9,&7,-./,;/*(//,T2//,$'-B,W\__BV[,>*(
T!V .3#,%(%*$-1%69*)%(#7-A.)%.,)2,/77/%-/(,?D,(/9);/')*+,>*,&?F
]/%-,2=%.,>2,>,c/D,A./'/,-./,-.)*+,2&9(,)2,2-&'/(,&',c/@-I,2D1F
?&9)e)*+,-./,@9>%)*+,&7,-./,-.)*+,=*(/',-./,%&*-'&9,&7,-./,;/*(//B
T2//,$'-B,W\_LBV
Proper acts and legal formalities.
E.)2,9>2-,1/-.&(,&7,>%H=)')*+,@&22/22)&*,'/7/'2,-&,>%H=)2)-)&*
?D,;)'-=/,&7,>,]=2-,-)-9/,2=%.,>2,A./*,@'&@/'-D,)2,-'>*21)--/(,?D
2=%%/22)&*I, (&*>-)&*I, %&*-'>%-I, &', /Z/%=-)&*, &7, >, @=?9)%, )*2-'=F
1/*-,T2//,$'-B,W\_LBV[,&',A./*,@&22/22)&*,)2,+);/*,?D,-./,2./')77
-&,-./,@='%.>2/',>-,@=?9)%,>=%-)&*,TM=D%&,;B,M&*-)99>I,#,<.)9B,\_L
8W_"#:BVI,&',@='2=>*-,-&,>,A')-,&7,/Z/%=-)&*,&',>,A')-,&7,@&22/2F
2)&*B, b./*, >, A')-, &7, @&22/22)&*, )2, @'&@/', >2, >, '/1/(D, )2, ()2F
%=22/(,=*(/',$'-)%9/,\!LB
TWV ^*9/22, -./'/, )2, >, 2-)@=9>-)&*, -&, -./, %&*-'>'DI, -./, /Z/%=F
-)&*,&7,>,2>9/,-.'=,>,@=?9)%,)*2-'=1/*-,2.>99,?/,/H=);>9/*-,-&,-./
(/9);/'D, &7, -./, -.)*+B, T$'-B, W\_LBV, C=-, -./'/, )2, *&, (/9);/'D, *&-F
A)-.2->*()*+, -./, /Z/%=-)&*, &7, -./, )*2-'=1/*-I, A./'/, -./, @='F
%.>2/',%>**&-,.>;/,-./,/*]&D1/*-,>*(,1>c/,=2/,&7,-./,-.)*+,2&9(
?/%>=2/,2=%.,/*]&D1/*-,>*(,=2/,>'/,&@@&2/(,&',@'/;/*-/(,?D
>*&-./'B
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>-,-./,2>1/,-)1/,)*,-A&,()77/'/*-,@/'2&*>9)-)/2,/Z%/@-,)*,-./,%>2/2
&7,%&F@&22/22)&*B,Tb&*+,;B,0>'@)&I,!"6,50Q$,WWL,8W__W:BV
T!V $, 2>9/, A)-., 5#(.*- ,"- 3".3*- -'>*27/'2, -./, 9/+>9, -)-9/, -&, -./
;/*(//I,>*(,)*,-./,>?2/*%/,&7,>*,>+'//1/*-,-&,-./,%&*-'>'DI,%>'F
')/2, A)-., )-, -./, ')+.-, -&, -./, @&22/22)&*, &7, -./, @'&@/'-D, 2&9(B
T$9(/'/-/,;B,$1>*(&'&*I,\Y,<.)9B,\LL,8W_!\:BV,a*,%>2/I,.&A/;/'I
&7, -./, '/7=2>9, &7, -./, ;/*(&', -&, +);/, @&22/22)&*I, -./, '/1/(D, &7
-./,;/*(//,)2,>*,>%-)&*,7&',2@/%)7)%,@/'7&'1>*%/B
6\L
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Art. 532. Possession may be acquired by the same
person who is to enjoy it, by his legal representative, by
his agent, or by any person without any power whatever;
but in the last case, the possession shall not be considered as acquired until the person in whose name the act
of possession was executed has ratified the same, without prejudice to the juridical consequences of negotiorum gestio in a proper case. (439a)
By whom possession acquired.
<&22/22)&*,1>D,?/,>%H=)'/(3
TWV @/'2&*>99D,&',?D,-./,2>1/,@/'2&*,A.&,)2,-&,/*]&D,)-[
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Acquisition of possession through
another.
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Art. 533. The possession of hereditary property is
deemed transmitted to the heir without interruption and
from the moment of the death of the decedent, in case
the inheritance is accepted.
One who validly renounces an inheritance is deemed
never to have possessed the same.
Acquisition of possession through
succession.
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Art. 534. One who succeeds by hereditary title shall
not suffer the consequences of the wrongful possession
of the decedent, if it is not shown that he was aware of
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the flaws affecting it; but the effects of possession in
good faith shall not benefit him except from the date of
death of the decedent. (442)
Effects of bad faith of decedent
on heir.
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Art. 535. Minors and incapacitated persons may acquire the possession of things; but they need the assistance of their legal representatives in order to exercise
the rights which from the possession arise in their favor.
(443)
Acquisition and exercise of rights of possession
by minors and incapacitated persons.
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Art. 536. In no case may possession be acquired
through force or intimidation as long as there is a possessor who objects thereto. He who believes that he has
an action or a right to deprive another of the holding of
a thing, must invoke the aid of the competent court, if
the holder should refuse to deliver the thing. (441a)
Recourse to the courts.
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Art. 537. Acts merely tolerated, and those executed
clandestinely and without the knowledge of the possessor of a thing, or by violence, do not affect possession.
(444)
Acts which do not give rise to possession.
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public lands.
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Art. 538. Possession as a fact cannot be recognized
at the same time in two different personalities except in
the case of co-possession. Should a question arise regarding the fact of possession, the present possessor
shall be preferred, if there are two possessors, the one
longer in possession; if the dates of the possession are
the same, the one who presents a title; and if all these
conditions are equal the thing shall be placed in judicial
deposit pending determination of its possession or ownership through proper proceedings. (445)
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6U_
Chapter 3
EFFECTS OF POSSESSION
Art. 539. Every possessor has a right to be respected
in his possession; and should he be disturbed therein
he shall be protected in or restored to said possession
by the means established by the laws and the Rules of
Court.
A possessor deprived of his possession through forcible entry may within ten days from the filing of the
complaint present a motion to secure from the competent court, in the action for forcible entry, a writ of preliminary mandatory injunction to restore him in his possession. The court shall decide the motion within thirty
(30) days from the filing thereof. (446a)
Rights of every possessor.
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Tax declarations, assessment, or payment
of tax as indicia of ownership/possession.
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Art. 541. A possessor in the concept of owner has in
his favor the legal presumption that he possesses with
a just title and he cannot be obliged to show or prove it.
(448a)
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presumed with just title.
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Burden of proving just title.
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Different kinds of title.
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?=-,&*9D,.%.+)*-(*)*3#,*',T5&9)2,;B,0&='-,&7,$@@/>92I,W#Y,50Q$,Y#L
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Art. 542. The possession of real property presumes
that of the movables therein, so long as it is not shown
or proved that they should be excluded. (449)
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to include movables.
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Art. 543. Each one of the participants of a thing possessed in common shall be deemed to have exclusively
possessed the part which may be allotted to him upon
the division thereof, for the entire period during which
the co-possession lasted. Interruption in the possession
of the whole or a part of a thing possessed in common
shall be to the prejudice of all the possessors. However,
in case of civil interruption, the Rules of Court shall apply. (450a)
Exclusive possession of previous co-owner
deemed continuous.
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Interruption in possession of the thing.
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Art. 544. A possessor in good faith is entitled to the
fruits received before the possession is legally interrupted.
Natural and industrial fruits are considered received
from the time they are gathered or severed.
!
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6##
Civil fruits are deemed to accrue daily and belong to
the possessor in good faith in that proportion. (451)
Right of possessor in good faith
to fruits received.
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When fruits considered received.
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Art. 545. If at the time the good faith ceases, there
should be any natural or industrial fruits, the possessor
shall have a right to a part of the expenses of cultivation, and to a part of the net harvest, both in proportion
to the time of the possession.
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The charges shall be divided on the same basis by
the two possessors.
The owner of the thing may, should he so desire, give
the possessor in good faith the right to finish the cultivation and gathering of the growing fruits, as an indemnity for his part of the expenses of cultivation and the
net proceeds; the possessor in good faith who for any
reason whatever should refuse to accept this concession, shall lose the right to be indemnified in any other
manner. (452)
Proportionate division of fruits
and expenses.
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@&22/22)&*I,./,%&=9(,*&-,/Z@/%-,1&'/B,E./,&A*/',2.&=9(,/Z/'F
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-./,7'=)-2,>'/,9/22,-.>*,-./,/Z@/*2/2I,-./,'=9/,)*,$'-)%9/,U\U,-.>-./,/Z@/*2/2,2.>99,?/,?&'*/,)*,@'&@&'-)&*,-&,-./,@/')&(,&7,@&22/2F
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2.&=9(,?/,();)(/(,)*,@'&@&'-)&*,-&,-./)','/2@/%-);/,/Z@/*2/2B
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Art. 546. Necessary expenses shall be refunded to
every possessor; but only the possessor in good faith
may retain the thing until he has been reimbursed
therefor.
Useful expenses shall be refunded only to the possessor in good faith with the same retention, the person
who has defeated him in the possession having the option of refunding the amount of the expenses or of paying the increase in value which the thing may have acquired by reason thereof. (453a)
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to necessary expenses.
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Rights of possessor with respect
to useful expenses.
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Art. 547. If the useful improvements can be removed
without damage to the principal thing, the possessor in
good faith may remove them, unless the person who recovers the possession exercises the option under paragraph 2 of the preceding article. (n)
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Damage contemplated in case
of removal.
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Art. 548. Expenses for pure luxury or mere pleasure
shall not be refunded to the possessor in good faith; but
he may remove the ornaments with which he has embellished the principal thing if it suffers no injury thereby,
and if his successor in the possession does not prefer
to refund the amount expended. (454)
Concept of expenses for pure luxury
or mere pleasure.
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Rights of possessor with respect
to luxurious expenses.
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Art. 549. The possessor in bad faith shall reimburse
the fruits received and those which the legitimate possessor could have received, and shall have a right only
to the expenses mentioned in paragraph 1 of article 546
and in article 443. The expenses incurred in improvements for pure luxury or mere pleasure shall not be refunded to the possessor in bad faith; but he may remove
the objects for which such expenses have been incurred,
provided that the thing suffers no injury thereby, and that
the lawful possessor does not prefer to retain them by
paying the value they may have at the time he enters into
possession. (455a)
Rights and liabilities of possessor
in bad faith.
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Art. 550. The costs of litigation over the property shall
be borne by every possessor. (n)
Costs of litigation over property.
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Art. 551. Improvements caused by nature or time
shall always inure to the benefit of the person who has
succeeded in recovering possession.
Improvements caused by nature
or time.
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Art. 552. A possessor in good faith shall not be liable
for the deterioration or loss of the thing possessed, except in cases in which it is proved that he has acted with
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fraudulent intent or negligence, after the judicial summons.
A possessor in bad faith shall be liable for deterioration or loss in every case, even if caused by a fortuitous
event. (457a)
Liability for loss or deterioration.
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Art. 553. One who recovers possession shall not be
obliged to pay for improvements which have ceased to
exist at the time he takes possession of the thing. (458)
Improvements which have ceased
to exist.
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Art. 554. A present possessor who shows his possession at some previous time, is presumed to have held
possession also during the intermediate period, in the
absence of proof to the contrary. (459)
Presumption of possession during
intervening period.
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Art. 555. A possessor may lose his possession:
(1) By the abandonment of the thing;
(2) By an assignment made to another either by onerous or gratuitous title;
(3) By the destruction or total loss of the thing, or
because it goes out of commerce;
(4) By the possession of another, subject to the provisions of article 537, if the new possession has lasted
longer than one year. But the real right of possession is
not lost till after the lapse of ten years. (460a)
Modes of losing possession.
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Art. 556. The possession of movables is not deemed
lost so long as they remain under the control of the possessor, even though for the time being he may not know
their whereabouts. (461)
Loss of possession of movables.
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Art. 557. The possession of immovables and of real
rights is not deemed lost or transferred for purposes of
prescription to the prejudice of third persons, except in
accordance with the provisions of the Mortgage Law and
the Land Registration Laws. (462a)
Loss of possession of immovables and real
rights with respect to third persons.
E.)'(,@/'2&*2,>'/,*&-,@'/]=()%/(,/Z%/@-,)*,>%%&'(>*%/,A)-.
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Art. 558. Acts relating to possession, executed or
agreed to by one who possesses a thing belonging to
another as a mere holder to enjoy or keep it, in any character, do not bind or prejudice the owner, unless he gave
said holder express authority to do such acts, or ratifies
them subsequently. (463)
Possessory acts of a mere holder.
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Art. 559. The possession of movable property acquired in good faith is equivalent to a title. Nevertheless,
one who has lost any movable or has been unlawfully
deprived thereof, may recover it from the person in possession of the same.
If the possessor of a movable lost or of which the
owner has been unlawfully deprived, has acquired it in
good faith at a public sale, the owner cannot obtain its
return without reimbursing the price paid therefor. (464a)
Right of possessor who acquires movable
claimed by another.
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Art. 560. Wild animals are possessed only while they
are under one’s control; domesticated or tamed animals
are considered domestic or tame, if they retain the habit
of returning to the premises of the possessor. (465)
Possession of animals.
$*)1>92,1>D,?/3
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>,2->-/,&7,*>-='/,)*(/@/*(/*-9D,&7,>*(,A)-.&=-,-./,>)(,>*(,%>'/
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Art. 561. One who recovers, according to law, possession unjustly lost, shall be deemed for all purposes
which may redound to his benefit, to have enjoyed it
without interruption. (466)
Lawful recovery of possession
unjustly lost.
E.)2,>'-)%9/,>@@9)/2,-&,?&-.,@&22/22)&*,)*,+&&(,7>)-.,>2,A/99
>2, -&, @&22/22)&*, )*, ?>(, 7>)-.I, ?=-, &*9D, )7, ?/*/7)%)>9, -&, -./, @&2F
2/22&'B,E.=2I,>,@&22/22&',)*,+&&(,7>)-.,A)99,?/,(//1/(,-&,?/,)*
%&*-)*=&=2, @&22/22)&*, 7&', @='@&2/2, &7, @'/2%')@-)&*B, T2//, $'-B
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X,&K&,X
!""
Title VI. — USUFRUCT
Chapter 1
USUFRUCT IN GENERAL
Art. 562. Usufruct gives a right to enjoy the property
of another with the obligation of preserving its form and
substance, unless the title constituting it or the law otherwise provides. (467)
Usufruct defined.
#"$ !"#$%#&'%&'%()*&+)(%&+%,-)%./01)%2301&'&0+4"
#5$ 6+0,-)3%()*&+&,&0+%',.,)'%,-.,%&,%&'%7.%3).8%3&9-,:%0*%.%,);<
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/)+)*&,'% ?-&@-% 3)'>8,% *30;% ,-)% +03;.8% )+B0=;)+,% 0*% .+0,-)3C'
2302)3,=:%?&,-%,-)%0/8&9.,&0+%,0%3),>3+:%.,%,-)%()'&9+.,)(%,&;):
)&,-)3% ,-)% '.;)% ,-&+9:% 03:% &+% '2)@&.8% @.')':% &,'% )D>&1.8)+,4CC% #E)
F>)+:()*%*&+,(-,../4:%G3(%)(4:%5HH4$
#G$ I,%&'%,-)%3&9-,%,0%)+B0=%,-)%2302)3,=%0*%.+0,-)3%,);203.3<
&8=:%&+@8>(&+9%/0,-%,-)%0#"(#'*123%#3&9-,%,0%>')$%.+(%,-)%0#"($%#*123
#3&9-,%,0%,-)%*3>&,'$%#J8)&A)9>&%14%K.+&8.%L.?+%M)++&'%N8>/:%5%O-&84
GPQ% R"QPQS4$:% ?&,-% ,-)% 0?+)3% 3),.&+&+9% ,-)% 0#"( 23"4,1*123% 03% ,-)
20?)3%,0%.8&)+.,)%03%)+@>;/)3%,-)%'.;)4%#'))%63,4%HT"4$
"
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&'%&+%.%')+')%.%>'>*3>@,>.3=%01)3%,-)%')2.3.,)%2302)3,=%0*%,-)%'20>')'4
M-)% '>/B)@,% 0*% U')% .+(% V./&,.,&0+% -.'% /))+% 0;&,,)(% /)@.>')% ,-)')% 8)9.8% &+',&,><
,&0+'%.3)%>+W+0?+%&+%,-)%O-&8&22&+)'4
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M-)% *)?% 2301&'&0+'% .3)% ;0',8=% *03% ,-)% 2>320')% 0*% @8.3&*&@.,&0+4CC% #X)203,% 0*% ,-)% N0()
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]4X4%Z04%"H5TPQ:%6>94%G:%5PP^4$
Characteristics of usufruct.
M-)=%.3)%.'%*0880?'_
#"$ I,%&'%.%3).8%3&9-,%#?-),-)3%3)9&',)3)(%03%+0,%&+%,-)%X)9&'<
,3=%0*%O302)3,=$%0*%>')%.+(%)+B0=;)+,`5
#5$ I,%&'%0*%,);203.3=%(>3.,&0+`
#G$ I,%&'%,3.+';&''&/8)`%.+(
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'-&2%0*%?-&@-%&'%1)',)(%&+%.+0,-)34
6%2)3'0+%@.++0,%@3).,)%.%>'>*3>@,%01)3%-&'%0?+%2302)3,=%.+(
.,%,-)%'.;)%,&;)%3),.&+%0?+)3'-&2%0*%,-)%'.;)4%a03%>'>*3>@,%&'
)'')+,&.88=%0#"(31(%*(/53*1/6(.+(%,0%/)%.%>'>*3>@,>.3=%0*%0+)C'%0?+
2302)3,=% &':% &+% 8.?:% .% @0+,3.(&@,&0+% &+% ,)3;'% .+(% .% @0+@)2,>.8
./'>3(&,=4%#]./0=.%14%N>&:%GT%[NX6%TH%R"Qb"S4$
Classifications of usufruct.
U'>*3>@,%;.=%/)%@8.''&*&)(%.'%*0880?'_
#"$ 7"(',(8+*'+*%(,%(1,'(3.4/3%.*1'(,$(,90*&'(3"(/55,8*2:
#.$ +03;.8`%.+(
#/$ ./+03;.84%#63,4%H^54$
#5$ 7"(',(,%3;31:
#.$ 8)9.8`
#/$ 108>+,.3=`%.+(
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5
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+0,.,)(% &+% ,-)% X)9&',3=% 0*% O302)3,=% ,0% 23)B>(&@)% ,-&3(% 2)3'0+'4% #63,4% bPQ4$%6'% &,% &'% .+
&+,)3)',% .**)@,&+9% 3).8% 2302)3,=:% &,% @.++0,% /)% 2301)+% /=% 2.308% )1&()+@)4% I,% &'% +0,% 0+8=
)1)3=% .93));)+,% 3)8.,&+9% ,0% ,-)% '.8)% 0*% 8.+('% ,-.,% &'% ?&,-&+% ,-)% ',.,>,)% 0*% *3.>(':% />,
.8'0%'>@-%.93));)+,'%.'%.3)%&+,)+()(%,0%@3).,)%&+,)3)',%&+%8.+('4%#]0@)%14%X0'.8)':%RN464S
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63,4%H^5
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#G$ 7"(',(1#.9*%(,$(#"#$%#&'#/%3*":
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#.$ 0*%,-&+9'`%.+(
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#^$ 7"(',(>#/1'3'?(,%(*C'*1'(,$(,90*&':
#.$ ,0,.8`%.+(
#/$ 2.3,&.84%#63,4%H^!4$
#b$ 7"(',(*C'*1'(,$(,81*%D"(4/'%3.,1?:
#.$ >+&1)3'.8`%.+(
#/$ 2.3,&@>8.34%#'))%63,'4%HQT:%HQQ4$
Impairment of object of usufruct.
M-)% )'')+,&.8% 3)D>&'&,)% 0*% >'>*3>@,% &'% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% )+B0=% ,-)
2302)3,=%0*%.+0,-)34%M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%)+,&,8)(%,0%.88%,-)%*3>&,'
0*% ,-)% 2302)3,=% #63,4% H^^4$% ?&,-% ,-)% 0/8&9.,&0+% 7,0% 23)')31)% &,'
*03;%.+(%'>/',.+@)4CC%M->':%&*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%&'%0+%.%-0>')%,0%/)
>')(%.'%.%(?)88&+9%/=%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=:%&,%;>',%/)%23)')31)(%.'
'>@-4%M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%@.++0,%@0+1)3,%&,%&+,0%.+%.2.3,;)+,%.+(
8).')%&,4
V0?)1)3:% ,-)% 0/8&9.,&0+% 0*% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% ,0% 23)')31)% &'
0+8=%.@@&()+,.8%*03%,-)%8.?%03%,-)%?&88%0*%,-)%2.3,&)'%;.=%;0(&*=
03%)1)+%)+,&3)8=%)8&;&+.,)%&,4%M-&'%-.'%9&1)+%3&')%,0%,-)%@8.''&*&<
@.,&0+%0*%>'>*3>@,:%()2)+(&+9%0+%?-),-)3%03%+0,%&;2.&3;)+,%0*
,-)%0/B)@,%-)8(%&+%>'>*3>@,%&'%.880?)(:%&+,0_
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,-&+9'%?-&@-%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%@.+%)+B0=%?&,-0>,%.8,)3&+9%,-)&3
*03;%03%'>/',.+@):%,-0>9-%,-)=%;.=%(),)3&03.,)%03%(&;&+&'-%/=
,&;)%03%/=%,-)%>')%,0%?-&@-%,-)=%.3)%.228&)(%'>@-%.'%.%-0>'):%.
2&)@)%0*%8.+(:%*>3+&,>3):%),@4%I,%&'%.8'0%W+0?+%.'%4*%$*&'(03%%*;#5/%
#"#$%#&'6(.+(
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03%)c2)+()(:%'>@-%.'%;0+)=:%93.&+:%8&D>03':%),@4%#'))%63,'4%HbG:
Hb!:% HQ":% 2.34% !4$% I,% &'% .8'0% @.88)(% 3.4*%$*&'F( 3%%*;#5/%F( 03% >#/"3G
#"#$%#&'=
Usufruct distinguished from lease.
M-)%(&',&+@,&0+'%.3)%.'%*0880?'_
#"$ 7"(',(1/'#%*(,$(%3;+'=(H(U'>*3>@,%&'%.8?.='%.%3).8%3&9-,%#'))
63,4%Hb54$:%?-&8)%8).')G%&'%9)+)3.88=%.%2)3'0+.8%3&9-,`!
#5$ 7"(',(&%*/',%(,$(%3;+'=(H(I+%>'>*3>@,:%,-)%2)3'0+%@3).,&+9
,-)%>'>*3>@,%'-0>8(%/)%,-)%0?+)3%03%-&'%(>8=%.>,-03&A)(%.9)+,:
?-&8)%&+%8).'):%,-)%8)''03%;.=%+0,%/)%,-)%0?+)3%.'%?-)+%-)%&'%.
'>/<8)''03%#'))%63,4%"^HP4$%03%-)%&'%0+8=%.%>'>*3>@,>.3=`
#G$ 7"(',(,%3;31=(H(U'>*3>@,%;.=%/)%@3).,)(%/=%8.?:%/=%@0+<
,3.@,:%/=%?&88%0*%,-)%,)',.,03:%03%/=%23)'@3&2,&0+%#63,4%H^G4$:%?-&8)
8).')%&'%9)+)3.88=%@3).,)(%/=%@0+,3.@,%#'))%63,'4%!!T:%"^bP%R&;28&)(
+)?%8).')S4$`
#!$ 6'%',(*C'*1'(,$(*10,?.*1'=(H(U'>*3>@,%@01)3':%.'%.%3>8):%.88
,-)%*3>&,'%.+(%.88%,-)%>')'%.+(%/)+)*&,'%0*%,-)%)+,&3)%2302)3,=%#'))
63,4%Hb"4$:%?-&8)%8).')%9)+)3.88=%3)*)3'%,0%@)3,.&+%>')'%0+8=:% 3=*=F
,0%,-0')%',&2>8.,)(`
#H$ 7"(',(&/#"*=(H(U'>*3>@,%&+1081)'%.%;03)%03%8)''%2.''&1)
0?+)3%?-0%/55,8"(,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%,0%)+B0=%,-)%0/B)@,%9&1)+%&+
>'>*3>@,:%?-&8)%8).')%&+1081)'%.%;03)%.@,&1)%0?+)3%03%8)''03%?-0
./@*"(,-)%8)''))%,0%)+B0=%#"P%K.+3)'.%!HT4$`%.+(
G
63,4% "^!G4% I+% ,-)% 8).')% 0*% ,-&+9':% 0+)% 0*% ,-)% 2.3,&)'% /&+('% -&;')8*% ,0% 9&1)% ,0% .+<
0,-)3%,-)%)+B0=;)+,%03%>')%0*%.%,-&+9%*03%.%23&@)%@)3,.&+:%.+(%*03%.%2)3&0(%?-&@-%;.=
/)% ()*&+&,)% 03% &+()*&+&,)4% V0?)1)3:% +0% 8).')% *03% ;03)% ,-.+% +&+),=<+&+)% =).3'% '-.88% /)
1.8&(4%#"H!G.$
!
6%3)9&',)3)(%8).')%0+%.%8.+(%&'%.%3).8%3&9-,4%#'))%63,4%"^b^4$
63,'4%H^G<H^!
U[UaXUNM
U'>*3>@,%&+%])+)3.8
!"H
#^$ 7"( ',( %*4/3%"( /12( '/C*"=( H( I+% >'>*3>@,:% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=
2.='%*03%03(&+.3=%3)2.&3'%.+(%,.c)'%0+%,-)%*3>&,'%#'))%63,'4%HQ5:
HQ^4$:%?-&8)%&+%8).'):%,-)%8)''))%&'%+0,%9)+)3.88=%>+()3%0/8&9.,&0+
,0%>+()3,.W)%3)2.&3'%03%2.=%,.c)'4
Art. 563. Usufruct is constituted by law, by the will
of private persons expressed in acts inter vivos or in a
last will and testament, and by prescription. (468)
Creation of usufruct.
U'>*3>@,%;.=%/)%@8.''&*&)(%.@@03(&+9%,0%-0?%&,%&'%@3).,)(%&+,0_
#"$ I*;/5(03%,-.,%@3).,)(%/=%8.?%03%()@8.3)(%/=%8.?:%'>@-%.'
,-)%>'>*3>@,%0*%,-)%2.3)+,'%01)3%,-)%2302)3,=%0*%,-)&3%>+);.+@&<
2.,)(%@-&8(3)+`H
#5$ J,5#1'/%?(03%,-.,%@3).,)(%/=%?&88%0*%,-)%2.3,&)':%)&,-)3%/=
.@,%31'*%(K3K,"F('>@-%.'%@0+,3.@,%03%(0+.,&0+:%03%/=%.@,%.,%'3"(&/#"/F
'>@-%.'%&+%.%8.',%?&88%.+(%,)',.;)+,`%.+(
#G$ L3C*2%03%,-.,%.@D>&3)(%/=%23)'@3&2,&0+:%'>@-%.'%?-)3)%0+)
/)8&)1&+9%-&;')8*%,-)%0?+)3%0*%,-)%2302)3,=%0*%.+%./')+,)):%9.1)
&+%-&'%?&88%,-)%>'>*3>@,%0*%,-)%2302)3,=%,0%-&'%?&*)%.+(%,-)%+.<
W)(% 0?+)3'-&2% ,0% -&'% /30,-)3:% .+(% ,-)% ?&*)% 20'')'')(% &+% 900(
*.&,-%,-)%2302)3,=%.'%>'>*3>@,>.3=%*03%,-)%3)D>&'&,)%23)'@3&2,&1)
2)3&0(4%#'))%!%K.+3)'.%GbH4$%M-&'%W&+(%0*%>'>*3>@,%&'%;&c)(%/)<
@.>')%/0,-%,-)%8.?%.+(%,-)%108&,&0+%0*%,-)%2)3'0+%#>'>*3>@,>.3=$
2.3,&@&2.,)%&+%&,'%@3).,&0+4
Art. 564. Usufruct may be constituted on the whole
or a part of the fruits of the thing, in favor of one or more
persons, simultaneously or successively, and in every
case from or to a certain day, purely or conditionally. It
may also be constituted on a right, provided it is not
strictly personal or intransmissible. (469)
H
63,4%55^4%M-)% 2302)3,=% 0*% ,-)% >+);.+@&2.,)(% @-&8(% ).3+)(% 03% .@D>&3)(% ?&,-% -&'
?03W%03%&+(>',3=%03%/=%0+)30>'%03%93.,>&,0>'%,&,8)%'-.88%/)80+9%,0%,-)%@-&8(%&+%0?+)3<
'-&2%.+(%'-.88%/)%()10,)(%)c@8>'&1)8=%,0%,-)%8.,,)3C'%'>2203,%.+(%)(>@.,&0+:%>+8)''%,-)
,&,8)%03%,3.+'*)3%2301&()'%0,-)3?&')4
M-)%3&9-,%0*%,-)% 2.3)+,'% 01)3% ,-)% *3>&,'% .+(% &+@0;)% 0*% ,-)% @-&8(C'% 2302)3,=% '-.88
/)%8&;&,)(%23&;.3&8=%,0%,-)%@-&8(C'%'>2203,%.+(%')@0+(.3&8=%,0%,-)%@088)@,&1)%(.&8=%+))('
0*%,-)%*.;&8=4%#a.;&8=%N0()$
!"^
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63,4%H^H
Kinds of usufruct defined.
U+()3%63,&@8)%H^!:%>'>*3>@,%;.=%/)_
#"$ 7"(',(*C'*1'(,$(,90*&':
#.$ M,'/5F(&*%&,%&'%@0+',&,>,)(%0+%,-)%?-08)%0*%.%,-&+9`%03
#/$ N/%'3/5F(&*%&,%&'%@0+',&,>,)(%0+8=%0+%.%2.3,%0*%.%,-&+9`
#5$ 7"(',(1#.9*%(,$(9*1*$3&3/%3*":
#.$ O3.45*F(&*%,-)3)%&'%0+8=%0+)%>'>*3>@,>.3=`%03
#/$ L#5'345*F(&*%,-)3)%.3)%')1)3.8%>'>*3>@,>.3&)':%.+(%,-)
8.,,)3%;.=%/)_
"$ O3.#5'/1*,#"(#.,%,-)%'.;)%,&;)$`%03
5$ O#&&*""3K*(#0+)%.*,)3%.+0,-)3$`
#G$ 7"(',(*$$*&'3K3'?(,%(*C'31;#3"+.*1':
#.$ N#%*F(&*%,-)3)%&'%+0%,)3;%03%@0+(&,&0+`
#/$ P3'+(/('*%.:%&*%,-)3)%&'%.%2)3&0(%?-&@-%;.=%/)%)&,-)3
'>'2)+'&1)% #*30;% .% @)3,.&+% (.=$% 03% 3)'08>,03=% #>2% ,0% .% @)3<
,.&+%(.=$`%03
#@$ -,123'3,1/5F(&*%&,%&'%'>/B)@,%,0%.%@0+(&,&0+%?-&@-%;.=
/)%)&,-)3%'>'2)+'&1)%#*30;%,-)%/)9&++&+9%0*%.%@)3,.&+%)1)+,$
03%3)'08>,03=%#>+,&8%,-)%-.22)+&+9%0*%.%@)3,.&+%)1)+,$`%.+(
#!$ 7"(',("#90*&'(./''*%:
#.$ QK*%('+31;"F(&*%&,%&+1081)'%,.+9&/8)%2302)3,=`%03
#/$ QK*%(%3;+'"F(&*%&,%&+1081)'%&+,.+9&/8)%2302)3,=%.'%3&9-,'
.3):% />,% ,-)% 3&9-,'% ;>',% +0,% /)% ',3&@,8=% 2)3'0+.8% 03
&+,3.+';&''&/8)`%,->':%,-)%3&9-,%,0%3)@)&1)%'>2203,%@.++0,%/)
,-)%'>/B)@,%;.,,)3%0*%>'>*3>@,4
Art. 565. The rights and obligations of the
usufructuary shall be those provided in the title constituting the usufruct; in default of such title, or in case it
is deficient, the provisions contained in the two following Chapters shall be observed. (470)
Rules governing usufruct.
U'>*3>@,%&'%901)3+)(%23&;.3&8=%/=%,-)%,&,8)%#63,4%H^G4$%@3).,<
63,4%H^H
U[UaXUNM
U'>*3>@,%&+%])+)3.8
!"b
&+9%,-)%>'>*3>@,:%03%&+%,-)%./')+@)%,-)3)0*:%/=%63,&@8)'%H^^%,0%^"5
0*%,-)%N&1&8%N0()4
I+%.%8)9.8%>'>*3>@,:%,-)%8.?%@0+',&,>,&+9%&,%?&88%23&;.3&8=%901<
)3+`% &+% .% 108>+,.3=% >'>*3>@,:% ,-)% .@,% @0+',&,>,&+9% &,`% .+(% &+% .
;&c)(%>'>*3>@,:%,-)%8.?%0+%23)'@3&2,&0+%.+(%,-)%)c,)+,%0*%,-)%>')4
[0:%&+%@.')%0*%@0+*8&@,%/),?))+%,-)%?&88%0*%,-)%2.3,&)'%03%,-)%2)3<
'0+%@3).,&+9%,-)%>'>*3>@,%.+(%,-)%2301&'&0+'%0*%,-)%N&1&8%N0():
,-)%*03;)3%23)1.&8'4%a03%)c.;28):%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=:%+0,%/)&+9%,-)
0?+)3:%;.=%+0,%.8&)+.,)%,-)%2302)3,=%-)8(%&+%>'>*3>@,%/>,%-)%;.=
/)%1.8&(8=%.>,-03&A)(%/=%@0+,3.@,%03%/=%,-)%93.+,034
d%0Y0%d
!"T
NYKKJZM[%6ZE%N6[J[%YZ%OXYOJXM\
Chapter 2
RIGHTS OF THE USUFRUCTUARY
Art. 566. The usufructuary shall be entitled to all the
natural, industrial and civil fruits of the property in
usufruct. With respect to hidden treasure which may be
found on the land or tenement, he shall be considered a
stranger. (471)
Classifications of the rights
of the usufructuary.
M-)%3&9-,'%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%;.=%/)%@8.''&*&)(%.'%*0880?'_
#"$ 7"(',('+*('+31;(/12(3'"($%#3'":
#.$ M0%3)@)&1)%,-)%*3>&,'%0*%,-)%2302)3,=%&+%>'>*3>@,%.+(
-.8*%0*%,-)%-&(()+%,3).'>3)%-)%.@@&()+,.88=%*&+('%0+%,-)%2302<
)3,=%#63,'4%H^^:%!GT4$`
#/$ M0%)+B0=%.+=%&+@3).')%?-&@-%,-)%,-&+9%&+%>'>*3>@,%;.=
.@D>&3)%,-30>9-%.@@)''&0+%#63,4%Hb"4$`
#@$ M0%2)3'0+.88=%)+B0=%,-)%,-&+9%&+%>'>*3>@,%03%8).')%&,
,0%.+0,-)3%#63,'4%Hb5<Hbb4$`
#($ M0%;.W)%0+%,-)%2302)3,=%&+%>'>*3>@,%'>@-%&;2301)<
;)+,'%03%)c2)+')'%-)%;.=%());%2302)3%.+(%,0%3);01)%,-)
&;2301);)+,'% 2301&()(% +0% (.;.9)% &'% @.>')(% ,0% ,-)% 2302<
)3,=%#63,4%HbQ4$`
#)$ M0% '),<0**% ,-)% &;2301);)+,'% -)% ;.=% -.1)% ;.()% 0+
,-)%2302)3,=%.9.&+',%.+=%(.;.9)%,0%,-)%'.;)%#63,4%HTP4$`%.+(
#*$ M0%3),.&+%,-)%,-&+9%>+,&8%-)%&'%3)&;/>3')(%*03%.(1.+@)'
*03% )c,3.03(&+.3=% )c2)+')'% .+(% ,.c)'% 0+% ,-)% @.2&,.84% #63,4
^"54$
!"T
63,4%H^^
U[UaXUNM
X&9-,'%0*%,-)%U'>*3>@,>.3=
!"Q
#5$ 7"(',('+*(#"#$%#&'(3'"*5$:
#.$ M0%.8&)+.,)%#03%;03,9.9)$%,-)%3&9-,%0*%>'>*3>@,%#63,4
Hb54$% )c@)2,% 2.3)+,.8% >'>*3>@,% #'))% 63,'4% 55H:% 55^:% a.;&8=
N0()4$`%.+(
#/$ I+% .% >'>*3>@,% ,0% 3)@01)3% 2302)3,=% 03% .% 3).8% 3&9-,:% ,0
/3&+9%,-)%.@,&0+%.+(%,0%0/8&9)%,-)%0?+)3%,-)3)0*%,0%9&1)%-&;
2302)3%.>,-03&,=%.+(%+)@)''.3=%2300*%#63,4%HbT4$`%.+(
#@$ I+%.%>'>*3>@,%0*%2.3,%0*%.%@0;;0+%2302)3,=:%,0%)c)3<
@&')%.88%,-)%3&9-,'%2)3,.&+&+9%,0%,-)%@0<0?+)3%?&,-%3)'2)@,%,0
,-)%.(;&+&',3.,&0+%.+(%@088)@,&0+%0*%*3>&,'%03%&+,)3)','%*30;
,-)%2302)3,=4%#63,4%HT54$
#G$ 7"(',(/2K/1&*"(/12(2/./;*":
#.$ M0%/)%3)&;/>3')(%*03%&+(&'2)+'./8)%)c,3.03(&+.3=%3)<
2.&3'% ;.()% /=% -&;% &+% .+% .;0>+,% )D>.8% ,0% ,-)% &+@3).')% &+
1.8>)% ?-&@-% ,-)% 2302)3,=% ;.=% -.1)% .@D>&3)(% /=% 3).'0+% 0*
'>@-%3)2.&3'%#63,4%HQ!4$`
#/$ M0% /)% 3)&;/>3')(% *03% ,.c)'% 0+% ,-)% @.2&,.8% .(1.+@)(
/=%-&;%#63,4%HQb:%2.34%54$`%.+(
#@$ M0%/)%&+();+&*&)(%*03%(.;.9)'%@.>')(%,0%-&;%/=%,-)
+.W)(%0?+)34%#63,4%HT"4$
Right of usufructuary to fruits.
6'%.%3>8):%,-)%+.,>3.8:%&+(>',3&.8%.+(%@&1&8%*3>&,'%/)80+9%,0%,-)
0?+)34%#63,4%!!"4$%F>,%.'%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%9&1)+%,-)%3&9-,%,0
)+B0=% ,-)% 2302)3,=% &+% >'>*3>@,% #63,4% H^54$:% -)% &'% )+,&,8)(% ,0% ,-)
*3>&,'4% M-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% -.'% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% 3)@)&1)% .88% ,-)% *3>&,'
)c@)2,% ?-)3)% ,-)% >'>*3>@,% &'% @0+',&,>,)(% 0+8=% 0+% .% 2.3,% 0*% ,-)
*3>&,'%0*%.%,-&+9%#63,4%H^!4$%03%?-)3)%,-)3)%&'%.+%.93));)+,%,0%,-)
@0+,3.3=4%#63,4%H^H4$
M-)% +.W)(% 0?+)3% 3),.&+'% .+(% @.+% )c)3@&')% .88% ,-)% 3&9-,'% .'
0?+)3%01)3%,-)%2302)3,=%8&;&,)(%0+8=%/=%,-)%3&9-,%0*%)+B0=;)+,
0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=4%#'))%63,4%HT"4$
#"$ )3K32*12"=(H(6%(&1&()+(:%?-),-)3%&+%,-)%*03;%0*%',0@W:
&'%&+@0;)%.+(:%@0+')D>)+,8=:%'-0>8(%90%,0%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=:%,.W<
&+9% &+,0% @0+'&()3.,&0+% ,-.,% .% ',0@W% (&1&()+(% .'% ?)88% .'% .% @.'(&1&()+(%@.+%/)%()@8.3)(%0+8=%0>,%0*%230*&,'%0*%,-)%@03203.,&0+:
!5P
NYKKJZM[%6ZE%N6[J[%YZ%OXYOJXM\
63,4%H^b
*03% &*% &,% ?)3)% ()@8.3)(% 0>,% 0*% ,-)% @.2&,.8:% &,% ?0>8(% /)% .% ')3&0>'
1&08.,&0+%0*%,-)%8.?4%[-.3)'%0*%',0@W%(&1&()+('%.3)%@&1&8%*3>&,'%0*
,-)%03&9&+.8%&+1)',;)+,4%M-)=%3)23)')+,%230*&,'%.+(%,-)%()8&1)3=
0*%,-)%@)3,&*&@.,)'%0*%',0@W%@01)3&+9%'.&(%(&1&()+('%&'%)D>&1.8)+,
,0%,-)%2.=;)+,%0*%'.&(%230*&,'4%[.&(%'-.3)'%;.=%/)%'08(%&+()2)+(<
)+,8=% 0*% ,-)% 03&9&+.8% '-.3)':% B>',% .'% ,-)% 0**'23&+9% 0*% .% (0;)',&@
.+&;.8% ;.=% /)% '08(% &+()2)+()+,8=% 0*% &,'% ;0,-)34% #F.@-3.@-% 14
[)&*)3,:%Tb%O-&84%!TG%R"QHPS`%Y30A@0%14%63.+),.:%QP%O-&84%GQQ%R"QH"S4$
#5$ N%,2#&'"( 8+3&+( 23.313"+( &/43'/5=( d% M-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% -.'
,-)%0/8&9.,&0+%,0%23)')31)%,-)%*03;%.+(%'>/',.+@)%0*%,-)%2302)3,=
&+%>'>*3>@,%>+8)''%,-)%,&,8)%@0+',&,>,&+9%&,%03%,-)%8.?%2301&()'%0,-<
)3?&')4%#63,4%H^54$%[0:%230(>@,'%?-&@-%?-)+%,.W)+%*30;%,-)%2302<
)3,=%(&;&+&'-)'%&,'%'>/',.+@)%#*=;=F(;&+)3.8'%)c,3.@,)(%*30;%;&+)'$
.3)%*03%,-.,%3).'0+:%+0,%,0%/)%,3).,)(%.'%*3>&,'4%M-)=%*03;%2.3,%0*
,-)% @.2&,.8% .+(% /)80+9% ,0% ,-)% +.W)(% 0?+)3:% .+(% +0,% ,0% ,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=%&+%,-)%./')+@)%0*%.%@0+,3.3=%&+,)+,%/),?))+%,-)%2.3<
,&)'4
#G$ R322*1('%*/"#%*=(H(M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%+0,%)+,&,8)(%,0%.+=
-&(()+% ,3).'>3)% #63,'4% !GT:% !GQ4$% ?-&@-% ;.=% /)% *0>+(% 0+% ,-)
2302)3,=%/)@.>')%&,%(0)'%+0,%*.88%>+()3%,-)%,)3;%7*3>&,'CC4%V)%'-.88
/)%@0+'&()3)(%.%',3.+9)3:%3=*=F%&*%-)%&'%,-)%*&+()3:%-)%&'%)+,&,8)(%,0
"e5%0*%,-)%,3).'>3)%?&,-%,-)%0,-)3%-.8*%2)3,.&+&+9%,0%,-)%0?+)3`
&*% .+0,-)3% 2)3'0+% &'% ,-)% *&+()3:% '>@-% 2)3'0+% 9),'% "e5% .'% *&+()3:
.+(%,-)%0?+)3%9),'%,-)%0,-)3%-.8*%.'%0?+)34
Art. 567. Natural or industrial fruits growing at the
time the usufruct begins, belong to the usufructuary.
Those growing at the time the usufruct terminates,
belong to the owner.
In the preceding cases, the usufructuary, at the beginning of the usufruct, has no obligation to refund to
the owner any expenses incurred; but the owner shall be
obliged to reimburse at the termination of the usufruct,
from the proceeds of the growing fruits, the ordinary
expenses of cultivation, for seed, and other similar expenses, incurred by the usufructuary.
The provisions of this article shall not prejudice the
rights of third persons, acquired either at the beginning
or at the termination of the usufruct. (472)
63,4%H^T
U[UaXUNM
X&9-,'%0*%,-)%U'>*3>@,>.3=
!5"
Right of usufructuary to pending natural
and industrial fruits.
M-&'%2301&'&0+%(0)'%+0,%.228=%,0%@&1&8%*3>&,'%*03%,-)=%.@@3>)
(.&8=4%#'))%63,'4%!!5:%H!!:%H^Q4$
#"$ S%#3'"(;%,831;(/'(9*;31131;(,$(#"#$%#&'=(H(M-)=%/)80+9%,0
,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%?-0%&'%+0,%/0>+(%,0%3)*>+(%,0%,-)%0?+)3%,-)
)c2)+')'% 0*% @>8,&1.,&0+% .+(% 230(>@,&0+% &+@>33)(% *03% 0/1&0>'8=
,-)%0?+)3%()8&1)3)(%-&'%2302)3,=%,0%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&+%&,'%@0+<
(&,&0+%.,%,-)%,&;)%?&,-0>,%,-0>9-,%0*%/)&+9%3)&;/>3')(%*03%'>@)c2)+')'%03%,-)%2.3,&)'%;>',%-.1)%@0+'&()3)(%,-)%;.,,)3%&+%*&c<
&+9%,-)%,)3;'%.+(%@0+(&,&0+'%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%.'%?-)+%&,%?.'%@3)<
.,)(%/=%@0+,3.@,4
V0?)1)3:% &+% @.')% ,-)% )c2)+')'% ?)3)% &+@>33)(% /=% &++0@)+,
,-&3(% 2)3'0+':% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% >+()3%63,&@8)% !!G:% 2>3'>.+,% ,0
,-)%8.',%2.3.93.2-%0*%63,&@8)%H^b:%-.'%,-)%0/8&9.,&0+%,0%2.=%,-)
)c2)+')'%;.()4%#'))%63,4%H!H`%'))%!%K.+3)'.%GQP<GQ"4$
#5$ S%#3'"( ;%,831;( /'( '+*( '*%.31/'3,1( ,$( #"#$%#&'=( H( M-)=% /)<
80+9%,0%,-)%0?+)3%/>,%-)%&'%/0>+(%,0%3)&;/>3')%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=
,-)%03(&+.3=%@>8,&1.,&0+%)c2)+')'%#'))%63,4%H!H4$%0>,%0*%,-)%*3>&,'
3)@)&1)(4%#'))%63,4%!!G4$%I*%,-)%)c2)+')'%)c@))(%,-)%230@))('%0*
,-)%930?&+9%*3>&,':%,-)%0?+)3%-.'%+0%0/8&9.,&0+%,0%3)&;/>3')%,-)
(&**)3)+@)% *03% ,-)% 8.?% '.='% 7*30;% ,-)% 230@))('% 0*% ,-)% 930?&+9
*3>&,'4CC%69.&+:%,-)%3&9-,'%0*%,-&3(%2)3'0+%&+%900(%*.&,-%.3)%230<
,)@,)(4
I+%@0++)@,&0+%?&,-%2.3.93.2-%5%0*%63,&@8)%H^b:%K.+3)'.%&'%0*
,-)% 02&+&0+% ,-.,% &*% .,% ,-)% ,)3;&+.,&0+% 0*% ,-)% >'>*3>@,:% $,%&*( ./G
0*#%*('-0>8(%23)1)+,%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%*30;%9.,-)3&+9%,-)%*3>&,':
'.&(%*3>&,'%'-.88%/)80+9%,0%-&;%.+(%+0,%,0%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)34%V)
'.='%,-.,%,0%9&1)%,-)%*3>&,'%,0%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%?0>8(%/)%,.+,.<
;0>+,%,0%;.W&+9%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%3)'20+'&/8)%*03%$,%&*(./0*#%*F
@0+();+&+9%-&;%,0%80')%*3>&,'%/=%@.>')'%&+()2)+()+,%0*%-&'%?&884
I*% ,-)% >'>*3>@,% &'% ,)3;&+.,)(% /=% ,-)% ().,-% 0*% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=
,-)+%,-)%*3>&,'%'-0>8(%90%,0%-&'%-)&3'4%#'))%!%K.+3)'.%GTQ4$
Art. 568. If the usufructuary has leased the lands or
tenements given in usufruct, and the usufruct should
expire before the termination of the lease, he or his heirs
!55
NYKKJZM[%6ZE%N6[J[%YZ%OXYOJXM\
63,'4%H^Q<HbP
and successors shall receive only the proportionate
share of the rent that must be paid by the lessee. (473)
Art. 569. Civil fruits are deemed to accrue daily, and
belong to the usufructuary in proportion to the time the
usufruct may last. (474)
Lease by the usufructuary.
M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%;.=%8).')%,-)%2302)3,=%&+%>'>*3>@,%,0%.+<
0,-)34%#63,4%Hb54$%I*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%'-0>8(%)c2&3)%/)*03)%,-)%,)3;&<
+.,&0+%0*%,-)%8).'):%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%03%-&'%-)&3'%.+(%'>@@)''03'
.3)% )+,&,8)(% 0+8=% ,0% ,-)% 3)+,'% @033)'20+(&+9% ,0% ,-)% (>3.,&0+% 0*
,-)%>'>*3>@,4%M-)%3)+,'%*03%,-)%3);.&+&+9%2)3&0(%0*%,-)%8).')%/)<
80+9%,0%,-)%0?+)34
X)+,'%.3)%@&1&8%*3>&,'4%6'%,-)=%.3)%());)(%,0%.@@3>)%*30;%(.=
,0%(.=:%,-)=%/)80+9%,0%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&+%230203,&0+%,0%,-)%,&;)
,-)%>'>*3>@,%;.=%8.',4
Art. 570. Whenever a usufruct is constituted on the
right to receive a rent or periodical pension, whether in
money or in fruits, or in the interest on bonds or securities payable to bearer, each payment due shall be considered as the proceeds or fruits of such right.
Whenever it consists in the enjoyment of benefits
accruing from a participation in any industrial or commercial enterprise, the date of the distribution of which
is not fixed, such benefits shall have the same character.
In either case, they shall be distributed as civil fruits,
and shall be applied in the manner prescribed in the preceding article. (475)
Usufruct constituted on certain rights.
f-)+% ,-)% >'>*3>@,% &'% @0+',&,>,)(% 0+% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% 3)@)&1)% .
3)+,:%2)3&0(&@.8%2)+'&0+:%03%&+,)3)',%0+%/0+(':%03%')@>3&,&)'%2.=<
./8)%,0%/).3)3:%03%,-)%3&9-,%,0%3)@)&1)%/)+)*&,'%.@@3>&+9%*30;%.+=
/>'&+)''% )+,)323&'):% )1)3=% 2.=;)+,% 03% /)+)*&,% '-.88% /)% @0+'&(<
)3)(% .+(% (&',3&/>,)(% .'% @&1&8% *3>&,% 0*% '>@-% 3&9-,4% F)@.>')% @&1&8
63,'4%Hb"<Hb5
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!5G
*3>&,'% .@@3>)% (.&8=:% ,-)=% /)80+9% ,0% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% &+% 230203<
,&0+%,0%,-)%,&;)%,-)%>'>*3>@,%8.','4%#63,4%H^Q4$%O.=;)+,'%.+(%/)+<
)*&,'%,-.,%.@@3>)%.*,)3%,-)%,)3;&+.,&0+%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%/)80+9%,0
,-)%0?+)34
[&+@)%,-)%;.W&+9%0*%230*&,'%&'%.8?.='%>+@)3,.&+:%,-)%(.,)%0*
(&',3&/>,&0+%0*%/)+)*&,'%#*=;4:%(&1&()+('$%&'%+0,%*&c)(%/=%/>'&+)''
)+,)323&')'4%F>,%0+@)%()@&'&0+%-.'%/))+%;.()%,0%93.+,%,-)%/)+<
)*&,':%,-)%@0;2.+=%>'>.88=%*&c)'%,-)%(.,)%?-)+%,-)=%'-.88%/)%(&'<
,3&/>,)(4%M-)%(.,)%?-)+%,-)%/)+)*&,'%.@@3>)%(),)3;&+)'%?-),-)3
,-)=%'-0>8(%/)80+9%,0%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%03%,0%,-)%0?+)34%63,&@8)
HbP%.228&)'%?-),-)3%03%+0,%,-)%(.,)%0*%(&',3&/>,&0+%0*%/)+)*&,'%&'
*&c)(4
Art. 571. The usufructuary shall have the right to
enjoy any increase which the thing in usufruct may acquire through accession, the servitudes established in its
favor, and, in general all the benefits inherent therein.
(479)
Extent of rights of usufructuary.
M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%9)+)3.88=%)+,&,8)(%,0%.88%,-)%/)+)*&,'%,-.,
,-)%,-&+9%&+%>'>*3>@,%@.+%9&1)%&+@8>(&+9%.+=%&+@3).')%/=%.@@)'<
'&0+%#63,4%!!P4$%.+(%')31&,>()'%)',./8&'-)(%&+%&,'%*.1034%#63,4%^"G4$
M-)%3).'0+%&'%,-.,%>'>*3>@,%@01)3'%,-)%)+,&3)%0#"($%#*123(#3&9-,%,0
,-)%*3>&,'$%.+(%,-)%)+,&3)%0#"(#'*123(#3&9-,%,0%,-)%>')$4
6;0+9%,-)%7/)+)*&,'%&+-)3)+,%&+%,-)%,-&+9CC%3)*)33)(%,0%&+%,-)
.3,&@8)%.3)%,-)%3&9-,%,0%->+,%.+(%*&'-%,-)3)&+:%,-)%3&9-,%,0%@0+',3>@,
3)@)2,.@8)'% *03% 3.&+% ?.,)3:% .+(% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% >')% ;)(&@.8% ?.,)3'
3&'&+9%0+%,-)%8.+(%&+%>'>*3>@,4%#'))%!%K.+3)'.%!"G<!"H4$
Art. 572. The usufructuary may personally enjoy the
thing in usufruct, lease it to another, or alienate his right
of usufruct, even by a gratuitous title; but all the contracts he may enter into as such usufructuary shall terminate upon the expiration of the usufruct, saving leases
of rural lands, which shall be considered as subsisting
during the agricultural year. (480)
!5!
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63,4%Hb5
Transactions by the usufructuary.
M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%;.=%23&;.3&8=%)+B0=%,-)%,-&+9%&+%>'>*3>@,:
,-.,%&':%,0%20'')''%,-)%,-&+9:%>')%&,:%.+(%3)@)&1)%&,'%*3>&,'4
#"$ P3'+(%*"4*&'(',('+*('+31;(31(#"#$%#&'=(H(V)%;.=%8).')%&,%#63,4
H^T4$%)1)+%?&,-0>,%,-)%0?+)3C'%@0+')+,%#'))%63,4%HQP4$%/>,:%+0,
/)&+9% ,-)% 0?+)3:% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=:% @.++0,% .8&)+.,):% 28)(9)% 03
;03,9.9)%#'))%63,4%5PTHR5S4$%,-)%,-&+9%&,')8*4%V)%;.=%')88%*>,>3)
@302'%'>/B)@,%,0%,-)%3>8)%,-.,%,-0')%>+9.,-)3)(%.,%,-)%,&;)%?-)+
,-)%>'>*3>@,%,)3;&+.,)'%/)80+9%,0%,-)%0?+)34
f-)+%,-)%,-&+9'%9&1)+%&+%>'>*3>@,%@.++0,%/)%>')(%?&,-0>,
/)&+9% @0+'>;)(% 03% ?)3)% .223.&')(% ?-)+% ()8&1)3)(:% ,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=%;.=%(&'20')%0*%,-);4%#'))%63,4%Gb!4$
#5$ P3'+(%*"4*&'(',('+*(%3;+'(,$(#"#$%#&'=(H([&+@)%,-)%>'>*3>@<
,>.3=%&'%,-)%0?+)3%0*%,-)%3&9-,%&,')8*:%-)%;.=%.8&)+.,):%28)(9):%03
;03,9.9)%&,:%)1)+%/=%93.,>&,0>'%,&,8)4%I,%-.'%/))+%-)8(%,-.,%.*,)3
.%>'>*3>@,>.3=%-.'%(0+.,)(%-)3%>'>*3>@,>.3=%3&9-,%01)3%@)3,.&+
2302)3,&)':%'-)%@.++0,%9),%&,%/.@W%0+%,-)%930>+(%,-.,%'-)%(&(%+0,
0?+%,-)%2302)3,&)'4%#[)&*)3,%14%F.@-3.@-:%bQ%O-&84%b!T%R"Q!bS4$
#.$ M-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% 3&9-,% )+B0=)(% /=% ,-)% '>31&1&+9
'20>')% ?&,-% 3)'2)@,% ,0% ,-)% 2302)3,=% 8)*,% /=% ,-)% ()@).')(
'20>')%.'%,-)%*03;)3C'%'-.3)%&+%,-)%)',.,)%0*%,-)%8.,,)3%;.=
/)%(&'20')(%0*%/=%-&;e-)3%.'%-)e'-)%;.=%28).'):%8&W)%.+=
0,-)3%-)3)(&,.3=%2302)3,=:%.+(%;.=%/)%,-)%'>/B)@,%0*%.,,.@-<
;)+,%03%)c)@>,&0+4%#F09.@W&%14%I+')3,0:%"""%[NX6%HH^%R"QT5S`
X)=)'% 14% ]3)=:% 5"% O-&84% bG% R"Q""S`% ]>.+,).% 14% M.,0=:% TT% O-&84
G5Q%R"QH"S4$
#/$ F>,% ,-)% 8)9.8% >'>*3>@,% 0*% ,-)% 2.3)+,% 01)3% -&'% 03% -)3
>+);.+@&2.,)(% @-&8(3)+% @.++0,% /)% .8&)+.,)(:% 28)(9)(:% 03
;03,9.9)(%*03%,-)%3&9-,%&'%2)3'0+.8%.+(%&+,3.+';&''&/8)%/>3<
()+)(%.'%&,%&'%/=%&;203,.+,%0/8&9.,&0+'%0*%,-)%2.3)+,%*03%,-)
/)+)*&,%0*%'.&(%@-&8(3)+4"
#@$ 6%>'>*3>@,%9&1)+%&+%@0+'&()3.,&0+%0*%,-)%2)3'0+%0*%,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=%,0%8.',%(>3&+9%-&'%8&*),&;)%&'%.8'0%2)3'0+.8%.+(:
,-)3)*03):%&+,3.+';&''&/8)4
"
[))%Z0,)%H%>+()3%63,&@8)%H^G4
63,4%Hb5
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!5H
6'%.%3>8):%.88%@0+,3.@,'%)+,)3)(%&+,0%/=%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%'-.88
,)3;&+.,)%>20+%,-)%)c2&3.,&0+%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%03%).38&)3:%)c@)2,
3>3.8%8).')'%?-&@-%@0+,&+>)%(>3&+9%,-)%.93&@>8,>3.8%=).345
ILLU[MX6MIgJ%N6[J_
M*1/1'(>#*"'3,1"('+*(%3;+'(,$('+*(#"#$%#&'#/%?(',(*0*&'(+3.F(/55*;31;
'+/'('+*(%3;+'(9*5,1;"(',('+*(1/@*2(,81*%=
S/&'":% a% &'% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% >+()3% .% ?&88% 0*% ,-)% &+@0;)% 0*% .
/>&8(&+94%]%&'%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%01)3%'.&(%2302)3,=4%I+%.%B>(9;)+,
3)+()3)(%&+%.%')2.3.,)%@.'):%a:%.'%>'>*3>@,>.3=:%-.'%,-)%20?)3%,0
@088)@,%3)+,':%2.=%.,%-)3%0?+%@0',%.+(%)c2)+')%,-)%3).8%,.c)':%'2)<
@&.8%.'')'';)+,':%&+'>3.+@)%23);&>;':%+)@)''.3=%3)2.&3':%.+(%'>@0,-)3%.@,'%0*%.(;&+&',3.,03'-&24
6+%.@,&0+%?.'%&+',&,>,)(%&+%,-)%;>+&@&2.8%@0>3,%,0%)B)@,%.%,)+<
.+,% *03% -&'% *.&8>3)% ,0% 2.=% 3)+,':% .+(% ')@0+(:% /)@.>')% ,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=%+))('%,-)%23);&')'%,0%8&1)%&+%/)@.>')%-)3%-0>')%?.'
()',30=)(4%M-)%,)+.+,%.88)9)(%&+%-&'%()*)+')%,-.,%a%-.'%+0%3&9-,%,0
)B)@,%-&;%*30;%,-)%23);&')'%/)@.>')%-)%-.'%.%@0+,3.@,%0*%8).')%?&,,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3:%]:%.+(%,-.,%a%-.'%+0%.>,-03&,=%.,%.88%?&,-%3)'2)@,
,0% 8).'&+9% ,-)% 2302)3,=% />,% 0+8=% 0*% @088)@,&+9% ,-)% 3)+,'4% ]% &+,)3<
1)+)(%&+%()*)+')%0*%,-)%,)+.+,4
<""#*:% f-0% -.'% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% @-00')% ,-)% ,)+.+,% d% ,-)% +.W)(
0?+)3%03%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=h
R*52:%7M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%-.'%,-)%3&9-,%,0%.(;&+&',)3%,-)%2302<
)3,=%&+%D>)',&0+4%688%,-)%.@,'%0*%.(;&+&',3.,&0+%d%,0%@088)@,%,-)%3)+,'
*03%-)3')8*:%.+(%,0%@0+')31)%,-)%2302)3,=%/=%;.W&+9%.88%+)@)''.3=
3)2.&3'% .+(% 2.=&+9% .88% ,-)% ,.c)':% '2)@&.8% .'')'';)+,':% .+(% &+'>3<
.+@)% 23);&>;'% ,-)3)0+% d% ?)3)% /=% '.&(% B>(9;)+,% 1)',)(% &+% ,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=4
M-)% 23),)+'&0+% 0*% 3)'20+()+,% ]% ,-.,% -)% &'% ,-)% .(;&+&',3.,03
0*%,-)%2302)3,=%?&,-%,-)%3&9-,%,0%@-00')%,-)%,)+.+,'%.+(%,0%(&@,.,)
,-)% @0+(&,&0+'% 0*% ,-)% 8).')% &'% @0+,3.3=% ,0% /0,-% ,-)% 8),,)3% .+(% ,-)
'2&3&,%0*%,-)%@8.>')%0*%,-)%?&88:%,-)%',&2>8.,&0+%0*%,-)%2.3,&)':%.+(
,-)% B>(9;)+,% 0*% ,-)% @0>3,4% V)% @.++0,% ;.+.9)% 03% .(;&+&',)3% ,-)
2302)3,=%.*,)3%.88%,-)%.@,'%0*%;.+.9);)+,%03%.(;&+&',3.,&0+%-.1)
5
63,4%"^T54%M-)%8).')%0*%.%2&)@)%0*%3>3.8%8.+(:%?-)+%&,'%(>3.,&0+%-.'%+0,%/))+%*&c)(:
&'% >+()3',00(% ,0% -.1)% /))+% ;.()% *03% .88% ,-)% ,&;)% +)@)''.3=% *03% ,-)% 9.,-)3&+9% 0*% ,-)
*3>&,'%?-&@-%,-)%?-08)%)',.,)%8).')(%;.=%=&)8(%&+%0+)%=).3:%03%?-&@-%&,%;.=%=&)8(%0+@):
.8,-0>9-%,?0%03%;03)%=).3'%;.=%-.1)%,0%)8.2')%*03%,-)%2>320')4%#"Hbb.$
!5^
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/))+%1)',)(%/=%,-)%@0>3,:%?&,-%-&'%@0+')+,:%&+%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=4CC
AS/93*(K=()/K32F(TU(N+35=(UVW(XYZ[W\=B
Art. 573. Whenever the usufruct includes things
which, without being consumed, gradually deteriorate
through wear and tear, the usufructuary shall have the
right to make use thereof in accordance with the purpose
for which they are intended, and shall not be obliged to
return them at the termination of the usufruct except in
their condition at that time; but he shall be obliged to
indemnify the owner for any deterioration they may have
suffered by reason of his fraud or negligence. (481)
Usufruct on things which gradually
deteriorate.
63,&@8)%HbG%9&1)'%.+%&+',.+@)%0*%./+03;.8%>'>*3>@,%/)@.>')
&+% ,-)% )+B0=;)+,% 0*% ,-)% 2302)3,=% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% @.++0,% 23)<
')31)%&,'%*03;%03%'>/',.+@)4%#63,4%H^54$%V)3):%,-)%,-&+9%#*=;4:%-0>'):
*>3+&,>3)$%93.(>.88=%(),)3&03.,)'%,-30>9-%?).3%.+(%,).3:%,-.,%&':
/=%+03;.8%>')4
#"$ M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%+0,%3)'20+'&/8)%*03%,-)%(),)3&03.,&0+
2#*( ',( 8*/%( /12( '*/%% +03% &'% -)% 3)D>&3)(% ,0% ;.W)% .+=% 3)2.&3'% ,0
3)',03)% &,% ,0% &,'% *03;)3% @0+(&,&0+4% V)% +))('% 0+8=% ,0% 3),>3+% ,-)
,-&+9%.,%,-)%,)3;&+.,&0+%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%&+%,-)%@0+(&,&0+%&,%;.=
/)%.,%,-.,%,&;)4%I*%-)%*.&8'%,0%(0%'0:%-)%'-0>8(%2.=%&,'%1.8>)%.,%,-)
,&;)%,-)%>'>*3>@,%@).')'4
#5$ M-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% &'% 8&./8)% *03% (.;.9)% '>**)3)(% /=% ,-)
,-&+9%9?(%*/",1(,$(+3"($%/#2(,%(1*;53;*1&*%#'))%63,4%""bP4$%.8,-0>9'>@-%8&./&8&,=%;.=%/)%'),<0**%.9.&+',%,-)%&;2301);)+,'%-)%;.=
-.1)%;.()%0+%,-)%2302)3,=4%#63,4%HTP4$
#G$ M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%(0)'%+0,%.+'?)3%*03%(),)3&03.,&0+%2#*
',( /( $,%'#3',#"( *K*1'=% #'))%63,4% ""b!4$% V)% &':% -0?)1)3:% 0/8&9)(% ,0
;.W)%,-)%03(&+.3=%3)2.&3'%+))()(%/=%,-)%,-&+94%#'))%63,4%HQ54$
Art. 574. Whenever the usufruct includes things
which cannot be used without being consumed, the
usufructuary shall have the right to make use of them
under the obligation of paying their appraised value at
63,'4%HbH<Hb^
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the termination of the usufruct, if they were appraised
when delivered. In case they were not appraised, he shall
have the right to return the same quantity and quality,
or pay their current price at the time the usufruct ceases.
(482)
Usufruct on consumable things.
M-&'% &'% .+0,-)3% &+',.+@)% 0*% ./+03;.8% >'>*3>@,% /)@.>')% ,-)
,-&+9% &+% >'>*3>@,% @.++0,% /)% >')(% ?&,-0>,% /)&+9% @0+'>;)(4
K0+)=%@.+%/)%,-)%0/B)@,%0*%>'>*3>@,4%#68>+.+%14%g)80'0:%H5%O-&84
H!H%R"Q5TS4$%6%>'>*3>@,%0+%;0+)=%#03%.+=%0,-)3%*>+9&/8)%,-&+9$
&'% 3).88=% .% '&;28)% 80.+% 03% .#'##.: G % .+(:% ,-)3)*03):% ,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=%@.+%().8%?&,-%,-)%;0+)=%.'%0?+)34
M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%'-.88%-.1)%,-)%3&9-,%,0%;.W)%>')%0*%,-)%@0+<
'>;./8)%,-&+94%6,%,-)%,)3;&+.,&0+%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,:%-)%;>',_%#"$
2.=%&,'%.223.&')(%1.8>)`%03%#5$%&*%,-)3)%?.'%+0%.223.&'.8%;.():
)&,-)3_% #.$% 3),>3+% ,-)% '.;)% D>.+,&,=% .+(% D>.8&,=`% 03% #/$% 2.=% &,'
@>33)+,%23&@)%.,%'>@-%,)3;&+.,&0+4
Art. 575. The usufructuary of fruit-bearing trees and
shrubs may make use of the dead trunks, and even of
those cut-off or uprooted by accident, under the obligation to replace them with new plants. (483a)
Art. 576. If in consequence of a calamity or extraordinary event, the trees or shrubs shall have disappeared
in such considerable number that it would not be possible or it would be too burdensome to replace them, the
usufructuary may leave the dead, fallen or uprooted
trunks at the disposal of the owner, and demand that the
latter remove them and clear the land. (484a)
Usufruct on fruit-bearing trees
and shrubs.
M-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% &'% 9&1)+% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% ;.W)% >')% 0*% ().(
,3>+W'% .+(% ,-0')% @>,<0**% 03% >2300,)(% /=% .@@&()+,% />,% -)% ;>',
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.@D>&3)'%,-)%0?+)3'-&2%,-)3)0*:%.+(%&'%/0>+(%,0%2.=%,0%,-)%@3)(&,03%.+%)D>.8%.;0>+,
0*%,-)%'.;)%W&+(%.+(%D>.8&,=4%#"bHG.$
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23)')31)%,-)%*03;%03%'>/',.+@)%0*%,-)%2302)3,=%&+%>'>*3>@,4%#63,4
H^54$% Y*% @0>3'):% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% -.'% +0% 0/8&9.,&0+% ,0% 3)28.@)
?&,-%+)?%28.+,':%,-)%().(%,3))'%03%'-3>/'%.83).(=%)c&',&+9%.,%,-)
/)9&++&+9%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,4
U+()3%63,&@8)%Hb^:%,-)%>'>*3>@,%&'%+0,%3)'20+'&/8)%*03%().(:
*.88)+%03%>2300,)(%,3>+W'%@.>')(%/=%@.8.;&,=%03%)c,3.<03(&+.3=
)1)+,4%I*%&,%?0>8(%+0,%/)%20''&/8)%03%&,%?0>8(%/)%,00%/>3()+'0;)
,0%3)28.@)%,-);:%-)%;.=%();.+(%,-.,%,-)%0?+)3%3);01)%,-);
.+(%@8).3%,-)%8.+(4%V)%;.=%>')%,-)%,3>+W'%/>,%-)%&'%3)D>&3)(%,0
3)28.@)%,-);%?&,-%+)?%28.+,'%>+()3%63,&@8)%HbH4%Z0?:%&*%3)28.@<
&+9%,-)%,3>+W'%@0>8(%+0,%/)%7,00%/>3()+'0;):CC%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=
;>',%3)28.@)%,-);:%?-),-)3%03%+0,%-)%;.W)'%>')%0*%,-);4%M-)
(&'20'&,&0+%0*%,-)%,3>+W'%&'%-&'%3)'20+'&/&8&,=4
E,'*:(M-)%*03;)3%2301&'&0+%;)+,&0+)(%71&+)=.3('%.+(%08&1)
03@-.3(':CC%/>,%,-0')%?03('%?)3)%3)28.@)(%/=%,-)%;03)%@0;23)<
-)+'&1)% ?03('% 7*3>&,</).3&+9% ,3))'% .+(% '-3>/'CC% /)@.>')% ,-)=
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.+(% 08&1)% 03@-.3('CC% &+% ,-)% O-&8&22&+)'4% #I% N.2&',3.+0:% ,4=( &3'=F
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Art. 577. The usufructuary of woodland may enjoy all
the benefits which it may produce according to its nature.
If the woodland is a copse or consists of timber for
building, the usufructuary may do such ordinary cutting
or felling as the owner was in the habit of doing, and in
default of this, he may do so in accordance with the
custom of the place, as to the manner, amount and season.
In any case the felling or cutting of trees shall be
made in such manner as not to prejudice the preservation of the land.
In nurseries, the usufructuary may make the necessary thinnings in order that the remaining trees may
properly grow.
With the exception of the provisions of the preceding paragraphs, the usufructuary cannot cut down trees
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unless it be to restore or improve some of the things in
usufruct, and in such case, he shall first inform the owner
of the necessity for the work. (485)
Usufruct on woodland and nurseries.
#"$ M-)% ?00(8.+(% ;.=% /)% .% @02')% #.% ,-&@W),% 03% 930?,-% 0*
';.88%,3))'%,-.,%.3)%@>,%0+%.%'-03,%30,.,&0+$%03%;.=%@0+'&',%0*%,&;<
/)3%*03%/>&8(&+94
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,-)%-./&,%0*%(0&+9%03%&+%.@@03(.+@)%?&,-%,-)%@>',0;'%0*%,-)%28.@)
.'%,0%;.++)3:%.;0>+,%.+(%').'0+4%I+%.+=%@.'):%-)%;>',%+0,%23)B><
(&@)%,-)%23)')31.,&0+%0*%,-)%8.+(4%M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%@.++0,%@>,
(0?+% ,3))'% 0,-)3% ,-.+% .'% ;)+,&0+)(% ./01)% >+8)''% &,% /)% *03% 3)<
2.&3%03%&;2301);)+,%0*%,-)%,-&+9'%&+%>'>*3>@,%/>,%&+%'>@-%@.')
,-)%0?+)3%;>',%/)%&+*03;)(%0*%,-)%+)@)''&,=%*03%,-)%?03W4
#5$ I+% +>3')3&)':% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% ;.=% ;.W)% ,-)% +)@)''.3=
,-&++&+9'%&+%03()3%,-.,%,-)%3);.&+&+9%,3))'%;.=%2302)38=%930?4
Z>3')3&)'%.3)%.3).'%?-)3)%,3))':%'-3>/':%03%28.+,'%.3)%930?+%*03
,3.+'28.+,&+9:% *03% >')% .'% ',0@W'% 03% *03% />((&+9% .+(% 93.*,&+94
#f)/',)3C'%G3(%I+,C84%E&@,&0+.3=:%24%"HH"4$
E,'*:( U+()3% ,-)% N0+',&,>,&0+:% +.,>3.8% 3)'0>3@)'% ?-&@-% &+<
@8>()%*03)','%03%,&;/)3%.3)%0?+)(%/=%,-)%[,.,)4%#63,4%iII:%[)@4%5
,-)3)0*4$
Art. 578. The usufructuary of an action to recover real
property or a real right, or any movable property, has the
right to bring the action and to oblige the owner thereof
to give him the authority for this purpose and to furnish
him whatever proof he may have. If in consequence of
the enforcement of the action he acquires the thing
claimed, the usufruct shall be limited to the fruits, the
dominion remaining with the owner. (486)
Usufruct of judicial action to recover.
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3).8%2302)3,=%03%2)3'0+.8%2302)3,=:%03%3).8%3&9-,%01)3%3).8%03%2)3<
'0+.8%2302)3,=4%U+()3%,-)%X>8)'%0*%N0>3,:%)1)3=%.@,&0+%;>',%/)
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>'>*3>@,>.3=4
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)''.3=% .>,-03&,=% ,0% /3&+9% ,-)% .@,&0+% .+(% *>3+&'-% -&;% ?-.,)1)3
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'-.88%/)%8&;&,)(%,0%,-)%*3>&,':%?&,-%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3'-&2%/)80+9<
&+9%,0%,-)%0?+)34%f&,-%,-)%,)3;&+.,&0+%0*%,-)%@.'):%,-)%>'>*3>@,
0*%,-)%.@,&0+%@0;)'%,0%.+%)+(4
Art. 579. The usufructuary may make on the property
held in usufruct such useful improvements or expenses
for mere pleasure as he may deem proper, provided he
does not alter its form or substance; but he shall have
no right to be indemnified therefor. He may, however,
remove such improvements, should it be possible to do
so without damage to the property. (487)
Where useful or luxurious improvements
are made by usufructuary.
M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%-.'%,-)%3&9-,%,0%;.W)%&;2301);)+,':%>')<
*>8% 03% 8>c>3&0>':% 0+% ,-)% 2302)3,=% -)8(% &+% >'>*3>@,% .'% -)% ;.=
());%2302)34
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#"$ I+%,-)%)c)3@&')%0*%,-)%3&9-,:%-)%;>',%+0,%.8,)3%,-)%*03;%03
'>/',.+@)%0*%,-)%2302)3,=`
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,0%(0%'0%?&,-0>,%(.;.9)%,0%,-)%2302)3,=`
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&*% -)% (0)'% +0,% )c)3@&')% -&'% 3&9-,% ,0% 3);01)% #'))% F.8>3.+% 14
Z.1.330:% bQ% [NX6% GPQ% R"QbbS`% K03.8&(.(% 14% O)3+)':% ]4X4% Z04
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-)%;.=%'),<0**%,-)%'.;)%.9.&+',%.+=%(.;.9)%@.>')(%/=%-&;%,0
,-)%2302)3,=%#63,4%HTP4$`
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;)+,'`
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,0%,-)%2302)3,=%#'))%!%K.+3)'.%!!^4$`%.+(
#T$ M-)%3&9-,%,0%3);01)%&'%)+*03@)./8)%0+8=%.9.&+',%,-)%0?+)3:
/>,%+0,%.9.&+',%.%2>3@-.')3%&+%900(%*.&,-%,0%?-0;%.%@8).+%,&,8)
-.'%/))+%&''>)(4%#K)88.%14%F&';.+0':%RN464S%!H%Y4]4%5PQQ4$
I+%@0++)@,&0+%?&,-%Z04%#G$:%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%@.++0,%&+10W)
,-)%3&9-,'%0*%.%20'')''03%&+%900(%*.&,-%&+%,-)%@0+@)2,%0*%0?+)34!
#'))% 63,4% H!^4$% a>3,-)3;03):% &*% ,-)% &;2301);)+,'% ;.()% ?)3)
'>/B)@,%,0%3)&;/>3');)+,%03%&+();+&,=:%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%;&9-,
&;2301)%,-)%0?+)3%0>,%0*%-&'%2302)3,=`%?&,-%Z04%#^$:%,-)%3>8)%&'
(&**)3)+,% ?&,-% 3)'2)@,% ,0% ,-)% 0?+)3% ?-0% 3)@01)3'% 20'')''&0+
?-0')% 3&9-,% ,0% 3),.&+% >20+% 2.=;)+,% 0*% 2302)3% &+();+&,=% &'
'>2)3&03% ,0% ,-)% 3&9-,% 0*% ,-)% 20'')''03% &+% 900(% *.&,-% ,0% 3);01)
#63,'4% H!b:% H!T4$`% .+(% ?&,-% Z04% #T$:% ,-)% 3&9-,% ,0% 3);01)% ,-)
&;2301);)+,'%'-0>8(%/)%.++0,.,)(%0+%,-)%@)3,&*&@.,)%0*%,&,8):%'0
,-.,%&,%@.+%/)%)+*03@)(%.9.&+',%,-&3(%2)3'0+'4
Art. 580. The usufructuary may set-off the improvements he may have made on the property against any
damage to the same. (488)
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;)+,'%?-&@-%.3)%'>&,./8)%,0%,-)%>')%*03%?-&@-%,-)%8).')%&'%&+,)+()(:%?&,-0>,%.8,)3&+9
,-)% *03;% 03% '>/',.+@)% 0*% ,-)% 2302)3,=% 8).')(:% ,-)% 8)''03% >20+% ,-)% ,)3;&+.,&0+% 0*% ,-)
8).')%'-.88%2.=%,-)%8)''))%0+)<-.8*%0*%,-)%1.8>)%0*%,-)%&;2301);)+,'%.,%,-.,%,&;)4%[-0>8(
,-)%8)''03%3)*>')%,0%3)&;/>3')%'.&(%.;0>+,:%,-)%8)''))%;.=%3);01)%,-)%&;2301);)+,':
)1)+%,-0>9-%,-)%23&+@&2.8%,-&+9%;.=%'>**)3%,-)3)/=4%V)%'-.88%+0,:%-0?)1)3:%@.>')%.+=
;03)%&;2.&3;)+,%>20+%,-)%2302)3,=%8).')(%,-.+%&'%+)@)''.3=4
f&,-%3)9.3(%,0%03+.;)+,.8%)c2)+')':%,-)%8)''))%'-.88%+0,%/)%)+,&,8)(%,0%.+=%3)&;<
/>3');)+,:%/>,%-)%;.=%3);01)%,-)%03+.;)+,.8%0/B)@,':%2301&()(%+0%(.;.9)%&'%@.>')(
,0% ,-)% 23&+@&2.8% ,-&+9:% .+(% ,-)% 8)''03% (0)'% +0,% @-00')% ,0% 3),.&+% ,-);% /=% 2.=&+9% ,-)&3
1.8>)%.,%,-)%,&;)%,-)%8).')%&'%)c,&+9>&'-)(4%#+$CC
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Right to set-off improvements.
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&+@3).')%&+%,-)%1.8>)%0*%,-)%2302)3,=$:%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%8&./8)
*03%,-)%(&**)3)+@)%.'%&+();+&,=`%/>,%&*%,-)%1.8>)%0*%,-)%&;2301)<
;)+,'% )c@))('% ,-)% (.;.9):% -)% ;.=% 3);01)% ,-)% 203,&0+% 0*% ,-)
&;2301);)+,'%3)23)')+,&+9%,-)%)c@)''%&+%1.8>)%&*%,-&'%@.+%/)%(0+)
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.@@3>)'%,0%,-)%0?+)34%M-)%3).'0+%&'%,-.,%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%+0,
)+,&,8)(%,0%/)%&+();+&*&)(%*03%,-)%&;2301);)+,'4
Art. 581. The owner of property the usufruct of which
is held by another, may alienate it, but he cannot alter
its form or substance, or do anything thereon which may
be prejudicial to the usufructuary. (489)
Rights and obligations of the
naked owner.
#"$ M-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% ;.=% .8&)+.,)% 03% 8).')% -&'% 3&9-,% 0*
>'>*3>@,%/)&+9%,-)%0?+)3%0*%'>@-%3&9-,4%#63,4%Hb54$%[&;&8.38=:%,-)
+.W)(%0?+)3%;.=%.8&)+.,)%,-)%2302)3,=%&+%>'>*3>@,%/)@.>')%,-)
,&,8)% A2,.313#.( 23%*&'#.B( 3);.&+'% 1)',)(% &+% -&;4% V)% ;.=% @0+<
',3>@,%?03W':%;.W)%&;2301);)+,':%03%;.W)%+)?%28.+,&+9'%0+%,-)
2302)3,=%&+%>'>*3>@,4%M-)%.8&)+.,&0+%/=%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%@.++0,
.**)@,%,-)%>'>*3>@,%?-&@-%&'%3)9&',)3)(%03%W+0?+%,0%,-)%,3.+'*)3))4
#5$ M-)%+.W)(%0?+)3:%-0?)1)3:%@.++0,%.8,)3%,-)%*03;%03%'>/<
',.+@)%0*%,-)%2302)3,=%03%(0%.+=,-&+9%,-)3)0+%?-&@-%;.=%@.>')
.%(&;&+>,&0+%&+%,-)%1.8>)%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,%03%/)%23)B>(&@&.8%,0%,-)
3&9-,'%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%#63,4%HQH4$`%0,-)3?&'):%-)%'-.88%/)%8&<
./8)%*03%(.;.9)'%,0%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=4%V)%;>',%3)'2)@,%8).')'%0*
3>3.8% 8.+('% /=% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% *03% ,-)% /.8.+@)% 0*% ,-)% .93&@>8<
,>3.8%=).3%#63,4%Hb54$%.+(%3)&;/>3')%-&;%*03%.(1.+@)'%;.()%*03
)c,3.03(&+.3=%3)2.&3'%#63,4%HQ!:%2.34%54$%.+(%*03%,.c)'%0+%,-)%@.2&<
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Art. 582. The usufructuary of a part of a thing held in
common shall exercise all the rights pertaining to the
owner thereof with respect to the administration and the
collection of fruits or interest. Should the co-ownership
cease by reason of the division of the thing held in common, the usufruct of the part allotted to the co-owner
shall belong to the usufructuary.
Usufruct of part of common property.
6%@0<0?+)3%0*%2302)3,=%-.'%*>88%0?+)3'-&2% 0*% -&'% 2.3,% .+(
-)% ;.=:% ,-)3)*03):% .8&)+.,):% .''&9+:% ;03,9.9):% 03% 9&1)% &,% &+
>'>*3>@,%?&,-0>,%,-)%@0+')+,%0*%,-)%0,-)3'%)c@)2,%?-)+%2)3'0+.8
3&9-,'%.3)%&+1081)(4%#'))%63,4%!QG4$
#"$ I+% @.')% .% @0<0?+)3% 9&1)'% ,-)% >'>*3>@,% 0*% -&'% '-.3)% ,0% .
2)3'0+:%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%'-.88%)c)3@&')%.88%,-)%3&9-,'%2)3,.&+&+9
,0%,-)%@0<0?+)3%3)9.3(&+9%,-)%.(;&+&',3.,&0+%.+(%,-)%@088)@,&0+
0*%,-)%*3>&,'%03%&+,)3)',%*30;%,-)%2302)3,=4
#5$ M-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%'-.88%/)%/0>+(%/=%,-)%2.3,&,&0+%;.()
/=% ,-)% 0?+)3'% 0*% ,-)% >+(&1&()(% 2302)3,=% .8,-0>9-% -)% ,00W% +0
2.3,%&+%,-)%2.3,&,&0+%/>,%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%,0%?-0;%,-)%2.3,%-)8(
&+%>'>*3>@,%-.'%/))+%.880,)(%;>',%3)'2)@,%,-)%>'>*3>@,4%M-)%3&9-,
0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%&'%+0,%.**)@,)(%/=%,-)%(&1&'&0+%/>,%&,%&'%8&;<
&,)(%,0%,-)%*3>&,'%0*%'.&(%2.3,%.880,)(%,0%,-)%@0<0?+)34%#O&@-.=%14
j>)308:%""%O-&84%GT^%R"QPTS4$
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Chapter 3
OBLIGATIONS OF THE USUFRUCTUARY
Art. 583. The usufructuary, before entering upon the
enjoyment of the property, is obliged:
(1) To make, after notice to the owner or his legitimate representative, an inventory of all the property,
which shall contain an appraisal of the movables and a
description of the condition of the immovables;
(2) To give security, binding himself to fulfill the obligations imposed upon him in accordance with this
Chapter. (491)
Classifications of obligations
of the usufructuary.
M-)% 0/8&9.,&0+'% 0*% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% ;.=% /)% @8.''&*&)(% &+,0
,-3))%930>2':%+.;)8=_
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#.$ ,0%;.W)%.+%&+1)+,03=%0*%,-)%2302)3,=`%.+(
#/$ ,0%9&1)%')@>3&,=%#63,4%HTG4$`
#5$ M+,"*(2#%31;('+*(#"#$%#&'F(,0%?&,_
#.$ ,0%,.W)%@.3)%0*%,-)%2302)3,=%#63,4%HTQ4$`
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#@$ ,0%;.W)%03(&+.3=%3)2.&3'%#63,4%HQ5:%2.34%"4$`
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#B$ ,0%+0,&*=%,-)%0?+)3%0*%.+=%23)B>(&@&.8%.@,%@0;;&,,)(
/=%,-&3(%2)3'0+'%#63,4%^P"4$`%.+(
#W$ ,0% 2.=% *03% @0>3,% )c2)+')'% .+(% @0','% 3)9.3(&+9
>'>*3>@,%#63,4%^P54$`%.+(
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#.$ ,0%3),>3+%,-)%,-&+9%&+%>'>*3>@,%,0%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%>+<
8)''%,-)3)%&'%.%3&9-,%0*%3),)+,&0+%#63,4%^"54$`
#/$ ,0% 2.=% 8)9.8% &+,)3)',% *03% ,-)% ,&;)% ,-.,% ,-)% >'>*3>@,
8.',':% 0+% ,-)% .;0>+,% '2)+,% /=% ,-)% 0?+)3% *03% )c,3.03(&+.3=
3)2.&3'%#63,4%HQ!4$%.+(%,-)%2302)3%&+,)3)',%0+%,-)%'>;'%2.&(
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Obligation to make an inventory.
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;)+@);)+,%0*%,-)%3&9-,%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%03%,-)%@0;&+9%&+,0
)c&',)+@)% 0*% ,-)% >'>*3>@,% />,% &'% ;)3)8=% .% @0+(&,&0+% ,0% /)% @0;<
28&)(%?&,-%/)*03)%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%;.=%)+,)3%&+,0%,-)%20'')''&0+
.+(%)+B0=;)+,%0*%,-)%2302)3,=4%#'))%G%[.+@-)A%X0;.+%Hb!<HbH4$
#"$ N%*K3,#"(1,'3&*(',(9*(;3K*1=(H(I+%,-)%;.W&+9%0*%,-)%&+1)+<
,03=:%,-)%@0+@>33)+@)%0*%,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%&'%+0,%3)D>&3)(4%U+()3
,-)%8.?:%&,%&'%'>**&@&)+,%,-.,%-)%&'%+0,&*&)(%0*%'>@-%*.@,%2)3'0+.88=
03% ,-30>9-% .% 8)9&,&;.,)% 3)23)')+,.,&1)4% Z0,)% ,-.,% ,-)% 8.?% '.='
78)9&,&;.,):CC%+0,%8)9.8%3)23)')+,.,&1):%'0%,-.,%+0,&@)%;.=%/)%9&1)+
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&',3.,03:%03%.9)+,4%M-)%0?+)3%-.'%,-)%3&9-,%,0%.'W%*03%,-)%@033)@<
,&0+%0*%.+=%)3303%-)%;.=%*&+(%8.,)34%#'))%!%K.+3)'.%!H"<!H54$
#5$ ]C4*1"*"( ,$( 31K*1',%?=( H( M-)% )c2)+')'% 0*% ,-)% &+1)+,03=
'-0>8(%/)%/03+)%/=%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=4%M-)%3).'0+%&'%,-.,%&,%&'%-&'
(>,=%,0%;.W)%,-)%'.;)4
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*03;% 0*% &+1)+,03=4% I,% ;.=:% ,-)3)*03):% /)% @0+,.&+)(% &+% .% 23&1.,)
(0@>;)+,4%V0?)1)3:%.%2>/8&@%&+',3>;)+,%&'%+)@)''.3=%,0%.**)@,
,-&3(%2)3'0+'%?-)+%,-)3)%.3)%&;;01./8)'4%#'))%63,4%"GHTR5S4$
#!$ -,1'*1'"( ,$( 31K*1',%?=( H( M-)% &+1)+,03=% '-.88% @0+,.&+% .+
&,);&A)(%8&',%.+(%.+%.223.&'.8%0*%,-)%;01./8)'%.+(%()'@3&2,&0+
0*%,-)%@0+(&,&0+%0*%,-)%&;;01./8)'4%M-)%;01./8)'%;>',%/)%.2<
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93).,)3%(.+9)3%0*%80''%.+(%(),)3&03.,&0+4%F0,-%W&+('%0*%2302)3,=
;>',%/)%2302)38=%&()+,&*&)(4
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*>8*&88;)+,%/=%,-)%>'>*3>@,>.3=%0*%,-)%0/8&9.,&0+'%&;20')(%>20+
-&;% &+@8>(&+9% ,-)% (>,=% ,0% 3),>3+% ,0% ,-)% 0?+)3% ,-)% ,-&+9% &+
>'>*3>@,%>20+%,-)%,)3;&+.,&0+%0*%,-)%>'>*3>@,4
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/0+(:%28)(9):%03%;03,9.9)%.'%80+9%.'%&,%&'%'>**&@&)+,4
Art. 584. The provisions of No. 2 of the preceding
article shall not apply to the donor who has reserved the
usufruct of the property donated, or to the parents who
are usufructuaries of their children’s property, except
when the parents contract a second marriage. (492a)
When obligation to give security
not applicable.
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,&0+%0*%;.W&+9%.+%&+1)+,03=4
Art. 585. The usufructuary, whatever may be the title
of the usufruct, may be excused from the obligation of
making an inventory or of giving security, when no one
will be injured thereby. (493)
When obligation to make inventory
or to give security excused.
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*0880?&+9%@.')'_
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>'>*3>@,>.3=%*30;%,-)%0/8&9.,&0+`%.+(
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,-)%0/8&9.,&0+%.+(%+0%0+)%?&88%/)%&+B>3)(%,-)3)/=4
Z04% #5$% &'% *3)D>)+,8=% ,3>)% &+% >'>*3>@,'% @0+',&,>,)(% /=% .% 8.',
?&88%.+(%,)',.;)+,%03%/=%.%())(%0*%(0+.,&0+%&+%1&)?%0*%,-)%,3>',
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#G$:% ,-)% >'>*3>@,>.3=% ;.=% .228=% ,0% ,-)% @0>3,'% *03% 3)8&)*% &+% @.')
,-)%+.W)(%0?+)3%3)*>')'%,0%93.+,%,-)%)c);2,&0+%?-)3):%*03%)c<
.;28):%,-)%>'>*3>@,%&'%01)3%,-)%3&9-,%,0%3)@)&1)%.%2)3&0(&@%&+@0;)
#*=;=:%3)+,$%03%2)+'&0+4%Z0%0+)%?&88%/)%&+B>3)(%/=%,-)%)c);2,&0+
/)@.>')%,-)%2302)3,=%&,')8*%03%,-)%@.2&,.8%&'%+0,%()8&1)3)(%,0%,-)
>'>*3>@,>.3=4%#'))%!%K.+3)'.%!^!<!^b4$
Art. 586. Should the usufructuary fail to give security in the cases in which he is bound to give it, the owner
may demand that the immovables be placed under administration, that the movables be sold, that the public
bonds, instruments of credit payable to order or to bearer
be converted into registered certificates or deposited in
a bank or public institution, and that the capital or sums
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in cash and the proceeds of the sale of the movable property be invested in safe securities.
The interest on the proceeds of the sale of the movables and that on public securities and bonds, and the
proceeds of the property placed under administration,
shall belong to the usufructuary.
Furthermore, the owner may, if he so prefers, until the
usufructuary gives security or is excused from so doing,
retain in his possession the property in usufruct as administrator, subject to the obligation to deliver to the
usufructuary the net proceeds thereof, after deducting
the sums which may be agreed upon or judicially allowed
him for such administration. (