Fundamentals of
Psychrometrics
Second Edition
Don Brandt
SI
International System
A Course Book for
Self-Directed or Group Learning
Includes Skill Development Exercises
for PDH, CEU, or LU Credits
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Fundamentals of
Psychrometrics
Second Edition
Don Brandt
A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning
Atlanta
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning
ISBN 978-1-939200-32-7 (paperback)
ISBN 978-1-939200-33-4 (PDF)
SDL Number: 00327
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Dear Student,
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from the ASHRAE Learning Institute
Self-Directed or Group Learning
ASHRAE offers texts for self-study or group training with instructor materials. Texts cover
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•
•
•
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics
Fundamentals of Refrigeration
Fundamentals of Steam System Design
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Fundamentals of Water System Design
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and Planning
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Data Center Liquid Cooling
Don Brandt is an ASHRAE member from Phoenix, Arizona, who
spent 39 years (4 of them part time) with Trane Co., mostly as a Commercial Sales Engineer and Sales Manager. He was involved in thousands of projects over that time period, including many with large
industrial customers that had special HVAC and process applications.
Brandt also taught the Trane A/C Clinic series many times to young
engineers starting out in the industry.
Brandt has also been active in ASHRAE at all three levels of organization—Chapter, Regional, and Society—during this same period.
He is a charter member and past president of the Anthracite Chapter in
Northeast Pennsylvania. He was the Technical, Energy and Government Activities Committee (TEGA) Regional Vice Chair for Region X,
the TEGA Vice Chair and Chair in 2002, Region X Director and
Regional Chair from 2002–2005, on the Board of Directors from 2002–
2005, and a member of Standards Committee from 2005–2009 as a
Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS) Liaison. In 2001 he
became a member of Professional Development Committee, moving up
to Chair in 2013. He is currently a member of the Energy Targets Multidisciplinary Task Group, a Nominating Member for Region X, and
Member of the Appeals Board for Standards.
Brandt is a 1974 graduate of Penn State with a BS in Electrical
Engineering and an active member of the Alumni Association. In retirement, he is an instructor for the successful ASHRAE HVAC Essentials
Course, both Levels 1 and 2, that is held both in the United States and
internationally. He also teaches a portion of the Association of Energy
Engineers (AEE), Arizona Chapter, Certified Energy Manager (CEM)
preparation class held on an annual basis.
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Air Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2: Properties of Moist Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Specific Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Using Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3: Introducing the Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Modern Age of Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Creating the Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Climatic Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Psychrometric Chart for Extended Temperature and Altitude . . . . . 17
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 4: Air-Conditioning Processes
on the Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Power of the Psychrometric Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Sensible Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Sensible Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Latent Heat Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Latent Heat Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Total Heat Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Cooling and Humidifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Heating and Humidifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Dehumidification and Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
viii
Contents
Chapter 5: HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart. . . . . . . . . . 35
Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Mixing Airstreams—Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling with Outdoor Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Psychrometric Process—Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 6: Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Air-Handling Unit:
Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Psychrometrics of a Cooling Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Psychrometrics of Fan Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Psychrometrics of a Heating Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Humidification Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 7: Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat. . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System
with Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil. . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes. . . . . . . . . . 66
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter 8: Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics. . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Heat Recovery Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Energy Recovery Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Air-Side Economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Water-Side Economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Supply Air Temperature Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 9: Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations . . . 87
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Cooling Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Indoor Swimming Pools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Cleanrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
ix
Direct Evaporative Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Indirect Evaporative Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Appendix A: Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air . . . . . . . . . . 101
Appendix B: Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors . . . . 105
Appendix C: Climatic Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Appendix D: Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation . . 137
Skill Development Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Preface
Psychrometrics is a tool HVAC designers use to determine the
amount of moisture in the air and to provide solutions to designers for
the ultimate comfort of building occupants. It can be used to size airhandling units; optimize energy performance; identify control sensors
for building automation; describe the performance of cooling coils,
cooling towers, and humidification equipment; and evaluate heat recovery strategies.
Yet the use of psychrometrics and the psychrometric chart is different from designer to designer. Some do not use the psychrometric chart,
relying instead on simplified formulas or complex computer simulations. Others use the chart only for special situations, such as indoor
swimming pool applications. And some use it as their primary system
evaluation tool.
This course is meant to cover all of these uses of the psychrometric
chart, to have something for all these different backgrounds, and to be
an introduction for the young designer who has yet to pick an approach.
The course addresses the use of psychrometrics and the psychrometric
chart for typical applications and systems and includes some theory.
This theory not only sets the basics but also gives students an appreciation of the simplification that the psychrometric chart provides. The
psychrometric chart gives a visual description of HVAC design, one
that could never be appreciated from formulas alone.
This second edition of the psychrometrics self-directed learning
(SDL) course was rewritten in an attempt to teach the fundamentals of
psychrometrics in about half the time as the previous version. The
author has used his 42 years of experience in the HVAC industry as the
expertise for the format and content.
Acknowledgments
I need to acknowledge a few folks who helped me out on this first
publishing adventure of my life. My wife JoAnn was the person who
put my scribble into a nice Word document. John Duren, Sales Engineer for MPSW in Phoenix, did various equipment selections that are
used in the course. Mick Schwedler and John Murphy from Trane
Applications Engineering Department in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were
there when I need some technical help and review. And I would like to
thank ASHRAE staff for their understanding and help to make this a
finished publication.
Introduction to
Psychrometrics
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
understand the basic processes of psychrometrics,
K understand enthalpy and volumetric airflow, and
K understand the basic formulas of HVAC design.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 1. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
Psychrometrics is an analysis tool that HVAC engineers use to provide
solutions to comfort issues. These issues can be related to human comfort or
process comfort depending on the applications.
If the air surrounding us were totally dry, our job as HVAC engineers
would be very easy and probably boring. But, because all air we work with
contains some amount of moisture in the form of water vapor, our jobs get
more complex.
The four basic processes that an HVAC system can perform on moist air
are as follows:
•
•
•
•
Cooling—Lowering the air temperature
Heating—Raising the air temperature
Humidification—Raising the moisture content in the air
Dehumidification—Lowering the moisture content in the air
Note that HVAC processes can also be a combination of the above four
basic actions. These combinations include the following:
•
Heating and humidification—Increasing the temperature and moisture content of the air at the same time
2
Chapter 1
•
•
•
Introduction to Psychrometrics
Heating and dehumidification—Increasing the temperature and decreasing
the moisture content of the air at the same time
Cooling and humidification—Decreasing the temperature and increasing
the moisture content of the air at the same time
Cooling and dehumidification—Decreasing the temperature and moisture
content of the air at the same time
These combination processes provide an infinite number of potential
actions. For example, consider the cooling and dehumidification combination
process. We have a solution that drops the temperature 12 degrees and only
drops the dew point (defined later) 1 degree Another solution drops the temperature 5 degrees and the dew point 5 degrees. So, there are thousands of solutions with too many temperature and dew-point combinations to list.
Enthalpy
We will use the property of the enthalpy of air throughout this course.
Enthalpy is the sum of the internal energy or the total heat content of the air. In
other words, warm and humid air can have the same heat content as hot and dry
air. So the energy required to cool warm/humid air in the Gulf Region of North
America might be close to the energy required to cool hot/dry air in the Southwest deserts. Enthalpy h is subdivided into the following:
•
•
•
hda =
hs =
has =
enthalpy of dry air at 0% relative humidity
enthalpy of saturated air or 100% relative humidity
enthalpy differences between hda and hs
Air Density
Elevation has an effect on psychrometric analyses. As elevation changes, so
does the air density. This means the constants used in equations will change
and different psychrometric charts (Chapter 3) are required for proper calculation.
For this course we will use sea level as atmospheric pressure for all calculations unless otherwise noted.
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations
For easier understanding, we will use volumetric airflow in cubic meters
per second (m3/s) rather than mass flow for our calculations throughout this
course.
Standard air is defined as air at sea level or 101.325 kPa of barometric pressure and 20.8°C tdb. The density of air at sea level is 1.20 kg/m3.
The three equations we will use in our calculations are for sensible heat
(qs), the total heat required (qt), and latent heat (ql):
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
qs (W) = 1210 × airflow in m3/s × (t1 – t2) in °C
3
(1-1)
where the constant 1210 is derived from the following:
1.20 kg/m3 × 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) × 1000 J/kJ = 1210 J/(m3·K)
where 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) is the specific heat of air.
qt (kW) = 1.20 kg/m3 × airflow in m3/s × (h1 – h2) in kJ/kg
(1-2)
ql (kW) = 3010 × airflow in m3/s × (w1 – w2) in kg/kg of dry air
(1-3)
where the constant 3010 W is derived from the following:
2500 kJ/kg × 1.2 kg/m3 × 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) = 3010 W
where 2500 kJ/kg is the latent heat of water vapor and 1.006 kJ/(kg·K) is the
specific heat of air.
4
Chapter 1
Introduction to Psychrometrics
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 1
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
1-1
How many basic processes of air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2
Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the moisture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
1-3
Enthalpy is the total heat content of the air.
a) True
b) False
1-4
Change in elevation has no effect on the air density.
a) True
b) False
Properties of
Moist Air
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
define some fundamental properties used in psychrometrics and
K understand how to use Appendix A.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 2. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter defines the properties that an HVAC engineer uses to do psychrometric analysis. The properties are temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and
specific volume.
Temperature
The temperatures we are concerned about in HVAC systems are the following:
•
•
Dry-bulb temperature: The measure of the surrounding air temperature
with a standard thermometer in degrees Celsius (°C) without influence on
the thermometer by heat sources or solar heat gain.
Wet-bulb temperature: The measure of the moist effect on the evaporation process in the air. Using a standard dry-bulb thermometer, place a cotton sock on the sensing portion. Next, soak the sock in ambienttemperature water and, by rotation, move surrounding air across the sock.
The temperature will drop below ambient because of the evaporative or
cooling effect on the sensing bulb. It will continue to drop until most of the
water is evaporated into the surrounding air. This is the wet-bulb temperature and may also be called wet-bulb depression. Any further drying of the
sock will result in the temperature going back up to the ambient dry-bulb
temperature.
6
Chapter 2
•
•
Properties of Moist Air
Dew-point temperature: The measure of the dry-bulb temperature at the
point where water vapor starts to condense to liquid or be removed from
the air. This is also referred to as the condensation point, because it is the
temperature at which the water turns to liquid from vapor in the airstream.
Saturation temperature: The temperature at which the air cannot hold
any additional water vapor. At the saturation temperature, the dry-bulb,
wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are identical.
Humidity
Humidity is the moisture in the air. We can talk about it in two ways:
•
•
Humidity ratio: The mass in grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air
(gw /kgda).
Relative humidity: The actual amount of moisture in the air at a given drybulb temperature versus the maximum amount of moisture in the air at the
same dry-bulb temperature. It is expressed in percentage because it is a partial moisture/maximum moisture ratio. At constant moisture content, as
soon as the dry-bulb temperature changes, so does the relative humidity.
Enthalpy
The energy content of air is defined as the enthalpy of the air or the total
heat content of the air. It is expressed in kilojoules (kJ) per kilogram of dry air
(kJ/kgda). Again, warm/humid air can have the same enthalpy as hot/dry air, so
it takes the same amount of energy to cool either airstream to a comfortable
condition.
Specific Volume
Specific volume is the cubic metres per kilogram of dry air (m3/kgda). It is
the inverse of air density (kg/m3).
Note that specific volume changes as the dry-bulb temperature changes, but
not nearly as much as it changes with the effect of higher altitude.
Using Appendix A
The table in Appendix A lists thermodynamic properties of moist air at
101.325 kPa. For each dry-bulb temperature in °C, we have values for the following:
•
•
•
•
Humidity ratio at saturation
Specific volume at dry, saturated, and differential conditions
Specific enthalpy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions
Specific entropy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions (not used in
this text)
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
7
We will use this table as we go through the text.
Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometrics
h
=
enthalpy of moist air, kJ/kg of dry air
ha
=
specific enthalpy of dry air, kJ/kg of dry air
hw
=
specific enthalpy of water vapor, kJ/kg of dry air
p
=
total pressure, usually barometric, kPa
pw
=
partial pressure of water vapor, kPa
pa
=
partial pressure of dry air, kPa
q
=
rate at which heat is transferred to a process, W
tdb
=
dry-bulb temperature of moist air, °C
twb
=
wet-bulb temperature of moist air, °C
tdp
=
dew-point temperature of moist air, °C
v
=
specific volume of moist air, m3/kg of dry air
va
=
specific volume of dry air, m3/kg of dry air
vw
=
specific volume of water vapor, m3/kg of dry air
vs, vg =
specific volume of saturated water vapor, m3/kg of dry air
W
=
humidity ratio of moist air, kg (water)/kg (dry air)
Ws
=
humidity ratio of moist air at saturation, kg (water)/kg (dry air)

=
relative humidity the ratio of actual moisture amount to maximum
moisture amount, % rh
For dimensions and units used in air-conditioning applications and a table
of unit conversion factors for converting between Inch-Pound (I-P) and Systéme International (SI) measurement units, see Appendix B.
8
Chapter 2
Properties of Moist Air
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
2-1
Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb.
a) True
b) False
2-2
Saturation temperature of air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
dew-point temperatures are equal.
a) True
b) False
2-3
Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) False
2-4
The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.
a) True
b) False
2-5
According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs of saturated air at
5°C?
a) 15.231863
b) 18.63
c) 5.02
d) None of the above
2-6
According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.811
b) 0.794
c) 0.006
d) None of the above
2-7
According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy of dry air hda at 50°C?
a) 52.33
b) 225.03
c) 50.31
d) None of the above
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
2-8
9
According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-7,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.915
b) 1.24
c) 0.012
d) None of the above
Introducing the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
K
K
describe how the psychrometric chart was developed,
understand how to read the psychrometric chart, and
use climatic design information from tables published by ASHRAE.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 3. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
The Modern Age of Psychrometrics
In this chapter, you will learn about the psychrometric chart and how to use
it in HVAC problems. You will see how to construct and then use the psychrometric chart.
The psychrometric chart was developed by Willis Carrier in the early
1900s. It has been refined over time for more accuracy to provide better results.
The chart contains seven important psychrometric variables, represented on the
chart by the following symbols:
tdb
twb
tdp

h
W
v
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
dry-bulb temperature
wet-bulb temperature
dew-point temperature
relative humidity
enthalpy
humidity ratio
specific volume
Creating the Psychrometric Chart
We will now discuss how to construct the psychrometric chart and plot the
seven important properties on the chart. Using Figure 3-1, start with the x-axis
(the horizontal line across the bottom) and plot dry-bulb temperatures on a linear scale from low on the right to high on the left.
12
Chapter 3
Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
Next we go to Appendix A and get the saturated humidity ratio Ws values
from 0°C to 50°C. Note the Ws values are in kilograms and need to be multiplied by 1000 to derive grams. Then, put the y-axis (the vertical line on the
right side) on a linear scale from low on the bottom to high on the top.
We develop the saturation line (the heavy dark curve shown in Figure 3-1)
by the intersection of the Ws value and the vertical dry-bulb line. Remember,
the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are equal on the saturation
line. Lines of constant humidity ratio are all horizontal.
Figure 3-2 shows that the dew-point temperature is where the dry-bulb temperature intersects the saturation line. A line of constant dew point goes horizontally on the psychrometric chart.
Going to Figure 3-3, we can get the value of the enthalpy at saturation (hs)
and again plot that value on the saturation line for that dry-bulb temperature.
To find the other end of the enthalpy line, we simply take the hs value and
go to Appendix A and look for a very close value in the hda column. Once we
find it, that dry-bulb temperature is the intersection point for that enthalpy line
with the x-axis.
For example, 15°C db has a value of 42.11 kJ/kg, so we plot this value at
the 15°C saturation temperature. We go to Appendix A and search for a value
of 42.11 kJ/kg in the hda column and find it at 42.1°C db. Those two points
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
re
20
tu
ha
100
Te
m
pe
ra
60
20
20%
15
90
io
n
50
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
15
80
10
10
70
20
5
5
60
0
10
20
30
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 3-1
Beginning the psychrometric chart.
40
50
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
70
lp
y
80
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
25g/kg
Humidity
Ratio
90
25
tu
ha
100
ra
20
pe
Te
m
En
t
110
20
20%
15
90
io
n
50
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
15
10
10ºC
20
80
10g/kg
Humidity
Ratio
10
70
Dew
Point
5
Humidity Ratio
60
25
25ºC
Dew
Point
re
70
lp
y
80
5
60
0
10
20
25
30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 3-2
Plotting intersection of dew-point temperature on the psychrometric chart.
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
re
20
tu
ha
Constant
Enthalpy
= 80 20%
Te
m
pe
ra
60
20
15
90
io
n
50
100
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
15
80
Constant
Wet Bulb
= 20ºC
10
20
5
10
20
30
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 3-3
Plotting enthalpy on the psychrometric chart.
70
5
Constant
Enthalpy
= 30
0
10
60
40
50
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
70
lp
y
80
13
14
Chapter 3
Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
establish the 42.11 kJ/kgda enthalpy line. Lines of constant enthalpy are sloped
and are solid dark.
Figure 3-3 also shows that lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are
almost parallel to lines of constant enthalpy. Lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are sloped and dotted, as shown in Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4 shows specific volume lines. We plot them by going to Appendix A and, at a given saturation temperature, getting the vs value and inserting
it on the saturation line. Then we look at the table for the same value at a higher
temperature, and that is the x-axis intersection point for the other end of the
specific volume line.
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities
The psychrometric chart shown in Figure 3-4 is sufficient to provide immediate and complete characteristics of a moist air parcel, even if only a small
amount of information is known about that parcel. More specifically, if any two
of the seven important psychrometric variables (tdb, tdp, twb, , h, v, W) of a
moist air sample are given (for a specific barometric pressure), then all of the
remaining ones can be determined immediately from the chart.
Example 3-1
Problem
Given a sample of air where tdb = 21°C and  = 60% rh, determine its dew
point.
Solution
Using Figure 3-4, the location point is at the intersection of the conditions
stated in the problem. Moving to the left in a straight line indicates that the saturation curve is crossed at a temperature of 13°C. This is the dew-point temperature.
Example 3-2
Problem
What is the enthalpy of the 21°C and 60% rh parcel of air from Example 3-1?
Solution
Again using Figure 3-4, the location point is the same. Following the line of
constant enthalpy up the enthalpy scale reveals that the enthalpy of this point is
45 kJ/kgda.
Example 3-3
Problem
Find the wet-bulb temperature for the point in Example 3-1.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Figure 3-4
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1.
15
16
Chapter 3
Solution
Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
Again using Figure 3-4, follow the constant wet-bulb line to the saturation line,
then drop straight down to read a temperature of 16°C, the wet-bulb temperature.
Example 3-4
Problem
Solution
Use Figure 3-4 to find the specific volume of tdb = 21°C and  = 60% rh.
Finding this point on Figure 3-4 reveals that it is located between the values of
0.84 and 0.85 m3/kg for specific volume. Further inspection of the figure indicates that there are more lines of constant specific volume that are unmarked. It
appears that each of these represents an increase of 0.01 m3/kgda. Therefore, it
can be determined that the intersection is a specific volume of 0.846 m3/kgda.
Example 3-5
Problem
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, find the tdb, tdp, twb, , and humidity ratio W of a parcel of air that has a specific volume of 0.88 m3/kgda and an
enthalpy of 60 kJ/kgda.
Solution
tdb = 32.3°C, tdp = 15.2°C, twb = 20.9°C,  = 36% rh, W = 10.8 g/kgda
Notice that the dew point and relative humidity both needed interpolation.
There are many methods of interpolation. Most engineers simply “eyeball”
interpolate by doing a visual scaling between the lines of the chart. There is an
art to this that is learned by practice, but results in error by less than ±1% can
be achieved.
Climatic Design Information
Outdoor weather conditions have a lot to do with the air conditioning and
heating processes described in this book. Climatic design information for the
United States, Canada, and other countries is provided in Appendix C.
For our examples, we will use the “2%” column under the “Cooling DB/
MCWB” heading in Appendix C as our design conditions. This means that
only 2% of the total hours, in an average year, are above the listed dry-bulb
temperature. Note that columns for 0.4% and 1% of the time are also shown.
Using a blank psychrometric chart and Appendix C, plot the outdoor
design conditions (tdb and mean coincident wet-bulb temperature [0.4%]) for
summer in the following cities (label them). You will use these outdoor design
points as we go further into this course.
•
•
Miami, Florida, USA
Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
•
Denver, Colorado, USA
•
Sydney, Australia
•
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
•
•
Dubai, UAE
London, England
17
The plotted points are shown in Figure 3-5.
Psychrometric Chart for
Extended Temperature and Altitude
The psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4 is for sea level and normal temperatures (0°C db to 50°C db). It is available from ASHRAE as Psychrometric
Chart No. 1.
Psychrometric charts are available at 750, 1500, and 2250 m elevations
(Charts No. 4 and No. 5), at low temperatures of –40°C to 10°C (sea level,
Chart No. 2), and at high temperatures of 10°C to 120°C (sea level, Chart No.
3).
Figure 3-5
Climatic design information plotted on the psychrometric chart (detail).
18
Chapter 3
Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
If you do work at these elevations and temperature ranges, please use the
appropriate charts. Also, do not forget to correct the sensible heat formula,
enthalpy formula, and humidity ratio formula constants for air density changes
using the equations included at the end of Chapter 1.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
19
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
3-1
On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Wet-bulb temperature
3-2
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity of
an air parcel with W = 6.4 and tdb = 15°C.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3-3
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point temperature of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh.
a) 10°C
b) 12°C
c) 15°C
d) 19°C
3-4
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W of
an air parcel with a saturation temperature of tdb = 10°C.
a) 6.5
b) 7.6
c) 30%
d) 10°C
3-5
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v
of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and W = 10.
a) 0.82
b) 0.846
c) 0.86
d) none of the above
20
Chapter 3
Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
3-6
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy of
tdb = 25°C dry air?
a) 22
b) 35
c) 76
d) 25
3-7
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh air?
a) 21°C
b) 14°C
c) 10°C
d) 13°C
3-8
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point of
tdb = 10°C saturated air?
a) 10°C
b) 4°C
c) 0°C
d) –5°C
3-9
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of tdb = 21°C dry air?
a) 0°C
b) –4°C
c) 4°C
d) 6.5°C
3-10
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24,
and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investigation of the line, which of the following is the best description?
a) The line is almost vertical.
b) The line has a slope of about 45° (angle).
c) The line almost horizontal.
Air-Conditioning
Processes on the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
understand the air-conditioning processes shown on the psychrometric
chart and
K understand the use of the HVAC equations provided.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 4. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
The Power of the Psychrometric Chart
This chapter applies the processes discussed in Chapter 2 and the properties of moist air discussed in Chapter 3 to the psychrometric chart. But before
we start, we must first define two processes, sensible heat transfer and latent
heat transfer.
Sensible heat transfer (qs) is changing only the dry-bulb temperature of the
air and can be sensible cooling (lowering the temperature) or sensible heating
(raising the temperature). On the psychrometric chart, it is pure horizontal
movement, right to left or left to right only. We can use the following equation
for sensible heat change at sea level:
qs (W) = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2) in °C
(4-1)
where airflow in cubic metres per second, t1 is the initial temperature, and t2 is
the final temperature.
Latent heat transfer (ql ) is changing only the moisture content of the air or
changing only the humidity ratio of the air. It is vertical-only movement on the
psychrometric chart, top to bottom or bottom to top only. We can use the following equation for latent heat change at sea level:
ql (W) = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2) in g/kg of dry air
(4-2)
22
Chapter 4
Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
where airflow in cubic metres per second, W1 is the initial humidity ratio, and
W2 is the final humidity ratio.
Sensible Cooling
We will first show the air conditioning process of sensible cooling. It is a
horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, moving from the right to left.
For example, our entering temperature (T) is at 38°C db, = 10% rh, and we cool
the air to 16°C db as shown in Figure 4-1. The leaving t2 is at 16°C db and  =
37% rh. Note the humidity ratio of W = 4.1 did not change.
If we apply our example airflow of 2.35 m3/s to the problem, then
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (38°C – 16°C)
= 1210 × 2.35 × (22) = 62 550 W cooling
Sensible Heating
Next we will review the air-conditioning process of sensible heating. It is
also a horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, but from left to right. In
this example, our entering temperature (T) is 21°C db,  = 51% rh, and we heat
the air to 43°C db as shown in Figure 4-2. The leaving t2 is 43°C db and  =
14% rh. Note the humidity ratio of W = 7.9 did not change.
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
Sensible Cooling
120
90
25
20
re
70
tu
ha
100
Te
m
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ra
60
20
20%
15
90
io
n
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Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
15
80
10
10
70
20
5
5
60
0
10
16
20
30
38 40
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 4-1
Sensible cooling shown on the psychrometric chart.
50
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
lp
y
80
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
23
If we apply our example airflow of 2.35 m3/s to our sensible heat equation,
then
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (21°C – 43°C)
= 1210 × 2.35 × (22) = 62 550 W heating
Latent Heat Addition
The addition of latent heat, or the addition of moisture content to air, is the
next area of focus. It is a vertical movement, from bottom to top of the psychrometric chart. For example, the entering conditions of tdb = 27°C and  =
18% rh have a W = 4.5 humidity ratio. The leaving conditions of tdb = 27°C
and  = 55% rh have a humidity ratio of W = 13, and the dry-bulb temperature
did not change, as shown in Figure 4-3. The latent heat required with our
example of 2.35 m3/s can be calculated as follows:
ql = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2)
= 3010 × 2.35 m3/s × (4.5 – 13)
= 3010 × 2.35 × (8.5) = 60 120 W
Latent Heat Removal
The removal of latent heat, or the lowering of moisture content to air, is the
process shown in Figure 4-4. The entering conditions of tdb = 24°C and  =
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
Sensible Heating
120
90
25
20
re
70
tu
ha
100
Te
m
pe
ra
60
20
20%
15
90
io
n
50
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
15
80
10
10
70
20
5
5
60
0
10
20 21
30
40
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 4-2
Sensible heating shown on the psychrometric chart.
43
50
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
lp
y
80
24
Chapter 4
Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
re
20
tu
ha
pe
Te
m
20
20%
n
50
io
Sa
tu
30
15
W=13g/kg
ra
t
40
100
ra
60
15
90
80
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
70
lp
y
80
10
10
70
20
5
W=4.5g/kg
5
60
0
10
20
27
30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 4-3
Latent heat addition shown on the psychrometric chart.
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
re
20
tu
ha
100
Te
m
pe
ra
60
W=14.5g/kg
20
20%
15
90
io
n
50
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
15
80
10
10
70
20
5
W=3.5g/kg
0
10
20
24
30
40
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 4-4
Latent heat removal shown on the psychrometric chart.
5
60
50
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
70
lp
y
80
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
25
70% rh have a W = 13 humidity ratio. We remove moisture to the leaving conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 17% rh, which have a humidity ratio of W = 3.5.
The latent heat removed with our example of 2.35 m3/s is as follows:
ql = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2)
= 3010 × 2.35 m3/s × (13 – 3.5)
= 3010 × 2.35 × (9.5) = 67 200 W
It should be noted at this time that the processes shown in both Figures 4-3
and 4-4 are nearly impossible to do in the real world of HVAC as stand-alone
processes. When we humidify the air, we generally have to add heat to the air,
even if not desired (steam humidifier). When we dehumidify the air, we need
to cool the air dry-bulb temperature below the entering dew-point temperature
to start the moisture removal process, so we end up with cooled and dehumidified air.
Total Heat Content
We will now discuss the four air-conditioning processes that are combinations of two simple processes. For these combination processes, we use the
enthalpy equation to get the total heat required (qt) at sea level:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2) in kJ/kg of dry air
(4-3)
where airflow in cubic metres per second, h1 is the initial enthalpy, and h2 is
the final enthalpy.
Let us start with the cooling and dehumidifying process, because it is the
most common in the HVAC industry. Movement on the psychrometric chart is
to the left (sensible) and down (latent) from the initial condition. See Figure 4-5
for the actual movement of the air.
Also, note that a gradual slope indicates a more sensible than latent load,
but a steeper slope shows a more latent than sensible load. The following
example will explain this combination process.
The entering conditions to our cooling coil are 27°C db and 18°C wb, with
h1 = 50.7. The air is cooled and dehumidified all the way down to 12°C db and
11.5°C wb with h2 = 33. We can find the total heat required by using our new
equation with our example of 2.35 m3/s:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 2.35 m3/s × (50.7 – 33)
= 1.2 × 2.35 × (17.7) = 49.91 kW or 49 910 W
We can get the same answer by using the individual sensible and latent heat
equations:
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (27°C – 12°C)
= 1210 × 2.35 × (15) = 42 650 W
26
Chapter 4
Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
80%
60%
40% 30
100
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25
80
25
re
tu
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m
20
20%
n
15
90
ra
t
io
30
Sa
tu
40
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ra
ha
En
t
20
15
80
Humidity Ratio
lp
y
70
60
50
110
10
10
70
20
h=5
1kJ
5
/kg
5
60
h=3
3kJ
/kg
0
10 12
20
27
30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 4-5
Psychrometric chart showing movement of air in the cooling and dehumidifying
process.
and
ql = 3010 × airflow × (W1 – W2)
= 3010 × 2.35 m3/s × (9.3 – 8.3)
= 3010 × 2.35 × (1) = 7075 W
qs + ql = qt
= 42 650 + 7075
= 49 725 W
Almost the same answer, but done in one less step by using the combination equation. Because we are “eyeballing” the values on our psychrometric
chart, it is not uncommon that these two answers are not exact and can be off
by a few percent. See Figure 4-6 for the breakdown of the sensible and latent
components.
Cooling and Humidifying
Cooling and humidifying is most easily explained with the process of evaporative cooling. Because evaporative cooling is a constant wet-bulb or adiabatic cooling process, the total heat or enthalpy equation does not work. The
cooling of the air at dry-bulb temperature is done by the fact that the water in
the liquid form is evaporated to water vapor. See Figure 4-7 for an example,
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
80%
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27
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Te
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15
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Sa
tu
40
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t
io
n
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30
15
La
ten
t
80
W=9.3
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
70
lp
y
80
10
10
20
70
W=8.2
Sensible
5
5
60
0
10 12
20
27 30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 4-6
Sensible and latent components of determining total heat content using the psychrometric chart.
and note that the movement on the psychrometric chart is to the left (sensible)
and upward (latent) to complete the process.
Our inlet conditions to the evaporative cooler are 38°C db and  =10% rh,
resulting in a 17.5°C wb. We move upward and left on the 17.5°C wet-bulb line
the distance our evaporative media will provide. Our outlet conditions will be
18.5°C db, 17.5°C wb, and  =85% rh. Note that we have dropped the dry-bulb
temperature from 38°C to 18.5°C by using only water. At our 2.35 m3/s example, we are able to obtain a sensible cooling of
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (38°C – 18.5°C)
= 1210 × 2.35 × (19.5) = 55 450 W
So, how much water do we use in the evaporative process? We can use a
new equation to calculate the water usage in grams of water per hour:
gw /h = airflow × 1/v × (W1 – W2) × 3600
= 2.35 m3/s × 1/0.84 m3/kgda
× (4.5 – 12.5) gw /kgda × 3600 s/h
= 2.35 × 1/0.84 × (8) × 3600
= 80 570 g of water/h or 80.57 kg/h
Evaporative cooling should always be an option if you are doing a project
in the hot/dry climates of the world.
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Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
Heating and Humidifying
Heating and humidifying is a combination process that is frequently seen in
the HVAC industry when it is desirable to attempt to maintain a space at or
above a minimum relative humidity setpoint. The movement on the psychrometric chart is to the right and towards the top, as shown in Figure 4-8.
In our example, we have an airstream at 18°C db and  = 20% rh, with 2.35
m at sea level. We want to maintain a room at 24°C db and  = 50% rh. We
can use our equation from the evaporative cooling example to solve for the
pounds of water per hour needed to increase the relative humidity of this airstream.
3/s
gw /h = airflow × 1/v × (W1 – W2) × 3600
= 2.35 m3/s × 1/0.85 m3/kgda
× (2.5 – 9.5) gw /kgda × 3600 s/h
= 2.35 × 1/0.85 × (7) × 3600
= 69 670 g/h
So, we can select a steam humidifier to provide a minimum output of 69.7
kgw /h to keep our space at up to 50% relative humidity.
We can also calculate the energy required to complete this process with the
total heat equation and the enthalpy at the entering and room conditions:
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Figure 4-7
Cooling and humidifying shown on the psychrometric chart.
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Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
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Figure 4-8
Heating and humidifying shown on the psychrometric chart.
18°C db,  = 20% rh, h = 25 kJ/kgda
24°C db,  = 50% rh, h = 48 kJ/kgda
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 2.35 m3/s × (25 – 48)
= 1.2 × 2.35 × (23) = 64.86 kW or 64 860 W
Another way to get this answer is to break the problem into the sensible
portion and the latent portion. The sensible portion is easy, 18°C db to
24°C db, or:
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 2.35 m3/s × (18°C – 24°C)
= 17 060 W
For the latent portion, we need to go to Appendix D and look at the thermodynamic properties of water at saturation, or steam, tables. In the left-hand column, find 18°C temperature and follow that to the right until you get to the
column labeled “Evap. hg” under the “Specific Enthalpy” heading and get 2533
kJ/kgw. The steam will reach equilibrium at 18°C db soon after injection into
the airstream. Because we know the grams of water per hour of the humidifier,
the latent portion is
30
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Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
ql = 69,670 gw /h × 2533 kJ/kgw
= 69.67 kg/h × 2533 kJ/kg = 176 470 kJ/h
176,470 kJ/h × 0.275 W/kJ = 48 530 W
Now we add the sensible and latent portions together:
qs + ql = qt
= 17 060 + 48 530
= 65 590 W
which is close to 64 860 W.
Remember, we are eyeballing all these values from the psychrometric
chart, so the actual values may be off ±1 or 2%.
Dehumidification and Heating
The last combination process is dehumidification and heating, or dehumidification by desiccant moisture absorption. The desiccant material (contained
in a wheel) is either rotated through the airstream or sprayed into the airstream
and collected in a pan at the bottom.
The other portion of the desiccant cycle is the regeneration process that
heats up the desiccant to drive off the moisture to the atmosphere and start the
cycle over again. The process is shown in Figure 4-9 and has movement to the
right and the bottom of the psychrometric chart.
For our example, we have our inlet conditions of 27°C db and  = 27% rh,
which gives a dew-point temperature of 6°C and which a mechanical vapor
compression refrigeration can easily reach.
However, our leaving conditions require a dew-point temperature of –3°C,
less than freezing (0°C), so mechanical cooling will not work.
Our leaving conditions with desiccant dehumidification are 35°C db and
 = 8% rh, for a dew-point temperature of –3°C.
Note that these conditions are something you may not see in normal human
comfort cooling, but they may be used in an industrial process or candy manufacturing facility. You will also have to contact a manufacturer for an exact
selection and the regeneration method they use.
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Figure 4-9
Dehumidification and heating shown on the psychrometric chart.
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Chapter 4
Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
4-1
Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type of humidifier
4-2
What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)?
a) 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
b) 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
c) 3300 × airflow × (W1 – W2)
d) None of the above
4-3
Which of the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by
(cold water) atomization?
a) Atomization always maintains a constant relative humidity.
b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream.
c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
4-4
A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification.
a) True
b) False
4-5
A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6
What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C?
a) 10
b) 13
c) 16
d) 18
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33
4-7
What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be
saturated air at 23°C?
a) 39
b) 35
c) 13
d) 45
4-8
One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh.
Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature of the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 30°C
b) 35°C
c) 40°C
d) 22°C
4-9
If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C,
how many watts of cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is
located at the coil inlet?
a) 58 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 61 000 W
d) 62 550 W
4-10
Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a temperature of 7°C. What is the total watts of cooling required if a 2.35 m3/s fan is
located at the inlet of the cooling coil?
a) 190 200 W
b) 174 840 W
c) 160 000 W
d) 158 960 W
HVAC Design
and the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
apply HVAC systems to the psychrometric chart,
K define and use sensible heat ratio for cooling, and
K show the heating and humidification process on the psychrometric chart.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 5. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System
To understand what an air-conditioning system is or what components it
has, it is best to look first at the room, or space, that it is to serve. This space is
to be occupied and maintained at some psychrometric condition (tdb and ).
This state is called the room design condition. This condition of temperature
and humidity is being constantly defeated by heat flowing through the building
envelope, coming in or going out. Furthermore, it is being changed by the
activities happening inside. Occupants are providing heat and moisture to the
space. There are machines and lights that transfer heat to the space as a byproduct of their operation. There may be things that are cooling the room, and there
are things that are adding humidity to the room. These tend to change the interior room conditions. It is the purpose of the air-conditioning system to offset
these changes by conditioning the room air to maintain the room at the desired
condition.
To do this, some air is taken out of the room, conditioned, and returned
back to the space. This is done as depicted in the layout of a typical air-conditioning system shown in Figure 5-1.
Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems
The mixing of two airstreams is common in HVAC systems to ensure the
proper ventilation amount in the occupied space. This involves mixing an
36
Chapter 5
Figure 5-1
HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart
Schematic of a general air-conditioning system.
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Summer design conditions shown on the psychrometric chart.
amount (fixed or variable) of outdoor air with a different amount of return or
room air to meet the ventilation code in your local area.
First, we will look at summer design conditions for a cooling application.
Assume our room design is tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh, with an air outdoor
design temperature of tdb = 35°C and twb = 18°C. See the psychrometric chart
in Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
37
Next, we draw a straight line between these two plotted points on the psychrometric chart. Our mixed condition will always be on this straight line. We
can locate the exact location by using the following formula:
tma = [airflowoa (toa) + airflowra (tra)]/airflowsa
where
tma
airflowoa
toa
airflowra
tra
airflowsa
=
=
=
=
=
=
(5-1)
dry-bulb temperature of mixed air
volume of outdoor air
temperature of outdoor air
volume of return air
temperature of return air
volume of supply air
Assume our HVAC system has a supply air volume (m3/ssa) of 11 m3/s and
a ventilation or outdoor air volume (m3/soa) of 2.2 m3/s. This means the return
or room air volume (m3/sra) is the difference between the supply air volume
and the return air volume, or
m3/ssa = m3/soa + m3/sra
(5-2)
In our example, then,
11 m3/ssa = 2.2 m3/soa + 8.8 m3/sra
Then, our mixed-air dry bulb temperature is
tma = [2.2 m3/soa (35°C) + 8.8 m3/sra (24°C)]/11 m3/ssa
= [77 + 211.2]/11
= 26.2°C tdb
Now go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-2 and plot the mixedair condition on this straight line at the intersection with the 26.2°C dry-bulb
line marked MA. So our mixed-air conditions for these two airstreams are tdb =
26.2°C and twb = 18°C. This is an important item to know because the cooling
coil will be sized using this condition as the entering air to this heat exchanger.
Mixing Airstreams—Heating Systems
Now we will look at the same example in the winter heating mode. Assume
a room design of tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh with air outdoor design temperature of tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh. See Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.
We will again plot both points on our psychrometric chart, as shown in Figure 5-3, and connect these points with a new straight line. Using the same formula from the Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems section with different
temperatures and the same volume, we get:
38
Chapter 5
HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart
tma = [m3/soa (toa) + m3/sra (tra)]/m3/ssa
= [2.2 m3/s (0°C) + 8.8 m3/s (21°C)]/11 m3/s
= [0.22 + 184.8]/11
= 16.8°C
Go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-3 and plot this heating
mixed-air condition on the straight line at the intersection with the 16.8°C drybulb temperature line. This results in a mixing of these two airstreams at tdb =
16.8°C and twb = 10.5°C. This will be the entering air condition for the heating
coil used in our system.
One special note on heating mixed airstreams is that we need only the drybulb temperature to select our heating coil or heat exchanger. The wet-bulb
temperature becomes important only if humidification is needed in the HVAC
system serving this area.
Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling
Sensible heat ratio (SHR) is a very important concept in HVAC psychrometric analysis. With the proper use of SHR, we will ensure that both the room
dry-bulb temperature and room relative humidity are met in our design. It will
ensure our room supply air dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity are cold
and dry enough to achieve the room design conditions. Failure to do a proper
SHR analysis could result in not meeting one or both of the room design
parameters. Here’s an example to explain the concept.
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Winter design conditions shown on the psychrometric chart.
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Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
39
For our example, we will use a space with a sensible heat gain of 80 000 W
and a latent heat gain of 20 000 W, for a total load of 100 000 W. Our room
SHR is
80 000
SHR = ------------------- = 0.8
100 000
We plot the room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh on a psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 5-4. Then we draw a line from the center score
mark to the value of 0.8 on the left side of the half circle. This is now our SHR
slope line. Next we transfer it from the upper left corner to the room conditions
on the chart. Please make sure the slope of this line is exactly the same as you
plotted it.
Note that any air condition along the SHR line will meet our room design
conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh. These air conditions are the leaving
air temperature off the cooling coil in the air handler. The only thing that
changes on these varying leaving air temperatures is the volume. To solve the
problem, we go to the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
We plot the intersection of the SHR line and a condition around 90% rh to
the left of the room condition in Figure 5-4. We have selected a leaving air temperature of tdb = 12°C and  = 87% rh as the desired cooling coil leaving air
temperature. It is best practice to contact a cooling coil manufacturer (or run
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Figure 5-4
Drawing the SHR slope line on the psychrometric chart.
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their cooling coil selection software) and confirm that they can provide a coil
that would perform to these conditions with a volume of
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
80 000 = 1210 × airflow × (24°C – 12°C)
80 000 - = 5.5 m3/s
airflow = ----------------------1210  12
So, our cooling coil needs to provide a leaving air temperature of tdb =
12°C and  = 87% rh at our entering air temperature of tdb = 24°C and  = 50%
rh, with 5.5 m3/s of airflow through the coil.
We could also have picked a leaving air temperature of tdb = 15°C and  =
76% rh, resulting in an volume of
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
80 000 = 1210 × airflow × (24°C – 15°C)
80 000 –
airflow = ------------------------ = 7.3 m3/s
1210  15
We may or may not have been able to find a cooling coil to perform this
duty, because the leaving relative humidity is not close to 90%. Coils that
dehumidify typically have a leaving relative humidity close to 90%.
By providing this supply air quantity (airflow), supply air dry-bulb temperature, and relative humidity, we will ensure that our room design conditions
are satisfied.
Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling with Outdoor Air
This section covers the psychrometric process that is added to the SHR process to account for the outdoor air (ventilation air) in our HVAC system.
We will use the same outdoor air design conditions of tdb = 35°C and twb =
24°C and 20% outdoor air from our example of the Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems section. We plot all the conditions on our psychrometric chart as
shown in Figure 5-5. The mixed-air conditions are tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C
from our calculation of supply air as 5.5 m3/s with the values from the previous
example of outdoor air as 1.1 m3/s and return air as 4.4 m3/s.
tma = [airflowoa (toa) + airflowra (tra)]/airflowsa
= [1.1 m3/s (35°C) + 4.4 m3/s (24°C)]/5.5 m3/s
= [38.5 + 105.6]/5.5 m3/s
= [144.1]/5.5 m3/s
= 26.2°C tdb
Again, go to the tdb = 26.2°C scale on the psychrometric chart and go up
until you intersect the mixed-air line. That is our entering air condition to the
cooling coil, tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C. We still need to cool the air down to
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
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SHR for cooling with outdoor air shown on the psychrometric chart.
twb = 12°C and  = 87% rh to meet our room conditions. To calculate the total
cooling coil load, use the follow total heat equation:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (53 kJ/kg – 32 kJ/kg)
= 138.6 kW or 138 600 W
Note the increased cooling requirement due to the addition of outdoor air
into the HVAC system. The room total load was 100,000 W and the outdoor air
is an additional 38 600 W total. We can also calculate the room-only coil load
with the same total heat equation:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (47 kJ/kg – 32 kJ/kg)
= 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (15 kJ/kg)
= 99 kW or 99 000 W
Notice that this is not exactly the same as the 100 000 W total heat gain, but
it is very close and within acceptable tolerance for HVAC calculations.
Psychrometric Process—Heating
This section uses the same HVAC system we’ve been discussing to show
how to handle the heating requirements of our space. The air handler has the
same 5.5 m3/s. Assume our space has a heat loss of 90 000 W and all this load
is sensible load. Our sensible heat is as follows:
42
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Figure 5-6
The heating process shown on the psychrometric chart.
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 5.5 m3/s × (t1 – t2)
= 90 000 W
The heating room design tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh. So, our t1 = 21°C and
qs = 90 000 W
90 000 = 1210 × 5.5 m3/s × (21 – t2)
90 000 = 6655 × (21 – t2)
90 000
----------------- =  21 – t 2 
6655
13.5°C = (21 – t2)
t2 = 34.5°C db
So, if we supply 34.5°C warm air to our space on the coldest winter day, we
will keep the space at tdb = 21°C. See Figure 5-6 for how to show the heating
process on a psychrometric chart.
Now we add the need for humidification in the winter to our space. Assume,
for example, that we need to add 15 000 W of latent heating in the form of
moisture or water vapor. Our outdoor design is tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh. We
add 20% outdoor air into our HVAC system and our new entering air conditions
are tdb = 16.8°C and  = 44% rh. The new total heating required is
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (52 kJ/kg – 29 kJ/kg)
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
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Figure 5-7
Humidification need shown on the psychrometric chart.
= 1.2 × 5.5 m3/s × (23 kJ/kg)
= 151.8 kW or 151 800 W
An interesting part of this analysis is that the leaving air temperature from
the heating coil has been increased to approximately tdb = 35.3°C to account
for the temperature drop the humidified air will cause, as shown in Figure 5-7.
The amount of water vapor that must be added to the airstream is calculated
based on an entering air of tdb = 16.8°C and  = 44% rh with a humidity ratio
of W1 = 6.5 gw /kgda and leaving conditions of tdb = 34.5°C and  = 20% rh
with a humidity ratio of W2 = 7.5 gw /kgda. Use the following formula:
g/h = airflow × 1/Sv × (W1 – W2) × 3600 s/h
= 5.5 m3/s × 1/0.88 m3/kg × (6.5 g/kg – 7.5 g/kg) × 3600 s/h
= 22 500 g/h of water
We will discuss humidification more in the next chapter as we differentiate
between steam and water spray humidification.
44
Chapter 5
HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
5-1
The definition of sensible heat ratio (SHR) is the:
a) Ratio of sensible to latent load
b) Ratio of latent to sensible load
c) Ratio of total load to sensible load
d) Ratio of sensible load to total load
5-2
If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value of SHR is:
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) –2
5-3
The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements of
a room depends on:
a) The amount of outdoor air needed
b) The desired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All of the above
e) Answers b and c only
5-4
Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety of “assumptions” about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every t.
b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety of methods for heating and
cooling.
5-5
Which condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart?
a) tdb = 24°C, h = 54 kJ/kg
b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 25°C
c) twb = 25°C, h = 84
d) tdb = 24°C,  = 50%
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
45
5-6
In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 15³C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C
and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
a) 18°C
b) 17.5°C
c) 16°C
d) 25°C
5-7
In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?
a) 51% rh
b) 40% rh
c) 60% rh
d) None of these
5-8
In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist
air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and
50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate of the second airstream?
a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s
b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s
c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s
d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s
5-9
If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the
SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10
If the room design is tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air
at tdb = 48°C and  = 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 45°C
b) 42°C
c) 30°C
d) Not possible
5-11
From Exercise 5-10, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?
a) 33% rh
b) 15% rh
c) 21% rh
d) 28% rh
Psychrometrics
in HVAC Equipment
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
show the components of an air-handling unit and their psychrometric processes and
K explain two types of humidification.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 6. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
The Air-Handling Unit:
Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System
In Chapter 5, psychrometrics was used to determine the technical characteristics of the air-conditioning system required to perform a specific function.
Psychrometrics was used to convert this information into the necessary volume
and supply air conditions for both heating and cooling. These conditions not
only determined the capacity of the unit in watts but also specified the amount
of dehumidification and humidification by determining the entering and leaving dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures for both the heating and cooling coils.
A manufacturer will usually package all (or most) of the components of an
HVAC system into one large enclosure called an air-handling unit (AHU).
AHUs (Figure 6-1) are almost custom-made for every design because the components are selected from an extensive list of available sizes and capabilities to
match the specific application. So that the AHU manufacturer can deliver the
proper unit for the application, the design engineer must provide all of the necessary information.
Psychrometrics of a Cooling Coil
Let’s start this discussion on what actually happens in a dehumidifying
cooling coil as the air goes through it. The entering side of the coil is warmer
than the leaving side of the coil. Therefore, the first few rows of the cooling
48
Chapter 6
Figure 6-1
Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
Flow path through a simple AHU.
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Figure 6-2
Cooling coil line shown on the psychrometric chart.
coil are doing sensible cooling only, as can be seen in Figure 6-2, the cooling
coil line. Note, it is horizontal and moving to the left side of the psychrometric
chart.
As the air moves further into the coil, the dehumidification process is starting as the cooling coil starts curving downward and to the left. The maximum
dehumidification occurs just before the air exits the coil and generally leaves
the coil around  = 90% rh. Again, refer to Figure 6-2 to see the final curve
showing the completed dehumidification and cooling process.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
49
Assume a fan has an airflow of 2.0 m3/s, entering conditions of tdb = 28°C
and twb = 20°C (with outdoor air mixed), and desired leaving conditions of tdb
= 11°C and approximately  = 90% rh. Now we can calculate the total cooling
capacity of the cooing coil with the total heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (58 – 32 kJ/kg)
= 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (26 kJ/kg)
= 62.4 kW or 62 400 W
We can now plot the cooling coil performance on the psychrometric chart
as shown in Figure 6-2. We can see the total heat is broken down into a sensible
component and a latent component, as also shown in Figure 6-2.
Again, the HVAC engineer must provide the above information to the manufacturer of the cooling coils so they can provide an actual selection of either a
chilled-water coil or a direct expansion (DX) refrigerant coil. Their output
would include the size, height, width, number of coil rows, pressure drop (air
pressure and water pressure, if a chilled-water coil), chilled-water temperature
rise (you must supply the entering chilled-water temperature), and the actual
leaving air conditions.
Psychrometrics of Fan Heat
As a fan moves air through an HVAC system, the fan input energy is converted to heat as a result of the heat of compression. All the fan input energy
ends up as heat as the fan increases the air pressure to provide air motion.
Say, for example, a fan requires 7.46 kW to move 4.72 m3/s against of
750 Pa total pressure.
7.46 kW × 1000 = 7460 W
Because the fan is moving 4.72 m3/s, we can use the sensible heat equation
discussed in Chapter 4 to calculate the actual temperatures:
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
7460 W = 1210 × 4.72 m3/s × (t1 – t2)
(t1 – t2) = 1.3°C temperature rise
So, we have the addition of 1.3°C fan heat to account for in our psychrometric analysis.
Fan heat is the addition of sensible heat, horizontal moving to the right on
the psychrometric chart, either before the cooling coil (blow-through fan) or
after the cooling coil (draw-through fan). Be careful with draw-through fans,
because with these fans the fan leaving air temperature is higher than the cooling coil leaving air temperature. It is an additional load that must be accounted
for in cooling heat gain calculations.
50
Chapter 6
Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment (2012) gives a general estimate of fan heat as approximately 0.8°C per 750 Pa of total fan pressure. In this example we calculated a little over 1°C, while this general estimate
would have given us 0.8°C. Therefore, it is better to perform the calculations.
Psychrometrics of a Heating Coil
The process of heating air is a sensible-heating-only psychrometric problem, which means that the point moves from left to right horizontally across
the psychrometric chart.
This example again uses 2.0 m3/s airflow and the entering conditions to the
hot water coil of tdb = 15°C and approximately  = 30% rh (with outdoor air
mixed) and a leaving condition of tdb = 34°C. See Figure 6-3 for the process of
heating and use the following equation:
qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 2.0 m3/s × (15°C – 34°C)
= 1210 × 2.0 × (19°C)
= 45 980 W
Even if you forget that the process is sensible heating only, using the total
heat equation discussed in Chapter 4 will give you almost the same result as
shown below:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (43 – 24 kJ/kg)
= 1.2 × 2.0 m3/s × (19 kJ/kg)
= 45.6 kW or 45 600 W
Humidification Equipment
Humidification equipment can be divided into two groups: 1) isothermal or
constant temperature and 2) adiabatic or moisture evaporating (see Figure 6-4).
Isothermal humidification generally involves steam humidifiers, with many
ways of steam generation, and addition of moisture to an airstream at a constant temperature.
Adiabatic humidification is moisture evaporating and involves sprayed,
atomized, media, or ultrasonic humidifiers. These humidifiers lower the air
temperature as they add moisture to the airstream and are the same as evaporative coolers.
In all methods of humidification, the following formula can be used to calculate the amount of water that must be added to the airstream in pounds of
water per hour:
1
g/h = airflow in m3/s × ---- × (w1 –w2) × 3600 s/h
va
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
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Figure 6-3
Heating coil line shown on the psychrometric chart.
Figure 6-4
Steam (constant-temperature) and spray (adiabatic) humidifiers.
50
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52
Chapter 6
Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
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Figure 6-5
Isothermal humidification shown on the psychrometric chart.
Isothermal humidification is shown in Figure 6-5 and has entering air conditions of tdb = 32°C and  = 20% rh and leaving air conditions of tdb = 32°C
and  = 40% rh. The humidity ratio increases from 7 to 13. Note that the drybulb temperature stays the same even though we have added moisture to the
airstream.
Adiabatic humidification is shown in Figure 6-6 and has entering air conditions of tdb = 32°C and  = 20% rh and leaving air conditions of tdb = 28°C and
 = 36% rh. The humidity ratio is increased from 7 to 8.5. Note that the drybulb temperature decreases in the process of adding moisture to the air.
Be careful to not humidify the airstream at greater than  = 90% rh. The
dew-point temperature of the interior surface of the ductwork is very important, and failure to observe this rule will result in condensation in the ductwork
that will eventually leak out and cause a problem in the building. Please work
closely with a humidifier supplier to make sure you are following all the application rules of that product and system.
Reference
ASHRAE. 2013. Chapter 1. In ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atlanta:
ASHRAE.
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Figure 6-6
Adiabatic humidification shown on the psychrometric chart.
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54
Chapter 6
Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
6-1
Which type of humidification requires the change to not exceed the temperature rise capacity of a heating coil?
a) Water spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2
From the discussion of the psychrometrics of cooling coils, which “rule of
thumb” will best select the cooling coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C.
b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume of air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum.
d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3
Which of the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4
Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W
latent loss, with room design conditions of tdb = 22°C and approximately  =
40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating
coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after
the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load?
a) 12
b) 10.3
c) 8
d) None of these
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
55
6-5
What is the leaving air temperature tdb from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 37°C
b) 40°C
c) 38°C
d) None of these
6-6
What is the leaving relative humidity  from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 12% rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7
What is the leaving relative humidity  from the adiabatic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19% rh
d) 28% rh
6-8
Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m3/s, adding a cooling coil to
satisfy a room sensible heat gain of 146 kW and a room latent heat gain of
15 000 W, and room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh and without outdoor air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and  from the cooling
coil?
a) 12°C tdb ,  = 90% rh
b) 13°C tdb ,  = 80% rh
c) 12°C tdb ,  = 75% rh
6-9
What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10
Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not sure
Psychrometrics in
Zoned HVAC Systems
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
understand the most commonly used HVAC systems,
K understand the psychrometric analysis of these HVAC systems, and
K explain why we use zoned systems for HVAC.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 7. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems
This chapter covers the major types of HVAC air systems. They can be
divided into two major types: 1) constant-volume, variable air temperature and
2) variable-air-volume, constant air temperature.
Constant-volume systems deliver the same volume, or airflow, at all load
conditions and change the supply air dry-bulb temperature as the load changes.
The load changes as the time of day changes, as the time of year changes, as
the occupancy changes, as the internal loads change, and as the solar load
changes. The room thermostat senses these changes in load and adjusts the
supply air temperature accordingly to maintain the room at a constant temperature.
In a chilled-water cooling, constant-volume air handler, the chilled-water
coil has a control valve, controlled by the room thermostat to vary the supply
air temperature. This type of system can provide acceptable comfort because
there is an infinite number of chilled-water valve positions to match the large
number of load conditions.
In a direct expansion (DX) system, which has refrigerant in direct contact
with the cooling coil tubes, there are typically steps or stages of cooling capacity. This causes the supply air temperature to be delivered at a set temperature
between the design temperature and a few part-load temperatures. The room
thermostat must have multiple stages so it can bring on additional capacity if
the room temperature rises or remove capacity if the room temperature drops.
58
Chapter 7
Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
This causes a compromise in room temperature control, as the setpoint is
almost never met; the room temperature actually fluctuates around the setpoint,
approximately ±0.5°C or ±1°C. In most cases, this fluctuation in room temperatures can still provide an acceptable comfort level, but not one as good as a
chilled-water system.
Note that some newer styles of DX systems have variable-refrigerant-flow
capacity, which can provide a greater level of comfort in the room. These systems can better match the refrigerant flow required to handle the room’s load
variations, thus providing better comfort than stepped DX systems.
Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems deliver a variable amount of volume,
or airflow, at all load conditions at a constant supply air dry-bulb temperature.
Again, the load changes with the five variables mentioned above. The room
thermostat senses these load changes and adjusts the quantity of air delivered
to the space so the room air temperature remains constant. Note that all VAV
systems do a very good job of part-load room humidity control, as the main air
handler cools and dehumidifies the air at all load conditions to a constant dewpoint temperature.
In most cases, with modern air-handling systems, the air volume (airflow)
is changed with a variable-frequency drive (VFD) wired to the electric fan
motor. Because input frequency determines the speed of rotation in induction
electric motors as the load changes, the VFD frequency output matches the airflow required by adjusting the fan speed.
VAV air handlers can have chilled-water or DX cooling coils installed in
them. With chilled water, the chilled-water control valve is infinitely variable
and can be controlled to maintain a constant supply air temperature as the air
volume goes up and down in response to load changes. With DX cooling coils,
the supply air temperature changes in stages, up and down, as the load changes
and the airflow increases or decreases. Again, even with stages, you can still
obtain acceptable room comfort.
One final point: you can use many small fan-coils to provide a lot of zone
control in a large building, but each fan-coil is a constant-volume, single-zone
subsystem.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System
Constant-volume, single-zone systems are the most commonly used in
HVAC and come in many forms. They include single-zone air-handling room
fan-coils, packaged DX single-zone rooftop systems, and residential split systems, to name a few. They have one common trait: the unit is controlled by one
room thermostat only. Therefore, they can be applied to only one zone and provide room comfort to only one zone.
A zone, by definition, has like occupancy and like thermal characteristics
but does not have a defined size. For example, a large interior cubical office
area could be a zone as large as 185 m2 if the density and usage are uniform
throughout. It could also be a zone as small as 6 m2 with a row of exterior, individual offices lining an outside wall.
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Figure 7-1
Psychrometrics of single-zone system at full load.
The psychrometric chart of a single-zone system is determined by the
room’s sensible and latent loads, the room’s sensible heat ratio (SHR), and
either the quantity of outdoor air needed or the code-required ventilation rate.
It is shown at full load in Figure 7-1. In all examples in this chapter, we will
use room design conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh and 20% outdoor air
for ventilation.
Next, look at the psychrometric chart in Figure 7-2 for part-load operation.
The part-load supply air temperature is higher than the design temperature
because the room thermostat is calling for less cooling. Depending on the partload SHR, the room relative humidity may not be met at this part-load condition. So you must determine if this deviation above the design  = 50% rh is
acceptable. Also note that the mixed-air condition will usually change to a
lower value, as the outdoor air will typically be lower at part-load conditions.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat
Constant-volume, single-zone systems with reheat are used when we need to
control the room relative humidity at all load conditions. The control is simple;
the cooling coil supply air dry-bulb temperature is set to a constant leaving temperature. Therefore, the supply air is dehumidified regardless of the room partload conditions. The supply air is reheated purely to satisfy the room thermostat.
It should be noted that this type of system is an expensive one to operate, as
we pay to cool and dehumidify the supply air and then pay again to warm up,
or reheat, the same airstream. If you are forced to provide this design in a sys-
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Chapter 7
Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
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Figure 7-2
Psychrometrics of single-zone system at part load.
tem, you should look for ways to use recovered energy to provide the reheat.
Recovered energy sources could be condenser heat from the cooling system,
such as a heat recovery chiller or condenser reheat plus sensible heat recovery
from exhaust or return airstreams, among others.
The psychrometric chart for this system is shown in Figure 7-3 at part-load
conditions. Note that even with a SHR of less than the design SHR, we can
meet the room relative humidity condition. The psychrometrics of this system
at full load are exactly the same as shown in Figure 7-1 because, at full load,
we are not doing any reheat.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with
Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil
Constant-volume, single-zone systems with face and bypass dampers on
the cooling coil are not as common as they were in the past, but we will analyze this type in our psychrometric training process nonetheless. This system is
basically a single-zone air handler with a cooling coil plus an extra damper section; see Figure 7-4 for all the components. The dampers are used to adjust the
amount of supply air that goes through the cooling coil or the amount of mixed
air that bypasses the cooling coil, thus the name face and bypass.
The damper is controlled by the room thermostat as it maintains a constant
room dry-bulb temperature. As the room temperature drops, the dampers are
adjusted to open the bypass section and close down on the face section, raising
the air handler supply dry-bulb temperature. The opposite is true if the room
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Psychrometrics of constant-volume, single-zone system with reheat at part load.
Bypass
Return Air
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Outdoor Air
Figure 7-4
F
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SA
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Components of constant-volume, single-zone system with face and bypass
dampers on the cooling coil.
temperature rises: the damper adjusts for less bypass air and more cooling coil
air to lower the air handler supply temperature.
The psychrometrics of this system at part load are show in Figure 7-5. Note
that the cooling coil supply air temperature decreases as we decrease the airflow through the cooling coil at part load. Therefore, this system does a much
better job of maintaining the room relative humidity at part load than a constant-volume, variable-temperature, single-zone system.
The psychrometrics of the face and bypass system at full load are the same
as shown in Figure 7-1 because no air is being bypassed at full load. The room
thermostat is calling for full cooling, so 100% of the supply air is being cooled
in the cooling coil.
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th
20
10
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60
50
40
110
70
al
p
y
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40
50
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Figure 7-5
Psychrometrics of constant-volume, single-zone system with face and bypass
dampers on the cooling coil at part load.
Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat
Now we shift our focus to HVAC air systems that are designed to serve
many zones from one air handler. The constant-volume with terminal reheat
system was the primary commercial office space system from the 1940s to the
mid-1970s. The system is fairly simple: a single-zone air handler supplies air
ducted throughout the building, and then reheat coils are put in each duct
runout to serve any individual zones.
The air handler ensures a constant leaving supply air temperature all year
round, and each reheat coil tempers the air to meet the room temperature
desired in each zone. A few things to note: zones can have different temperature setpoints, zone reheats can be at different stages of tempering as zone
loads change, and part-load humidity control by zone is very good because the
main supply air is constantly being dehumidified. However, this system is very
expensive to operate because it is both cooling and reheating throughout the
day, month, and year. Also, most energy codes, such as ANSI/ASHRAE/IES
Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 2013) and California’s Title 24 (CBSC 2013), restrict
the use of this system for obvious reasons. It was a popular way to get zone
control in buildings when energy was cheap and before VAV was invented.
The psychrometrics of this system at full load are the same as those shown
in Figure 7-1.
The psychrometrics of this system at part load are the same as those shown
in Figure 7-2, with the exception that each zone has a separate psychrometric
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Figure 7-6
63
Components of constant-volume, multizone system (ASHRAE 2016, Figure 12).
chart, because the amount of the reheat will vary by zone and the SHR can be
slightly different by zone. However, a word of caution: the worst zone, from a
lowest-SHR standpoint, sets the air handler supply air dry-bulb temperature for
the entire system.
Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems
Constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems are designed to provide
comfort to multiple zones by mixing cool air with warm air so that the discharge supply air temperature is satisfied by the zone thermostat. The only difference between these two systems is where the mixing of the hot and cool air
occurs.
In a multizone system, the blow-through air handler has the mixing dampers mounted on the front or top of the air-handling unit (AHU). The dampers
are on a common shaft, but offset by 90°, so when the hot deck is full open, the
cold deck is full closed and vice versa. Control of the air handler is simply a
constant deck temperature for each, say tdb = 12°C for the cold deck and tdb =
40°C for the hot deck. A single damper activator is then controlled by a room
thermostat to position the dampers to meet the room temperature setpoint. If
the zone is too cool, this actuator opens more to the hot deck to warm the air
and increase the supply air temperature, thus warming the room. If the zone is
too warm, this actuator repositions to open to the cold deck (closes down on the
hot deck) to cool the air and lower the supply air temperature. Supply ductwork
is run out from this central air handler to each zone. Small units may have as
few as three zones and large units as many as 18 to 20 zones. Figure 7-6 shows
a constant-volume, multizone system.
In the dual-duct system, the blow-through air handler again has a hot deck
and a cold deck on the discharge side of the supply fan, but no mixing dampers.
Two sets of supply ductwork are run around the building in parallel with each
other. At any location that a zone is required, a dual-duct mixing box is
installed and dual taps are run to the cool deck duct and the hot deck duct. The
mixing box has two dampers on a common shaft offset by 90° rotation with a
single actuator. The room thermostat is connected to this actuator to provide
zone comfort. The air handler again has controls to maintain constant leaving
64
Chapter 7
Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
cold-deck and hot-deck temperatures. The operation of this system is identical
to that of the multizone system. Figure 7-7 shows a constant-volume, dual-duct
system.
Both of these systems are very expensive to operate because both decks are
kept at a constant leaving air temperature and achieve comfort by mixing both
airstreams. Their use is restricted by most energy codes due to the high energy
usage required for proper operation.
The psychrometrics of the multizone and dual-duct systems are shown in
Figure 7-8. Note the mixing line from the cold-deck discharge at tdb = 12°C
Figure 7-7
Components of constant-volume, dual-duct system (ASHRAE 2016, Figure 13).
80%
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Heating Coil
Leaving Air
70
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Mixing Line for Air Entering Room
is Zone Dependent
0
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20
30
40 41
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 7-8
Psychrometrics of constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
65
and  = 87% rh to the hot-deck discharge at tdb = 40°C and  = 22% rh. The
actual discharge temperature can be any one of an infinite number of points
along this line, and each zone can be at a different discharge point. Also note
that we can heat and cool with this mixing of airstreams at each zone.
Exercise caution to make sure that the cold-deck dry-bulb temperature is
low enough to satisfy the SHR for the worst zone and that the hot-deck temperature is warm enough to satisfy the heat loss of the worst zone.
Figure 7-9 shows the psychrometrics of multizone and dual-duct systems in
winter heating mode. In this example, the room is at tdb = 21°C and  = 40%
rh, with an outdoor design of tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh. The mixed condition is
tdb = 16°C and  = 45% rh. The cooling coil line is sensible cooling only, or
horizontal, and ends at tdb = 12°C and  = 57% rh. The heating coil line is sensible heating only and ends at tdb = 41°C and  = 12% rh. Note that because
both the cooling and heating are sensible only (no latent), the hot-deck and
cold-deck mixing line is the sum of the cooling coil line and the heating coil
line. Any zone will require supply air that is mixed along this line.
Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones
In the early 1970s, the high energy usage of most of the constant-volume
systems forced designs and owners to look for systems with lower operational
costs. Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems made their debut and are still very
popular today, as they provide great fan horsepower savings for most of the
year.
80%
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DA & RA
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Mixing Line for Air Entering Room
is Zone Dependent
20 21
30
40 41
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 7-9
Psychrometrics of constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems in winter
heating mode.
66
Chapter 7
Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
An air handler with a single supply duct and a VFD on the supply fan provides a constant discharge air temperature of tdb = 12°C to the building. As
zones are required, a VAV box is tapped into this main supply trunk.
The VAV box is a single-damper device that modulates the airflow to the
zone in response to the room thermostat. Said another way, it is an air-throttling device that provides comfort to the zone. At full load in the zone, the VAV
box is wide open in response to the room thermostat. At all part-load conditions, the VAV box has its damper closed some amount in response to lower
demand for cooling in the zone.
The psychrometrics for VAV systems are the same as shown in Figure 7-1
for each zone on the AHU. Again, make sure the air handler leaving supply air
dry-bulb temperature is low enough to satisfy the worst zone’s SHR. Now at
part load we simply go to the sensible heat equation, qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 –
t2), to determine how we handle the VAV operation.
Because the supply air temperature is constant year round, we reduce the
sensible heat by simply reducing the airflow delivered to the zone. If we want
half of the sensible load, we only supply half the airflow to the zone. The
room thermostat controls the actuator on the damper shaft to keep the zone
comfortable.
So, at most part-load conditions, the psychrometrics do not change—only
the airflow changes to satisfy the reduced load, and Figure 7-1 is still valid.
This assumes the room SHR stays close to the full- load SHR at part load.
This style of VAV box is a cooling-only box and can typically only be used
for the building interior or zones that are in cooling year round.
Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes
Most exterior zones require heating for a portion of the year. This section
covers two different styles of heating VAV boxes: VAV reheat boxes and fanpowered VAV boxes that can have reheat as needed. Note that the central air
handler does not change with this design—we have cooling-only boxes on the
interior and heating boxes on the exterior.
To build a VAV reheat box, we simply take a cooling-only box and put a
reheat coil on the discharge of it. The coil can be hot water, steam, or electric
duct heater in design.
The psychrometrics of a VAV reheat box at full load are the same as shown
in Figure 7-1. As the demand for cooling drops, we use the same part-load psychrometric chart as shown in Figure 7-1 but at lower airflow. But at some preset minimum airflow, say 35% of full airflow, we energize the reheat coil. The
controls modulate the amount of reheat or temperature rise in response to the
room thermostat. The psychrometrics are shown in Figure 7-10, with the maximum reheat to a dry-bulb temperature of 35°C. Remember, only reheat to a
discharge air temperature into the zone that will satisfy the room thermostat.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
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Temp
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5
60
Reheat Line to Meet Zone Temp
0
10
12
20
24
30
35
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 7-10
Psychrometrics of a VAV reheat box at part load.
To construct a fan-powered VAV box that can also have reheat as needed,
add a sheet metal plenum on the side of a cooling-only box with a small directdrive centrifugal fan. The fan can draw plenum air through an air filter and discharge it into the cooling box downstream of the cooling control damper. A
back-draft damper is required on the discharge of the centrifugal fan. This is
considered a parallel fan-powered box.
The control is similar to that of a VAV reheat box. At full cooling, we have
100% of the cooling air going to the zone (no fan operation). At part load, we
throttle down the supply air to a lower amount (no fan operation). At a preset
minimum airflow, say 35% of the full-load airflow, we fix the cooling damper
to that position and start the centrifugal fan. It draws air from the ceiling plenum and mixes it with the reduced flow tdb = 12°C to discharge warmer air into
the zone and meet the room thermostat setpoint. This ceiling plenum air can be
1.5°C to 3°C higher than the room temperature as long as the building is occupied, because it has the heat of the lights added to it.
The psychrometrics of a fan-powered VAV box that can have reheat as
needed are shown in Figure 7-11. Note that you are mixing supply air at tdb =
12°C and  = 87% rh with plenum air at tdb = 26°C and  = 42% rh along the
mixing line. The location will be determined by the airflow of supply air and
the airflow of the plenum air provided by the small centrifugal fan.
If needed, another reheat coil could be mounted on the box discharge section to provide additional heating capacity for wintertime zone heat losses. The
coil is shown as additional reheat (“Reheat if Needed”) in Figure 7-11.
68
Chapter 7
Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
80%
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Reheat
if needed
Leaving
Cooling
Coil
5
60
Mixing Line for Coil Leaving
and Plenum Air to Meet Zone Temp
0
10
12
20
24
30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 7-11
Psychrometrics of a fan-powered VAV box with reheat at part load.
References
ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy standard for
building except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. 2016. Chapter 4, Air handling and distribution. In ASHRAE handbook—HVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
CBSC. 2013. California building standards code. Title 24 of California Code
of Regulations. Sacramento, CA: California Building Standards Commission.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
69
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
For all of the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones
in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows:
Zone
Sensible Cooling, W
Latent Cooling, W
Heating Sensible, W
1
12 000
1700
6000
2
16 000
2000
8000
3
20 000
3300
10 000
Assume room design conditions of the following:
Coolingtdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh
Heating tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh
Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.
7-1
What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1, 2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.87, 0.89, 0.86
b) 0.88, 0.9, 0.91
c) 0.87, 0.89, 0.88
7-2
If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C
and  = 25% rh?
a) tdb = 34.5°C and  = 30% rh
b) tdb = 29°C and  = 36% rh
c) tdb = 27.5°C and  = 42% rh
7-3
For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the
required supply airflow?
a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s
b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s
c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s
70
Chapter 7
Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
7-4
For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply airflow?
a) tdb = 12°C and  = 90% rh
b) tdb = 14°C and  = 88% rh
c) tdb = 16°C and  = 80% rh
7-5
For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , of the cooling coil with
the correct airflow and leaving air conditions?
a) 18 000 W
b) 22 000 W
c) 19 008 W
7-6
If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume terminal reheat system, what would the airflow of all three zones be, in order 1, 2,
3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
a) 0.99, 1.3, 1.6
b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7
c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65
7-7
If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air conditions from this air handler?
a) tdb = 13.5°C and  = 91% rh
b) tdb = 14.5°C and  = 88% rh
c) tdb = 16°C and  = 82% rh
7-8
With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in
order 1, 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s
b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s
c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s
7-9
What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25%
outdoor air.)
a) 14 000, 18 000, 25 000 W
b) 14 530, 19 930, 24 240 W
c) 16 000, 21 000, 26 000 W
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
71
7-10
From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and airflow, what is the
total cooling capacity of the central air-handler cooling coil?
a) 73 280 W
b) 70 120 W
c) 76 910 W
7-11
If the system in Exercise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what
would be the heat capacity of the hot-deck coil used in the central air handler?
(Room at tdb = 24°C.)
a) 75 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 55 100 W
d) 60 500 W
Energy Conservation
and Psychrometrics
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
understand energy saving systems and strategies and their effects on the
psychrometric analysis and
K understand why lower energy costs result from the use of these systems and
strategies.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 8. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter covers energy conservation principles and strategies and how
they affect the HVAC system design. There are many devices and strategies
that can conserve energy, but this text focuses on only the most commonly used
in HVAC: heat recovery devices, energy recovery devices, air-side economizers, water-side economizers, and supply air temperature reset. We will examine
the psychrometric processes and the energy-saving effects of these five systems.
Heat Recovery Devices
Heat recovery is the exchange of dry-bulb air temperature only between
two airstreams. In an HVAC system, this is typically between the outdoor air
used for ventilation and the common building exhaust airstream. The greater
the temperature difference that exists between the two airstreams, the more we
can affect the HVAC performance. This is also called sensible heat recovery,
because we only change the dry-bulb temperature.
The four most common types of heat recovery devices are heat wheels, airto-air heat exchangers, heat pipes, and glycol run-around loops. Figure 8-1
shows three of these devices, and Figure 8-2 shows a schematic of a coil runaround loop.
74
Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
Figure 8-1
Heat and energy recovery devices.
Figure 8-2
Run-around loop (ASHRAE 2012, Figure 14).
A heat wheel is a large-diameter, deep wheel consisting of a honeycomb
styling of metal pockets. Half of the wheel is located in the exhaust airstream
and the other half is located in the incoming outdoor airstream. In the winter, as
the wheel rotates slowly, the cold outdoor air is preheated by the warmer
exhaust airstream that is being dumped outdoors. The individual pockets
change temperature rapidly as the wheel rotates from one airstream to the other
and back again.
In the summer, the wheel also precools the hot outdoor air with indoor
room-temperature exhaust air from the building. Note that this device must be
ducted and positioned in such a way that the airstreams are next to each other
somewhere in the system. Also, a small amount of cross-contamination occurs
between the airstreams, so care must be taken depending on the application.
For example, exhaust air from an office building (toilet, break room, janitorial
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
75
closets, etc.) is generally acceptable to use, but exhaust from hospital isolation
rooms is never acceptable.
One final note on rotary heat wheels is that the loss of air from the supply
side (outdoor air) to the exhaust air side can be as high as 10% of the total airflow. This is the cause of the cross-contamination, but you must also increase
the airflow higher than the design required amount to cover this loss or leakage.
An air-to-air heat exchanger uses parallel plates of metal (or other material)
to separate the exhaust air from the outdoor air. The plates are packed tightly
next to each other in the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer goes across each
plate. So every other plate has indoor or outdoor air flowing through it in opposite directions. This heat exchanger design does not have any cross-contamination between the two airstreams, and both airstreams must be side by side
somewhere in the system.
Heat pipes look like one big chilled-water coil or heat exchanger. The difference is that each tube going across the coil is a separate chamber filled with
a very small refrigerant charge. Each half of the coil, split side to side, sits in
one of the airstreams. In winter, the outdoor air side of the heat pipe condenses
the refrigerant in the tube and rejects the heat to the outdoor air, warming it.
The other side sits in the warm exhaust air, which vaporizes the refrigerant,
absorbing the heat from the warm airstream. By natural pressure difference, the
warm refrigerant vapor migrates to the colder side, where it condenses. The
coil is tilted slightly so the liquid refrigerant flows back to the warm side on the
bottom of each small tube. When the season changes to summer, the tilt must
be reversed so the heat pipe can work in the reverse and cool the warm entering
outdoor air.
A glycol run-around loop is two large coils or heat exchangers placed in the
two airstreams that are connected by two pipes and one pump to move the glycol-water solution from one coil to the other. They transfer heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream by warming up and then cooling
down the pumped glycol-water solution. The advantage of this system is that
the airstreams can be located great distances from each other. There is no
cross-contamination with this device.
Psychrometric Effects and Savings of Heat Recovery
Figure 8-3 shows winter temperature-change-only heat recovery. The
exhaust airstream is at tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh and 0.7 m3/s. The outdoor
airstream is at tdb = 0°C and  = 50% rh and 0.94 m3/s. Note: Typically more
outdoor air is brought in than exhausted to positively pressurize the building to
keep the indoor environment clean and dust free.
However, we must first introduce the concept of heat exchanger effectiveness. Counterflow air-to-air heat exchangers can achieve close to 100% effectiveness. But, the range of 50% to 70% effectiveness for cost and air pressure
drop considerations is generally selected. For this example, we will use 60%
effectiveness.
76
Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
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Outside Air
0
9 10
20 21
30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 8-3
Heat recovery in the winter.
If the exhaust airstream were cooled from tdb = 21°C to tdb = 0°C the maximum amount of sensible heat transfer would be
qs = qmax = 1210 × airflow × (t1 – t2)
= 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (21 – 0)
qmax = 17 780 W
Because the effectiveness is 60%, the transferred heat is
qmax × effectiveness = qtransferral
17 780 W × (0.6) = 10 668 W
Then the outdoor air is warmed to
qs = 10 668 W = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (0 – t2) difference
10 668
----------------- = 9.4C =  0 – t 2 
1137
t2 = 8.4°C
Likewise, the exhaust air is cooled to
qs = 10 668 W = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s× (21– t2)
10 668
----------------- = 12.6C =  21 – t 2 
847
t2 = 8.4°C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
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Air
10
20
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5
5
60
0
10
20
24
30
35
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 8-4
Heat recovery in the summer.
So 10 668 W of energy has been conserved by preheating the outdoor air
by 9.4°C and therefore lowering the operating cost in the process.
Next, we will look at the process in the summer with outdoor design conditions of tdb = 35°C and  = 40% rh and room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  =
50% rh, as shown in Figure 8-4.
qs = qmax = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (35 – 24)
= 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (11)
qmax = 9317 W
Using the same effectiveness of 60%,
qs = qmax × (0.60) = qtransferral
qtransferral = 9317 W × (0.60)
= 5590 W
So we cool the outdoor air sensibly by
qs = 5590 W = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (35 – t2)
5590
------------ = 4.9C =  35 – t 2 
1137
t2 = 30.1°C
78
Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
And we warm the exhaust air by
qs = 5590 W = 1210 × 0.7 m3/s × (24 – t2)
5590
------------ = 6.5C =  24 – t 2 
8471
t2 = 30.5°C
An air-to-air heat exchanger was used in this example, but the same procedure applies to the other three heat recovery devices—only the effectiveness
will change.
Condensation and Frost Formation
We must consider two other items in the use of heat recovery devices, condensation and frost formation. Condensation can occur on a heat exchanger if
the exhaust air dew-point temperature is reached. For example, in Figure 8-3, if
the exhaust air temperature were lowered below tdb = 7°C, then condensation
would occur on a small portion of the heat transfer surface. Be sure to specify
these devices with a condensate drain to properly collect this water.
Frost can form on the leaving side of the exhaust air in the heat recovery
device when the outdoor air gets to temperatures of –12°C or less. In the winter, because the exhaust air dew-point temperature is almost always above 2°C,
this is a design consideration in Climate Zones 4 to 8 (ASHRAE 2013). Frost
formation in the heat recovery device decreases the exhaust airflow and
reduces the device’s effectiveness.
The methods used to prevent frost formation on heat recovery devices are
as follows:
•
•
•
•
Preheat the outdoor airstream to some preset temperature entering the
device (e.g., –12°C) (all types of heat recovery devices).
Install a set of bypass dampers around the device to bypass a portion of the
outdoor airstream so the heat exchanger does not get so cold (heat wheel,
air-to-air heat exchanger, heat pipe).
Install a three-way control valve in the glycol piping to control the glycol
solution inlet temperature on the exhaust coil to somewhere around –1°C,
thus preventing frost formation (run-around loop).
Increase the rotational speed of the heat wheel so the outdoor air does not
cool the heat transfer part of the wheel to below around –1°C (heat wheel).
Energy Recovery Devices
Energy recovery is the transfer of sensible heat and latent heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream. At first glance, the wheel looks
identical to a heat recovery wheel that transfers temperature only. However, the
heat transfer material in an energy recovery device is coated with a desiccant
material that absorbs water vapor and then rejects the water vapor to the other
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
79
airstream. So in winter, the moisture in the warmer building air is transferred to
the very dry outdoor air, thus helping maintain the indoor relative humidity.
And in the summer, the cool and dryer indoor air that is exhausted absorbs
some of the moisture in the hot, humid outdoor air.
Energy recovery devices come in two types: 1) rotary energy wheels and
2) plate air-to-air heat exchangers with moisture transfer plates that are not
solid metal in construction. Following are performance examples of an energy
recovery rotary wheel. Summer performance with a total energy effectiveness
of 0.87 is shown in Figure 8-5 and is as follows:
Outdoor air conditions:
tdb = 35°C, twb = 24°C, outdoor air = 1.08 m3/s
Supply air conditions:
tdb = 28°C, twb = 20°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s
Return air conditions:
tdb = 24°C, twb = 16°C, return air = 0.7 m3/s
Exhaust air conditions:
tdb = 33°C, twb = 24°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s
Note the leakage airflow is 0.14 m3/s and the outdoor air total cooling load
reduction is
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (69 – 54)
= 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (15)
= 16.92 kW or 16 920 W
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Figure 8-5
Energy recovery rotary wheel summer performance example.
50
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Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
The cooling system only needs to cool the outdoor air from tdb = 28°C and
twb = 20°C to tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh instead of from tdb = 35°C and twb =
24°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs.
Winter performance with the same effectiveness is shown in Figure 8-6 and
is as follows:
Outdoor air conditions:
tdb = 0°C, twb = –3°C, outdoor air = 1.08 m3/s
Supply air conditions:
tdb = 13°C, twb = 9°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s
Return air conditions:
tdb = 21°C, twb = 13°C, return air = 0.94 m3/s
Exhaust air conditions:
tdb = 3°C, twb = 0°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s
The outdoor air heating load is reduced by
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
= 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (41 – 6)
= 1.2 × 0.94 m3/s × (35)
= 39.48 kW or 39 480 W
The outdoor air now has only to be heated from tdb = 13°C to tdb = 21°C
instead of from tdb = 0°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs, as with the
winter operation.
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Figure 8-6
Energy recovery rotary wheel winter performance example.
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Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
81
Note that in both cases of heating and cooling to the outdoor air, the humidity ratio changes so you are not only transferring sensible heat, but also latent
heat. This latent heat helps maintain the indoor room relative humidity at the
design condition.
Air-Side Economizer
An air-side economizer is an HVAC system option that allows cooling
without the use of mechanical refrigeration, thus making the cooling energy
equal to zero. For instance, to satisfy the cooling load, we need the supply air
tdb = 12°C. Then, any time of the year that the outdoor air temperature is tdb =
12°C or less, we can shut the mechanized refrigeration off and open our outdoor air dampers to 100%, pulling in 12°C air. Now this 12°C outdoor air provides all the cooling to the building. This is called full economizer mode and
should be considered any place where there is a cooling need in the fall, winter,
and spring.
You can also implement partial air-side economizing in your HVAC system. For example, the outdoor air temperature is tdb = 18°C and your room is at
tdb = 24°C. Instead of cooling the air from 24°C down to 12°C for the supply
air, you only have to cool the air from 18°C to 12°C with mechanical refrigeration. In this example, the refrigeration load is reduced approximately 50%. So
partial economizing can be used any time the outdoor air is less than the room
cooling condition.
A word of caution when using partial air-side economizing on constantvolume, variable-temperature systems and it is very humid or raining outdoors
is that the humid outdoor air will cause the room relative humidity to go above
the room design condition of  = 50% rh. In this instance, use the outdoor air
enthalpy instead of the dry-bulb temperature to initiate partial economizing.
The outdoor enthalpy should be at least 8 kJ/kgda less than the room enthalpy
condition before you allow partial economizing. This is less of a concern on
VAV systems since they control to a constant leaving cooling air temperature at
all load conditions.
Note that with the air-side economizer option the air-handling system must
be capable of bringing in up to 100% outdoor air. This means the outdoor air
weather louvers, outdoor air duct, and outdoor air dampers must all be sized
and selected for the full airflow of the air handler.
Also, because you are bringing up to 100% outdoor air into the building,
you must provide a way to relieve, or exhaust, this additional air and provide
building pressure control to prevent overpressurization of the building. Failure to do this will result in the exterior doors staying partially open, not fully
closing.
Water-Side Economizer
The water-side economizer system was developed to provide cooling via
the chilled-water system to air-handling systems that do not have any outdoor
82
Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
air connection or have minimum outdoor air capability. For this energy-saving
option, you must have a chilled-water cooling delivery system, a cooling tower,
and a heat exchanger piped between the chilled- and condenser-water systems.
Let’s look at the performance of a cooling tower from the psychrometric
side. A cooling tower produces cool water dependent on the ambient wet-bulb
temperature only. For example, the ambient is tdb = 35°C and twb = 24°C, as in
our previous examples. The cooling tower has a 3°C approach temperature at
full load or heat rejection. This means the cooling tower can produce 27°C
leaving cooling tower water, or twb = 24°C + 3°C = 27°C. In the process of
cooling the water down to 27°C, a portion of the recirculating water is evaporated by slightly cooling the air (lower tdb) and greatly adding moisture to the
air. It is not uncommon that the air leaving a cooling tower is between 90% and
95% relative humidity.
As the outdoor air cools in the fall, winter, and spring, so does the outdoor
wet-bulb temperature. Also, the building sensible load decreases in these nonpeak cooling seasons. For example, the ambient temperature is tdb = 4°C and
twb = 1°C. We also have the same approach temperature at part load of 3°C (if
the tower is at full load and the same ambient conditions, the approach would
be around 6°C).
So this tower will make 7°C leaving condenser water. If our heat exchanger
has a 1°C approach temperature, then we can make 8°C chilled water to be distributed throughout the building to provide cooling where needed. See Figure
8-7 for a system schematic of a water-side economizer.
This water-side economizer is most commonly used on systems that have
chilled-water fan-coils or small air handler type systems. Typically, these sys-
Figure 8-7
Water-side economizer schematic.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
83
tems have no outdoor air or a small amount of outdoor air, and it could be difficult or impossible to duct 100% outdoor air capability to them.
The heat exchanger between the condenser water system and the chilledwater system must be cleanable. So, because both can have the condenser
water debris easily removed, plate-and-frame and shell-and-tube (tube-side
condenser water) are the two heat exchangers most commonly used.
Supply Air Temperature Reset
Supply air temperature reset works because in almost all comfort cooling
system applications, the sensible heat gain decreases in the fall, winter, and
spring. So, if the sensible heat gain to a zone is half the summer peak gain by
the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4, qs = 1210 × airflow × (t1 –
t2), and if our airflow is constant, then the t can be half to produce half the
sensible cooling. Consider: if we have airflow = 2000, a summer peak supply
air temperature of tdb = 12°C, and a room condition of tdb = 24°C, then
Full sensible cooling:
qs full = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (24°C – 12°C)
= 13 650 W
Half sensible cooling:
qs half = 1210 × 0.94 m3/s × (24°C – 12°C) × 0.5
= 6825 W
Simply by having the air handler supply tdb = 18°C, we can provide the
cooling necessary. See Figure 8-8 for the psychrometric analysis of this concept. Also note that the sensible heat ratio will change as the heat gain
decreases in the off-peak load times of the year.
A few words of caution are in order before you apply this strategy:
•
•
•
•
Data centers, IT rooms, and telecom rooms may have only slight decreases
in the sensible load throughout the year and, therefore, cannot use supply
air temperature reset.
Process or industrial applications may never change in sensible load and so
cannot use supply air temperature reset.
VAV systems are very economical to run because the airflow varies as the
sensible load goes down. But if you reset the supply air temperature
upward too much, you will eat into or eliminate the fan horsepower savings
derived from this system. Granted, you can probably reset the supply air
tdb = 12°C to 13°C or 14°C, but not up to 19°C to 21°C. This is a great
case for energy modeling of the VAV system to see how high in reset temperature you can go at the expense of fan energy usage. Remember, the
higher the supply air temperature, the more refrigeration or cooling energy
you can save.
Be very careful about how much supply air temperature reset you do in
very humid areas of the world. Remember, the supply air temperature from
the cooling coil sets the required dew point to maintain the room relative
84
Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
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Figure 8-8
Supply air temperature reset example.
humidity via the sensible heat ratio calculation. Many times in the off-peak
cooling season you could reset the supply air temperature, but the outdoor
humidity conditions force the cooling coil to always be in dehumidification
mode. And be careful of rainy days in the off-peak cooling season, as the
outdoor moisture content may take precedent over supply air temperature
reset. All modern HVAC control systems should do some indoor relative
humidity sensing as a standard benefit, so the building manager/operator
has the ability to make the right decision in this event.
Many other energy-conserving measures can be used on a building that do
not involve the psychrometric process in the HVAC system and, therefore, are
not discussed in this course.
References
ASHRAE. 2013. Figure B1-1, Normative Appendix B, Building envelope climate criteria. In ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013, Energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. 2012. Chapter 26, Air-to-air energy recovery equipment. In
ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
85
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
8-1
A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a:
a) Sensible heat recovery device
b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device
c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device
d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device
8-2
When is preheating of the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery
device?
a) When the outdoor air temperature is below –16°C.
b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 0°C.
c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 0°C and the
leaving air temperature is below 0°C.
d) All of the above.
8-3
Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount of heat transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4
Energy recovery involves the transfer of sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5
An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air temperature below 16°C and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6
Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all terminal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
86
Chapter 8
Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
8-7
There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C
and  = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% of the heat recovery device and the
exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity of the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery
device?
a) tdb = 32°C and  = 25% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and  = 20% rh
c) tdb = 38°C and  = 18% rh
d) tdb = 30°C and  = 28% rh
8-8
From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions of the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) tdb = 30°C and  = 30% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and  = 25% rh
c) tdb = 40°C and  = 20% rh
d) tdb = 42°C and  = 16% rh
8-9
If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature of 4°C, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 40°C
b) 35°C
c) 23°C
d) 29°C
8-10
Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time of the year in all parts of the world, regardless of the ambient air conditions.
a) True
b) False
Special Applications and
Psychrometric Considerations
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
K
understand the five special cases of psychrometric applications in the
HVAC industry and the psychrometric analysis of each,
K select equipment for each of these systems, and
K understand the effect of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 9. At the end of the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter discusses five special cases of psychrometric applications in
the HVAC industry: cooling towers, cleanrooms, indoor swimming pools,
direct evaporative cooling, and indirect evaporative cooling.
Cooling Towers
Starting with cooling towers may seem strange because the function of a
cooling tower is to cool water. However, it cools the water by rejecting the
heat, through an evaporative/sensible process cooling, to the ambient or outdoor air.
The cooling tower approach temperature is the difference between the leaving water temperature and the ambient air wet-bulb temperature.
An example shows what happens to the ambient air and the entering water
as they pass through the cooling tower. Consider a 1055 kW cooling tower that
can cool 0.056 m3/s of water from 35°C to 30°C. The heat being rejected by
the water is
q in kW = 4710 kW/m3/s °C × water flow in m3/s t in °C
= 4710 × 0.056 m3/s × 5°C
= 1319 kW
88
Chapter 9
Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
The entering ambient air to the cooling tower is tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C.
This tower moves 28.45 m3/s of air, which leaves the tower almost at the saturation line on the psychrometric chart. Therefore, the air must pick up 1319
kW, as shown by the total heat required equation discussed in Chapter 4:
qt = 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
where h1 is the enthalpy at tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C, or h = 76 kJ/kgda. Therefore,
1319 kW = 1.2 × 28.45 m3/s × (h1 – h2)
1319 kW = 1.2 × 28.45 m3/s × (76 – h2)
therefore h2 = 114 kJ/kgda
This matches the Figure 9-1 psychrometric chart.
So, the leaving air temperature is tdb = 33°C and twb = 32.8°C, or almost
saturated air. Note that the cooling tower approach is the difference between
the leaving water temperature (28°C) and the 25°C entering wet-bulb ambient
temperature, or 3°C.
See Figure 9-1 for the details of the air condition as it flows through the
cooling tower. Note that part of the process is sensible cooling, but the majority
is latent heat being added to the ambient air as the tower water is cooled.
Also note that the entering ambient air can be anywhere on the twb = 25°C
wet-bulb line and we will get the same results. The only difference is the
Leaving Cooling Tower
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Figure 9-1
Psychrometrics of air through a cooling tower.
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Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
89
amount of latent heat and the amount of sensible heating or cooling that takes
place as the air moves through the cooling tower.
Indoor Swimming Pools
From a design prospective, the indoor air dry-bulb temperature for indoor
swimming pools or natatoriums used for recreational purposes should be the
same temperature as the pool water temperature. That way, the amount of pool
water lost to evaporation into the pool enclosure is reduced. However, if this is not
possible, do not allow tdb to be greater than +2°C above the water temperature.
The range for recreational pool water temperature is 24°C to 19°C, with a
recommended  = 50% rh to 60% rh. As an example in this section, we will
design around tdb = 26°C and  = 55% rh. A specially designed unit called a
pool dehumidifier is used to provide dehumidification, reheat, and the proper
amount of outdoor ventilation air as shown in Figure 9-2. The unit also has the
capability to provide auxiliary heat (of wintertime outdoor air), pool water heat
(energy saver), an external refrigerant condenser (reject heat outdoors), and
energy or heat recovery devices as explained in Chapter 8. It is also acceptable to
return the water condensed by the dehumidifying coil back to the swimming
pool.
The amount of outdoor ventilation air required is 2.4 L/s·m2 of total area,
which comes from ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 (ASHRAE 2013). Total area
is defined as the pool surface plus the deck area around the pool if it gets wet
during normal operation. If this indoor pool area is connected to or is part of a
larger building, then it should be at a slightly negative pressure to the rest of the
building (–12 Pa of water). This will ensure that the chlorine odor and the highmoisture-content air do not get into the rest of the building.
Figure 9-2
Single-blower pool dehumidifier.
90
Chapter 9
Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
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Figure 9-3
Indoor pool dehumidification and reheat process.
Take care to ensure that the building envelope is designed to handle the
high-dew-point indoor air. Exterior windows are discouraged in cold winter
design areas, as they will sweat excessively and cause damage.
For our example, the indoor pool is at tdb = 26°C and  = 55% rh. Note that
the indoor dew point is tdp = 17°C. The pool dehumidification unit cools and
dehumidifies the air first and then reheats the air to meet the psychrometric
needs. From a load calculation, the room sensible heat ratio (SHR) for this
example is 0.5. So the air is cooled from tdb = 26°C down to tdb = 12°C and
room moisture is removed in the process. Then the air is reheated from tdb =
12°C up to tdb = 19°C to intersect the SHR line on the psychrometric chart and
balance the sensible and latent cooling processes. See Figure 9-3 for the actual
pool dehumidification and reheat process.
Also note that to provide for the full heating load at winter design, both the
refrigeration reheat coil and the auxiliary heat will be used to warm the air to
the design supply air temperature. Conversely, for the summer design, dehumidification will be needed. So the supply air temperature of tdb = 19°C will
cover the cooling design load without any reheat. This then requires a second
refrigerant condenser to reject the heat to the ambient air.
Cleanrooms
The need for cleanrooms has expanded greatly over time. They are used in
manufacturing facilities for microprocessors, pharmaceuticals, medical products, and various electronic devices. The common requirement of these facili-
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Figure 9-4
91
Makeup air handler.
ties is a clean area using high-efficiency particle arrestor air filtration with
precise dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity control.
A cleanroom HVAC system is divided into two subsystems with different
functions. First is the makeup air system, which provides preconditioned outdoor air to the cleanroom area because a large amount of exhaust air is typically removed in the manufacturing process. The second subsystem is the
recirculating room air handlers that slightly cool and filter the room air, at the
same time maintaining an airflow rate in the room.
As an example, a cleanroom is designed at summer conditions of tdb =
21°C and  = 45% rh, which is means a tdp of 9°C. The design outdoor air is tdb
= 40°C and twb = 25°C. Therefore, the makeup air handler must cool this hot/
humid summer design air to something less than tdb = 9°C, because the recirculation air handlers perform only sensible cooling. Or, said another way, the
makeup air has to remove all the outdoor air latent load plus any room latent
load prior to the air being mixed into the cleanroom.
Because most cleanrooms have very few people working in them at any
given time and the manufacturing tool load is mostly a sensible load, the latent
load from the cleanroom is typically small. For this example, by cooling the air
down to tdb = 8°C, we can handle the cleanroom latent load from our latent
load calculations.
The makeup air handler must also be able to add humidity to the air when
the outdoor air is dry, as well as heat the air to near room condition in the winter. These are typically very large and long air handlers, because they perform
many functions on the outdoor airstream. Note in Figure 9-4 all the components necessary to provide preconditioned outdoor air.
Let’s look at the psychrometrics of this make-up air handler at the summer
design conditions. The psychrometric chart for this unit is shown in Figure 9-5.
92
Chapter 9
Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
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Figure 9-5
Makeup air handler psychrometrics at summer design conditions.
All three cooling coils and the reheat coil are used to precondition the air
before mixing it with the cleanroom recirculation air. A summary of the four
coils follows:
1. Precool coil takes the 100% outdoor air from tdb = 40°C down to tdb =
34°C with a process cooling loop water supply at 30°C.
2. Chilled-water coil then takes the air from tdb = 34°C down to tdb = 11°C
with the chilled-water loop at 5°C.
3. Glycol (antifreeze) cooling coil then takes the air from tdb = 11°C down to
tdb = 8°C with a water/glycol solution at 2°C.
4. Reheat coil then heats the air from tdb = 8°C up to tdb = 19°C with the
return water from the process cooling loop that is at about 35°C. This is a
huge energy-saving feature to use the return water as a heating source and
thus cool the return water in the process.
This preconditioned outdoor air is then mixed with the cleanroom return air
that is at tdb = 21°C and  = 45% rh at the inlet of the recirculation air-handling
units. If the relative humidity gets to below 45%, then the glycol coil raises its
supply air temperature a degree or two to bring the cleanroom back up to  =
45% rh.
At any outdoor condition, this makeup air handler has the components to
bring the outdoor air to the desired mixed condition before it is introduced into
the cleanroom.
The cleanroom recirculation units are very simple: they consist of a fan, a
small chilled-water coil, and a set of air prefilters. The actual cleanroom high-
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
80%
60%
93
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
20
re
70
tu
ha
100
Te
m
pe
ra
60
20
20%
15
90
io
n
50
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
Clean
Room
Condition
15
80
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
lp
y
80
10
10
70
20
5
Coil Leaving Temperature
from Recirculating AHU
0
10
20
30
40
5
60
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 9-6
Recirculation cleanroom air handler psychrometrics.
efficiency particle arrestor filters are in the ceiling of the cleanroom and provide airflow at a high velocity through the room. Because they are sensiblecooling-only units and have a very small temperature drop, tdb = 21°C to tdb =
19°C, or only 2°C of cooling, there is no temperature deviation in the cleanroom. The psychrometrics of the recirculation cleanroom air handler are shown
in Figure 9-6.
The mixing of the preconditioned makeup air and the return air from the
cleanroom is interesting in that the ratio of the room/makeup air is typically 20/1
to 50/1, depending on the process in the cleanroom. Therefore, the mixed condition is only reduced a few tenths of a degree in the dry bulb temperature. The
room temperature sensor controls the chilled-water valve in the recirculation air
handler to change the leaving air temperature slightly if needed.
Direct Evaporative Cooling
Direct evaporative cooling can be used very effectively in the hot and dry
climates of the world to provide for human comfort. In direct evaporative cooling, the airstream is 100% outdoor air and in contact with water. As some water
evaporates, it lowers the dry-bulb temperature of the airstream, cooling the air.
The process of direct evaporative cooling is a constant-wet-bulb-temperature
process, as shown in Figure 9-7.
For example, consider outdoor air conditions of tdb = 38°C and  = 5% rh,
in which the process goes up and to the left on the 15°C wet-bulb line. If the
direct evaporative cooling has a 95% efficiency, then the leaving air tempera-
94
Chapter 9
Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
25
re
tu
ha
ra
100
pe
En
t
Te
m
20
20%
15
io
n
SHR
Line
ra
t
Sa
tu
30
20
Room Condition
15
90
80
Humidity Ratio
60
50
40
110
70
lp
y
80
10
10
70
20
Leaving
Evaporation
Section
5
0
10
17
Outdoor Air
20
30
38
40
5
60
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 9-7
Psychrometrics of direct evaporative cooling.
ture will be tdb = 16°C and  = 90% rh. We can also calculate the condition as
follows:
Evaporative effect = (EATdb – EATwb) × Efficiency
22°C = (38°C – 15°C) × 0.95
LAT = EATdb – Evaporative effect
= 38°C – 22°C
= 16°C
where
EAT =
LAT =
entering air temperature
leaving air temperature
So, if the room has a high sensible load and a very low latent load, we can
keep the room conditions at tdb = 24°C and  = 60% rh with a fairly flat SHR line.
Indirect Evaporative Cooling
Indirect evaporative cooling is simply cooling the air with a cooling coil and
then using the evaporative process to cool the water that goes through the cooling coil. By definition, then, indirect evaporative cooling is not as efficient as
direct evaporative cooling because two heat transfers take place in the process.
Take the direct evaporative cooling example: we can make 16°C water in this
process and we waste the cool air back to ambient. We take this 16°C water to a
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
80%
60%
95
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
20
re
70
tu
ha
pe
Te
m
20
20%
15
io
n
50
Room
Condition
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
100
ra
60
15
90
80
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
25
lp
y
80
10
10
20
70
Leaving
Air
5
5
60
0
10
20
24
30
40
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 9-8
Psychrometrics of indirect evaporative cooling.
cooling coil and we can make tdb = 20°C air with tdb = 24°C air entering the
coil. Again, if our cooling load is mostly/all sensible and our airflow is high
enough, we can maintain the room at tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh. See Figure 98 for the psychrometrics of the indirect evaporative cooling process.
However, when used together with 100% outdoor air, the leaving air temperature can be lowered by 5°C. We use the same outdoor conditions of tdb =
38°C and  = 5% rh, but our efficiency is only 45% at best.
We can use the same formula as before so our indirect section can deliver
Evaporative effect = (EATdb – EATwb) × Efficiency
10°C = (38°C – 16°C) × 0.45
LAT = EATdb – Evaporative effect
= 38°C – 10°C
= 28°C
Indirect evaporative cooling can be used in series with direct evaporative
cooling. Air from the indirect section can now enter the direct evaporative section at tdb = 28°C and  = 10% rh and move up the wet-bulb line of 11.5°C
with a leaving air condition of tdb = 12°C and  = 90% rh. This is now a much
better leaving air condition, as we can easily maintain room conditions of tdb =
24°C and  = 50% rh.
Evaporative effect = (EATdb – EATwb) × Efficiency
16°C = (28°C – 11.5°C) × 0.95
96
Chapter 9
Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
80%
60%
40% 30
100
30
120
90
25
25
re
20
tu
ha
pe
Te
m
20
20%
15
io
n
50
Room
Condition
Sa
tu
ra
t
40
30
100
ra
60
15
10
90
80
Humidity Ratio
En
t
110
70
lp
y
80
10
SHR
70
20
5
Leaving
Evaporation
Section
0
10 12
Outdoor
Air
Indirect
20
24
28 30
38 40
5
60
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Figure 9-9
Psychrometrics of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Figure 9-10
Air handler with indirect and direct evaporative cooling sections.
LAT = EATdb – Evaporative effect
= 28°C – 16°C
= 12°C
So, as you can see, the combination of both indirect and direct evaporative
cooling in series can deliver air that can provide for a comfortable room without mechanical refrigeration.
See Figure 9-9 for a plot of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Figure 9-10 shows the component arrangement for an air handler with both
indirect and direct evaporative cooling. The waste air is the air that provides
cooling to the one side of the indirect heat exchanger.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
97
Reference
ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
98
Chapter 9
Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back of this book.
9-1
A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s of water entering at
35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected?
a) 1766 kW
b) 184 kW
c) 1610 kW
d) 1495 kW
9-2
From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow of 47.2 m3/s and ambient air conditions of tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air conditions of the tower?
a) tdb = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C
b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 31°C
c) tdb = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C
d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C
9-3
What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exercise 9-2?
a) 3°C
b) 7°C
c) 4°C
d) 6°C
9-4
In the design of an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possible.
a) True
b) False
9-5
In a cleanroom with design conditions of tdb = 20°C and  = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humidity will not be met?
a) tdb = 12°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 5°C
d) tdb = 10°C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
99
9-6
If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh,
what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve?
a) tdb = 17°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 18°C
d) tdb = 12°C
9-7
In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) tdb = 20°C and  = 70% rh
b) tdb = 22°C and  = 70% rh
c) tdb = 21°C and  = 58% rh
d) tdb = 25°C and  = 50% rh
9-8
In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C?
a)  = 53% rh
b)  = 60% rh
c)  = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition
9-9
If we use the same outdoor conditions of tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh from Exercise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section of 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from this section?
a) tdb = 33°C and  = 3% rh
b) tdb = 31°C and  = 20% rh
c) tdb = 35°C and  = 5% rh
d) tdb = 19°C and  = 5% rh
9-10
If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream of the indirect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency of 70%,
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) tdb = 15°C and  = 95% rh
b) tdb = 15°C and  = 65% rh
c) tdb = 19°C and  = 60% rh
d) tdb = 19°C and  = 52% rh
Appendix A—
Thermodynamic
Properties of Moist Air
Table A-1
Temp., °C
t
–60
–59
–58
–57
–56
–55
–54
–53
–52
–51
–50
–49
–48
–47
–46
–45
–44
–43
–42
–41
–40
–39
–38
–37
–36
–35
–34
–33
–32
–31
–30
–29
–28
–27
–26
–25
–24
–23
–22
–21
–20
–19
–18
–17
–16
–15
–14
–13
–12
–11
–10
Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure,
101.325 kPa
Humidity Ratio
Ws , kgw /kgda
0.0000067
0.0000076
0.0000087
0.0000100
0.0000114
0.0000129
0.0000147
0.0000167
0.0000190
0.0000215
0.0000243
0.0000275
0.0000311
0.0000350
0.0000395
0.0000445
0.0000500
0.0000562
0.0000631
0.0000708
0.0000793
0.0000887
0.0000992
0.0001108
0.0001237
0.0001379
0.0001536
0.0001710
0.0001902
0.0002113
0.0002345
0.0002602
0.0002883
0.0003193
0.0003532
0.0003905
0.0004314
0.0004761
0.0005251
0.0005787
0.0006373
0.0007013
0.0007711
0.0008473
0.0009303
0.0010207
0.0011191
0.0012261
0.0013425
0.0014689
0.0016062
Specific Volume, m3/kgda
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgda
vda
vas
vs
hda
0.6027
0.6055
0.6084
0.6112
0.6141
0.6169
0.6198
0.6226
0.6255
0.6283
0.6312
0.6340
0.6369
0.6397
0.6425
0.6454
0.6482
0.6511
0.6539
0.6568
0.6596
0.6625
0.6653
0.6682
0.6710
0.6738
0.6767
0.6795
0.6824
0.6852
0.6881
0.6909
0.6938
0.6966
0.6994
0.7023
0.7051
0.7080
0.7108
0.7137
0.7165
0.7193
0.7222
0.7250
0.7279
0.7307
0.7336
0.7364
0.7392
0.7421
0.7449
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.0010
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014
0.0016
0.0017
0.0019
0.6027
0.6055
0.6084
0.6112
0.6141
0.6169
0.6198
0.6226
0.6255
0.6283
0.6312
0.6340
0.6369
0.6397
0.6426
0.6454
0.6483
0.6511
0.6540
0.6568
0.6597
0.6626
0.6654
0.6683
0.6711
0.6740
0.6769
0.6797
0.6826
0.6855
0.6883
0.6912
0.6941
0.6970
0.6998
0.7027
0.7056
0.7085
0.7114
0.7143
0.7172
0.7201
0.7231
0.7260
0.7290
0.7319
0.7349
0.7378
0.7408
0.7438
0.7468
–60.341
–59.335
–58.329
–57.323
–56.317
–55.311
–54.305
–53.299
–52.293
–51.287
–50.281
–49.275
–48.269
–47.263
–46.257
–45.252
–44.246
–43.240
–42.234
–41.229
–40.223
–39.217
–38.212
–37.206
–36.200
–35.195
–34.189
–33.183
–32.178
–31.172
–30.167
–29.161
–28.156
–27.150
–26.144
–25.139
–24.133
–23.128
–22.122
–21.117
–20.111
–19.106
–18.100
–17.095
–16.089
–15.084
–14.078
–13.073
–12.067
–11.062
–10.056
has
0.016
0.018
0.021
0.024
0.027
0.031
0.035
0.040
0.046
0.052
0.059
0.066
0.075
0.085
0.095
0.107
0.121
0.136
0.153
0.172
0.192
0.215
0.241
0.269
0.301
0.336
0.374
0.417
0.464
0.516
0.573
0.636
0.706
0.782
0.866
0.958
1.059
1.170
1.291
1.424
1.570
1.728
1.902
2.091
2.298
2.523
2.769
3.036
3.326
3.642
3.986
hs
–60.325
–59.317
–58.308
–57.299
–56.289
–55.280
–54.269
–53.258
–52.247
–51.235
–50.222
–49.209
–48.194
–47.179
–46.162
–45.144
–44.125
–43.104
–42.081
–41.057
–40.031
–39.002
–37.970
–36.936
–35.899
–34.859
–33.815
–32.766
–31.714
–30.656
–29.593
–28.525
–27.450
–26.368
–25.278
–24.181
–23.074
–21.958
–20.831
–19.693
–18.542
–17.377
–16.198
–15.003
–13.791
–12.560
–11.310
–10.037
–8.741
–7.419
–6.070
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgda ·K) Temp., °C
t
s
s
da
–0.2494
–0.2447
–0.2400
–0.2354
–0.2307
–0.2261
–0.2215
–0.2169
–0.2124
–0.2078
–0.2033
–0.1988
–0.1943
–0.1899
–0.1854
–0.1810
–0.1766
–0.1722
–0.1679
–0.1635
–0.1592
–0.1549
–0.1506
–0.1464
–0.1421
–0.1379
–0.1337
–0.1295
–0.1253
–0.1211
–0.1170
–0.1129
–0.1088
–0.1047
–0.1006
–0.0965
–0.0925
–0.0884
–0.0844
–0.0804
–0.0765
–0.0725
–0.0685
–0.0646
–0.0607
–0.0568
–0.0529
–0.0490
–0.0452
–0.0413
–0.0375
s
–0.2494
–0.2446
–0.2399
–0.2353
–0.2306
–0.2260
–0.2213
–0.2167
–0.2121
–0.2076
–0.2030
–0.1985
–0.1940
–0.1895
–0.1850
–0.1805
–0.1761
–0.1716
–0.1672
–0.1628
–0.1583
–0.1539
–0.1495
–0.1451
–0.1408
–0.1364
–0.1320
–0.1276
–0.1232
–0.1189
–0.1145
–0.1101
–0.1057
–0.1013
–0.0969
–0.0924
–0.0880
–0.0835
–0.0790
–0.0745
–0.0699
–0.0653
–0.0607
–0.0560
–0.0513
–0.0465
–0.0416
–0.0367
–0.0317
–0.0267
–0.0215
–60
–59
–58
–57
–56
–55
–54
–53
–52
–51
–50
–49
–48
–47
–46
–45
–44
–43
–42
–41
–40
–39
–38
–37
–36
–35
–34
–33
–32
–31
–30
–29
–28
–27
–26
–25
–24
–23
–22
–21
–20
–19
–18
–17
–16
–15
–14
–13
–12
–11
–10
102
Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
Table A-1
Temp., °C
t
–9
–8
–7
–6
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure,
101.325 kPa (Continued)
Humidity Ratio
Ws , kgw /kgda
0.0017551
0.0019166
0.0020916
0.0022812
0.0024863
0.0027083
0.0029482
0.0032076
0.0034877
0.0037900
0.004076
0.004382
0.004708
0.005055
0.005425
0.005819
0.006238
0.006684
0.007158
0.007663
0.008199
0.008768
0.009372
0.010013
0.010694
0.011415
0.012181
0.012991
0.013851
0.014761
0.015724
0.016744
0.017823
0.018965
0.020173
0.021451
0.022802
0.024229
0.025738
0.027333
0.029018
0.030797
0.032677
0.034663
0.036760
0.038975
0.041313
0.043783
0.046391
0.049145
0.052053
0.055124
0.058368
0.061795
0.065416
0.069242
0.073286
0.077561
0.082081
0.086863
0.091922
0.097278
0.102949
0.108958
0.115326
0.122080
0.129248
0.136858
0.144945
0.153545
0.162697
0.172446
Specific Volume, m3/kgda
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgda
vda
vas
vs
hda
0.7478
0.7506
0.7534
0.7563
0.7591
0.7620
0.7648
0.7677
0.7705
0.7733
0.7762
0.7790
0.7819
0.7847
0.7875
0.7904
0.7932
0.7961
0.7989
0.8017
0.8046
0.8074
0.8103
0.8131
0.8159
0.8188
0.8216
0.8245
0.8273
0.8301
0.8330
0.8358
0.8387
0.8415
0.8443
0.8472
0.8500
0.8529
0.8557
0.8585
0.8614
0.8642
0.8671
0.8699
0.8727
0.8756
0.8784
0.8813
0.8841
0.8869
0.8898
0.8926
0.8955
0.8983
0.9011
0.9040
0.9068
0.9096
0.9125
0.9153
0.9182
0.9210
0.9238
0.9267
0.9295
0.9324
0.9352
0.9380
0.9409
0.9437
0.9465
0.9494
0.0021
0.0023
0.0025
0.0028
0.0030
0.0033
0.0036
0.0039
0.0043
0.0047
0.0051
0.0055
0.0059
0.0064
0.0068
0.0074
0.0079
0.0085
0.0092
0.0098
0.0106
0.0113
0.0122
0.0131
0.0140
0.0150
0.0160
0.0172
0.0184
0.0196
0.0210
0.0224
0.0240
0.0256
0.0273
0.0291
0.0311
0.0331
0.0353
0.0376
0.0400
0.0426
0.0454
0.0483
0.0514
0.0547
0.0581
0.0618
0.0657
0.0698
0.0741
0.0788
0.0837
0.0888
0.0943
0.1002
0.1063
0.1129
0.1198
0.1272
0.1350
0.1433
0.1521
0.1614
0.1714
0.1819
0.1932
0.2051
0.2179
0.2315
0.2460
0.2615
0.7499
0.7529
0.7560
0.7591
0.7622
0.7653
0.7684
0.7716
0.7748
0.7780
0.7813
0.7845
0.7878
0.7911
0.7944
0.7978
0.8012
0.8046
0.8081
0.8116
0.8152
0.8188
0.8224
0.8262
0.8299
0.8338
0.8377
0.8416
0.8457
0.8498
0.8540
0.8583
0.8626
0.8671
0.8716
0.8763
0.8811
0.8860
0.8910
0.8961
0.9014
0.9069
0.9124
0.9182
0.9241
0.9302
0.9365
0.9430
0.9498
0.9567
0.9639
0.9714
0.9791
0.9871
0.9955
1.0041
1.0131
1.0225
1.0323
1.0425
1.0531
1.0643
1.0759
1.0881
1.1009
1.1143
1.1284
1.1432
1.1587
1.1752
1.1925
1.2108
–9.050
–8.045
–7.039
–6.034
–5.028
–4.023
–3.017
–2.011
–1.006
0.000
1.006
2.011
3.017
4.023
5.029
6.034
7.040
8.046
9.052
10.058
11.063
12.069
13.075
14.081
15.087
16.093
17.099
18.105
19.111
20.117
21.124
22.130
23.136
24.142
25.148
26.155
27.161
28.167
29.174
30.180
31.187
32.193
33.200
34.207
35.213
36.220
37.227
38.233
39.240
40.247
41.254
42.261
43.268
44.275
45.282
46.289
47.297
48.304
49.311
50.319
51.326
52.334
53.341
54.349
55.356
56.364
57.372
58.380
59.388
60.396
61.404
62.412
has
4.358
4.763
5.202
5.677
6.193
6.750
7.354
8.007
8.712
9.475
10.198
10.970
11.794
12.673
13.611
14.610
15.674
16.807
18.013
19.297
20.661
22.111
23.653
25.290
27.028
28.873
30.830
32.906
35.107
37.441
39.914
42.533
45.308
48.245
51.355
54.646
58.128
61.812
65.708
69.829
74.185
78.791
83.660
88.806
94.245
99.993
106.068
112.487
119.270
126.438
134.014
142.021
150.483
159.429
168.887
178.889
189.466
200.656
212.497
225.030
238.300
252.357
267.251
283.041
299.788
317.560
336.431
356.482
377.800
400.484
424.641
450.388
hs
–4.692
–3.282
–1.838
–0.356
1.164
2.728
4.337
5.995
7.707
9.475
11.203
12.981
14.811
16.696
18.639
20.644
22.714
24.853
27.065
29.354
31.724
34.181
36.728
39.371
42.115
44.966
47.929
51.011
54.219
57.558
61.037
64.663
68.444
72.388
76.503
80.801
85.289
89.979
94.882
100.009
105.372
110.985
116.860
123.013
129.458
136.213
143.294
150.720
158.510
166.685
175.268
184.282
193.751
203.704
214.169
225.178
236.763
248.960
261.808
275.349
289.627
304.690
320.592
337.389
355.144
373.924
393.803
414.862
437.188
460.880
486.044
512.799
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgda ·K) Temp., °C
t
s
s
da
–0.0337
–0.0299
–0.0261
–0.0223
–0.0186
–0.0148
–0.0111
–0.0074
–0.0037
0.0000
0.0037
0.0073
0.0110
0.0146
0.0182
0.0219
0.0254
0.0290
0.0326
0.0362
0.0397
0.0432
0.0468
0.0503
0.0538
0.0573
0.0607
0.0642
0.0676
0.0711
0.0745
0.0779
0.0813
0.0847
0.0881
0.0915
0.0948
0.0982
0.1015
0.1048
0.1081
0.1115
0.1147
0.1180
0.1213
0.1246
0.1278
0.1311
0.1343
0.1375
0.1407
0.1439
0.1471
0.1503
0.1535
0.1566
0.1598
0.1629
0.1660
0.1692
0.1723
0.1754
0.1785
0.1816
0.1846
0.1877
0.1908
0.1938
0.1968
0.1999
0.2029
0.2059
s
–0.0163
–0.0110
–0.0055
0.0000
0.0057
0.0115
0.0175
0.0236
0.0299
0.0364
0.0427
0.0492
0.0559
0.0627
0.0697
0.0769
0.0843
0.0919
0.0997
0.1078
0.1162
0.1248
0.1337
0.1430
0.1525
0.1624
0.1726
0.1832
0.1942
0.2057
0.2175
0.2298
0.2426
0.2560
0.2698
0.2842
0.2992
0.3148
0.3311
0.3481
0.3658
0.3843
0.4035
0.4236
0.4447
0.4666
0.4895
0.5135
0.5386
0.5650
0.5925
0.6213
0.6514
0.6830
0.7162
0.7509
0.7874
0.8256
0.8658
0.9081
0.9525
0.9993
1.0485
1.1003
1.1549
1.2126
1.2734
1.3377
1.4056
1.4775
1.5537
1.6345
–9
–8
–7
–6
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Table A-1
Temp., °C
t
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure,
101.325 kPa (Continued)
Humidity Ratio
Ws , kgw /kgda
0.182842
0.193937
0.205794
0.218478
0.232067
0.246645
0.262309
0.279167
0.297343
0.316979
0.338237
0.361304
0.386399
0.413774
0.443727
0.476610
0.512842
0.552926
0.597470
0.647218
0.703089
0.766233
0.838105
0.920580
1.016105
1.127952
1.260579
1.420235
103
Specific Volume, m3/kgda
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgda
vda
vas
vs
hda
0.9522
0.9551
0.9579
0.9607
0.9636
0.9664
0.9692
0.9721
0.9749
0.9778
0.9806
0.9834
0.9863
0.9891
0.9919
0.9948
0.9976
1.0005
1.0033
1.0061
1.0090
1.0118
1.0146
1.0175
1.0203
1.0232
1.0260
1.0288
0.2780
0.2957
0.3147
0.3350
0.3568
0.3803
0.4056
0.4328
0.4622
0.4941
0.5287
0.5663
0.6072
0.6520
0.7010
0.7550
0.8145
0.8805
0.9539
1.0360
1.1283
1.2328
1.3519
1.4887
1.6473
1.8332
2.0539
2.3198
1.2302
1.2508
1.2726
1.2957
1.3204
1.3467
1.3748
1.4049
1.4372
1.4719
1.5093
1.5497
1.5935
1.6411
1.6930
1.7497
1.8121
1.8809
1.9572
2.0421
2.1373
2.2446
2.3665
2.5062
2.6676
2.8564
3.0799
3.3487
63.420
64.428
65.436
66.445
67.453
68.462
69.470
70.479
71.488
72.496
73.505
74.514
75.523
76.532
77.542
78.551
79.560
80.569
81.579
82.589
83.598
84.608
85.618
86.628
87.638
88.648
89.658
90.668
has
477.856
507.192
538.557
572.131
608.118
646.746
688.271
732.985
781.220
833.353
889.821
951.124
1017.843
1090.659
1170.366
1257.907
1354.402
1461.196
1579.917
1712.556
1861.573
2030.041
2221.858
2442.035
2697.127
2995.880
3350.228
3776.888
hs
541.276
571.620
603.993
638.576
675.572
715.208
757.741
803.464
852.707
905.850
963.326
1025.638
1093.367
1167.191
1247.907
1336.458
1433.962
1541.765
1661.496
1795.145
1945.171
2114.649
2307.476
2528.662
2784.764
3084.528
3439.885
3867.556
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgda ·K) Temp., °C
t
s
s
da
0.2089
0.2119
0.2149
0.2179
0.2208
0.2238
0.2268
0.2297
0.2326
0.2356
0.2385
0.2414
0.2443
0.2472
0.2501
0.2529
0.2558
0.2587
0.2615
0.2644
0.2672
0.2701
0.2729
0.2757
0.2785
0.2813
0.2841
0.2869
s
1.7203
1.8114
1.9084
2.0117
2.1220
2.2398
2.3659
2.5011
2.6464
2.8028
2.9715
3.1539
3.3517
3.5668
3.8014
4.0581
4.3401
4.6511
4.9956
5.3794
5.8091
6.2933
6.8430
7.4721
8.1987
9.0472
10.0508
11.2558
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Appendix B—
Dimensions, Units, and
Unit Conversion Factors
Table B-1
Dimensions and Units Used in Air-Conditioning Applications
Dimension
SI Unit
I-P Unit
Acceleration
m/s2
ft/s2
Area
m2
ft2
Density
kg/m3
lbm/ft3
Energy
N·m, joule (J)
Btu, ft·lb
Force
(kg·m)/s2, newton (N)
pound (lbf)
Length
metre (m)
foot (ft)
Mass
kilogram (kg)
pound mass (lbm)
Power
J/s, watt (W)
Btu/h
Pressure
N/m2, pascal (Pa)
pounds per square inch (psi)
Specific heat
J/(kg·°C), J/(kg·K)
Btu/lbm·°F
Time
second (s)
second (s)
Temperature (absolute)
kelvin (K)
degree Rankine (°R)
Temperature
degree Celsius (°C)
degree Fahrenheit (°F)
Thermal conductivity
W/(m·°C), W/(m·K)
Btu/h·ft·°F
Thermal flux density
W/m2
Btu/h·ft2
Velocity
m/s
ft/s, ft/min, fpm
Volume
m3
ft3
Volume flow rate
m3/s
ft3/s, ft3/min, cfm
106
Appendix B Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors
Table B-2
Unit Conversion Factors
Dimension
SI Unit
I-P Unit
Length
1 m = 3.281 ft
1 ft = 0.305 m
Area
1 m2 = 10.76 ft2
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
Volume
1 m3 = 35.32 ft3
1 m3 = 1000 L
1 ft3 = 0.0284 m3
1 ft3 = 7.481 gal
Mass
1 kg = 2.205 lbm
1 lbm = 0.454 kg
Force
1 N = 0.2248 lbf
1 lbf = 4.448 N
Energy
1 kJ = 0.9478 Btu
1 J = 0.7376 ft·lbf
1 kWh = 3.412 × 103 Btu
1 Btu = 778.2 ft·lbf = 1.055 kJ
1 ft·lbf = 1.356 J
1 Btu = 2.930 × 10–4 kWh
1 kJ/kg = 0.4298 Btu/lbm
1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg
Power
1 W = 3.412 Btu/h
1 kW = 1.341 hp
1 kW = 0.2844 ton refrigeration
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 hp = 2545 Btu/h = 0.746 kW
1 ton = 12,000 Btu/h = 3.517 kW
Pressure
1 Pa = 1.450 × 10–4 psi
1 atm = 101 kPa
1 psi = 6.897 × 103 Pa
1 atm = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in. Hg
Temperature
1°C T = 9/5°F T
y°C = [(9/5)y + 32]°F
K = °C + 273.15
1°F T = 5/9°C T
y°F = (y – 32)(5/9)°C
°R = °F + 459.67
Velocity
1 m/s = 1.969 × 102 ft/min
1 ft/min = 5.079 × 10–3 m/s
Mass density
1 kg/m3 = 6.243 × 10–2 lbm/ft3
1 lbm/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3
Mass flow rate
1 kg/s = 2.205 lbm/s
1 kg/s = 7.937 × 103 lbm/h
1 lbm/s = 0.4535 kg/s
1 lbm/h = 1.260 × 10–4 kg/s
Volume flow rate
1 m3/s = 2.119 × 103 cfm
1 m3/s = 1.585 × 104 gal/min
1 cfm = 4.719 × 10–4 m3/s
1 gal/min = 6.309 × 10–5 m3/s
Thermal conductivity
1 W/(m·°C) = 0.5778 Btu/h·ft·°F
1 Btu/h·ft·°F = 1.731 W/(m·°C)
Specific energy,
Specific enthalpy
W/(m2·°C)
Btu/h·ft2·°F
Heat transfer coefficient
1
Specific heat
1 J/(kg·°C) = 2.389 × 10–4 Btu/lbm·°F
= 0.1761
1 Btu/h·ft2·°F = 5.679 W/(m2·°C)
1 Btu/lbm·°F = 4.186 × 103 J/(kg·°C)
Appendix C—
Climatic Design
Information
The climatic design information in this appendix is from Chapter 14 of the
2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.
Alabama
AUBURN OPELIKA ROBE
BIRMINGHAM MUNI
CAIRNS AAF
DOTHAN RGNL
GADSDEN MUNI
HUNTSVILLE/MADISON
MAXWELL AFB
MOBILE/BATES FIELD
MONTGOMERY/DANNELLY
NORTHWEST ALABAMA R
TUSCALOOSA RGNL
Alaska
FAIRBANKS INTL ARPT
FT. RICHARDSON/BRYA
ANCHORAGE/ELMENDORF
ANCHORAGE LAKE HOOD
ANCHORAGE INTL ARPT
MERRILL FLD
JUNEAU
Arizona
CASA GRANDE MUNI
DAVIS MONTHAN AFB
FLAGSTAFF AIRPORT
LUKE AFB
PHOENIX/SKY HARBOR
ERNEST A LOVE FLD
TUCSON INTL
YUMA INTL AIRPORT
YUMA MCAS
Arkansas
BENTONVILLE MUNI THA
DRAKE FLD
FORT SMITH MUNI
JONESBORO MUNI
ADAMS FLD
LITTLE ROCK AFB
LITTLE ROCK/ADAMS F
GRIDER FLD
ROGERS MUNI CARTER F
SMITH FLD
TEXARKANA RGNL WEBB
California
ALAMEDA(USN)
BAKERSFIELD/MEADOWS
BEALE AFB
BURBANK/GLENDALE
CAMARILLO
CAMP PENDLETON MCAS
MC CLELLAN PALOMAR
CASTLE AFB/MERCED
EL TORO MCAS
FRESNO AIR TERMINAL
FULLERTON MUNICIPAL
S CALIF LOGISTICS
HAYWARD AIR TERM
United States of America
Station
111.77W
110.88W
111.67W
112.38W
111.99W
112.42W
110.96W
114.60W
114.60W
94.22W
94.17W
94.37W
90.65W
92.23W
92.15W
92.25W
91.94W
94.10W
94.48W
94.01W
122.32W
119.06W
121.44W
118.36W
119.10W
117.35W
117.28W
120.57W
117.73W
119.72W
117.98W
117.38W
122.12W
32.96N
32.17N
35.14N
33.54N
33.44N
34.65N
32.13N
32.65N
32.62N
36.35N
36.01N
35.33N
35.83N
34.75N
34.92N
34.83N
34.18N
36.37N
36.19N
33.45N
37.73N
35.43N
39.14N
34.20N
34.22N
33.30N
33.13N
37.37N
33.68N
36.78N
33.87N
34.60N
37.66N
4
150
34
223
23
24
100
60
117
100
29
879
14
395
384
141
84
78
95
173
65
412
364
122
446
824
2139
331
337
1540
779
63
65
147.86W 138
149.65W 115
149.79W 65
149.96W 40
149.99W 40
149.86W 42
134.58W 7
64.82N
61.27N
61.25N
61.18N
61.18N
61.22N
58.36N
237
192
92
108
173
196
52
67
62
171
57
Elev
85.43W
86.75W
85.71W
85.45W
86.08W
86.79W
86.36W
88.25W
86.39W
87.61W
87.62W
Long
32.62N
33.56N
31.28N
31.32N
33.97N
34.64N
32.38N
30.69N
32.30N
34.75N
33.21N
Lat
4.4
0.1
0.1
3.7
2.8
0.2
6.1
-0.8
4.9
-0.3
4.0
-2.5
2.7
-12.1
-12.2
-8.3
-8.8
-7.0
-8.0
-7.5
-5.9
-12.2
-12.0
-4.9
0.0
0.2
-15.6
1.8
3.7
-8.0
-0.2
5.5
5.3
-42.0
-28.7
-26.3
-22.6
-22.9
-24.0
-15.3
-4.7
-6.4
-3.0
-2.5
-7.5
-7.5
-2.8
-2.4
-4.3
-7.2
-5.6
99.6%
5.6
1.6
1.6
5.0
4.0
2.0
7.2
0.3
6.6
0.9
6.0
-0.9
3.9
-8.9
-8.8
-5.7
-7.0
-4.5
-5.7
-4.8
-3.6
-8.9
-8.8
-2.7
1.8
2.1
-12.5
3.2
5.3
-6.3
1.3
7.1
7.0
-39.1
-25.5
-23.5
-20.0
-20.4
-22.1
-12.8
-2.5
-4.0
-1.1
-0.7
-5.9
-5.3
-1.0
-0.5
-2.4
-4.9
-3.2
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
28.3
39.3
38.2
36.5
29.9
33.4
28.0
37.5
33.2
39.7
34.1
38.2
31.0
34.8
35.1
37.5
36.1
37.0
37.5
35.2
36.3
34.1
35.3
37.1
42.5
41.0
29.9
43.9
43.5
34.7
41.1
43.7
43.8
27.4
23.8
23.3
23.3
21.9
22.8
23.2
34.4
35.3
35.7
35.9
34.2
35.1
36.3
34.3
36.0
35.8
36.1
18.2
21.7
21.4
19.7
16.8
19.0
17.0
21.1
19.7
21.6
19.4
18.5
18.7
23.7
23.9
24.8
25.0
25.1
25.2
24.8
25.2
23.1
23.7
24.6
20.8
18.2
13.1
21.6
20.9
16.0
19.0
23.2
22.8
16.1
15.7
14.7
15.3
15.0
15.2
15.3
23.5
23.9
25.0
24.5
23.7
23.9
24.8
25.0
24.5
24.1
24.4
26.1
38.0
36.7
34.3
27.7
31.1
27.1
36.1
31.3
38.2
32.6
36.9
27.9
32.9
33.6
36.0
34.5
35.3
36.0
33.9
35.0
32.8
33.7
35.7
41.6
39.8
28.5
42.6
42.4
33.1
39.8
42.6
42.7
25.7
22.0
22.0
21.7
20.1
21.3
21.2
33.0
33.9
34.6
34.1
32.9
33.8
35.2
33.3
34.7
34.1
34.6
17.5
20.8
20.7
19.3
17.2
18.7
17.5
20.7
19.5
20.7
19.3
18.2
17.9
23.9
23.7
24.7
24.6
25.2
25.3
24.6
25.2
23.3
23.6
24.6
20.6
18.2
12.8
21.5
20.8
15.7
18.9
23.0
22.7
15.5
14.9
14.3
14.6
14.1
14.6
14.5
23.5
23.6
24.7
24.1
23.6
23.7
24.8
24.7
24.4
23.8
24.4
24.1
36.8
35.0
32.7
26.3
29.0
25.1
34.7
29.6
37.0
31.1
35.6
26.0
32.2
32.3
34.4
33.3
34.0
34.4
32.7
33.9
31.9
32.3
34.2
40.5
38.0
27.3
41.3
41.3
32.2
38.6
41.5
41.8
23.8
20.1
20.0
19.9
18.8
19.9
19.2
32.3
32.7
33.4
33.0
32.2
32.6
34.1
32.5
33.7
32.9
33.5
16.9
20.3
20.0
19.0
17.5
18.6
17.7
20.2
19.1
20.1
19.3
17.7
17.3
23.6
23.5
24.5
24.3
24.7
25.0
24.2
24.9
23.1
23.4
24.5
20.4
18.0
12.7
21.4
20.7
15.5
18.7
22.6
22.4
14.8
13.9
13.5
13.9
13.5
13.9
13.7
23.3
23.5
24.5
24.0
23.5
23.4
24.6
24.5
24.3
23.7
24.2
19.1
23.1
22.8
22.5
20.7
22.0
21.1
22.4
21.9
23.0
22.4
21.0
19.9
25.3
25.5
26.5
26.8
26.8
27.3
26.2
26.9
25.1
25.3
26.4
23.2
22.9
16.3
25.0
24.4
19.2
22.6
26.6
26.5
17.3
16.5
16.0
16.2
15.8
16.3
16.2
25.5
25.8
27.3
26.6
25.6
25.8
27.0
26.7
26.5
26.0
26.4
25.9
36.4
35.6
32.0
25.9
28.7
24.8
34.9
29.8
36.4
30.3
31.4
27.9
32.1
31.9
33.6
32.9
33.3
33.5
32.4
33.3
31.2
32.3
33.0
34.7
28.4
22.8
36.5
35.4
27.4
31.4
36.0
35.9
25.0
22.6
21.1
22.0
20.5
21.3
21.8
31.3
31.4
31.9
32.1
31.7
31.3
32.9
31.4
32.6
32.1
32.6
18.4
22.2
21.8
21.6
19.9
21.3
20.4
21.6
21.2
22.2
21.7
20.2
18.9
24.7
24.9
25.9
26.1
26.2
26.7
25.6
26.3
24.4
24.7
25.9
22.8
22.4
15.6
24.3
23.9
18.5
22.1
25.8
25.7
16.4
15.4
15.2
15.3
14.9
15.4
15.3
25.0
25.3
26.6
25.9
25.1
25.3
26.5
26.2
25.9
25.4
25.8
24.5
35.4
34.2
30.8
25.1
27.8
24.0
34.1
28.9
35.1
29.1
31.2
26.2
31.2
31.2
32.9
32.3
32.8
32.9
31.6
32.8
30.2
31.3
32.3
34.8
29.2
22.5
35.8
35.2
26.7
31.1
35.6
35.4
23.5
20.8
19.6
20.0
19.0
19.8
19.7
30.7
30.9
31.3
31.3
31.1
30.9
32.3
30.7
31.8
31.5
31.8
16.8
18.4
18.0
19.2
18.7
19.8
19.2
17.6
19.0
18.5
19.8
18.1
17.1
23.0
23.7
24.7
25.1
25.1
25.9
24.5
25.2
23.0
22.9
24.8
21.0
22.1
14.4
22.3
21.8
17.3
20.7
24.2
24.1
14.7
13.5
14.1
13.7
13.6
14.0
14.0
24.0
24.4
26.2
25.2
23.8
24.4
25.6
25.5
24.9
24.3
24.9
12.0
13.5
13.0
14.3
13.5
14.6
14.1
12.7
14.0
13.5
14.5
14.5
12.2
18.6
19.4
20.0
20.4
20.4
21.5
19.8
20.4
18.6
18.5
20.1
16.6
18.6
13.3
17.7
17.2
14.9
17.0
19.2
19.1
10.6
9.8
10.1
9.8
9.7
10.0
10.0
19.4
19.8
21.8
20.6
19.1
19.8
20.9
20.9
20.1
19.6
20.1
20.3
30.8
28.7
25.2
23.7
24.8
22.9
29.1
26.0
29.8
26.5
25.0
22.8
29.1
28.5
29.3
29.8
29.6
30.0
29.3
29.9
27.7
29.2
29.0
26.3
24.8
17.6
28.2
27.9
21.3
24.5
30.8
30.6
18.5
18.6
16.2
17.3
17.0
17.3
16.6
27.7
28.1
29.1
28.5
28.7
28.1
29.4
28.6
29.0
28.4
28.5
16.1
17.2
17.2
18.7
17.7
18.9
18.9
16.6
18.2
17.3
18.8
16.6
16.2
22.6
22.9
24.1
24.1
24.5
25.1
23.9
24.4
22.6
22.6
24.2
19.4
20.9
13.6
21.3
20.8
16.3
20.0
23.2
23.0
13.7
12.7
13.0
12.8
12.9
13.1
13.3
23.1
23.8
25.2
24.6
23.0
23.8
25.0
25.0
24.3
23.8
24.2
11.5
12.5
12.4
13.9
12.7
13.7
13.9
11.9
13.3
12.6
13.7
13.2
11.5
18.2
18.5
19.3
19.2
19.7
20.4
19.2
19.6
18.2
18.0
19.4
14.9
17.3
12.6
16.6
16.1
14.0
16.2
18.2
17.9
9.9
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.5
18.3
19.0
20.6
19.8
18.1
19.1
20.2
20.3
19.4
19.1
19.2
19.8
29.6
27.5
24.6
22.1
24.5
22.7
28.8
25.1
28.9
25.6
25.9
21.1
28.6
27.9
28.8
29.0
29.1
29.6
28.8
29.4
27.4
28.8
28.6
26.6
24.8
17.4
28.7
29.1
21.1
24.8
31.2
31.1
18.0
17.0
15.7
16.9
16.4
16.7
15.9
26.9
27.6
28.2
28.1
27.8
27.6
29.0
28.1
28.4
28.0
28.1
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
542 sites, 864 more on CD-ROM
11 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM
7.9
6.9
5.8
1321
1085
8.2
7.4
6.5
1474
1119
7.5
6.4
5.5
992
1373
8.6
7.8
6.9
968
1396
7.5
6.3
5.5
1787
881
9.3
8.3
7.5
1718
1011
8.0
7.0
5.9
1054
1453
9.0
8.1
7.3
918
1388
8.3
7.4
6.4
1194
1289
8.4
7.5
6.6
1692
1042
7.7
6.6
5.8
1376
1202
7 sites, 87 more on CD-ROM
7.7
6.7
5.5
7509
40
8.6
6.5
5.2
5932
3
8.5
7.1
5.7
5729
6
8.3
7.2
5.8
5424
9
9.3
8.3
7.4
5623
3
6.8
5.5
4.7
5581
6
11.9 10.6 8.8
4613
2
9 sites, 12 more on CD-ROM
9.2
7.9
6.7
838
1969
9.1
8.0
7.2
781
1858
10.6
8.8
7.7
3794
68
8.9
7.7
6.5
663
2211
8.3
7.2
5.8
513
2570
9.4
8.3
7.5
2319
546
9.6
8.4
7.5
787
1818
9.3
8.2
7.3
370
2627
9.3
8.2
7.3
369
2621
11 sites, 15 more on CD-ROM
8.7
7.8
7.0
2247
762
9.2
8.4
7.7
2165
791
9.2
8.1
7.2
1754
1145
9.8
8.5
7.7
1947
1084
8.4
7.6
6.9
1621
1206
8.0
6.8
5.8
1727
1149
8.3
7.4
6.6
1754
1077
8.4
7.6
6.9
1500
1239
9.7
8.5
7.6
2244
769
10.4
9.0
8.1
2206
801
8.4
7.6
6.7
1356
1297
55 sites, 38 more on CD-ROM
9.2
8.3
7.5
1169
116
8.2
7.1
5.9
1164
1252
9.7
8.3
7.1
1309
851
8.2
6.8
5.7
752
791
11.2
9.0
7.3
1040
208
7.5
6.4
5.6
980
386
6.2
5.4
4.8
945
267
8.1
6.6
5.6
1461
819
6.7
5.4
4.6
634
593
8.1
7.3
6.4
1259
1165
5.8
4.9
4.6
668
689
10.0
8.4
7.5
1478
1062
8.8
7.9
7.2
1429
160
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
108
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
IMPERIAL CO
JACK NORTHROP FLD H
LANCASTER/FOX FIELD
LEMOORE NAS
LIVERMORE MUNICIPAL
LOMPOC
LONG BEACH/LB AIRP.
LOS ANGELES INTL
RIVERSIDE/MARCH AFB
MC CLELLAN AFLD
MODESTO CITY CO HAR
MONTEREY PENINSULA
MOUNTAIN VIEW (SUNN
NAPA CO
SAN BERNARDINO INTL
OAKLAND/METROP. OAK
ONTARIO INTL ARPT
PALM SPRINGS INTL
JACQUELINE COCHRAN
POINT ARGUELLO
PT MUGU (NAWS)
PORTERVILLE MUNI
REDDING MUNICIPAL
RIVERSIDE MUNI
SACRAMENTO/EXECUTIV
SACRAMENTO MATHER FL
SACRAMENTO INTL
SALINAS MUNI
SAN DIEGO/LINDBERGH
MIRAMAR MCAS
NORTH ISLAND NAS
BROWN FLD MUNI
MONTGOMERY FLD
SAN FRANCISCO INTL
NORMAN Y MINETA SAN
SAN LUIS CO RGNL
SANTA BARBARA MUNI
SANTA MARIA PUBLIC
C M SCHULZ SONOMA CO
STOCKTON/METROPOLIT
FAIRFIELD/TRAVIS AF
VISALIA MUNI
Colorado
BUCKLEY AFB
COLORADO SPRINGS/MU
DENVER INTERNATIONA
DENVER/STAPLETON
CENTENNIAL
FORT COLLINS (AWOS)
FORT COLLINS(SAWRS)
GRAND JUNCTION/WALK
GREELEY WELD CO
PUEBLO MEMORIAL(AW)
Connecticut
BRIDGEPORT/IGOR I.
HARTFORD/BRADLEY IN
HARTFORD BRAINARD
Station
104.75W
104.71W
104.66W
104.87W
104.85W
105.00W
105.08W
108.54W
104.62W
104.50W
39.70N
38.81N
39.83N
39.75N
39.57N
40.45N
40.58N
39.13N
40.44N
38.29N
41.18N 73.15W
41.94N 72.68W
41.74N 72.65W
115.58W
118.33W
118.22W
119.95W
121.82W
120.47W
118.16W
118.41W
117.25W
121.40W
120.95W
121.85W
122.05W
122.28W
117.23W
122.22W
117.57W
116.51W
116.16W
120.63W
119.12W
119.05W
122.31W
117.44W
121.49W
121.29W
121.59W
121.61W
117.17W
117.15W
117.20W
116.98W
117.14W
122.40W
121.93W
120.64W
119.84W
120.47W
122.81W
121.24W
121.95W
119.38W
Long
32.83N
33.92N
34.74N
36.33N
37.69N
34.67N
33.83N
33.94N
33.90N
38.67N
37.63N
36.59N
37.42N
38.21N
34.08N
37.76N
34.05N
33.83N
33.63N
34.57N
34.12N
36.03N
40.52N
33.95N
38.51N
38.55N
38.70N
36.66N
32.74N
32.87N
32.70N
32.57N
32.82N
37.62N
37.36N
35.24N
34.43N
34.92N
38.51N
37.89N
38.27N
36.32N
Lat
5
55
6
1726
1881
1655
1612
1776
1529
1525
1475
1417
1439
-17
19
713
71
121
27
12
99
468
23
30
67
10
17
353
27
287
137
-36
34
4
135
153
253
8
29
10
24
9
146
8
160
129
6
15
63
6
73
45
8
22
90
Elev
-11.5
-15.5
-13.0
-16.3
-17.1
-17.5
-18.6
-17.8
-17.8
-19.2
-15.0
-21.3
-18.0
99.6%
2.1
7.0
-5.9
-2.0
-1.0
0.4
5.2
7.0
0.0
-0.5
-0.5
2.6
2.4
-1.3
1.1
2.6
2.8
5.2
-0.4
7.5
3.8
-1.0
-2.0
2.3
-0.5
-1.3
-0.9
1.0
7.1
3.8
7.0
3.8
4.8
3.9
2.1
1.1
1.4
0.3
-1.3
-0.8
-1.1
-1.2
-9.0
-12.7
-11.0
-12.9
-13.8
-14.1
-14.9
-14.3
-14.7
-15.1
-12.1
-17.6
-14.2
99%
3.0
7.6
-4.0
-0.1
0.8
2.0
6.4
8.0
2.0
1.1
1.0
3.8
3.7
0.1
2.5
3.9
4.3
7.0
1.3
8.6
5.1
0.9
-0.6
2.9
1.0
0.0
0.9
2.4
8.0
5.2
7.8
5.9
6.2
5.2
3.2
2.4
2.6
1.7
-0.2
0.6
0.9
0.4
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
31.0
33.0
32.6
34.1
32.5
34.6
34.4
33.0
34.2
32.3
36.5
35.2
36.9
22.8
23.0
22.9
14.8
14.9
15.5
15.9
15.5
15.9
16.1
16.4
16.8
16.9
29.1
31.4
31.2
32.8
31.1
33.2
32.9
32.1
32.7
30.7
35.0
33.0
35.4
22.0
22.2
22.4
14.8
14.7
15.5
15.6
15.4
15.8
15.7
15.9
16.7
16.8
27.8
29.7
29.2
32.0
29.5
31.8
31.4
30.3
31.2
29.1
33.6
32.1
33.8
21.3
21.4
21.6
14.8
14.6
15.4
15.4
15.2
15.7
15.6
15.5
16.7
16.6
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
44.0 22.7 42.8 22.6 42.1 22.5
31.2 17.3 28.7 17.4 27.3 17.5
39.1 18.9 37.8 18.0 36.5 17.5
39.5 22.0 37.9 21.2 36.9 20.6
37.2 19.9 34.9 19.2 32.7 18.4
27.5 16.0 25.1 16.1 23.1 15.7
32.8 19.3 30.9 19.2 28.9 18.8
28.7 17.4 26.9 17.5 25.3 17.9
37.9 19.4 37.1 19.2 35.3 18.7
38.9 21.2 37.4 20.7 35.6 20.0
38.7 21.3 37.1 20.3 35.4 19.7
26.1 15.7 22.9 15.1 22.0 14.9
31.3 18.7 28.7 18.1 27.1 17.8
33.0 18.8 30.8 18.5 28.0 17.6
39.4 20.9 37.9 20.8 36.3 20.4
27.9 18.0 25.9 17.4 23.6 16.9
37.8 21.1 36.4 20.5 34.8 20.2
44.0 21.8 42.8 21.6 42.2 21.5
44.1 22.5 42.7 22.2 41.8 22.0
21.7 N/A 19.8 N/A 18.4 N/A
27.6 15.6 25.8 16.6 24.0 17.2
38.0 21.1 37.3 20.7 36.1 20.1
41.1 20.5 39.0 19.8 37.4 19.0
37.8 20.8 36.9 20.5 34.8 19.9
37.8 21.1 36.2 20.4 34.2 19.7
38.7 20.5 37.1 19.6 35.0 19.1
38.0 21.4 36.8 20.9 34.9 20.2
28.2 16.7 25.9 16.1 23.8 15.9
28.4 18.3 26.8 18.5 25.4 18.6
32.6 19.2 30.9 19.1 28.8 19.0
28.6 17.9 27.1 18.4 25.6 18.4
32.0 17.8 29.1 18.1 27.6 18.0
32.4 18.8 30.1 18.5 27.9 18.1
28.2 17.1 25.6 16.6 23.5 16.2
33.1 18.9 31.2 18.7 29.0 18.2
32.0 17.8 29.1 17.3 27.4 17.1
28.1 17.5 26.3 17.5 24.9 17.2
28.8 16.6 26.5 16.1 24.6 15.8
35.2 19.2 32.8 18.8 31.0 18.2
38.2 21.1 36.6 20.5 34.9 20.1
37.4 19.5 35.1 19.0 32.9 18.5
37.7 22.1 37.0 21.7 35.3 20.8
24.4
24.6
25.0
18.0
17.4
18.3
18.0
18.4
18.4
18.1
18.4
19.5
19.4
28.3
30.4
29.8
25.8
25.8
27.1
27.7
27.2
27.8
27.1
29.8
29.1
29.5
23.7
23.8
24.1
17.3
16.8
17.7
17.4
17.5
17.7
17.6
17.8
18.8
18.8
27.1
28.8
28.4
25.8
25.2
26.9
27.0
26.4
27.7
26.7
29.1
28.7
29.1
23.1
22.9
23.5
16.2
15.2
16.1
15.6
16.1
16.0
15.4
15.9
17.0
17.2
17.8
17.8
18.3
14.3
13.6
14.0
13.5
14.2
13.7
13.2
13.6
14.5
14.6
26.0
26.9
27.3
18.7
18.7
20.1
19.5
20.3
20.9
21.0
20.1
22.7
20.7
22.6
22.3
22.6
15.1
14.4
15.1
14.7
14.8
14.1
14.7
14.6
16.0
16.3
17.3
17.1
17.3
13.2
12.9
13.2
12.7
13.1
12.1
12.6
12.4
13.6
13.8
25.6
26.2
26.6
18.8
18.5
19.9
19.4
20.0
20.9
20.6
20.4
22.2
20.6
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
25.1 20.1 31.4 23.9 18.7 31.7
19.0 13.8 23.5 18.0 13.0 22.2
14.8 11.4 27.0 13.2 10.3 26.3
19.1 14.0 31.8 17.7 12.8 30.0
16.2 11.7 25.2 15.1 10.9 23.1
16.3 11.6 20.6 15.2 10.9 19.9
20.3 15.0 24.4 19.4 14.2 23.8
19.6 14.5 23.2 18.9 13.9 22.5
18.8 14.4 23.5 17.7 13.4 22.7
17.4 12.4 26.8 16.3 11.6 26.3
17.2 12.3 29.4 16.1 11.5 27.4
15.1 10.8 18.1 14.1 10.1 17.6
17.3 12.4 23.6 16.3 11.6 22.1
16.3 11.6 23.5 15.8 11.3 22.9
20.0 15.4 28.4 19.0 14.4 28.5
16.7 11.9 21.0 16.1 11.5 20.3
20.0 15.3 27.1 19.0 14.2 25.7
22.8 17.8 33.5 22.0 17.0 33.4
23.8 18.6 31.9 22.6 17.3 31.9
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
19.6 14.4 22.4 18.6 13.4 21.8
17.7 12.9 30.1 17.0 12.4 29.4
17.6 12.9 26.6 16.4 11.9 25.9
18.9 14.1 27.5 17.8 13.2 26.1
17.7 12.7 29.1 16.5 11.7 26.5
16.3 11.6 24.1 15.5 11.0 24.1
17.9 12.8 29.5 17.0 12.2 28.2
15.9 11.3 19.6 15.1 10.7 19.0
20.3 15.0 23.5 19.6 14.4 23.1
19.9 14.9 24.7 19.0 14.1 23.9
20.3 15.0 23.3 19.4 14.2 22.6
19.6 14.6 24.1 18.8 13.9 23.3
19.2 14.1 24.1 18.8 13.8 23.8
16.2 11.5 20.1 15.5 11.0 19.3
17.1 12.3 24.4 16.3 11.6 23.5
16.4 11.7 21.7 15.8 11.3 21.1
18.2 13.1 21.9 17.6 12.6 21.0
16.3 11.7 20.4 15.5 11.1 19.7
16.1 11.5 24.8 15.0 10.7 23.3
18.4 13.3 29.9 16.5 11.8 26.9
16.2 11.5 23.0 15.2 10.8 22.5
20.1 14.9 29.7 18.7 13.7 29.0
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
11.7
9.8
8.4
527
2305
7.3
6.2
5.6
631
434
13.2 12.1 11.2 1641
1017
9.1
7.7
6.7
1256
1012
8.7
8.0
7.3
1541
442
9.1
8.3
7.7
1577
29
7.6
6.5
5.6
661
590
8.9
7.8
7.1
719
323
8.0
6.9
5.7
1034
883
9.1
7.6
6.4
1261
892
8.6
7.6
6.9
1326
901
7.6
6.6
5.7
1823
27
8.5
7.7
6.9
1202
258
9.5
8.5
7.8
1799
137
7.5
5.8
4.9
918
1006
10.5
8.9
8.2
1465
86
10.3
8.2
7.3
771
983
10.4
9.0
8.0
435
2409
8.9
7.8
6.9
608
2152
18.6 15.6 14.1 1887
12
10.3
8.5
7.3
1097
124
5.8
5.1
4.6
1417
928
11.1
8.9
7.6
1513
1049
9.0
7.4
6.2
871
892
9.1
8.1
7.2
1386
674
9.2
7.7
6.3
1493
675
10.4
8.6
7.7
1347
772
9.3
8.4
7.7
1523
58
7.7
6.9
5.9
665
374
6.7
5.6
4.9
831
469
8.4
7.4
6.5
659
380
7.3
5.9
5.4
934
363
7.1
5.8
5.4
849
457
12.8 11.5 10.5 1494
80
8.7
8.0
7.3
1153
368
11.3 10.1 8.8
1229
164
8.5
7.4
6.0
1248
109
10.8
9.1
8.2
1533
52
7.6
6.7
5.7
1693
208
10.2
8.6
7.8
1360
768
13.3 12.3 11.5 1449
536
6.8
5.6
4.9
1417
884
10 sites, 19 more on CD-ROM
10.7
8.9
7.7
3186
437
12.5 11.0 9.3
3422
255
12.0 10.5 8.9
3311
432
10.9
8.8
7.7
3148
401
11.1
9.5
8.3
3391
324
11.6
9.6
8.0
3464
343
8.9
7.5
6.1
3387
257
10.4
8.6
7.6
3017
673
12.5 10.6 8.6
3655
339
12.8 11.1 9.1
3041
508
5 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM
10.9
9.3
8.4
2930
461
10.2
8.6
7.8
3297
425
8.8
8.1
7.4
3061
479
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
27.3 36.3 26.5 36.0
21.0 26.4 20.4 25.5
20.3 35.5 19.5 34.9
23.7 36.4 22.6 35.4
21.1 34.5 20.1 32.6
18.5 24.1 17.7 23.0
22.2 28.4 21.4 27.2
21.1 25.1 20.4 24.2
21.9 34.1 21.2 32.8
22.4 36.4 21.5 35.2
22.3 35.9 21.3 34.7
17.1 22.4 16.5 21.2
20.2 28.0 19.3 26.5
20.2 30.3 19.3 28.5
23.6 35.0 22.8 34.2
19.1 25.8 18.3 24.1
23.3 34.2 22.4 33.0
26.2 37.4 25.2 36.7
26.5 36.5 25.7 36.4
N/A N/A N/A N/A
20.8 23.9 19.9 23.1
22.7 36.0 21.7 34.6
22.1 36.2 21.2 35.1
22.9 34.3 22.0 33.0
22.5 35.4 21.4 34.0
21.6 36.0 20.7 34.3
22.9 35.9 21.8 34.6
18.3 25.4 17.5 23.7
21.6 25.3 21.0 24.5
22.0 28.4 21.3 27.6
21.6 25.1 20.8 24.5
21.7 27.6 20.8 26.2
21.8 28.1 20.8 26.6
18.6 25.3 17.8 23.6
20.6 30.1 19.8 28.6
19.6 28.4 18.8 26.9
20.2 25.0 19.4 24.0
18.8 25.4 17.9 24.1
20.7 32.5 19.7 31.0
23.0 35.5 21.6 34.5
20.9 34.3 20.1 32.7
23.8 35.1 22.8 34.0
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
109
WATERBURY OXFORD
WINDHAM AIRPORT
Delaware
DOVER AFB
WILMINGTON NEW CAST
Florida
CECIL FLD
DAYTONA BEACH INTL
FORT LAUDERDALE HOL
FORT MYERS/PAGE FLD
GAINESVILLE RGNL
HOMESTEAD ARB
JACKSONVILLE/INTNL.
JACKSONVILLE NAS
JACKSONVILLE/CRAIG
MACDILL AFB/TAMPA
MAYPORT NS
MELBOURNE REGIONAL
MIAMI
KENDALL TAMIAMI EXEC
NAPLES MUNI
NASA SHUTTLE LANDING
OCALA INTL J TAYLOR
EXECUTIVE
ORLANDO/JETPORT
ORLANDO SANFORD
PANAMA CITY BAY CO
PENSACOLA NAS
PENSACOLA RGNL
SARASOTA BRADENTON
SOUTHWEST FLORIDA I
ST PETERSBURG CLEAR
TALLAHASSEE MUNICIP
TAMPA INTL AIRPORT
TYNDALL AFB
VENICE PIER
VERO BEACH MUNI
WEST PALM BEACH/IN
Georgia
ALBANY MUNICIPAL
ATHENS MUNICIPAL
PEACHTREE CITY FALCO
ATLANTA MUNICIPAL
AUGUSTA/BUSH FIELD
DANIEL FIELD
COLUMBUS METROPOLIT
DEKALB PEACHTREE
MARIETTA/DOBBINS AF
FORT BENNING
FULTON CO ARPT BROW
LEE GILMER MEM
HUNTER AAF
MACON/LEWIS B.WILSO
MOODY AFB/VALDOSTA
ROME/RUSSELL(RAMOS)
SAVANNAH MUNICIPAL
Station
25
13
3
6
50
2
10
7
13
4
4
8
9
3
7
3
27
34
32
17
6
9
36
8
9
3
21
3
5
5
9
6
81.87W
81.06W
80.15W
81.86W
82.27W
80.38W
81.69W
81.68W
81.52W
82.50W
81.42W
80.65W
80.30W
80.43W
81.78W
80.69W
82.22W
81.33W
81.33W
81.24W
85.68W
87.32W
87.19W
82.56W
81.76W
82.69W
84.35W
82.54W
85.58W
82.45W
80.42W
80.10W
84.19W
83.33W
84.57W
84.43W
81.97W
82.04W
84.94W
84.30W
84.52W
85.00W
84.52W
83.83W
81.15W
83.65W
83.19W
85.16W
81.20W
30.22N
29.18N
26.07N
26.59N
29.69N
25.48N
30.49N
30.23N
30.34N
27.85N
30.40N
28.10N
25.82N
25.65N
26.15N
28.62N
29.17N
28.55N
28.43N
28.78N
30.21N
30.35N
30.47N
27.40N
26.54N
27.91N
30.39N
27.96N
30.07N
27.07N
27.66N
26.69N
31.54N
33.95N
33.36N
33.64N
33.37N
33.47N
32.52N
33.88N
33.92N
32.33N
33.78N
34.27N
32.01N
32.69N
30.97N
34.35N
32.12N
59
244
243
313
45
129
120
302
326
71
256
389
13
110
72
196
16
9
24
39.12N 75.47W
39.67N 75.60W
Elev
221
75
Long
41.48N 73.13W
41.74N 72.18W
Lat
-2.8
-5.3
-7.2
-5.8
-5.3
-2.7
-3.4
-6.1
-7.3
-5.1
-6.2
-6.1
-2.3
-4.5
-1.5
-7.3
-2.6
-2.5
2.0
8.2
5.8
-1.3
7.7
-1.5
0.9
0.1
3.9
1.2
3.7
8.7
7.4
6.3
3.1
-1.8
3.7
3.2
2.6
-0.1
-1.4
-1.3
4.0
4.7
5.8
-3.5
3.8
-0.3
5.2
3.7
6.6
-9.1
-10.4
99.6%
-15.5
-15.8
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
-1.2
-3.1
-5.0
-3.1
-3.3
-1.3
-1.5
-3.6
-4.2
-3.0
-3.8
-3.0
-0.2
-2.5
0.6
-5.1
-0.9
-0.1
4.0
10.9
7.8
0.8
10.0
0.3
2.7
2.2
6.1
3.4
6.2
11.1
9.2
8.1
5.8
1.0
6.2
5.7
4.9
2.2
0.7
0.9
6.7
7.2
7.4
-1.7
6.0
2.0
7.5
6.1
8.9
-7.5
-8.2
36.1
35.3
33.9
34.4
36.3
36.2
35.9
34.1
34.2
36.2
34.4
33.6
35.3
36.0
35.6
35.9
35.3
35.5
33.8
33.2
34.2
34.1
32.5
34.8
35.4
34.2
33.7
34.6
33.4
33.2
33.7
32.9
33.2
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.9
33.7
34.0
34.4
33.5
34.2
33.4
35.5
33.6
32.9
31.2
33.1
33.0
32.8
33.3
24.5
23.8
23.0
23.4
24.4
23.5
23.7
23.0
23.4
24.5
23.6
23.0
25.3
24.2
24.8
23.7
25.1
24.7
24.9
25.7
24.8
24.7
25.9
25.2
25.1
25.1
25.3
25.2
25.5
25.3
25.5
25.4
25.6
24.2
24.4
24.7
24.2
24.9
25.9
25.4
26.0
24.9
25.4
24.7
25.1
26.0
24.6
25.4
25.4
24.2
23.9
34.9
33.9
32.8
33.1
34.9
34.1
34.6
33.0
33.0
34.8
33.1
32.5
34.1
34.7
34.5
34.1
34.1
34.5
32.7
32.6
33.6
33.3
32.2
33.8
34.1
33.0
32.8
33.3
32.5
32.7
32.9
32.5
32.5
33.0
33.6
33.6
33.9
32.8
33.0
33.3
32.8
33.7
32.8
34.3
33.0
32.4
30.4
32.5
32.4
32.0
31.9
24.5
23.4
23.0
23.3
24.4
23.0
23.6
23.1
23.5
24.5
23.5
22.9
25.0
24.1
24.6
23.4
24.9
24.6
24.9
25.7
24.9
24.5
25.9
25.0
24.6
24.9
25.3
25.2
25.5
25.3
25.4
25.4
25.6
24.1
24.4
24.6
24.0
24.9
25.7
25.2
26.0
24.9
25.4
24.4
25.1
26.0
24.9
25.4
25.4
23.9
23.3
33.8
32.6
32.2
32.1
33.7
32.9
33.5
32.4
32.0
33.0
32.3
31.3
32.9
33.5
33.6
32.9
33.0
33.5
32.0
32.2
32.9
32.5
31.4
32.8
33.1
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.1
32.2
32.5
32.2
32.0
32.6
32.8
32.8
32.9
32.3
32.3
32.4
32.4
32.9
32.4
33.4
32.4
31.6
30.1
32.0
31.9
30.1
30.5
24.1
23.2
23.0
23.0
24.1
23.0
23.4
22.8
23.2
24.3
23.2
22.6
24.9
23.8
24.4
23.2
24.6
24.4
24.9
25.6
24.9
24.4
25.8
24.8
24.4
24.9
25.3
25.1
25.5
25.3
25.3
25.4
25.5
24.0
24.3
24.4
24.0
24.9
25.6
25.0
25.9
24.9
25.4
24.2
25.1
25.9
25.0
25.4
25.4
23.1
22.8
26.5
25.4
25.2
25.2
26.4
25.4
25.6
25.0
25.2
27.2
25.4
24.8
27.4
26.1
26.8
25.6
26.8
26.7
26.7
27.3
26.8
26.5
27.4
26.7
26.9
26.8
27.5
27.1
27.1
26.8
26.9
27.1
27.2
26.2
26.4
26.4
25.8
27.5
27.7
27.2
28.1
26.9
27.6
26.5
26.9
28.1
27.6
26.9
26.8
25.8
25.6
32.5
31.8
30.9
31.4
32.8
31.9
31.9
31.3
31.1
32.0
31.6
30.4
31.6
32.4
32.6
32.1
31.9
31.8
31.1
31.1
31.2
31.3
29.8
32.0
31.3
31.5
30.4
31.6
31.0
30.5
31.1
30.8
30.9
31.0
30.4
30.9
31.2
30.5
31.4
31.4
31.5
31.0
30.7
31.7
31.1
30.9
28.3
31.1
30.9
30.3
30.7
25.9
24.9
24.6
24.7
25.8
25.0
25.2
24.5
24.7
26.3
24.9
24.2
26.7
25.6
26.2
25.1
26.3
26.1
26.2
26.9
26.4
26.0
27.2
26.2
26.4
26.3
27.1
26.5
26.6
26.5
26.5
26.7
26.7
25.7
25.9
26.0
25.6
26.8
27.1
26.7
27.5
26.5
27.0
26.0
26.6
27.5
26.5
26.5
26.4
25.1
24.8
31.8
30.9
30.0
30.4
31.8
31.2
31.2
30.4
30.4
31.8
30.8
29.4
31.3
31.6
31.9
31.5
31.3
31.4
30.6
30.6
30.8
30.6
29.6
31.3
31.0
30.9
30.3
31.2
30.7
30.5
30.8
30.5
30.3
30.7
30.1
30.4
30.8
30.2
31.0
30.8
31.1
30.7
30.3
31.1
30.9
30.5
28.9
30.8
30.6
29.1
29.5
25.1
23.8
23.7
23.5
24.8
23.8
24.0
23.0
23.5
26.1
23.6
23.0
26.3
24.5
25.2
23.9
25.6
25.2
25.4
26.3
25.8
25.2
27.1
25.2
26.0
25.6
27.1
26.0
26.2
25.8
26.1
26.2
26.3
25.0
25.6
25.4
24.1
26.4
26.8
26.2
27.3
26.1
26.9
25.2
25.8
27.3
27.4
25.9
25.6
24.8
24.1
20.4
19.2
19.1
19.0
20.0
18.9
19.2
18.4
19.1
21.6
19.0
18.6
21.8
19.8
20.5
19.2
20.9
20.4
20.6
21.7
21.0
20.5
22.9
20.4
21.4
20.9
22.8
21.3
21.6
21.2
21.5
21.6
21.7
20.1
20.9
20.6
19.1
21.9
22.4
21.8
23.2
21.5
22.5
20.4
21.1
23.2
23.3
21.2
20.9
19.8
19.0
28.5
27.7
27.2
27.4
28.6
27.2
27.7
26.3
27.6
29.4
27.8
26.4
28.9
28.4
28.9
28.1
28.6
28.3
28.7
29.3
28.5
28.4
28.4
28.6
28.7
28.8
29.0
29.5
29.1
28.6
28.5
28.9
28.9
28.1
27.9
27.7
27.7
28.7
29.7
29.0
30.3
28.3
29.2
28.2
29.4
30.1
28.0
29.1
28.7
27.6
27.6
24.4
23.2
22.9
23.0
24.2
23.0
23.6
22.8
22.9
25.0
23.0
22.7
25.4
24.0
24.8
23.0
25.1
24.9
25.0
25.9
25.2
24.7
26.3
24.8
25.2
25.1
26.2
25.2
25.5
25.3
25.3
25.8
25.9
24.1
25.0
25.0
24.0
26.1
26.1
25.7
26.4
25.4
26.2
24.7
25.3
26.6
25.8
25.2
25.2
23.9
23.5
19.5
18.5
18.2
18.4
19.2
18.0
18.6
18.2
18.4
20.3
18.3
18.2
20.7
19.1
20.0
18.2
20.2
20.0
20.1
21.2
20.4
19.9
21.8
19.9
20.3
20.2
21.7
20.4
20.7
20.5
20.4
21.1
21.3
19.0
20.2
20.1
18.9
21.5
21.6
21.0
21.9
20.5
21.6
19.8
20.4
22.1
21.1
20.3
20.3
18.8
18.3
28.0
27.0
26.3
26.8
28.1
26.7
27.3
26.2
27.0
28.5
27.3
26.2
28.5
27.8
28.5
27.6
28.2
28.0
28.4
29.1
28.2
27.9
28.2
28.2
28.4
28.4
28.6
29.2
28.8
28.5
28.3
28.7
28.7
27.8
27.6
27.4
27.6
28.6
29.3
28.7
29.5
28.1
28.8
27.9
28.9
29.5
27.9
28.8
28.6
27.0
27.0
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
8.8
7.7
6.7
3533
264
8.7
7.7
6.9
3332
343
2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM
11.3
9.9
8.7
2502
650
11.0
9.2
8.2
2642
634
32 sites, 28 more on CD-ROM
8.4
7.4
6.5
714
1506
9.1
8.1
7.3
416
1662
9.9
8.8
8.1
74
2537
8.4
7.6
6.9
156
2179
8.2
7.4
6.4
653
1461
9.1
8.2
7.4
84
2250
8.9
8.0
7.2
737
1462
9.2
8.1
7.3
553
1764
8.5
7.8 7.1
676
1469
8.7
7.8
7.1
298
1948
9.1
8.1
7.3
580
1661
9.4
8.5
8.0
259
1942
9.1
8.3
7.6
70
2521
9.3
8.4
7.9
98
2283
8.5
7.6
6.8
161
2082
8.4
7.5
6.6
314
1751
8.0
6.8
5.6
584
1540
8.6
7.9
7.1
284
1978
9.0
8.1
7.3
306
1881
9.1
8.1
7.2
359
1841
8.4
7.5
6.7
688
1579
9.3
8.3
7.5
811
1471
9.0
8.1
7.4
807
1493
9.4
8.3
7.6
257
1914
9.2
8.2
7.4
179
2091
9.3
8.4
7.7
253
2043
8.0
7.1
6.1
863
1444
8.0
7.2
6.2
293
1979
8.7
7.8
6.9
727
1456
12.4 10.6 8.8
279
1648
9.1
8.3
7.6
233
1924
10.3
9.0
8.3
123
2269
19 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM
8.3
7.5
6.5
980
1417
8.2
7.3
6.3
1545
1002
7.8
6.7
5.5
1697
856
9.6
8.5
7.7
1484
1052
8.4
7.4
6.4
1337
1154
7.5
6.6
5.6
1186
1287
8.2
7.3
6.4
1157
1299
8.3
7.3
6.3
1595
1015
8.4
7.3
6.3
1650
977
7.7
6.7
5.5
1251
1184
7.9
6.9
6.0
1594
968
8.5
7.6
6.9
1677
912
8.5
7.5
6.5
907
1434
8.1
7.1
6.0
1257
1211
7.7
6.5
5.6
799
1491
7.0
5.8
5.1
1728
979
8.4
7.6
6.9
978
1364
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
0.4%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
-12.7 30.9 22.6 28.8 21.8 27.4 20.9 24.1 28.5 23.2 27.0 22.7 17.9 26.1 22.2 17.4 25.5
-12.6 32.2 22.8 30.2 22.2 28.7 21.6 24.4 29.4 23.6 27.8 22.8 17.7 26.3 22.4 17.3 25.8
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
110
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
VALDOSTA RGNL
ROBINS AFB
Hawaii
KALAELOA ARPT
HILO INTL
HONOLULU INTL
KANEOHE BAY (MCAF)
Idaho
BOISE MUNICIPAL
CALDWELL (AWOS)
COEUR D ALENE AIR TE
IDAHO FALLS RGNL
JOSLIN FLD MAGIC VA
LEWISTON NEZ PERCE
POCATELLO MUNICIPAL
Illinois
AURORA MUNICIPAL
CAHOKIA/ST. LOUIS
CHICAGO/MIDWAY
CHICAGO/O'HARE ARPT
DECATUR
GLENVIEW NAS
MOLINE/QUAD CITY
GREATER PEORIA MUNI
QUINCY RGNL BALDWIN
GREATER ROCKFORD
SCOTT AFB MIDAMERIC
SPRINGFIELD/CAPITAL
UNIV OF ILLINOIS WI
DUPAGE
Indiana
EVANSVILLE REGIONAL
FORT WAYNE/BAER FLD
GRISSOM ARB
INDIANAPOLIS/I.-MUN
PURDUE UNIV
MONROE CO
SOUTH BEND/ST.JOSEP
TERRE HAUTE INTL HU
Iowa
AMES MUNI
ANKENY REGIONAL ARP
BOONE MUNI
CEDAR RAPIDS MUNI
DAVENPORT MUNI
DES MOINES INTL
DUBUQUE MUNICIPAL
SIOUX CITY MUNI
WATERLOO MUNICIPAL
Kansas
FT RILEY/MARSHALL A
LAWRENCE MUNI
MANHATTAN RGNL
MC CONNELL AFB
JOHNSON CO EXECUTIVE
SALINA MUNI
FORBES FLD
Station
116.22W
116.63W
116.82W
112.07W
114.49W
117.01W
112.57W
88.48W
90.16W
87.75W
87.91W
88.87W
87.82W
90.52W
89.68W
91.19W
89.09W
89.83W
89.68W
88.28W
88.25W
87.54W
85.21W
86.15W
86.27W
86.94W
86.62W
86.33W
87.30W
93.62W
93.55W
93.84W
91.71W
90.59W
93.67W
90.70W
96.38W
92.40W
96.76W
95.21W
96.68W
97.27W
94.74W
97.66W
95.66W
43.57N
43.64N
47.77N
43.52N
42.48N
46.38N
42.92N
41.77N
38.57N
41.79N
41.99N
39.98N
42.08N
41.47N
40.67N
39.94N
42.20N
38.53N
39.85N
40.04N
41.91N
38.04N
41.01N
40.65N
39.71N
40.41N
39.14N
41.71N
39.45N
41.99N
41.69N
42.05N
41.88N
41.61N
41.54N
42.40N
42.39N
42.55N
39.06N
39.01N
39.13N
37.62N
38.85N
38.81N
38.95N
324
254
326
418
327
391
329
291
277
354
266
230
294
329
336
268
118
252
247
246
194
258
236
180
218
126
188
205
207
199
181
202
234
227
140
187
233
231
874
741
707
1446
1277
438
1365
10
11
5
6
158.07W
155.05W
157.94W
157.77W
21.30N
19.72N
21.33N
21.45N
Elev
60
90
Long
30.78N 83.28W
32.63N 83.60W
Lat
-16.2
-15.9
-17.0
-14.2
-15.0
-15.9
-16.2
-21.3
-19.9
-21.0
-22.5
-21.0
-20.7
-22.4
-22.1
-23.3
-13.3
-18.2
-17.9
-16.7
-17.7
-15.8
-17.6
-17.1
-20.9
-12.7
-17.7
-18.6
-17.3
-18.2
-19.9
-18.6
-17.9
-21.0
-12.8
-17.6
-18.1
-19.2
-12.9
-11.4
-14.7
-21.5
-12.8
-11.1
-18.9
15.3
16.4
16.6
17.8
99.6%
-2.4
-3.9
-12.5
-12.6
-13.0
-11.0
-12.5
-12.7
-12.8
-18.0
-17.1
-17.7
-19.3
-17.6
-17.9
-19.4
-19.3
-20.5
-10.1
-15.0
-14.8
-13.3
-14.6
-12.4
-14.6
-13.1
-17.5
-10.9
-14.8
-15.7
-14.1
-15.1
-17.1
-15.9
-15.1
-17.8
-10.9
-14.2
-15.5
-16.9
-9.1
-8.7
-12.1
-17.9
-11.0
-7.4
-15.7
16.6
17.1
17.7
18.8
99%
-0.8
-2.3
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
37.7
37.1
37.6
37.4
35.1
38.3
35.4
32.4
34.0
32.8
32.8
32.3
33.6
31.6
33.9
32.9
34.3
32.7
33.1
32.8
33.1
32.6
32.5
33.2
32.5
34.1
33.0
33.0
33.9
34.3
33.8
33.4
33.7
32.8
34.9
33.6
33.3
32.4
37.0
36.1
33.0
33.1
34.8
36.8
34.8
32.7
29.8
32.1
29.4
24.1
25.1
24.3
23.3
24.9
23.2
24.3
24.6
24.1
25.3
24.4
24.4
24.7
23.6
23.9
24.1
24.6
23.5
24.0
23.9
24.1
24.1
23.4
24.7
23.5
25.1
23.7
23.5
24.8
23.9
24.5
24.5
24.7
23.6
24.7
24.8
24.4
23.8
17.7
19.1
17.2
16.1
17.3
18.5
16.4
22.9
23.4
23.4
23.6
35.9
34.8
36.0
35.8
32.9
36.7
33.7
31.2
32.4
31.9
31.1
31.1
32.0
29.9
32.3
31.3
33.0
31.2
31.5
31.5
32.1
32.0
31.1
32.2
31.2
33.0
32.0
31.5
32.5
32.3
32.3
32.1
32.3
31.2
33.0
32.4
32.2
31.1
35.2
33.9
31.4
32.0
32.9
34.7
33.0
32.2
29.3
31.6
28.9
24.0
24.7
24.4
23.2
24.6
23.2
24.0
23.7
23.8
24.7
23.6
23.9
23.9
22.9
23.4
23.2
24.3
22.8
23.7
23.4
23.6
24.1
22.5
24.3
23.0
24.6
22.9
22.9
24.2
23.0
23.8
23.9
24.1
22.9
24.2
24.1
23.9
23.3
17.2
18.2
16.9
15.9
16.8
18.0
16.0
22.9
23.2
23.1
23.4
34.2
32.8
33.7
33.9
32.2
34.8
32.3
29.1
30.9
30.0
29.5
29.0
30.5
28.4
30.9
29.8
32.0
29.7
30.1
30.2
30.8
30.8
29.5
31.0
29.1
32.3
30.3
30.0
31.3
30.6
30.9
30.7
30.9
29.7
32.3
31.1
30.9
29.1
33.6
32.5
29.0
30.2
32.1
32.7
31.5
31.6
28.8
31.2
28.5
23.8
24.2
23.8
23.1
24.2
22.9
23.7
22.7
23.0
23.3
22.6
22.7
23.0
21.8
22.8
22.3
23.8
22.1
22.8
22.7
22.9
23.4
21.8
23.6
22.0
24.2
22.2
22.1
23.5
22.3
22.9
23.1
23.4
22.1
24.0
23.4
23.4
22.3
16.6
17.7
16.1
15.3
16.6
17.3
15.5
22.8
23.1
22.9
23.2
25.9
26.7
25.9
25.4
26.2
25.2
25.8
26.1
25.7
26.9
25.8
25.7
25.8
25.2
25.9
25.9
26.3
25.3
26.3
25.7
25.9
25.9
25.2
26.4
25.3
26.7
25.5
25.4
26.3
25.5
26.2
26.2
25.9
25.5
26.8
26.3
26.4
25.7
19.0
20.1
18.8
18.0
19.1
19.7
18.4
25.5
24.8
25.1
25.1
33.3
33.5
33.7
32.8
32.2
33.6
32.3
30.6
31.3
31.3
30.5
30.4
31.4
29.7
31.2
30.8
32.2
30.4
31.0
30.8
31.3
30.5
30.2
31.5
30.2
32.4
31.2
31.0
32.1
32.3
31.8
31.4
31.7
30.8
31.4
31.9
31.6
30.5
33.5
33.5
30.2
28.6
31.6
33.5
30.4
29.9
27.8
29.3
27.7
25.2
25.8
25.4
24.8
25.5
24.5
25.2
25.1
24.9
25.8
24.9
24.9
25.1
24.1
25.1
24.8
25.7
24.4
25.2
24.9
25.0
25.2
24.1
25.5
24.3
25.8
24.5
24.4
25.5
24.5
25.2
25.3
25.2
24.5
25.9
25.5
25.4
24.7
18.2
19.2
17.8
17.1
18.3
18.8
17.4
24.9
24.4
24.6
24.6
32.9
32.6
33.0
32.0
31.6
32.6
31.7
29.5
30.4
29.8
29.5
29.3
30.4
28.3
30.5
29.5
31.2
28.9
29.6
29.7
30.1
29.9
28.7
30.4
28.8
31.6
29.5
29.4
31.0
30.6
30.5
30.3
30.8
29.1
30.7
30.7
30.3
29.1
32.5
32.2
28.9
28.1
30.2
32.2
29.3
29.6
27.5
29.0
27.5
24.0
24.8
23.9
23.4
24.1
22.9
24.0
24.8
24.1
26.0
24.6
24.1
24.2
23.9
24.5
24.5
24.7
23.8
25.0
24.1
24.2
24.1
23.6
24.9
23.7
25.1
23.8
23.7
24.6
23.4
24.5
24.7
24.1
24.0
25.9
24.7
25.0
24.0
14.0
15.2
14.1
14.3
14.9
15.2
14.5
24.1
23.9
23.9
24.0
19.6
20.4
19.5
19.1
19.8
18.4
19.6
20.5
19.7
22.3
20.2
19.5
19.8
19.5
20.3
20.1
20.0
19.2
20.6
19.5
19.5
19.7
19.0
20.4
19.1
20.6
19.1
19.0
20.0
18.7
19.9
20.2
19.6
19.4
21.6
20.2
20.6
19.5
11.1
11.8
11.0
12.2
12.4
11.4
12.2
19.1
18.8
18.7
18.9
30.1
30.7
29.9
28.7
29.6
28.8
29.7
29.2
29.0
30.1
28.8
28.6
29.3
28.1
29.3
29.1
29.6
28.3
29.3
28.7
29.0
28.4
28.3
29.6
28.3
29.5
28.9
28.7
30.0
29.5
29.6
29.4
29.4
28.6
29.2
29.9
30.0
29.0
22.0
25.4
21.8
21.1
24.2
22.5
21.7
28.3
26.2
27.3
26.8
23.0
23.8
22.9
22.7
23.7
22.3
23.0
23.7
23.0
24.8
23.5
23.0
23.4
22.8
23.4
23.4
24.0
22.9
23.8
23.3
23.4
23.7
22.7
23.9
22.7
24.0
22.8
22.8
23.8
22.5
23.6
23.8
23.4
22.9
24.8
23.9
23.9
23.0
12.7
13.8
13.0
13.0
13.6
14.0
13.0
23.4
23.4
23.2
23.6
18.5
19.3
18.4
18.3
19.3
17.9
18.5
19.2
18.3
20.7
18.9
18.2
18.8
18.2
18.9
18.8
19.2
18.2
19.3
18.7
18.6
19.1
17.9
19.2
17.9
19.2
17.9
18.0
19.1
17.6
18.8
19.1
18.8
18.1
20.2
19.1
19.3
18.2
10.2
10.8
10.2
11.1
11.4
10.5
11.0
18.2
18.2
18.0
18.4
29.0
29.8
28.7
28.2
29.1
28.3
28.5
28.0
28.3
29.1
27.7
27.7
28.5
26.8
28.6
27.8
28.7
27.1
28.0
27.8
28.0
28.0
27.1
28.5
27.1
28.8
27.8
27.6
29.0
28.6
28.4
28.3
28.5
27.6
28.4
28.9
28.5
27.5
21.9
25.2
21.1
20.2
23.7
22.1
21.5
27.9
25.9
27.0
26.6
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
7.6
6.6
5.7
848
1422
8.2
7.2
5.8
1183
1239
4 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM
8.7
7.9
7.3
0
2472
7.8
7.0
5.9
0
1813
9.9
9.0
8.4
0
2599
8.4
7.6
7.1
0
2357
7 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
9.8
8.5
7.6
3029
532
9.9
8.6
7.6
3183
367
9.9
8.4
7.5
3838
167
12.1 10.8 9.2
4278
151
12.5 11.0 9.4
3404
405
9.3
8.0
6.7
2789
466
12.7 11.3 10.0 3854
237
14 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
11.6 10.2 8.9
3616
389
9.3
8.3
7.4
2525
777
10.9
9.5
8.6
3262
574
11.0
9.4
8.5
3449
480
11.1
9.6
8.8
3023
611
9.0
8.0
7.2
3391
505
10.8
9.1
8.2
3374
552
10.5
8.9
8.1
3198
578
10.9
9.3
8.4
3056
612
10.9
9.3
8.5
3671
431
10.3
8.9
7.9
2544
778
11.1
9.6
8.6
2978
632
12.3 11.0 9.8
3156
560
11.0
9.5
8.5
3572
410
8 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM
9.2
8.2
7.3
2458
798
11.1
9.4
8.5
3328
458
11.2
9.3
8.3
3209
543
11.0
9.4
8.4
2929
604
10.2
8.9
8.1
3069
563
8.7
7.8
7.0
2804
564
10.7
9.1
8.3
3434
442
10.3
8.8
8.0
2870
599
9 sites, 38 more on CD-ROM
11.8 10.5 9.0
3637
437
9.7
8.5
7.6
3329
558
11.7 10.4 9.1
3569
490
11.8 10.5 9.1
3725
436
11.9 10.6 9.1
3506
441
11.4 10.0 8.7
3429
574
11.5 10.2 8.9
3902
354
12.8 11.3 10.0 3712
509
11.6 10.4 9.0
3882
431
10 sites, 19 more on CD-ROM
9.4
8.3
7.4
2686
881
11.2
9.7
8.6
2741
800
10.8
9.2
8.2
2858
800
12.0 10.9 9.4
2396
942
10.5
9.0
8.2
2655
771
12.4 11.1 10.1 2652
924
11.6 10.6 9.2
2738
730
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
0.4%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
35.3 25.2 34.2 24.7 33.4 24.5 26.9 32.2 26.3 31.5 25.8 21.3 28.7 25.1 20.3 28.1
36.1 24.2 34.8 24.1 33.0 23.8 26.3 32.4 25.8 31.5 25.0 20.3 28.4 24.1 19.2 27.4
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
111
TOPEKA/BILLARD MUNI
WICHITA/MID-CONTINE
COL JAMES JABARA
Kentucky
BOWLING GREEN WARRE
CINCINNATI/GREATER
FORT CAMPBELL (AAF)
HENDERSON CITY CO
LEXINGTON/BLUE GRAS
BOWMAN FLD
LOUISVILLE/STANDIFO
SOMERSET PULASKI CO
Louisiana
ESLER RGNL
ALEXANDRIA INT
BARKSDALE AFB
BATON ROUGE METRO R
LAFAYETTE RGNL
LAKE CHARLES MUNI
MONROE RGNL
NEW ORLEANS NAS JRB
NEW ORLEANS/MOISANT
LAKEFRONT
SHREVEPORT DOWNTOWN
SHREVEPORT REGIONAL
Maine
AUBURN LEWISTON MUNI
BANGOR INTL
BRUNSWICK (NAS)
PORTLAND/INTNL. JET
SANFORD RGNL
Maryland
ANDREWS AFB/CAMP SP
BALTIMORE-WASHINGTO
THOMAS POINT
Massachusetts
BARNSTABLE MUNI BOA
BOSTON/LOGAN INTL
BUZZARDS BAY
CHATHAM MUNI
LAWRENCE MUNI
MARTHAS VINEYARD
NEW BEDFORD RGNL
NORWOOD MEM
PLYMOUTH MUNICIPAL
SOUTH WEYMOUTH NAS
WORCESTER REGIONAL ARPT
Michigan
DETROIT CITY
DETROIT/METROPOLITA
WILLOW RUN
FLINT/BISHOP INTL
GRAND RAPIDS/KENT C
GROSSE ILE MUNI
TULIP CITY
JACKSON CO REYNOLDS
KALAMAZOO BATTLE CR
Station
88
59
23
19
74
88
47
12
16
9
17
21
45
21
24
15
45
49
310
92.30W
92.56W
93.66W
91.15W
91.99W
93.23W
92.04W
90.03W
90.25W
90.03W
93.74W
93.82W
70.28W
68.82W
69.93W
70.30W
70.70W
83.01W
83.35W
83.53W
83.75W
85.52W
83.17W
86.10W
84.46W
85.55W
44.05N
44.81N
43.90N
43.64N
43.39N
38.82N 76.85W
39.17N 76.68W
38.90N 76.43W
70.28W
71.01W
71.03W
69.99W
71.12W
70.62W
70.96W
71.17W
70.73W
70.93W
71.88W
31.40N
31.34N
32.50N
30.54N
30.21N
30.13N
32.51N
29.83N
29.99N
30.04N
32.54N
32.45N
41.67N
42.36N
41.38N
41.69N
42.72N
41.39N
41.68N
42.19N
41.91N
42.15N
42.27N
42.41N
42.22N
42.24N
42.97N
42.88N
42.10N
42.75N
42.26N
42.24N
191
202
218
234
245
180
210
311
266
36
24
51
23
13
3
25
0
6
3
55
79
164
269
174
118
301
170
149
283
86.44W
84.67W
87.50W
87.68W
84.61W
85.66W
85.73W
84.60W
36.98N
39.04N
36.67N
37.81N
38.04N
38.23N
38.18N
37.05N
Elev
270
408
433
Long
39.07N 95.63W
37.65N 97.43W
37.75N 97.22W
Lat
-14.9
-16.1
-17.3
-17.9
-16.5
-13.8
-13.8
-17.5
-16.2
-12.3
-13.3
-10.9
-11.3
-15.9
-12.5
-13.0
-16.0
-14.9
-14.5
-16.7
-9.1
-10.0
-8.0
-21.2
-21.8
-19.0
-17.7
-21.2
-3.0
-2.6
-4.7
-2.0
-1.2
-0.9
-3.8
-0.7
0.6
2.0
-2.8
-3.8
-11.6
-14.8
-10.9
-12.9
-13.2
-12.4
-12.1
-11.0
99.6%
-16.0
-13.7
-13.8
-12.5
-13.3
-14.3
-15.3
-14.0
-12.1
-12.1
-14.8
-13.0
-9.1
-10.6
-8.5
-8.3
-12.5
-10.0
-11.1
-12.7
-12.3
-12.0
-14.0
-7.6
-7.8
-5.9
-17.8
-18.9
-16.6
-15.1
-17.6
-2.0
-1.1
-2.7
-0.1
0.9
1.0
-2.2
1.2
2.4
3.7
-1.3
-2.0
-8.5
-11.5
-7.7
-9.9
-10.2
-9.1
-8.9
-7.8
32.6
32.5
32.4
32.1
31.9
32.1
31.3
31.3
32.2
28.9
32.5
24.4
27.9
32.4
28.8
31.2
32.5
32.0
32.9
29.9
33.6
34.4
30.5
31.0
31.0
30.1
30.5
31.9
36.5
36.2
36.3
34.8
34.8
34.7
36.4
33.8
34.3
34.1
37.3
36.9
34.1
33.0
34.0
34.0
33.1
34.1
34.4
34.8
23.0
23.2
23.4
23.2
22.8
23.4
22.9
23.0
22.7
22.8
22.6
N/A
22.4
22.7
22.5
22.9
22.9
22.8
23.2
21.8
23.4
23.8
23.7
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.8
21.7
24.8
25.1
24.8
25.3
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.6
25.6
26.0
24.8
24.5
23.9
23.4
24.5
24.7
23.3
23.9
24.0
23.8
31.2
30.9
31.0
30.4
30.3
30.0
29.8
29.8
30.9
27.5
30.9
23.5
27.0
31.1
27.4
28.9
31.1
29.1
31.0
28.3
32.3
32.9
29.4
28.7
29.0
28.2
28.6
29.5
35.1
34.8
35.0
33.9
33.8
33.8
35.1
32.9
33.5
33.2
36.0
35.5
32.8
31.8
32.8
32.8
32.0
32.8
33.1
33.1
22.3
22.6
22.5
22.2
22.1
23.1
22.2
22.2
22.1
21.9
22.1
N/A
22.0
22.2
21.8
22.0
22.5
22.0
22.4
20.9
23.0
23.4
23.6
20.7
20.5
20.5
21.1
20.8
25.1
25.2
24.7
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.4
25.4
25.4
25.7
24.7
24.6
24.0
23.0
24.5
24.5
23.1
23.7
23.9
23.5
29.7
29.3
29.1
28.8
28.8
28.0
27.9
28.2
28.8
26.3
29.0
22.8
25.6
28.9
26.2
27.6
28.9
27.8
29.3
27.1
31.1
31.5
28.4
27.2
27.3
26.9
26.9
27.8
33.9
33.8
33.8
33.0
32.9
32.9
33.9
32.3
32.6
32.6
34.2
34.2
32.0
30.4
32.1
32.2
30.7
32.0
32.0
32.4
21.6
21.7
21.5
21.3
21.2
22.1
21.3
21.2
21.4
21.2
21.2
N/A
21.4
21.5
21.1
21.2
21.6
21.1
21.5
20.0
22.7
22.8
23.3
19.7
19.4
19.6
20.1
19.9
24.9
24.9
24.7
25.0
25.1
25.4
25.0
25.3
25.3
25.5
24.5
24.5
23.7
22.5
24.3
24.1
22.7
23.4
23.4
23.1
24.7
25.0
24.8
24.6
24.6
25.5
24.5
24.4
24.4
24.2
24.4
N/A
23.9
24.3
24.0
24.3
24.7
24.3
25.0
23.3
25.3
25.6
26.5
23.1
22.9
23.1
23.4
23.4
26.9
27.1
26.7
26.9
27.0
27.4
27.2
27.7
27.2
27.5
26.4
26.3
25.8
25.2
26.5
26.4
25.2
25.8
25.9
25.6
30.2
30.2
30.2
29.6
29.5
29.1
29.0
29.1
29.2
27.4
29.8
N/A
26.8
29.3
27.1
28.7
29.8
28.9
30.5
27.6
30.3
31.5
28.2
28.5
28.4
28.0
28.4
29.2
32.1
32.0
32.7
31.6
31.6
31.4
33.0
30.8
31.6
31.8
33.0
32.9
31.4
30.6
30.9
32.8
30.8
31.4
31.7
32.5
23.7
23.9
23.8
23.5
23.6
24.6
23.6
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
N/A
23.3
23.5
23.3
23.5
23.9
23.6
23.8
22.4
24.6
24.9
25.5
21.9
21.8
21.9
22.3
22.3
26.4
26.5
26.1
26.5
26.7
26.9
26.7
27.0
26.8
27.0
26.0
25.9
25.2
24.5
25.8
25.6
24.5
25.2
25.3
24.9
28.8
28.6
28.7
28.3
28.1
28.2
27.9
27.9
28.2
26.1
28.3
N/A
25.7
28.2
25.9
27.1
28.3
27.4
28.8
26.4
29.4
30.3
27.5
26.8
27.0
26.6
26.8
27.7
32.0
31.9
32.2
31.2
31.3
30.9
32.5
30.3
31.1
31.3
32.3
32.2
30.7
29.4
30.3
31.7
29.6
30.7
31.0
31.3
22.9
23.2
23.0
22.9
23.0
24.1
22.8
22.9
22.7
23.0
22.7
N/A
22.9
22.7
22.8
22.9
23.0
22.9
23.4
22.0
23.9
24.0
25.9
21.3
21.2
21.4
21.7
22.0
25.7
26.0
25.1
25.8
26.1
26.4
25.8
26.9
26.1
26.3
24.9
24.7
24.1
23.6
25.2
24.2
23.5
24.1
24.3
23.4
18.0
18.5
18.2
18.2
18.3
19.4
18.0
18.3
18.0
17.7
17.4
N/A
17.6
17.5
17.6
17.6
17.7
17.7
18.3
17.4
19.0
19.0
21.3
16.2
16.0
16.1
16.4
16.8
21.1
21.5
20.4
21.2
21.5
21.8
21.2
22.5
21.5
21.8
20.1
19.9
19.4
19.0
20.8
19.3
18.9
19.4
19.5
18.8
27.7
27.9
27.4
27.7
27.5
27.3
27.2
27.2
27.2
25.3
27.0
N/A
25.3
26.5
25.5
25.9
26.4
26.0
27.7
25.4
26.9
27.8
27.3
25.9
25.6
25.6
26.0
26.7
28.8
29.1
28.9
28.8
28.7
29.0
29.7
29.2
29.1
29.6
28.4
28.5
28.7
28.0
28.4
30.5
28.2
28.5
29.3
28.9
22.1
22.4
22.3
22.0
22.1
23.0
22.3
22.1
22.2
22.6
21.9
N/A
22.5
22.3
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.4
22.3
21.2
23.0
23.4
24.9
20.3
20.1
20.5
20.9
20.9
25.1
25.2
24.5
25.3
25.5
26.0
25.2
26.2
25.7
26.0
24.2
24.3
23.6
22.9
24.8
23.7
22.8
23.6
23.6
22.8
17.2
17.5
17.5
17.2
17.3
18.2
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.4
16.6
N/A
17.2
17.0
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.1
16.4
17.9
18.3
20.0
15.1
14.9
15.2
15.5
15.7
20.3
20.3
19.6
20.5
20.7
21.3
20.4
21.6
20.9
21.4
19.2
19.4
18.8
18.2
20.3
18.8
18.2
18.9
18.7
18.1
26.8
26.8
26.7
26.3
26.3
26.4
26.4
26.3
26.6
25.0
25.9
N/A
24.9
26.2
24.9
25.5
25.9
25.6
26.3
24.5
26.2
27.1
26.7
24.7
24.1
24.4
24.8
25.4
28.5
28.9
28.5
28.5
28.5
28.7
29.2
28.7
28.8
29.4
28.2
28.2
28.0
27.1
28.0
29.9
27.3
28.2
28.4
28.0
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
10.5
9.0
8.2
2723
803
12.6 11.4 10.4 2480
934
12.4 11.2 10.1 2497
876
8 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM
8.8
8.0
7.2
2257
793
9.8
8.5
7.7
2752
615
9.0
7.9
7.0
2121
860
9.4
8.4
7.4
2469
769
9.1
8.1
7.3
2537
667
8.3
7.5
6.6
2334
811
9.4
8.4
7.5
2283
873
8.0
6.9
5.6
2148
811
12 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM
7.4
6.2
5.4
1113
1381
8.3
7.4
6.3
1019
1456
8.5
7.6
6.6
1273
1281
8.4
7.5
6.7
874
1505
9.1
8.2
7.4
813
1559
9.2
8.2
7.5
807
1559
8.5
7.6
6.7
1216
1368
8.1
7.2
6.1
802
1459
9.3
8.4
7.6
714
1625
11.1
9.4
8.5
632
1796
8.4
7.5
6.6
1194
1460
8.8
7.9
7.2
1176
1408
5 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM
9.3
8.3
7.3
4240
171
10.5
8.8
8.0
4258
197
10.4
8.7
7.8
4001
204
10.4
8.8
7.9
3902
206
9.4
8.3
7.3
4150
194
3 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM
11.0
9.3
8.2
2455
666
10.0
8.5
7.6
2529
701
16.8 14.1 11.8 2331
687
11 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
11.0
9.5
8.6
3262
284
12.0 10.8 9.3
3109
417
19.6 17.1 15.2 3084
168
9.7
8.4
7.5
3160
254
9.1
8.1
7.3
3384
362
11.6 10.5 9.1
3270
238
10.3
8.9
8.0
3241
317
9.1
8.1
7.3
3463
323
10.4
8.9
8.0
3419
307
8.3
7.4
6.5
3240
359
11.6 10.2 8.8
3726
257
15 sites, 44 more on CD-ROM
9.1
8.3
7.7
3327
491
11.3
9.9
8.7
3391
448
11.0
9.6
8.5
3564
377
10.7
9.1
8.3
3745
330
11.1
9.4
8.5
3675
355
9.3
8.3
7.5
3224
479
11.5
9.9
8.6
3463
343
9.0
8.2
7.6
3677
314
9.7
8.5
7.7
3473
394
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
26.1 33.0 25.5 32.3 24.2 19.7 30.1 23.5 18.9 29.3
25.4 32.5 24.7 31.9 23.4 19.2 28.7 22.7 18.4 27.8
25.2 32.9 24.6 32.1 22.9 18.6 28.5 22.5 18.1 28.0
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
-12.9 36.2 24.6 34.4 24.4 32.8 23.9
-11.0 37.8 23.2 36.1 23.2 34.1 23.1
-11.4 37.5 23.4 36.0 23.5 33.6 23.3
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
112
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
LANSING/CAPITAL CIT
MUSKEGON
OAKLAND CO INTL
MBS INTL
SELFRIDGE ANGB
ST CLAIR CO INTL
Minnesota
SKY HARBOR
DULUTH INTL AIRPORT
FLYING CLOUD
MANKATA RGNL ARPT
ANOKA CO BLAINE
CRYSTAL
MINNEAPOLIS/ST.PAUL
ROCHESTER MUNICIPAL
SOUTH ST PAUL MUNI
ST. CLOUD MUNICIPAL
ST PAUL DOWNTOWN HO
Mississippi
HATTIESBURG LAUREL
JACKSON/ALLEN C. TH
KEESLER AFB
MERIDIAN/KEY FIELD
MERIDIAN NAS
TUPELO/C.D. LEMONS
Missouri
CAPE GIRARDEAU RGNL
COLUMBIA REGIONAL
JEFFERSON CITY MEM
JOPLIN RGNL
CHARLES B WHEELER D
KANSAS CITY INTL
SPRINGFIELD MUNI
ST. LOUIS/LAMBERT
SPIRIT OF ST LOUIS
Montana
BILLINGS/LOGAN INT.
GALLATIN FLD
BERT MOONEY
GREAT FALLS
GREAT FALLS INTL
MALMSTROM AFHP
MISSOULA/JOHNSON-BE
Nebraska
GRAND ISLAND COUNTY
LINCOLN MUNICIPAL
OFFUTT AFB
OMAHA/EPPLEY FIELD
OMAHA
Nevada
LAS VEGAS/MCCARRAN
NELLIS AFB
RENO/CANNON INTL
New Hampshire
CONCORD MUNICIPAL
JAFFREY ARPT SILVER
Station
-23.0
-26.6
-27.9
-25.3
-26.8
-26.9
-19.9
106
317
-19.8
-19.0
98.31W
96.76W
95.90W
95.90W
96.02W
40.96N
40.83N
41.12N
41.31N
41.37N
1088
1356
1687
1130
1115
1058
972
-12.4
-16.2
-13.8
-13.0
-15.0
-16.7
-14.1
-14.1
-14.8
43.20N 71.50W
42.81N 72.00W
108.54W
111.15W
112.51W
111.38W
111.38W
111.19W
114.09W
45.81N
45.79N
45.95N
47.45N
47.47N
47.50N
46.92N
107
274
175
300
229
312
387
216
141
-3.8
-4.9
-0.7
-5.3
-5.3
-7.2
-0.5
-2.4
-11.1
89.57W
92.22W
92.16W
94.50W
94.59W
94.72W
93.39W
90.37W
90.66W
37.23N
38.82N
38.59N
37.15N
39.12N
39.30N
37.24N
38.75N
38.66N
91
101
10
95
97
110
-23.7
-27.7
-23.0
-25.0
-22.8
-22.8
-24.0
-25.0
-22.8
-27.3
-23.9
36.08N 115.16W 665
36.24N 115.03W 569
39.48N 119.77W 1341
89.34W
90.08W
88.92W
88.75W
88.57W
88.77W
31.47N
32.32N
30.41N
32.33N
32.55N
34.26N
186
432
288
311
278
265
255
402
250
312
217
-16.9
-17.0
1.0
-0.6
-8.0
-17.2
-16.9
-16.4
-17.4
-17.8
-19.5
-22.2
-23.0
-21.5
-22.8
-22.9
-16.0
-9.2
-13.0
-11.2
-10.1
-12.3
-13.8
-10.9
-11.3
-11.9
-2.3
-3.0
1.7
-3.3
-2.9
-4.8
-21.3
-24.7
-21.1
-22.4
-21.0
-21.0
-21.2
-22.3
-20.9
-24.1
-21.4
32.3
30.3
42.5
42.9
35.7
35.4
36.0
34.9
34.7
34.5
34.9
33.3
31.1
32.5
33.4
33.5
33.8
34.7
34.6
35.0
35.9
36.0
35.5
34.9
35.3
35.1
35.9
35.8
34.1
35.7
36.3
35.8
29.9
29.0
32.5
32.0
32.3
32.5
32.7
31.1
32.5
32.2
32.4
21.9
21.0
19.9
19.7
16.4
23.4
24.0
24.5
24.6
23.9
17.2
16.4
14.2
15.7
16.1
16.5
16.7
25.2
24.6
24.7
24.3
24.7
24.9
23.7
24.9
25.2
24.3
24.7
26.5
24.4
24.8
24.5
22.0
20.9
23.3
23.1
23.5
22.9
22.7
23.0
22.8
22.5
23.0
30.6
28.7
41.3
41.7
34.1
33.6
34.0
32.8
33.0
32.7
32.9
31.5
29.1
30.5
31.5
31.6
32.1
33.5
32.9
33.0
34.1
34.0
33.6
33.1
33.9
33.7
34.0
34.4
33.1
34.4
35.1
34.2
27.8
27.4
31.2
30.0
30.9
31.2
31.1
29.3
31.1
30.3
31.0
21.1
20.5
19.5
19.4
15.7
22.9
23.6
23.9
24.0
23.7
16.6
15.9
13.6
15.2
15.7
16.1
16.4
24.9
24.4
24.2
24.2
24.4
24.6
23.7
24.5
24.6
23.9
24.6
26.2
24.4
24.8
24.2
20.8
19.6
22.6
21.9
22.8
22.2
22.2
22.1
22.1
21.6
22.3
28.9
27.4
40.0
40.4
32.8
31.9
32.4
31.4
31.5
31.1
31.1
29.4
27.6
28.7
29.5
29.7
30.0
32.4
31.5
32.3
32.8
32.7
32.1
31.8
32.6
32.4
32.9
33.4
32.5
33.3
33.9
33.1
26.3
25.8
29.0
28.0
28.8
29.0
29.3
27.9
29.0
28.7
28.9
20.4
19.5
19.1
19.0
15.2
22.2
23.1
23.2
23.2
22.8
16.3
15.3
13.2
14.9
15.3
15.7
15.8
24.5
23.8
23.9
23.9
24.1
24.1
23.5
23.9
24.0
23.8
24.4
26.0
24.3
24.3
24.1
19.7
18.6
21.5
20.8
21.7
21.2
21.3
21.2
21.0
20.5
21.3
23.8
22.8
22.5
22.3
17.8
25.2
25.7
26.5
26.3
25.4
19.0
18.0
15.8
17.4
17.8
18.1
18.4
26.8
26.3
26.4
25.9
26.4
26.6
25.4
26.4
26.6
25.8
26.5
28.4
26.4
26.8
26.2
24.2
22.5
25.2
24.8
25.4
24.8
24.9
24.8
25.0
24.6
24.9
29.4
27.3
35.9
35.1
31.8
31.7
32.6
31.3
32.0
31.7
29.6
28.5
26.1
28.3
29.2
29.3
29.6
32.4
31.8
31.9
32.4
33.2
32.5
31.6
32.7
32.7
32.1
32.4
32.1
32.1
33.1
32.2
28.1
27.3
30.5
29.3
29.8
30.2
30.6
29.0
29.7
30.0
30.0
22.8
22.0
21.7
21.7
16.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
25.3
24.6
18.1
17.1
15.0
16.5
16.9
17.3
17.4
26.0
25.5
25.6
25.4
25.7
25.7
24.9
25.6
25.7
25.4
26.0
27.7
25.9
26.1
25.7
22.8
21.2
24.0
23.6
24.1
23.6
23.8
23.6
23.7
23.4
23.7
27.9
26.2
35.1
35.3
30.9
30.9
31.7
30.3
31.0
30.7
28.8
27.6
25.3
27.0
28.0
28.5
28.7
31.5
31.0
31.3
32.0
32.1
31.6
30.9
31.8
31.7
31.6
31.6
31.2
31.4
32.5
31.5
26.4
25.7
28.9
28.1
28.5
28.8
28.9
27.6
28.3
28.6
28.7
22.1
22.0
18.7
18.8
12.8
23.4
23.8
25.1
24.6
23.6
15.7
14.7
12.6
14.0
14.2
14.2
14.8
25.2
24.7
24.9
24.0
24.4
24.9
23.6
24.6
24.9
24.1
25.1
27.5
25.0
25.2
24.7
22.9
20.8
23.0
23.0
23.9
22.8
23.0
23.4
23.7
22.8
23.0
17.0
17.3
14.7
14.5
10.9
19.5
19.5
21.1
20.4
19.3
12.8
12.4
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.5
11.9
20.6
20.4
20.4
19.6
19.9
20.8
19.4
20.1
20.3
19.2
20.4
23.4
20.4
20.5
19.9
18.0
16.3
18.4
18.5
19.4
18.1
18.3
19.2
19.1
18.3
18.2
25.8
24.7
27.6
27.1
21.9
28.9
29.7
29.0
29.9
29.0
22.3
20.9
17.2
19.1
19.3
20.7
20.5
30.0
29.7
29.4
29.7
30.3
30.3
28.7
29.9
30.1
28.2
28.6
30.5
28.6
30.0
28.7
26.0
25.5
28.2
27.6
28.3
28.1
28.5
27.6
28.0
27.8
28.0
21.2
21.1
17.4
17.2
11.0
22.4
22.9
24.0
23.7
22.7
14.4
13.4
11.3
12.8
13.1
13.2
13.6
24.4
23.9
23.9
23.4
23.8
24.0
23.0
23.8
24.0
23.7
24.5
27.0
24.4
24.3
24.1
22.1
19.5
22.4
22.2
22.6
22.2
22.0
22.3
22.4
21.6
22.2
16.1
16.4
13.5
13.2
9.6
18.4
18.4
19.6
19.2
18.3
11.7
11.3
10.2
10.6
10.8
10.8
10.9
19.6
19.4
19.1
18.9
19.1
19.6
18.6
19.2
19.2
18.7
19.8
22.7
19.6
19.5
19.2
17.2
15.0
17.7
17.6
18.0
17.4
17.2
17.9
17.6
16.9
17.4
25.0
24.0
29.2
28.7
21.6
28.0
28.7
27.9
28.9
28.4
21.4
20.2
16.7
19.5
19.5
20.4
19.9
29.1
28.8
28.5
29.0
29.8
29.6
27.9
29.4
29.1
28.0
28.2
30.0
28.0
29.0
28.3
25.2
24.0
27.4
26.8
26.8
27.2
27.2
26.4
26.5
26.5
27.0
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
22.9 18.2 27.4 22.0 17.2 26.2
22.9 18.1 26.5 22.1 17.2 25.7
22.5 17.8 27.0 21.6 16.8 25.9
22.8 18.0 27.4 22.1 17.2 26.4
22.6 17.7 26.7 22.2 17.2 26.1
22.7 17.9 26.6 22.2 17.3 25.9
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
10.9
9.2
8.3
3786
319
11.3 10.3 8.9
3677
291
10.9
9.3
8.4
3685
356
10.8
9.3
8.4
3838
322
9.4
8.4
7.6
3589
358
8.3
7.4
6.6
3739
258
11 sites, 68 more on CD-ROM
12.5 11.1 9.6
4762
166
11.1
9.4
8.6
5181
117
9.8
8.6
7.8
4079
429
12.0 10.8 9.3
4286
334
10.3
8.8
7.9
4187
347
9.5
8.5
7.7
4178
384
10.9
9.4
8.5
4151
425
12.8 11.5 10.5 4371
286
8.3
7.4
6.4
4112
406
10.4
8.8
8.0
4680
265
10.3
9.0
8.2
4146
401
6 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM
7.2
5.9
5.2
1156
1273
8.3
7.4
6.5
1268
1274
7.9
7.0
6.0
804
1532
8.3
7.4
6.6
1302
1201
7.0
5.7
4.9
1282
1272
8.5
7.6
6.9
1619
1113
9 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
9.5
8.5
7.7
2323
851
10.8
9.2
8.3
2743
693
9.4
8.3
7.4
2533
776
11.1
9.7
8.6
2241
910
10.1
8.8
8.2
2523
909
11.4 10.3 9.0
2784
762
10.4
9.0
8.2
2468
759
10.6
9.0
8.1
2464
917
9.3
8.3
7.5
2599
772
7 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
12.1 10.9 9.4
3725
350
9.3
8.1
6.8
4547
129
9.8
8.5
7.7
5058
43
14.0 12.1 11.0 4296
173
14.1 12.3 11.1 4150
181
13.3 11.9 10.4 3826
219
9.5
8.4
7.4
4096
174
5 sites, 20 more on CD-ROM
12.8 11.4 10.2 3378
576
12.1 10.9 9.3
3287
658
11.1
9.4
8.4
3263
639
11.8 10.6 9.1
3347
629
10.4
8.6
7.9
3323
607
3 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
11.8 10.4 8.9
1119
1937
11.5 10.0 8.6
1183
1835
11.4
9.4
8.4
2802
439
4 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM
9.4
8.3
7.4
3967
261
7.3
6.1
5.4
4068
201
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
24.6 29.6 23.5 28.1
24.1 28.0 23.3 26.8
24.1 29.3 23.0 27.9
24.6 29.8 23.5 28.3
24.3 29.4 23.4 28.3
24.3 29.2 23.2 27.7
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
-15.4 31.9 22.9 30.2 22.2 28.7 21.2
-12.6 30.1 22.5 28.7 21.7 27.5 20.9
-14.6 32.0 22.9 30.1 21.8 28.6 21.1
-15.2 32.2 22.9 30.3 22.0 28.7 21.3
-13.7 32.3 22.9 30.3 22.2 28.8 21.5
-14.7 32.2 23.1 29.9 21.7 28.0 20.8
Heating DB
99.6%
-18.3
-14.9
-17.2
-17.5
-16.2
-17.5
-20.2
-19.7
-18.6
-20.2
-21.2
92.03W
92.19W
93.47W
93.92W
93.20W
93.35W
93.23W
92.49W
93.03W
94.05W
93.05W
46.72N
46.84N
44.83N
44.22N
45.15N
45.06N
44.88N
43.90N
44.85N
45.55N
44.93N
266
193
299
204
177
198
Elev
566
362
321
299
406
84.58W
86.24W
83.42W
84.08W
82.83W
82.52W
Long
42.78N
43.17N
42.67N
43.53N
42.60N
42.91N
Lat
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
113
MANCHESTER
PEASE INTL TRADEPOR
New Jersey
ATLANTIC CITY INTL
MONMOUTH EXECUTIVE
MC GUIRE AFB
MILLVILLE MUNI
NEWARK INTL AIRPORT
TETERBORO
TRENTON MERCER
New Mexico
ALAMOGORDO WHITE SA
ALBUQUERQUE INTL
CANNON AFB
CLOVIS MUNI
FOUR CORNERS RGNL
HOLLOMAN AFB
ROSWELL/INDUSTRIAL
WHITE SANDS
New York
ALBANY COUNTY AIRPO
AMBROSE LIGHT
BINGHAMTON/BROOME C
GREATER BUFFALO INT
ELMIRA CORNING RGNL
GRIFFISS AIRPARK
LONG ISLAND MAC ART
CHATAUQUA CO JAMESTO
NEW YORK/JOHN F. KE
NEW YORK/LA GUARDIA
STEWART INTL
NIAGARA FALLS INTL
PLATTSBURGH INTL
DUTCHESS CO
REPUBLIC
ROCHESTER-MONROE CO
SYRACUSE/HANCOCK
ONEIDA CO
WESTCHESTER CO
North Carolina
ASHEVILLE MUNICIPAL
CHARLOTTE/DOUGLAS
FAYETTEVILLE RGNL G
FORT BRAGG/SIMMONS
GREENSBORO/G.-HIGH
HICKORY RGNL
JACKSONVILLE (AWOS)
NEW RIVER MCAS
PITT GREENVILLE
POPE AFB
RALEIGH/RALEIGH-DUR
SEYMOUR JOHNSON AFB
WILMINGTON
SMITH REYNOLDS
North Dakota
BISMARCK MUNICIPAL
FARGO/HECTOR FIELD
Station
105.98W
106.62W
103.32W
103.07W
108.23W
106.10W
104.54W
106.48W
73.80W
73.80W
75.98W
78.74W
76.89W
75.41W
73.10W
79.25W
73.80W
73.88W
74.10W
78.95W
73.47W
73.88W
73.42W
77.68W
76.10W
75.38W
73.71W
82.54W
80.94W
78.88W
78.94W
79.94W
81.39W
77.61W
77.43W
77.38W
79.03W
78.79W
77.96W
77.90W
80.22W
32.84N
35.04N
34.38N
34.43N
36.74N
32.85N
33.31N
32.38N
42.75N
40.45N
42.21N
42.94N
42.16N
43.23N
40.79N
42.15N
40.66N
40.78N
41.50N
43.11N
44.65N
41.63N
40.73N
43.12N
43.11N
43.15N
41.07N
35.43N
35.21N
34.99N
35.13N
36.10N
35.74N
34.83N
34.70N
35.64N
35.17N
35.87N
35.34N
34.27N
36.13N
-9.6
-6.1
-5.4
-5.6
-7.5
-7.1
-6.4
-4.9
-6.2
-6.2
-6.9
-5.4
-4.1
-7.3
-28.1
-28.5
46.77N 100.75W 506
46.93N 96.81W 274
-18.3
-10.1
-17.9
-15.8
-17.9
-20.9
-11.4
-17.2
-10.1
-10.1
-15.2
-16.1
-23.1
-16.9
-11.0
-16.2
-18.5
-20.6
-12.8
-6.0
-7.7
-10.8
-10.0
-13.7
-7.3
-7.8
-7.6
-11.5
-11.3
-11.2
-11.7
-10.9
-11.4
-11.2
99.6%
-17.0
-16.2
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
-25.0
-25.8
-7.3
-3.9
-3.1
-3.5
-5.5
-4.8
-4.0
-2.9
-4.0
-4.0
-4.6
-3.2
-2.4
-4.9
-15.6
-7.9
-15.5
-13.6
-15.2
-17.5
-9.0
-14.9
-7.9
-7.8
-12.5
-13.7
-20.6
-13.6
-7.9
-13.9
-15.4
-17.2
-10.7
-3.8
-5.8
-7.9
-7.8
-11.2
-5.4
-5.9
-5.3
-8.9
-8.9
-8.9
-9.0
-8.6
-9.0
-8.9
34.4
32.6
31.3
34.6
35.9
36.1
33.7
33.8
34.4
33.9
35.1
36.2
34.9
36.1
33.7
33.8
31.8
28.8
29.7
30.2
32.1
31.4
31.4
28.0
32.1
33.6
32.3
31.1
30.3
33.0
32.3
31.5
31.8
30.7
32.1
37.7
35.1
36.5
36.1
35.2
37.4
37.8
37.2
33.4
32.7
33.7
33.4
34.5
33.6
33.8
20.9
22.2
21.8
23.6
24.6
24.6
23.5
22.4
24.9
25.6
24.6
24.1
24.3
24.8
25.0
23.1
22.8
N/A
21.1
21.8
22.1
22.5
23.0
20.8
22.7
23.4
22.7
22.7
21.8
23.2
23.2
22.9
22.9
22.5
23.3
17.7
15.6
17.4
17.7
15.5
17.2
18.3
17.6
23.8
23.1
24.4
23.8
23.7
23.6
23.4
32.3
30.9
29.9
33.3
34.0
34.8
32.5
32.5
33.0
32.7
33.9
34.1
33.5
34.7
32.3
32.6
30.1
27.1
28.0
28.8
30.3
29.7
29.8
27.2
30.3
32.0
30.2
29.6
28.4
31.5
30.3
29.8
30.1
29.0
30.3
37.0
33.9
34.9
34.1
33.8
36.1
36.6
35.8
31.9
31.3
32.3
32.1
32.8
32.1
32.3
20.4
21.3
21.5
23.3
24.0
24.4
23.2
22.4
24.4
25.3
24.0
23.7
24.0
24.4
24.6
22.8
21.8
N/A
20.2
21.1
21.1
21.3
22.3
20.3
22.1
22.6
22.1
21.8
20.8
22.6
22.2
21.8
21.8
21.4
22.3
17.9
15.4
17.7
17.7
15.1
17.2
18.3
17.7
23.2
22.4
23.7
23.4
22.8
23.0
22.9
30.4
29.2
28.8
32.2
32.8
33.4
31.3
31.2
32.3
31.8
32.8
32.8
32.3
33.2
31.2
31.4
28.6
25.8
26.6
27.5
28.7
28.0
28.2
26.0
28.7
30.5
28.9
28.0
26.8
29.8
28.7
28.2
28.6
27.6
28.7
35.1
32.6
33.4
32.8
32.5
34.7
35.3
34.6
30.3
29.1
31.0
30.7
31.3
30.8
31.0
19.8
20.4
21.0
23.0
23.8
24.0
22.7
22.1
24.0
25.0
23.6
23.6
23.6
24.1
24.2
22.4
21.2
N/A
19.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
21.6
19.3
21.7
22.1
21.5
21.0
20.1
21.8
21.8
20.9
21.1
20.6
21.6
17.8
15.4
17.9
17.7
15.0
17.1
18.3
17.7
22.7
21.6
23.2
22.8
22.2
22.3
22.5
23.6
24.1
23.3
25.1
26.2
26.3
25.0
24.3
26.4
27.0
26.1
26.4
25.7
26.7
26.2
24.7
24.2
N/A
22.6
23.8
23.7
23.9
24.8
22.3
24.8
25.0
24.4
24.2
23.4
24.9
24.8
24.1
24.1
23.9
24.7
21.7
18.5
21.3
20.9
18.4
20.5
21.6
21.0
25.5
24.6
26.2
25.6
25.4
25.4
25.1
30.1
29.6
28.4
31.3
32.1
32.7
31.0
30.0
32.7
31.7
32.9
31.0
32.1
32.1
31.1
30.6
29.3
N/A
27.1
27.7
29.1
29.5
28.6
26.6
28.8
30.6
29.5
28.7
27.9
30.7
29.2
29.2
29.6
28.5
29.4
30.4
27.4
28.8
29.1
27.6
29.8
30.5
30.8
30.8
30.4
30.8
30.7
31.5
30.9
31.3
22.3
23.0
22.7
24.5
25.6
25.7
24.3
23.8
25.7
26.3
25.3
25.8
25.2
26.0
25.7
24.0
23.3
N/A
21.7
22.9
22.7
22.8
24.0
21.4
24.1
24.3
23.5
23.3
22.3
23.9
24.1
23.1
23.1
22.9
23.8
20.8
18.0
20.6
20.3
17.8
19.9
21.0
20.5
24.8
23.8
25.4
24.9
24.6
24.4
24.3
29.1
28.6
27.6
30.5
31.2
31.9
29.9
29.3
31.4
31.0
31.4
30.6
31.2
31.3
30.1
29.7
27.9
N/A
25.8
26.7
27.9
27.7
27.3
25.4
27.6
29.2
28.3
27.6
26.7
29.2
27.9
27.7
28.1
27.1
28.0
29.6
26.9
28.4
28.6
27.1
29.4
30.0
30.1
29.4
29.0
29.8
29.5
29.9
29.5
29.6
21.6
22.4
21.9
23.4
24.8
24.6
23.1
22.7
24.7
26.0
24.1
25.3
24.1
25.2
25.0
22.8
22.6
N/A
21.2
22.4
22.2
22.2
23.7
21.1
23.6
23.4
22.8
22.7
21.9
23.0
23.7
22.5
22.4
22.4
23.0
19.1
16.4
19.4
18.7
16.2
18.0
19.5
18.8
24.0
22.8
25.1
24.1
23.7
23.8
23.0
17.3
17.7
18.0
18.7
20.0
19.8
18.5
18.2
19.8
21.3
19.0
20.6
19.3
20.5
20.1
18.2
17.5
N/A
16.9
17.6
17.4
17.2
18.5
16.9
18.5
18.3
17.8
17.8
16.7
17.8
18.6
17.5
17.3
17.6
18.1
16.2
14.3
16.7
15.9
14.2
15.1
16.3
15.9
18.9
17.6
20.2
19.1
18.6
18.6
17.9
27.7
27.7
25.2
27.2
28.0
29.0
27.3
26.2
29.4
29.5
28.3
27.3
28.2
28.5
28.4
27.0
26.8
N/A
24.8
26.1
26.7
27.1
26.5
25.2
26.7
27.2
26.6
26.8
26.1
27.8
26.6
27.0
27.2
26.2
26.3
24.1
20.0
23.0
23.5
19.7
22.2
23.4
22.3
27.7
27.2
28.1
27.5
27.8
28.1
27.4
20.1
21.1
21.3
22.9
24.1
24.0
22.7
22.3
23.9
25.0
23.7
24.9
23.5
24.8
24.5
22.4
21.8
N/A
20.4
21.5
21.2
21.2
22.9
20.0
23.0
22.8
22.3
22.0
20.8
22.3
22.8
21.6
21.4
21.4
22.5
18.6
15.8
18.6
17.8
15.2
17.4
18.8
18.1
23.4
22.3
24.0
23.5
23.0
22.8
22.6
15.8
16.3
17.3
18.1
19.1
19.1
18.0
17.7
18.9
20.1
18.5
20.1
18.6
19.9
19.5
17.7
16.7
N/A
16.0
16.6
16.4
16.1
17.7
15.6
17.7
17.5
17.3
17.1
15.6
17.1
17.6
16.5
16.3
16.5
17.5
15.8
13.7
15.8
15.0
13.2
14.5
15.6
15.2
18.3
17.1
18.9
18.4
17.8
17.6
17.5
26.1
26.8
24.6
26.7
27.5
28.5
26.7
25.7
28.4
28.8
27.9
27.1
27.5
28.2
28.0
26.6
25.9
N/A
23.8
25.3
25.3
25.8
25.7
23.9
25.9
26.8
26.2
25.9
24.8
27.0
25.7
25.7
25.9
25.2
25.8
24.0
20.3
22.9
22.6
20.0
22.3
23.2
22.4
27.0
26.8
27.5
27.0
27.1
26.8
27.1
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
8.6
7.9
7.0
3452
406
10.3
8.8
7.8
3566
303
7 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM
11.1
9.5
8.4
2729
563
11.3
9.8
8.6
2836
497
10.4
8.9
7.9
2702
583
9.0
8.2
7.4
2717
588
11.2
9.8
8.6
2604
698
9.2
8.3
7.6
2776
583
9.5
8.5
7.8
2768
583
8 sites, 11 more on CD-ROM
9.9
8.4
7.3
1587
1058
12.6 11.1 9.2
2219
761
12.6 11.1 9.6
2098
753
14.2 12.2 10.9 2269
662
11.1
9.5
8.3
2960
507
10.7
8.8
7.6
1793
953
11.6
9.5
8.3
1731
1051
8.4
7.2
5.9
1637
1006
19 sites, 17 more on CD-ROM
10.8
9.2
8.3
3646
344
18.9 16.5 14.9 2731
391
9.3
8.4
7.7
3943
222
12.3 10.9 9.3
3616
313
9.1
8.2
7.3
3759
261
10.2
8.5
7.6
3919
263
10.7
9.1
8.3
2941
449
9.6
8.5
7.7
3981
164
12.2 11.0 9.7
2691
547
12.1 11.0 9.6
2531
699
10.9
9.1
8.2
3296
401
11.8 10.5 9.1
3658
328
9.2
8.2
7.3
4346
200
8.3
7.5
6.4
3416
390
11.0
9.6
8.5
2801
507
11.2
9.5
8.5
3643
308
10.9
9.1
8.2
3654
330
9.3
8.4
7.7
3930
257
9.7
8.3
7.4
3088
416
14 sites, 22 more on CD-ROM
10.3
8.7
7.8
2302
469
8.3
7.4
6.4
1703
952
9.0
8.0
7.0
1536
1087
7.9
6.6
5.6
1548
1151
8.9
7.9
7.1
2003
803
7.8
6.7
5.8
1949
765
8.9
7.9
6.9
1648
956
9.0
8.0
7.1
1415
1076
8.4
7.4
6.3
1628
1068
8.4
7.4
6.3
1600
1106
8.5
7.5
6.7
1819
926
8.3
7.3
6.3
1519
1141
9.5
8.4
7.5
1358
1128
8.1
7.1
6.0
1927
823
6 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM
12.2 10.9 9.3
4664
303
12.6 11.3 10.3 4849
308
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
0.4%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
-13.8 32.8 22.2 31.4 21.4 29.8 20.8 24.2 29.8 23.2 28.4 22.4 17.3 26.8 21.8 16.6 26.0
-13.1 32.0 22.6 30.0 21.8 28.0 20.8 24.1 29.4 23.1 27.9 22.5 17.2 26.8 21.7 16.4 25.8
Heating DB
661
234
60
74
270
362
29
8
8
61
133
34
10
296
89
21
499
215
291
158
30
525
7
9
150
179
71
49
25
169
127
227
121
1280
1620
1309
1284
1677
1248
1118
1244
20
49
40
23
9
2
65
74.58W
74.12W
74.58W
75.08W
74.17W
74.06W
74.81W
39.46N
40.19N
40.02N
39.37N
40.68N
40.85N
40.28N
Elev
71
31
Long
42.93N 71.44W
43.08N 70.82W
Lat
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
114
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
GRAND FORKS AFB
GRAND FORKS INTL
MINOT AFB
MINOT INTL
Ohio
AKRON/AKRON-CANTON
CINCINNATI MUNI LUN
CLEVELAND
COLUMBUS/PORT COLUM
DAYTON/JAMES M COX
FINDLAY
FAIRFIELD CO
MANSFIELD LAHM RGNL
OHIO STATE UNIVERSI
RICKENBACKER INTL
TOLEDO EXPRESS
DAYTON/WRIGHT-PATTE
YOUNGSTOWN MUNI
Oklahoma
FORT SILL
LAWTON MUNICIPAL
OKLAHOMA CITY/W. RO
OKLAHOMA CITY/WILEY
STILLWATER RGNL
TINKER AFB
TULSA INTL ARPT(AW)
RICHARD LLOYD JONES
VANCE AFB
Oregon
AURORA STATE
CORVALLIS MUNI
EUGENE/MAHLON SWEET
MC MINNVILLE MUNI
MEDFORD-JACKSON COU
PORTLAND INTL ARPT
PORTLAND/HILLSBORO
ROBERTS FLD
SALEM/MCNARY
Pennsylvania
ALLENTOWN/A.-BETHLE
ALTOONA BLAIR CO
BUTLER CO SCHOLTER F
ERIE INTL AIRPORT
HARRISBURG/CAPITAL
HARRISBURG INTL
PHILADELPHIA INTL
NORTHEAST PHILADELPH
ALLEGHENY CO
GREATER PITTSBURGH I
READING RGNL CARL A
WASHINGTON CO
WILKES-BARRE-SCRANT
WILLOW GROVE NAS JR
Rhode Island
PROVIDENCE/GREEN ST
Station
122.77W 60
123.29W 75
123.21W 114
123.13W 49
122.87W 405
122.60W 33
122.95W 70
121.15W 940
123.00W 61
117
448
380
225
106
95
9
36
388
367
108
361
293
110
19
98.40W
98.42W
97.60W
97.65W
97.09W
97.38W
95.89W
95.98W
97.99W
75.45W
78.32W
79.94W
80.18W
76.85W
76.76W
75.23W
75.01W
79.92W
80.23W
75.96W
80.28W
75.73W
75.15W
34.65N
34.57N
35.39N
35.53N
36.16N
35.42N
36.20N
36.04N
36.34N
45.25N
44.50N
44.13N
45.20N
42.39N
45.59N
45.54N
44.25N
44.91N
40.65N
40.30N
40.78N
42.08N
40.22N
40.19N
39.87N
40.08N
40.36N
40.50N
40.37N
40.14N
41.34N
40.20N
41.72N 71.43W
362
338
398
396
300
397
206
191
398
377
152
245
249
306
248
265
400
276
227
211
251
362
81.44W
84.42W
81.85W
82.88W
84.22W
83.67W
82.66W
82.52W
83.08W
82.92W
83.80W
84.05W
80.67W
40.92N
39.10N
41.41N
39.99N
39.91N
41.01N
39.76N
40.82N
40.08N
39.80N
41.59N
39.83N
41.25N
278
254
508
522
Elev
97.40W
97.18W
101.36W
101.28W
Long
47.95N
47.95N
48.43N
48.26N
Lat
-13.1
-13.1
-14.5
-16.0
-14.0
-11.9
-11.3
-10.1
-10.9
-14.7
-14.9
-12.3
-16.1
-15.3
-11.3
-3.0
-3.9
-4.8
-2.9
-5.0
-3.8
-4.9
-14.7
-4.7
-9.8
-7.9
-10.0
-10.8
-10.2
-9.0
-10.5
-9.0
-12.2
-16.2
-13.3
-15.5
-15.0
-16.7
-17.2
-16.9
-17.2
-15.0
-14.1
-17.0
-16.0
-16.2
99.6%
-27.9
-30.0
-30.8
-28.4
-10.6
-10.8
-12.2
-12.9
-12.0
-9.2
-9.1
-7.8
-8.4
-12.2
-12.3
-9.8
-12.9
-12.7
-9.0
-2.1
-2.4
-2.6
-2.1
-3.3
-1.4
-2.8
-10.8
-2.6
-6.5
-6.2
-7.3
-7.6
-7.7
-7.3
-7.6
-7.4
-9.1
-13.4
-10.3
-12.4
-12.0
-13.3
-14.0
-12.6
-14.1
-12.2
-11.3
-14.0
-12.5
-13.4
99%
-26.0
-27.3
-27.6
-25.5
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
32.3
32.8
31.3
31.2
30.4
33.6
33.5
34.1
34.0
32.2
32.1
33.7
31.3
31.8
33.7
33.0
33.8
33.2
33.0
37.3
33.0
33.5
33.9
33.5
38.2
39.1
37.5
37.5
38.7
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.0
31.6
33.8
32.0
32.9
32.4
32.5
32.5
31.2
32.4
33.7
32.9
32.6
31.4
23.0
23.2
22.1
22.1
22.8
23.2
23.9
24.0
24.1
22.4
22.5
23.4
21.5
22.2
23.7
19.4
19.4
19.2
18.9
19.4
19.6
20.0
16.5
19.4
22.8
23.0
23.4
23.3
24.1
22.7
24.4
24.8
23.0
22.7
23.6
23.2
23.1
23.1
22.9
23.0
22.8
22.9
24.0
23.3
23.2
22.5
30.4
31.3
29.8
29.2
29.0
32.2
32.1
32.7
32.6
30.8
30.6
32.2
29.7
30.1
32.3
31.3
32.1
31.1
31.3
35.3
30.8
31.3
32.3
31.2
37.0
37.9
36.1
36.2
37.3
36.0
36.0
37.0
36.9
30.1
32.4
30.5
31.7
31.1
31.2
31.3
29.7
31.2
32.5
31.4
31.3
29.9
22.2
22.5
21.6
21.3
22.1
22.5
23.4
23.5
23.4
21.8
21.7
22.8
20.9
21.3
23.0
19.2
18.8
18.7
18.8
18.8
19.2
19.5
16.0
18.8
22.8
23.2
23.5
23.3
24.2
22.8
24.5
25.0
23.0
22.1
23.4
22.5
22.7
22.7
22.4
22.8
22.1
22.7
23.6
22.6
23.0
21.7
28.8
29.8
28.2
27.9
27.7
30.9
30.5
31.3
31.3
29.1
29.1
30.9
28.3
28.6
30.9
28.8
29.8
28.9
28.9
33.4
28.7
28.9
30.6
29.0
35.3
37.1
34.5
34.3
35.2
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.1
28.6
31.1
29.0
30.3
29.7
29.5
29.9
28.4
29.8
31.3
29.9
30.0
28.5
21.4
21.8
20.8
20.5
21.4
22.1
22.6
22.7
22.8
21.0
21.0
22.2
20.2
20.5
22.3
18.6
17.9
18.0
18.2
18.1
18.5
18.6
15.4
18.1
23.0
23.2
23.4
23.2
24.3
22.8
24.2
24.8
23.2
21.3
22.9
21.7
22.0
21.9
21.5
22.1
21.3
21.9
23.1
21.9
22.2
20.9
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
32.2 23.2 30.0 21.6 28.0 20.2
32.2 21.7 30.2 20.8 28.6 20.0
33.9 20.2 31.8 19.7 29.7 19.1
32.9 20.3 31.0 20.0 28.9 18.9
24.7
24.9
23.7
23.6
24.1
24.8
25.6
25.7
25.8
23.9
24.0
25.0
23.1
23.8
25.3
21.1
20.3
20.5
20.4
20.5
20.8
21.4
17.6
20.4
25.3
25.6
25.5
25.2
26.2
25.2
26.2
26.4
25.2
24.2
25.5
24.6
24.9
24.7
24.7
24.8
24.2
24.6
26.9
25.1
25.0
23.9
29.5
30.2
28.8
28.6
28.2
30.6
31.0
31.4
31.5
29.3
29.3
30.9
28.4
28.9
31.4
30.2
31.7
30.8
30.7
34.6
30.5
31.2
31.4
31.4
32.8
33.7
32.8
32.9
34.4
31.8
33.6
34.5
33.1
29.1
31.1
29.7
30.5
30.1
30.1
30.2
29.2
29.9
30.4
30.5
29.6
29.1
23.8
24.0
22.9
22.7
23.3
24.1
24.7
25.0
24.9
23.1
23.2
24.1
22.3
22.9
24.5
20.1
19.4
19.5
19.4
19.6
20.0
20.2
16.7
19.5
24.7
25.1
24.9
24.7
25.6
24.5
25.6
25.8
24.6
23.3
24.9
23.7
24.1
24.0
23.8
24.1
23.4
23.8
25.8
24.1
24.2
23.0
27.8
28.7
27.7
27.5
27.3
29.2
29.6
30.2
30.4
28.2
28.1
29.3
27.8
27.6
30.0
28.9
30.5
29.3
29.5
33.1
29.2
29.6
30.0
29.6
32.1
33.0
32.2
32.2
33.6
31.1
32.9
33.7
32.4
27.9
30.1
28.3
29.2
28.9
28.6
28.8
28.0
28.6
29.8
29.0
28.8
27.7
23.3
23.2
22.2
22.3
22.7
23.0
24.0
24.1
24.1
22.4
22.4
23.0
21.3
22.3
23.5
17.7
16.1
16.8
17.0
15.7
17.3
17.6
12.6
16.4
23.4
23.1
23.5
22.9
23.9
23.0
24.1
24.1
23.0
22.6
24.0
22.9
23.1
23.0
22.9
22.9
22.7
22.8
26.2
23.4
23.8
22.3
18.1
18.3
17.9
17.8
17.9
18.0
19.1
19.1
19.1
17.9
17.9
18.0
16.7
17.6
18.6
12.8
11.5
12.1
12.2
11.7
12.4
12.7
10.2
11.7
19.0
18.6
19.2
18.6
19.5
18.6
19.5
19.4
18.6
18.2
19.2
18.2
18.4
18.4
18.2
18.2
18.3
18.1
22.2
18.7
19.2
17.8
26.8
27.3
26.6
26.6
27.0
27.0
28.3
28.1
28.2
26.6
26.7
27.8
26.1
26.2
28.4
24.3
24.8
23.7
23.3
23.4
24.0
24.9
19.5
22.8
28.1
28.2
28.7
28.5
30.1
27.2
29.7
29.7
27.8
26.9
28.1
27.4
27.4
27.7
27.9
27.3
27.2
27.3
29.0
28.2
27.0
26.4
22.6
22.5
21.3
21.3
21.9
22.5
23.1
23.5
23.1
21.5
21.6
22.5
20.9
21.4
22.7
17.2
14.7
15.8
16.0
14.6
16.5
16.5
11.5
15.5
22.7
22.8
22.9
22.5
23.0
22.7
23.6
23.8
22.5
21.9
23.2
22.2
22.5
22.4
22.2
22.5
22.0
22.4
24.7
22.6
22.8
21.5
17.3
17.4
16.9
16.7
17.0
17.4
18.0
18.3
17.9
17.0
17.0
17.4
16.3
16.7
17.7
12.4
10.6
11.4
11.4
10.9
11.8
11.8
9.5
11.1
18.2
18.3
18.5
18.1
18.4
18.3
18.8
19.1
18.1
17.3
18.3
17.4
17.7
17.7
17.5
17.7
17.5
17.7
20.3
17.7
18.0
16.9
25.9
26.5
25.5
25.2
25.9
26.4
27.2
27.4
27.2
25.7
25.7
27.1
25.4
25.2
27.6
23.2
24.2
22.4
22.2
23.2
22.8
23.1
19.4
22.4
27.5
28.1
27.9
28.0
28.9
27.0
29.3
29.4
27.6
25.8
27.3
26.4
26.8
26.9
26.9
26.8
26.2
26.7
28.0
27.0
26.2
25.3
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
23.9 19.4 27.3 22.3 17.6 25.7
22.1 17.3 27.3 20.7 15.8 25.9
20.8 16.5 26.3 19.1 14.8 24.8
21.2 16.9 26.6 19.7 15.4 25.0
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
12.4 11.1 9.8
5109
226
12.0 10.9 9.3
5178
236
12.9 11.6 10.2 5013
239
12.5 11.1 9.8
4831
247
13 sites, 15 more on CD-ROM
10.4
8.9
8.1
3363
382
9.1
8.2
7.4
2636
642
10.9
9.3
8.4
3250
430
10.0
8.4
7.5
2919
564
10.9
9.3
8.4
3062
525
11.1
9.4
8.5
3294
449
9.0
7.9
7.1
3033
450
10.9
9.3
8.4
3418
366
9.8
8.5
7.7
3016
506
10.6
8.9
7.9
2762
642
10.9
9.2
8.3
3374
443
9.6
8.4
7.6
2945
532
9.5
8.4
7.7
3443
324
9 sites, 11 more on CD-ROM
11.0
9.5
8.6
1776
1176
11.6 10.3 9.0
1760
1262
12.3 11.2 10.1 1910
1083
12.0 10.9 9.8
1937
1137
11.1
9.8
8.8
1994
1112
11.7 10.6 9.2
1879
1064
11.0
9.6
8.7
1919
1139
8.9
8.0
7.2
1946
1122
12.3 11.0 9.7
2187
1036
9 sites, 18 more on CD-ROM
8.1
7.0
5.7
2453
211
8.9
8.0
7.2
2364
221
8.7
7.8
7.1
2577
150
9.2
7.9
6.9
2596
159
8.2
6.9
5.6
2369
463
10.6
8.8
7.8
2341
241
8.4
7.5
6.4
2636
157
9.3
8.3
7.5
3594
132
9.3
8.2
7.3
2518
174
14 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
10.5
8.8
7.9
3084
466
10.3
8.5
7.6
3306
340
8.0
7.0
5.8
3383
305
10.9
9.5
8.7
3378
366
9.2
8.2
7.4
2838
587
11.5 10.3 8.5
2803
617
11.0
9.3
8.4
2507
740
9.8
8.4
7.7
2641
654
9.1
8.2
7.5
3021
473
10.3
8.7
7.9
3102
434
10.2
8.6
7.9
2873
554
8.6
7.6
6.6
3313
299
9.0
8.1
7.3
3381
354
8.4
7.4
6.3
2726
597
1 site, 2 more on CD-ROM
10.9
9.2
8.4
3090
413
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
25.1 29.1 23.4 27.8
23.8 29.1 22.5 28.0
22.8 30.0 21.5 28.4
23.0 29.0 21.6 27.7
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
115
South Carolina
CHARLESTON MUNI
COLUMBIA METRO
FLORENCE RGNL
FOLLY ISLAND
GREENVILLE/GREENVIL
SHAW AFB/SUMTER
South Dakota
ELLSWORTH AFB
RAPID CITY/REGIONAL
SIOUX FALLS/FOSS FI
Tennessee
TRI CITIES RGNL
CHATTANOOGA/LOVELL
MC KELLAR SIPES RGN
KNOXVILLE MUNICIPAL
MEMPHIS INTL ARPT
MILLINGTON MUNI ARP
NASHVILLE/METROPOLI
Texas
ABILENE DYESS AFB
ABILENE MUNICIPAL
AMARILLO INTL
AUSTIN/MUELLER MUNI
BROWNSVILLE INTL
AUSTIN CAMP MABRY
EASTERWOOD FLD
CORPUS CHRISTI/INT.
CORPUS CHRISTE NAS
DALLAS HENSLEY FIELD NAS
DALLAS LOVE FLD
DALLAS EXECUTIVE
DALLAS-FORT WORTH/F
DEL RIO INTL
DRAUGHON MILLER CEN
EL PASO INTL ARPT
ROBERT GRAY AAF
FORT WORTH ALLIANCE
FORT WORTH MEACHAM
FORT WORTH NAS JRB
GALVESTON
GEORGETOWN MUNI
VALLEY INTL
HOUSTON/INTERCONTIN
WILLIAM P HOBBY
HOUSTON/D.W. HOOKS
HOUSTON/ELLINGTON
LACKLAND AFB KELLY
KILLEEN MUNI (AWOS)
LAREDO INTL AIRPORT
LAUGHLIN AFB
LONGVIEW
LUBBOCK/LUBBOCK INT
ANGELINA CO
MC GREGOR EXECUTIVE
MC ALLEN MILLER INT
COLLIN CO RGNL
Station
99.85W
99.68W
101.71W
97.68W
97.43W
97.77W
96.36W
97.51W
97.28W
96.97W
96.85W
96.87W
97.04W
100.92W
97.40W
106.38W
97.83W
97.32W
97.36W
97.44W
94.86W
97.67W
97.65W
95.36W
95.28W
95.55W
95.16W
98.58W
97.69W
99.47W
100.78W
94.71W
101.82W
94.75W
97.30W
98.24W
96.59W
32.43N
32.41N
35.22N
30.18N
25.91N
30.32N
30.59N
27.77N
27.70N
32.73N
32.85N
32.68N
32.90N
29.37N
31.15N
31.81N
31.07N
32.97N
32.82N
32.77N
29.27N
30.68N
26.23N
29.99N
29.65N
30.06N
29.61N
29.38N
31.09N
27.55N
29.36N
32.39N
33.67N
31.23N
31.49N
26.18N
33.18N
545
546
1099
151
7
201
100
13
6
151
149
205
182
313
208
1194
309
220
215
198
3
240
11
32
14
46
10
211
259
155
330
114
988
96
180
34
178
-7.3
-6.6
-12.4
-3.0
3.4
-2.0
-2.4
1.3
2.9
-5.8
-4.2
-3.0
-5.0
-0.3
-3.9
-4.5
-2.7
-5.3
-5.6
-5.6
2.2
-3.1
2.6
-0.9
0.5
-1.2
0.0
-1.7
-3.0
1.4
-0.9
-4.0
-8.9
-2.7
-3.8
3.3
-5.9
-10.6
-7.2
-9.2
-8.6
-7.4
-8.0
-9.6
82.40W
85.20W
88.92W
83.99W
89.99W
89.87W
86.69W
36.48N
35.03N
35.59N
35.82N
35.06N
35.35N
36.12N
465
210
129
299
101
98
184
-23.0
-22.9
-24.6
99.6%
-4.8
-4.1
-9.1
-1.2
5.6
0.2
-0.2
3.3
5.2
-2.7
-2.1
-2.2
-2.6
1.5
-2.2
-2.5
-1.2
-3.0
-3.0
-2.6
4.0
-2.1
4.9
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.2
0.5
-1.4
3.6
1.2
-2.3
-6.7
-1.2
-2.2
5.6
-3.0
-8.0
-4.9
-7.1
-6.2
-5.0
-5.9
-7.1
-19.8
-19.7
-21.8
-0.9
-3.0
-2.7
1.4
-3.8
-2.6
99%
Heating DB
44.15N 103.10W 999
44.05N 103.05W 966
43.58N 96.75W 435
Elev
-2.6
-5.1
-4.6
-0.3
-6.0
-4.1
80.04W
81.12W
79.73W
79.88W
82.22W
80.48W
Long
15
69
46
5
296
73
32.90N
33.94N
34.19N
32.68N
34.90N
33.97N
Lat
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
38.7
37.4
36.3
37.7
35.2
37.6
37.5
35.7
33.9
37.6
37.9
37.9
38.0
38.7
37.6
38.1
37.8
38.8
38.1
38.0
32.9
37.4
37.1
36.2
35.2
37.0
35.6
37.7
37.5
39.0
40.0
37.4
37.2
37.1
37.8
37.9
37.8
32.5
35.0
35.0
33.9
35.9
36.8
34.9
35.4
36.2
33.5
34.6
36.2
35.7
30.8
34.7
35.3
22.2
21.5
19.0
23.6
25.4
23.4
24.3
25.5
26.4
24.2
24.1
23.8
23.6
22.4
23.4
18.0
22.2
23.6
23.7
23.6
26.2
22.8
25.3
24.8
25.3
24.5
25.7
23.9
23.5
23.0
22.6
24.2
19.3
24.7
23.7
24.6
23.9
22.1
23.8
24.8
23.3
25.1
25.9
23.8
18.7
18.8
23.1
25.6
24.0
24.8
25.4
23.2
24.0
37.4
36.3
34.8
36.8
34.6
36.6
36.3
34.8
33.2
36.4
37.1
37.2
37.0
37.5
36.7
36.9
37.1
37.5
37.2
37.2
32.5
36.2
36.2
35.1
34.1
35.2
34.7
36.7
36.6
38.0
38.7
36.1
35.9
35.4
37.2
37.2
37.2
31.2
33.7
33.8
32.6
34.6
35.2
33.5
33.0
33.9
31.6
33.4
34.9
34.1
30.1
33.2
34.0
22.2
21.6
19.1
23.7
25.4
23.6
24.3
25.5
26.3
24.1
24.1
23.8
23.7
22.4
23.5
17.8
22.3
23.7
23.7
23.7
26.1
22.7
25.4
24.8
25.2
24.8
25.7
23.8
23.4
23.0
23.0
24.3
19.7
24.9
23.8
24.7
24.0
21.9
23.5
24.7
23.1
24.8
24.9
23.7
18.5
18.6
22.8
25.3
23.9
24.4
25.4
23.1
24.0
36.1
35.0
33.4
35.6
33.9
35.5
35.2
33.9
32.8
35.1
35.9
36.0
35.8
36.5
35.5
35.6
35.4
36.3
36.0
36.0
32.2
35.0
35.3
34.1
33.4
33.9
33.8
35.6
35.3
37.3
37.4
34.2
34.4
34.1
36.1
36.3
36.0
30.0
32.5
32.6
31.4
33.5
33.8
32.4
31.2
31.9
30.0
32.4
33.6
33.0
29.5
32.1
32.7
22.2
21.6
19.0
24.0
25.4
23.7
24.4
25.4
26.3
23.9
24.0
23.7
23.9
22.3
23.5
17.8
22.5
23.5
23.7
23.8
26.1
22.8
25.4
24.8
25.1
24.7
25.7
23.7
23.6
23.1
22.9
24.1
19.8
24.7
23.7
24.7
24.0
21.7
23.2
24.4
22.8
24.5
24.6
23.4
18.1
18.2
21.8
25.0
23.6
24.1
25.3
22.7
23.8
25.1
24.2
21.8
26.1
27.1
25.8
26.6
27.3
28.0
26.1
26.4
25.7
25.9
25.3
25.6
21.2
24.9
25.7
25.8
26.1
27.5
25.0
27.4
26.8
26.9
26.8
27.3
26.7
25.5
25.8
26.0
26.2
22.9
26.7
25.9
26.9
25.8
23.9
25.5
26.6
25.1
26.7
27.4
25.6
21.5
21.6
25.1
27.1
25.8
26.3
26.9
25.1
26.2
32.8
31.6
30.1
32.1
31.1
31.6
32.7
31.8
31.3
33.4
33.6
33.3
33.1
31.8
32.7
30.0
30.7
33.6
33.2
33.3
30.5
31.8
32.1
31.6
31.6
31.2
32.2
32.4
33.2
32.6
32.9
32.6
30.9
32.5
33.2
32.8
33.4
29.5
31.7
32.4
31.0
33.1
33.9
31.6
29.8
29.7
30.7
31.7
32.2
32.5
29.4
31.1
32.4
24.4
23.7
21.2
25.7
26.8
25.5
26.0
26.9
27.6
25.5
25.7
25.3
25.5
24.9
25.2
20.7
24.5
25.3
25.3
25.5
27.2
24.5
26.9
26.3
26.6
26.3
26.9
26.1
25.1
25.4
25.3
25.7
22.3
26.2
25.5
26.5
25.5
23.4
25.0
25.9
24.5
26.1
26.4
25.1
20.5
20.6
24.1
26.6
25.4
25.7
26.3
24.5
25.6
32.2
31.1
29.6
31.6
30.9
31.3
31.8
31.3
31.0
32.9
32.9
32.7
32.7
31.4
32.2
29.5
30.5
33.1
32.8
32.8
30.3
31.3
31.7
31.2
31.2
31.0
31.9
31.3
32.7
32.1
32.6
32.0
30.3
31.9
33.0
32.1
33.0
28.7
30.9
31.6
30.1
32.3
33.0
31.0
28.9
29.3
29.6
31.0
31.5
31.6
29.0
30.1
31.3
23.1
22.3
19.6
24.9
26.3
24.6
25.1
26.3
27.3
24.1
24.5
23.9
24.1
23.8
23.9
19.3
23.8
23.8
24.0
24.3
27.1
23.0
26.3
25.7
26.0
26.1
26.2
25.2
23.3
24.3
24.2
24.5
20.9
25.2
24.0
26.0
24.0
22.4
23.9
25.0
23.3
24.9
26.0
24.0
18.9
19.1
23.5
26.0
24.3
24.8
26.0
23.4
24.8
19.1
18.2
16.4
20.3
21.7
20.1
20.5
21.7
23.2
19.4
19.9
19.2
19.4
19.4
19.2
16.3
19.4
19.1
19.4
19.7
22.8
18.2
21.8
21.0
21.3
21.6
21.7
20.9
18.6
19.6
19.8
19.8
17.5
20.6
19.3
21.4
19.3
18.0
19.2
20.4
18.8
20.3
21.6
19.3
15.5
15.6
19.3
21.4
19.4
19.9
21.4
18.9
20.0
27.4
26.7
24.0
27.6
28.3
27.2
28.5
28.4
29.3
29.8
29.5
28.0
28.7
27.5
27.6
22.7
25.7
28.7
28.7
28.9
29.0
26.7
28.4
28.3
28.4
28.1
28.9
28.6
28.1
27.4
28.5
28.1
25.1
28.2
28.4
28.1
28.3
26.1
27.5
29.7
27.4
29.9
31.4
28.3
25.6
25.4
28.5
29.1
27.9
28.7
28.9
26.9
28.2
22.5
21.8
19.0
24.3
25.9
24.1
24.7
26.0
26.5
23.4
23.9
23.0
23.6
23.1
23.1
18.6
22.9
23.0
23.4
23.6
26.3
22.7
26.1
25.2
25.4
25.2
25.8
24.9
22.9
23.9
23.5
24.1
20.1
24.9
23.6
25.4
23.6
21.8
23.3
24.1
22.8
24.3
24.5
23.4
17.7
18.0
22.4
25.4
23.8
24.1
25.5
22.9
24.0
18.4
17.6
15.7
19.6
21.3
19.5
19.9
21.3
22.1
18.6
19.1
18.2
18.8
18.5
18.4
15.6
18.4
18.2
18.6
18.9
21.7
17.9
21.5
20.4
20.6
20.4
21.2
20.5
18.2
19.1
19.0
19.2
16.7
20.2
18.9
20.6
18.9
17.4
18.5
19.4
18.2
19.5
19.7
18.5
14.3
14.5
18.1
20.6
18.8
19.1
20.7
18.3
19.1
27.1
26.3
23.6
27.2
28.2
26.9
28.0
28.3
29.2
29.0
28.8
27.5
28.2
27.3
27.2
22.8
25.4
28.0
28.1
28.5
29.1
26.7
28.3
28.0
28.2
27.9
28.9
28.3
27.9
27.3
28.1
27.8
24.6
28.1
28.1
27.9
28.0
25.5
27.0
28.9
26.9
29.4
30.1
27.7
24.3
24.3
27.6
28.6
27.5
27.9
28.3
26.4
27.5
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
6 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM
9.1
8.2
7.4
1044
1309
8.7
7.6
6.8
1389
1203
8.7
7.9
7.1
1349
1168
14.8 11.7 10.3 1068
1181
8.7
7.8
7.1
1711
906
8.6
7.6
6.8
1346
1156
3 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM
15.5 12.9 11.2 3823
371
15.7 13.7 11.7 3889
373
12.3 11.0 9.5
4150
414
7 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM
8.4
7.4
6.2
2341
574
8.0
7.1
6.1
1747
979
8.7
8.0
7.1
1904
970
9.1
7.9
6.8
1997
841
9.0
8.1
7.4
1610
1252
8.3
7.3
6.3
1735
1128
8.7
7.8
7.0
1954
961
51 sites, 34 more on CD-ROM
11.3
9.9
8.7
1393
1409
11.6 10.6 9.2
1379
1327
13.1 11.8 10.8 2279
759
9.5
8.5
7.7
928
1646
11.7 10.7 9.3
299
2214
8.6
7.6
6.9
832
1718
9.0
8.2
7.4
882
1683
12.2 11.1 10.2
478
1961
11.4 10.4 9.1
395
2102
9.2
8.4
7.6
1206
1513
10.0
8.9
8.2
1143
1636
10.2
8.7
7.9
1176
1536
11.6 10.5 9.2
1218
1547
9.3
8.3
7.5
705
1911
11.1 10.0 8.9
1097
1519
11.8 10.0 8.4
1324
1322
10.2
8.8
8.1
1009
1564
10.6
9.3
8.4
1313
1482
10.0
8.9
8.2
1252
1513
10.8
9.2
8.4
1194
1547
11.2
9.9
8.8
562
1801
9.4
8.4
7.7
1087
1518
12.4 11.2 10.4
318
2262
8.8
7.9
7.3
762
1699
9.3
8.4
7.7
649
1756
7.9
7.1
6.1
807
1652
8.7
7.9
7.1
693
1731
8.9
7.9
7.0
773
1768
9.9
8.9
8.1
1049
1564
11.0
9.8
9.0
466
2305
10.1
8.8
7.9
677
1954
8.9
8.0
7.1
1172
1406
12.9 11.6 10.5 1819
1026
8.0
7.2
6.4
1026
1470
10.4
9.1
8.3
1157
1512
11.1 10.2 9.1
303
2481
10.3
8.9
7.9
1381
1384
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
116
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
MIDLAND/MIDLAND REG
A L MANGHAM JR RGNL
PORT ARANSAS
PORT ARTHUR/JEFFERS
RANDOLPH AFB
REESE AFB/LUBBOCK
SABINE
SAN ANGELO/MATHIS
SAN ANTONIO INTL
STINSON MUNI
SAN MARCOS MUNI
VICTORIA/VICTORIA R
WACO RGNL
WICHITA FALLS/SHEPS
Utah
HILL AFB
LOGAN CACHE
PROVO MUNI
ST GEORGE MUNI
SALT LAKE CITY INTL
Vermont
BURLINGTON INTL
Virginia
DANVILLE RGNL
DINWIDDIE CO
DAVISON AAF
LANGLEY AFB/HAMPTON
LEESBURG EXECUTIVE
LYNCHBURG/MUN. P. G
MANASSAS RGNL DAVIS
NEWPORT NEWS WILLIA
NORFOLK INTL ARPT
NORFOLK NS
OCEANA NAS
QUANTICO MCAF
RICHMOND/BYRD FIELD
ROANOKE MUNICIPAL
SHENANDOAH VALLEY RG
VIRGINIA TECH ARPT
WASHINGTON/DULLES
WASHINGTON/NATIONAL
Washington
ARLINGTON MUNI
BELLINGHAM INTL
BREMERTON NATIONAL
FAIRCHILD AFB
FELTS FLD
FORT LEWIS/GRAY AAF
KELSO LONGVIEW
TACOMA/MC CHORD AFB
OLYMPIA
TRI CITIES
PEARSON FLD
BOEING FLD KING CO
SEATTLE-TACOMA INTL
SANDERSON FLD
SNOHOMISH CO
Station
104
180
59
23
6
119
286
59
16
9
5
7
4
50
358
366
650
99
20
44.47N 73.15W
79.34W
77.50W
77.32W
76.35W
77.55W
79.21W
77.50W
76.49W
76.19W
76.28W
76.03W
77.30W
77.32W
79.97W
78.88W
80.40W
77.45W
77.03W
122.15W
122.54W
122.76W
117.65W
117.32W
122.55W
122.89W
122.48W
122.90W
119.12W
122.66W
122.30W
122.31W
123.15W
122.28W
36.57N
37.18N
38.72N
37.08N
39.08N
37.34N
38.72N
37.13N
36.90N
36.93N
36.82N
38.50N
37.51N
37.32N
38.26N
37.21N
38.94N
38.87N
48.16N
48.79N
47.49N
47.62N
47.68N
47.12N
46.12N
47.15N
46.97N
46.27N
45.62N
47.53N
47.46N
47.24N
47.91N
42
46
134
750
600
92
6
87
61
123
6
9
132
82
185
1460
1358
1371
896
1288
111.97W
111.85W
111.72W
113.58W
111.97W
41.12N
41.79N
40.22N
37.09N
40.79N
872
108
6
5
232
1017
6
577
247
176
182
36
155
314
Elev
102.21W
94.70W
97.07W
94.02W
98.28W
102.05W
94.05W
100.49W
98.46W
98.47W
97.85W
96.93W
97.23W
98.49W
Long
31.93N
31.58N
27.83N
29.95N
29.53N
33.60N
29.67N
31.35N
29.53N
29.34N
29.89N
28.86N
31.61N
33.98N
Lat
-6.3
-7.2
-5.2
-14.0
-13.5
-6.8
-6.0
-6.0
-6.6
-13.7
-3.9
-4.0
-3.8
-4.9
-3.6
-7.7
-8.8
-10.3
-6.3
-9.7
-9.3
-11.2
-7.1
-5.3
-4.5
-5.9
-8.7
-7.9
-9.0
-11.2
-12.0
-11.1
-8.2
-22.1
-12.5
-21.1
-13.8
-3.0
-12.4
99.6%
-6.7
-3.8
2.7
-0.3
-2.3
-9.6
0.1
-5.6
-1.5
-0.9
-2.3
-0.5
-4.1
-7.7
-4.1
-4.5
-3.0
-11.3
-10.1
-4.0
-3.2
-3.9
-4.1
-9.1
-2.5
-2.0
-1.3
-3.0
-1.3
-5.9
-7.1
-7.7
-4.0
-7.7
-7.2
-8.7
-4.9
-3.2
-2.6
-3.6
-6.9
-6.0
-6.9
-8.7
-9.0
-8.6
-6.3
-19.3
-10.9
-17.5
-11.4
-2.2
-9.9
99%
-4.4
-2.3
5.1
1.5
-0.2
-7.0
2.2
-3.4
0.4
1.1
-0.9
1.4
-2.1
-5.2
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
27.9
26.4
29.9
33.8
34.6
30.9
31.2
30.2
30.9
37.4
32.7
30.0
29.6
31.1
27.1
34.8
36.3
36.0
33.0
35.1
33.4
33.9
34.8
34.3
34.5
33.8
33.6
35.1
33.5
34.1
32.1
34.2
34.7
31.4
35.1
34.7
34.8
41.3
36.5
18.9
18.4
18.4
16.7
18.4
18.6
19.8
18.0
18.9
20.5
18.9
18.7
18.4
18.4
17.7
23.7
25.2
24.5
24.5
24.3
23.2
23.4
25.1
24.8
25.1
25.1
24.7
24.4
22.7
23.3
22.5
23.7
24.3
21.9
16.5
16.7
16.9
19.0
17.1
26.3
24.4
27.6
32.3
32.7
28.5
28.0
27.9
28.6
35.9
31.0
27.8
27.6
28.2
24.2
33.0
34.8
34.3
32.4
33.7
32.2
32.6
33.1
33.0
33.0
32.5
32.4
33.7
32.2
32.8
30.9
32.8
33.2
29.7
33.7
32.9
33.0
39.8
35.1
17.9
17.7
17.5
16.3
17.6
17.8
18.7
17.3
18.2
20.0
18.8
17.7
17.6
17.9
16.7
23.3
24.7
24.0
24.4
23.9
22.8
23.2
24.5
24.4
24.6
24.6
24.3
23.9
22.3
23.2
21.8
23.3
23.8
21.1
15.8
16.0
16.8
18.4
16.8
24.1
22.8
26.0
30.1
31.1
26.5
26.3
26.2
26.6
33.6
28.0
26.2
25.7
26.2
22.7
32.2
33.0
32.8
31.2
32.4
30.9
31.4
32.2
31.8
32.2
31.3
31.2
32.3
30.9
32.1
28.9
31.4
31.9
28.0
32.4
32.2
32.1
38.3
33.7
17.1
16.7
16.7
15.8
17.0
17.0
17.8
16.6
17.4
19.2
18.1
17.0
17.0
17.1
16.0
23.1
23.9
23.5
24.1
23.4
22.4
22.6
24.1
24.0
24.3
24.1
23.7
23.4
22.0
22.9
21.2
22.7
23.1
20.2
15.4
15.8
16.6
18.0
16.4
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
38.0 19.5 36.8 19.7 35.5 19.8
36.9 24.3 35.2 24.4 33.9 24.3
30.1 25.5 29.7 25.6 29.4 25.5
34.7 25.6 33.8 25.6 33.0 25.6
37.5 23.5 36.5 23.5 35.4 23.7
38.3 19.4 36.6 19.6 35.1 19.6
31.5 25.2 30.7 25.3 30.2 25.3
38.0 21.3 37.1 21.2 35.9 21.2
37.2 23.1 36.2 23.1 35.2 23.3
37.8 23.5 37.2 23.4 36.1 23.4
37.5 23.5 36.4 23.5 35.5 23.4
36.2 24.8 35.1 24.9 34.1 24.8
38.1 23.9 37.2 23.9 36.1 24.0
39.2 22.9 37.8 23.0 36.5 23.0
19.6
19.3
19.1
18.0
19.7
19.5
20.5
19.0
19.9
22.1
20.7
19.4
19.3
19.6
18.6
25.4
27.1
26.4
26.9
26.2
24.7
25.1
26.4
26.2
26.7
26.3
26.3
25.8
24.1
25.8
24.2
25.3
25.8
23.5
18.3
18.4
19.1
20.6
19.0
27.0
25.4
28.4
30.3
32.0
28.8
29.2
28.2
29.3
34.4
29.8
28.5
28.1
28.8
25.0
31.8
33.3
32.8
30.2
32.5
30.5
31.5
32.4
31.5
31.9
31.5
31.7
31.8
30.3
30.8
28.6
31.7
31.6
28.9
30.2
30.3
30.4
34.7
31.2
18.6
18.2
18.0
17.2
18.6
18.5
19.3
18.0
18.8
20.9
19.7
18.5
18.3
18.5
17.5
24.8
26.2
25.6
26.1
25.4
24.1
24.3
25.7
25.6
25.9
25.6
25.5
25.2
23.6
25.1
23.4
24.7
25.2
22.6
17.5
17.6
18.4
20.0
18.4
25.3
23.6
26.7
28.9
30.4
26.8
27.3
26.2
27.3
33.1
28.8
26.4
26.1
26.9
23.3
30.8
32.7
31.7
29.5
31.3
29.6
30.3
31.2
30.6
30.9
30.5
30.7
30.9
29.5
30.1
27.8
30.4
30.7
27.5
30.2
29.4
29.6
34.2
30.5
16.8
16.8
15.1
14.0
15.6
16.3
17.2
16.0
16.3
17.8
17.3
16.2
16.1
16.2
16.2
23.7
25.3
24.6
26.1
24.1
23.0
23.0
24.9
24.8
25.2
24.9
24.8
24.3
22.4
24.1
22.8
23.6
24.4
21.9
14.1
15.0
15.5
17.2
15.6
12.0
12.0
10.9
10.9
11.9
11.7
12.3
11.5
11.7
12.9
12.4
11.5
11.6
11.6
11.8
19.0
20.6
19.7
21.5
19.3
18.3
17.8
20.0
19.9
20.4
20.0
19.9
19.3
17.9
19.9
19.0
18.6
19.4
16.7
12.0
12.6
13.0
13.7
13.0
22.8
22.1
22.0
18.9
21.8
20.7
24.2
20.7
21.6
26.2
23.6
20.8
21.1
21.1
20.2
28.2
30.1
29.7
28.5
28.4
27.0
27.9
28.8
28.3
28.9
28.8
29.4
28.2
26.4
28.1
26.1
27.7
28.4
26.1
22.7
20.8
24.1
24.8
22.5
16.0
16.0
14.1
12.8
14.1
15.2
16.2
14.9
15.5
17.0
16.3
15.3
15.2
15.2
15.0
22.9
24.1
23.9
25.1
23.7
22.4
22.5
24.1
24.2
24.5
24.1
23.9
23.6
21.9
23.7
22.2
23.0
23.7
20.9
12.6
13.0
14.0
15.3
14.2
11.4
11.4
10.2
10.1
10.8
10.9
11.5
10.7
11.1
12.3
11.6
10.8
11.0
10.9
10.9
18.0
19.1
18.8
20.3
18.9
17.7
17.3
19.0
19.1
19.5
19.0
18.8
18.6
17.3
19.4
18.3
17.9
18.6
15.8
10.9
11.0
11.8
12.1
11.8
21.7
20.7
20.4
18.6
21.8
20.4
22.5
20.1
20.8
25.3
22.4
20.7
20.0
20.0
19.5
27.2
28.9
28.8
27.9
28.0
26.4
27.4
28.1
27.6
28.3
28.0
28.4
27.5
25.8
27.6
25.7
27.0
27.8
25.3
22.7
21.2
23.8
26.2
22.9
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
21.2 17.7 24.8 20.5 16.9 24.5
24.9 20.2 28.0 24.1 19.2 27.5
26.3 21.8 28.4 25.9 21.3 28.3
26.4 21.9 29.1 26.0 21.4 28.8
24.7 20.2 27.3 24.1 19.5 27.1
20.8 17.6 25.9 20.0 16.6 25.4
26.5 22.0 28.8 25.9 21.2 28.7
22.2 18.1 26.6 21.6 17.4 26.1
24.4 20.0 26.8 24.0 19.5 26.6
24.8 20.3 27.8 24.1 19.4 27.3
24.0 19.3 28.4 23.6 18.8 28.1
26.1 21.6 27.9 25.6 20.9 27.8
24.3 19.6 28.0 23.9 19.1 27.6
23.3 18.8 28.2 22.8 18.2 27.6
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
11.9 10.7 9.3
1454
1256
8.2
7.2
6.1
1178
1348
17.2 14.4 11.9
461
1693
9.6
8.5
7.8
753
1611
9.3
8.4
7.6
823
1703
12.2 10.8 9.2
1768
1017
15.6 12.3 10.6
808
1447
11.1
9.6
8.7
1245
1394
9.0
8.2
7.4
788
1754
8.5
7.7
7.1
713
1832
10.9
9.4
8.5
898
1668
10.9
9.3
8.5
658
1774
11.0
9.6
8.7
1117
1587
12.0 10.9 9.5
1562
1364
5 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM
10.2
8.9
8.1
3356
572
8.8
7.4
5.8
4036
259
10.8
9.0
7.8
3350
439
12.0 10.4 8.8
1651
1519
11.2
9.3
8.3
3059
677
1 site, 5 more on CD-ROM
10.6
9.1
8.2
4084
281
17 sites, 22 more on CD-ROM
8.3
7.4
6.4
2005
823
8.1
7.0
5.8
2073
864
9.4
7.9
6.4
2391
798
10.6
9.0
8.2
1916
864
10.1
8.4
7.3
2463
750
8.0
7.1
6.0
2349
629
9.6
8.3
7.3
2652
596
9.0
8.2
7.5
1959
883
11.1
9.4
8.5
1794
944
11.4
9.8
8.6
1699
1024
10.9
9.2
8.3
1838
872
8.7
7.6
6.7
2322
757
9.3
8.3
7.5
2072
851
10.2
8.5
7.5
2247
683
7.8
6.8
5.6
2457
657
9.1
8.1
7.1
2679
438
9.3
8.2
7.4
2597
657
10.4
9.0
8.1
2220
864
20 sites, 18 more on CD-ROM
9.3
8.1
7.0
2984
33
11.4
9.3
8.2
2966
29
8.5
7.5
6.5
3119
56
11.0
9.3
8.2
3764
257
8.9
7.8
6.8
3406
244
8.1
7.0
5.8
2839
82
7.8
6.7
5.7
2681
103
9.1
7.9
7.0
2938
68
8.4
7.4
6.5
2984
59
11.0
9.2
8.2
2742
447
7.4
6.2
5.4
2453
208
8.3
7.5
6.5
2400
147
9.1
8.1
7.3
2614
104
9.1
8.2
7.3
3036
57
10.9
9.0
7.8
2893
44
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
22.9 30.6 22.4 30.2
26.2 32.0 25.7 31.6
26.9 28.9 26.7 28.8
27.5 31.6 27.0 31.1
25.9 31.8 25.6 31.4
22.9 30.7 22.2 30.4
27.2 29.7 26.8 29.4
24.0 31.5 23.5 31.1
25.6 31.1 25.2 30.6
26.1 31.8 25.7 31.3
25.7 32.3 25.4 32.1
26.9 31.0 26.5 30.7
26.0 33.1 25.6 32.6
25.4 33.3 24.9 32.8
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
117
Alberta
CALGARY INT'L A
COP UPPER
EDMONTON CITY CENTRE AWOS
EDMONTON INT'L A
EDMONTON NAMAO A
FORT MCMURRAY CS
GRANDE PRAIRIE A
LACOMBE CDA 2
LETHBRIDGE AWOS A
LETHBRIDGE CDA
MEDICINE HAT RCS
RED DEER A
SPRINGBANK A
British Columbia
ABBOTSFORD A
AGASSIZ CS
BALLENAS ISLAND
COMOX A
DISCOVERY ISLAND
ENTRANCE ISLAND CS
ESQUIMALT HARBOUR
HOWE SOUND - PAM ROCKS
KAMLOOPS AUT
KELOWNA A
MALAHAT
PENTICTON A
PITT MEADOWS CS
POINT ATKINSON
Canada
SPOKANE INTL ARPT
TACOMA NARROWS
WALLA WALLA RGNL
WEST POINT (LS)
YAKIMA AIR TERMINAL
West Virginia
YEAGER
HUNTINGTON/TRI STAT
MID OHIO VALLEY RGN
Wisconsin
OUTAGAMIE CO RGNL
CHIPPEWA VALLEY RGN
FOND DU LAC CO
GREEN BAY/A.-STRAUB
KENOSHA RGNL
LA CROSSE MUNICIPAL
MADISON/DANE COUNTY
MANITOWOC CO
MILWAUKEE/GEN. MITC
CENTRAL WISCONSIN
SHEBOYGAN CO MEM
SHEBOYGAN
WAUSAU DOWNTOWN
WITTMAN RGNL
Wyoming
CASPER/NATRONA COUN
CHEYENNE/WARREN AFB
Station
Elev
114.02W
114.22W
113.52W
113.58W
113.47W
111.21W
118.88W
113.76W
112.80W
112.77W
110.72W
113.89W
114.37W
122.36W
121.76W
124.16W
124.90W
123.23W
123.80W
123.44W
123.30W
120.44W
119.38W
123.53W
119.60W
122.69W
123.26W
51.11N
51.08N
53.57N
53.32N
53.67N
56.65N
55.18N
52.45N
49.63N
49.70N
50.03N
52.18N
51.10N
49.03N
49.24N
49.35N
49.72N
48.42N
49.22N
48.43N
49.49N
50.70N
49.96N
48.57N
49.46N
49.21N
49.33N
59
19
13
26
15
5
3
5
345
430
366
344
5
35
-7.9
-7.3
-0.7
-4.8
-0.8
-1.7
-2.7
-2.8
-19.7
-17.9
-5.6
-13.7
-7.4
-1.6
-28.8
-27.7
-29.1
-32.6
-30.4
-36.4
-36.0
-32.5
-29.5
-28.1
-30.6
-32.2
-31.7
-22.4
-19.8
42.90N 106.47W 1612
41.16N 104.81W 1872
1084
1235
671
723
688
369
669
860
929
910
715
905
1201
-21.3
-25.3
-20.9
-22.3
-18.7
-23.0
-21.7
-20.1
-18.6
-23.8
-19.8
-19.0
-24.3
-21.1
280
273
246
214
227
200
264
198
211
389
228
189
365
256
88.52W
91.49W
88.49W
88.12W
87.94W
91.25W
89.35W
87.67W
87.90W
89.67W
87.85W
87.68W
89.63W
88.56W
44.26N
44.87N
43.77N
44.51N
42.60N
43.88N
43.14N
44.13N
42.95N
44.78N
43.77N
43.75N
44.93N
43.98N
-12.2
-12.2
-13.7
-5.1
-4.8
0.9
-2.7
1.6
0.1
-0.6
-0.9
-15.6
-14.0
-3.0
-10.8
-4.8
0.3
-25.0
-24.4
-26.0
-29.2
-27.0
-33.5
-31.4
-28.5
-25.8
-24.7
-26.9
-28.3
-27.9
-18.2
-16.2
-18.3
-22.4
-17.8
-19.4
-16.2
-20.3
-18.6
-17.5
-16.0
-21.4
-17.4
-16.2
-21.6
-18.0
-9.2
-9.2
-10.9
29.8
30.3
23.8
26.8
23.1
24.0
22.3
24.9
33.9
33.0
27.7
32.8
30.5
24.9
28.6
28.2
28.3
27.8
27.8
28.9
27.5
28.3
31.5
31.9
32.7
28.0
26.8
34.4
32.0
31.2
32.5
31.3
31.4
32.2
33.2
32.0
29.1
32.2
30.2
31.2
28.3
31.1
31.2
32.9
33.3
32.7
19.6
20.4
19.3
17.7
N/A
N/A
16.0
19.1
18.2
18.2
17.0
18.6
20.1
N/A
16.0
14.9
18.0
17.7
17.8
17.7
16.6
18.3
16.8
16.8
17.8
17.3
15.5
15.4
14.6
23.5
22.8
23.2
23.1
23.7
23.8
23.4
22.0
23.5
22.1
23.1
21.8
22.0
23.2
22.7
23.0
23.1
27.8
28.4
22.5
24.7
21.0
22.4
20.6
23.2
31.8
31.0
25.7
30.8
28.4
23.5
26.6
26.0
26.5
25.8
25.9
26.9
25.6
26.2
29.4
29.7
30.7
26.0
24.9
32.8
30.4
29.1
30.7
29.1
29.6
30.6
31.6
30.4
27.6
30.3
28.3
28.9
26.3
29.2
29.1
31.7
32.0
31.3
18.8
19.7
18.7
17.0
N/A
N/A
15.4
18.2
17.6
17.6
16.6
17.9
19.3
N/A
15.4
14.3
17.0
16.8
16.8
16.6
15.7
17.1
16.2
16.3
17.1
16.3
14.6
15.0
14.3
22.3
21.7
21.9
22.2
23.0
22.9
22.6
21.2
22.4
20.9
21.9
21.2
20.8
22.1
22.6
22.9
22.7
25.8
26.5
21.4
23.0
19.3
21.1
19.1
21.9
29.6
28.9
24.0
29.0
26.5
22.4
24.7
24.0
24.7
24.2
24.2
25.0
23.9
24.5
27.4
27.7
28.8
24.3
23.1
31.3
28.8
27.8
29.0
27.9
28.0
28.7
29.9
28.8
26.3
28.6
27.3
27.5
24.7
27.7
27.8
30.4
30.7
30.0
17.9
19.0
18.1
16.3
N/A
N/A
14.9
17.7
16.8
16.7
15.9
17.1
18.5
N/A
14.7
13.7
16.0
15.9
15.7
15.7
14.8
16.1
15.8
15.8
16.4
15.4
14.1
14.7
14.0
21.3
20.7
21.0
21.2
22.1
21.9
21.7
20.2
21.6
20.0
20.9
21.0
19.8
21.0
22.3
22.5
22.2
20.4
21.7
20.2
18.5
N/A
N/A
16.8
20.0
19.2
19.2
18.8
19.4
20.9
N/A
17.6
17.2
19.2
19.2
18.9
18.9
18.0
19.4
18.7
18.8
19.0
18.6
16.8
17.3
17.0
25.0
24.3
24.5
24.6
25.0
25.5
25.0
23.7
24.9
23.3
24.2
24.5
23.5
24.5
24.9
25.1
24.9
28.6
28.2
22.9
24.9
N/A
N/A
20.6
23.4
31.3
30.2
25.2
30.5
28.5
N/A
25.5
23.9
26.3
25.8
25.8
26.5
25.1
26.3
27.5
27.5
29.3
25.9
24.2
28.5
25.2
29.4
29.8
29.2
29.4
30.2
31.0
30.1
27.8
30.3
28.1
28.8
26.1
28.5
29.1
30.0
30.3
30.3
19.3
20.5
19.2
17.7
N/A
N/A
16.1
19.0
18.2
18.2
17.8
18.5
19.8
N/A
16.5
15.9
18.1
18.0
17.8
17.9
16.8
18.2
17.6
17.8
18.1
17.4
15.8
16.6
16.4
23.8
23.3
23.5
23.5
24.0
24.3
23.9
22.5
23.8
22.2
23.2
23.4
22.5
23.4
24.1
24.4
24.1
26.6
26.8
21.8
23.3
N/A
N/A
19.3
22.2
29.4
28.8
23.7
29.0
26.8
N/A
24.2
22.9
24.6
24.2
24.2
24.8
23.6
24.7
26.4
26.4
28.1
24.2
22.9
27.9
25.0
27.8
28.6
27.8
27.9
28.6
29.4
28.5
26.2
28.5
26.7
27.7
24.9
27.2
27.8
28.9
29.3
28.9
17.0
19.2
19.0
16.0
N/A
N/A
15.2
18.6
15.2
15.5
16.2
15.4
18.1
N/A
14.6
14.8
16.6
16.6
16.4
16.2
15.4
16.8
15.6
15.8
15.6
15.7
14.0
14.1
14.9
23.7
22.6
22.8
23.0
22.9
23.8
23.3
22.4
23.1
22.1
22.6
24.1
22.1
22.8
23.3
23.6
23.3
12.2
14.0
13.8
11.4
N/A
N/A
10.8
13.4
11.2
11.6
12.0
11.4
13.0
N/A
11.9
12.2
12.8
12.9
12.7
12.1
11.8
13.3
12.4
12.5
12.0
12.5
11.5
12.3
13.3
19.1
17.9
18.1
18.3
18.2
19.2
18.6
17.5
18.3
17.6
17.8
19.4
17.6
18.1
18.8
19.0
18.6
25.1
25.4
22.1
20.5
N/A
N/A
18.0
22.4
21.5
21.5
22.9
22.5
24.3
N/A
20.7
19.6
22.4
22.8
21.9
21.3
20.5
23.3
22.6
22.3
22.3
22.1
20.0
19.1
18.7
27.3
27.7
27.7
27.4
27.6
28.8
28.3
26.6
27.9
26.3
27.3
25.2
26.1
27.3
27.1
27.5
27.3
16.0
18.1
18.1
15.3
N/A
N/A
14.6
17.6
14.1
14.4
15.2
14.4
17.0
N/A
13.4
13.4
15.5
15.5
15.2
15.1
14.2
15.5
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.6
12.9
12.9
13.8
22.5
21.5
22.3
22.0
22.4
22.7
22.3
21.3
22.3
21.0
22.1
22.9
21.0
22.2
22.6
22.9
22.6
11.5
13.0
13.1
10.9
N/A
N/A
10.4
12.6
10.5
10.8
11.3
10.7
12.2
N/A
11.0
11.2
11.9
12.0
11.7
11.2
10.9
12.2
11.4
11.5
11.2
11.6
10.7
11.3
12.4
17.8
16.7
17.4
17.1
17.6
17.8
17.6
16.3
17.4
16.4
17.3
18.1
16.4
17.4
18.0
18.2
17.9
23.0
23.9
21.0
19.7
N/A
N/A
17.3
21.2
20.9
20.9
21.5
22.2
22.6
N/A
19.4
18.1
21.0
21.4
20.7
20.3
19.0
21.8
20.9
20.9
21.3
20.7
18.5
19.0
18.4
26.3
26.4
26.8
26.4
27.0
27.4
27.0
25.1
26.9
25.4
26.3
24.3
25.2
26.6
26.3
26.7
26.5
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
14.2 11.0 19.7 13.1 10.2 19.7
16.1 11.6 20.2 15.1 10.8 19.4
15.9 11.8 23.0 14.2 10.6 22.4
15.5 11.0 17.8 14.9 10.6 17.2
15.8 11.6 24.4 14.4 10.6 23.6
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
11.4
9.8
8.5
3682
241
8.7
7.8
6.9
2651
81
10.7
8.9
7.9
2681
506
16.4 13.8 11.6 2726
4
10.4
8.5
7.4
3277
283
3 sites, 8 more on CD-ROM
7.7
6.6
5.5
2469
598
7.5
6.6
5.7
2459
642
8.1
7.2
6.2
2744
527
14 sites, 31 more on CD-ROM
11.1
9.5
8.5
4041
326
8.9
8.0
7.3
4334
333
10.5
9.0
8.1
3928
327
10.5
8.9
8.1
4222
266
11.1
9.7
8.6
3712
341
10.3
8.7
8.1
3894
454
10.1
8.8
8.0
3947
344
10.8
9.3
8.4
4189
191
11.3 10.0 8.8
3713
383
10.3
8.8
7.8
4568
202
10.9
9.2
8.3
4097
235
18.2 14.9 12.5 4040
179
8.9
7.9
7.1
4429
257
10.3
8.9
8.1
4048
304
2 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM
14.4 12.6 11.4 4047
256
15.0 12.9 11.6 3917
188
100 sites, 462 more on CD-ROM
13 sites, 50 more on CD-ROM
12.1 10.3 9.1
5052
36
10.3
8.9
7.8
5027
41
9.8
8.4
7.4
5198
67
10.2
8.8
7.7
5734
23
10.3
8.9
7.8
5496
38
8.3
7.3
6.3
6336
46
11.1
9.7
8.4
5862
25
9.5
8.1
7.0
5724
24
15.9 13.6 12.1 4622
85
13.3 11.9 10.5 4504
114
11.2
9.7
8.4
4641
167
9.1
8.1
7.3
5664
23
11.1
9.5
8.3
5718
4
27 sites, 52 more on CD-ROM
8.8
7.5
6.4
2920
74
10.2
8.0
6.3
2861
113
16.0 13.8 12.2 2571
61
13.5 11.6 9.8
3078
52
16.3 13.0 10.1 2668
13
14.3 12.6 11.3 2674
60
9.7
8.4
7.4
3002
7
18.1 15.9 13.5 2656
79
10.1
8.9
8.0
3516
268
7.7
6.4
5.3
3897
131
6.7
5.7
4.9
3251
97
10.3
9.0
8.1
3423
217
5.5
4.6
4.0
2982
78
13.6 11.6 9.9
2318
119
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
18.3 30.7 17.4 29.4
18.9 27.1 17.9 25.2
20.2 33.7 19.2 32.4
16.7 19.7 16.1 18.7
20.2 32.8 19.2 31.5
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
-11.7 33.8 17.2 32.0 16.5 30.0 15.8
-0.5
28.8 18.1 27.1 17.2 24.9 16.5
-7.8
37.1 19.0 34.8 18.4 32.7 17.7
0.8
21.4 15.9 20.1 15.6 19.0 15.2
-10.2 35.6 19.1 33.7 18.5 31.9 17.7
Heating DB
99.6%
-15.2
-2.6
-12.0
-1.3
-13.4
299
255
263
117.53W 721
122.58W 96
118.29W 367
122.43W 9
120.53W 325
Long
38.38N 81.59W
38.38N 82.56W
39.35N 81.44W
47.62N
47.27N
46.10N
47.67N
46.56N
Lat
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
118
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
PRINCE GEORGE AIRPORT AUTO
SANDHEADS CS
SUMMERLAND CS
VANCOUVER HARBOUR CS
VANCOUVER INT'L A
VERNON AUTO
VICTORIA GONZALES CS
VICTORIA HARTLAND CS
VICTORIA INT'L A
ESQUIMALT HARBOUR
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY CS
WEST VANCOUVER AUT
WHITE ROCK CAMPBELL SCIENTIFI
Manitoba
WINNIPEG RICHARDSON INT'L A
New Brunswick
FREDERICTON A
MONCTON A
SAINT JOHN A
Newfoundland and Labrador
ST JOHN'S A
Northwest Territories
YELLOWKNIFE A
Nova Scotia
HALIFAX STANFIELD INT'L A
SHEARWATER RCS
SYDNEY A
Nunavut
IQALUIT CLIMATE
Ontario
BEAUSOLEIL
BELLE RIVER
BURLINGTON PIERS (AUT)
ERIEAU (AUT)
LAGOON CITY
LONDON CS
NORTH BAY A
OTTAWA MACDONALD-CARTIER INT'
PETERBOROUGH AWOS
PORT WELLER (AUT)
SAULT STE MARIE A
SUDBURY A
THUNDER BAY CS
TIMMINS VICTOR POWER A
TORONTO BUTTONVILLE A
TORONTO CITY CENTRE
TORONTO LESTER B. PEARSON INT
TRENTON A
WELCOME ISLAND (AUT)
WINDSOR A
Prince Edward Island
CHARLOTTETOWN A
Québec
BAGOTVILLE A
JONQUIERE
LA BAIE
LAC SAINT-PIERRE
Station
-23.5
-22.5
-22.4
21
71
109
47.62N 52.74W
49
159
128
152
16
46.29N 63.13W
48.33N
48.42N
48.30N
46.18N
71.00W
71.15W
70.92W
72.92W
34
183
184
77
178
221
278
370
114
191
79
192
348
199
295
198
77
173
86
211
190
79.87W
82.70W
79.80W
81.90W
79.22W
81.15W
79.42W
75.67W
78.37W
79.22W
84.51W
80.80W
89.33W
81.38W
79.37W
79.40W
79.63W
77.53W
89.12W
82.96W
44.85N
42.30N
43.30N
42.25N
44.55N
43.03N
46.36N
45.32N
44.23N
43.25N
46.48N
46.62N
48.37N
48.57N
43.86N
43.63N
43.68N
44.12N
48.37N
42.28N
-29.8
-28.9
-30.2
-24.7
-20.4
-23.8
-14.6
-15.0
-14.6
-23.5
-17.8
-27.4
-24.2
-23.4
-13.0
-24.6
-27.7
-29.3
-33.0
-19.8
-16.1
-18.1
-21.4
-25.8
-15.6
-39.4
-18.4
-16.7
-17.9
145
24
62
44.88N 63.52W
44.63N 63.51W
46.17N 60.05W
63.75N 68.54W
-15.4
-40.7
141
62.46N 114.44W 206
-32.1
239
45.87N 66.53W
46.10N 64.69W
45.32N 65.89W
99.6%
-30.2
-3.6
-14.5
-3.1
-6.2
-16.0
-2.8
-3.6
-4.2
-2.7
-2.6
-5.8
-5.4
-27.3
-26.5
-27.7
-21.7
-18.0
-20.4
-12.2
-12.7
-12.3
-20.3
-15.4
-24.6
-21.5
-19.9
-11.0
-21.5
-24.7
-26.6
-29.9
-16.9
-13.3
-15.6
-18.4
-23.4
-13.1
-37.6
-16.3
-14.5
-15.5
-38.4
-13.3
-20.9
-20.1
-19.7
-29.7
29.3
29.1
29.1
27.7
26.7
29.9
31.6
30.2
26.8
27.4
30.2
27.9
30.6
30.0
29.1
28.5
29.3
29.0
29.6
31.6
28.5
31.4
29.3
24.2
32.1
17.0
27.8
26.1
27.4
25.2
24.6
29.8
28.5
26.1
30.6
19.5
19.9
19.7
21.0
20.7
23.3
24.2
21.3
22.8
23.0
22.3
20.1
21.9
22.3
23.0
21.2
20.2
20.5
19.9
22.4
21.8
22.4
22.2
18.6
22.9
11.5
20.4
19.6
20.3
16.0
18.9
21.1
20.8
18.6
21.1
27.3
27.1
27.1
26.2
25.3
28.1
30.0
28.6
25.8
26.2
28.7
26.2
28.9
28.4
27.6
26.7
27.4
27.0
27.6
29.7
26.8
29.6
27.8
22.5
30.5
14.2
26.0
24.5
25.8
23.6
23.1
27.9
26.8
24.4
28.8
18.6
18.9
19.0
20.0
19.6
22.1
23.7
20.7
22.2
22.1
21.6
19.2
20.8
21.2
22.3
20.0
19.1
19.2
18.5
21.3
21.4
21.4
21.4
17.7
22.2
10.0
19.3
18.6
19.5
15.1
18.1
19.8
19.7
17.7
20.3
25.5
25.3
25.2
25.0
23.9
26.5
28.5
27.0
24.9
25.0
27.2
24.8
27.3
26.9
26.2
25.1
25.7
25.2
25.8
28.0
25.3
27.9
26.4
21.2
29.0
12.2
24.4
23.0
24.0
21.9
21.7
26.2
25.2
22.8
27.1
17.8
18.2
18.2
19.5
18.8
21.3
22.8
19.9
21.7
21.4
20.7
18.4
20.0
20.4
21.6
19.0
18.1
18.2
17.8
20.5
20.8
20.6
20.6
17.3
21.5
8.9
18.4
17.9
18.5
14.5
17.3
18.9
18.8
16.8
19.4
22.9
21.2
21.9
21.7
22.5
21.7
24.4
25.9
23.1
24.5
24.2
23.6
21.8
23.2
23.6
24.5
22.3
21.6
21.8
21.4
23.6
23.5
23.7
23.6
20.1
24.5
12.0
21.7
21.0
21.6
17.2
20.4
22.3
22.1
20.1
28.3
26.4
26.4
26.4
25.9
25.3
28.1
29.6
27.1
25.5
26.2
28.3
26.0
28.3
28.2
27.2
26.6
27.0
27.0
27.3
29.4
26.3
29.1
27.6
22.3
29.9
16.1
25.6
24.0
25.9
22.7
23.1
27.8
26.6
24.0
21.6
20.1
20.8
20.6
21.6
20.7
23.3
24.9
22.2
23.7
23.2
22.7
20.7
22.2
22.5
23.6
21.1
20.5
20.5
20.2
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.6
18.9
23.4
10.4
20.7
20.1
20.5
16.2
19.3
21.2
21.1
19.0
27.0
25.1
24.8
24.8
24.8
23.9
26.6
28.4
26.3
24.8
25.2
27.0
24.0
26.8
26.7
26.0
25.1
25.2
25.1
25.4
27.9
25.3
27.8
26.4
21.3
28.4
13.8
24.1
22.7
24.2
21.7
21.8
26.0
25.0
22.6
19.5
20.4
20.2
21.3
20.5
23.3
24.9
22.0
24.2
23.6
22.2
20.5
21.6
22.2
23.7
20.9
19.9
20.0
19.4
21.8
22.7
22.1
22.2
19.3
22.8
9.4
20.5
20.0
20.0
15.0
19.3
20.4
20.6
18.5
21.2
14.5
15.3
15.2
16.0
15.2
18.5
20.4
16.8
19.6
19.0
17.4
15.8
16.5
17.3
18.8
15.9
15.3
15.1
14.6
16.9
17.5
17.1
17.1
14.5
17.9
7.3
15.4
14.8
14.8
10.9
14.3
15.1
15.4
13.6
16.3
23.4
24.1
24.0
24.7
24.0
26.4
28.3
25.3
25.1
25.5
26.2
23.6
25.9
26.2
26.2
24.8
23.6
24.8
24.0
26.7
25.1
26.7
26.0
21.4
27.6
13.4
23.5
22.2
23.7
19.5
22.0
25.0
24.4
21.7
26.4
18.4
19.3
19.1
20.4
19.5
22.2
23.8
20.9
23.3
22.6
21.2
19.5
20.7
21.1
22.8
19.8
18.9
18.8
18.3
20.7
21.8
21.0
21.3
18.1
21.9
8.2
19.6
19.1
19.1
13.8
18.3
19.5
19.7
17.7
19.7
13.5
14.3
14.2
15.1
14.3
17.3
19.1
15.7
18.5
17.7
16.4
14.9
15.5
16.2
17.7
14.8
14.3
13.9
13.6
15.8
16.6
16.0
16.1
13.3
16.9
6.8
14.6
13.9
14.0
10.1
13.4
14.3
14.5
12.8
14.9
22.4
22.8
22.6
23.8
23.0
25.1
27.0
24.3
24.4
24.6
25.2
22.6
24.8
24.7
25.1
23.5
22.8
23.1
23.0
25.5
24.2
25.6
25.0
20.1
26.3
11.7
22.3
21.2
22.4
18.5
20.8
23.8
23.4
20.5
24.7
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
14.0 10.8 19.0 13.0 10.1 18.1
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
15.8 11.9 22.5 14.6 11.0 21.9
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
16.9 12.1 22.0 16.2 11.5 20.9
16.7 12.6 21.4 15.6 11.8 20.7
15.7 11.2 18.8 15.0 10.8 18.2
17.6 12.9 22.5 16.8 12.2 21.3
15.0 10.7 20.2 14.3 10.2 19.6
15.2 10.8 18.0 14.6 10.4 17.3
17.4 12.5 21.4 16.5 11.9 20.3
17.5 12.8 22.9 16.7 12.1 21.8
18.3 13.2 21.9 17.3 12.4 20.7
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
9.5
8.3
7.3
5097
21
13.7 12.1 10.8 2751
31
8.3
6.6
5.4
3506
259
N/A N/A N/A 2671
69
10.6
9.0
7.8
2903
44
6.4
5.3
4.5
3772
206
12.2 10.4 9.2
2859
23
9.4
8.1
7.0
2808
98
8.9
7.4
6.3
3009
24
9.7
8.4
7.4
3002
7
5.7
5.0
4.3
2723
39
5.0
4.2
3.5
3004
75
6.3
5.2
4.2
2789
31
1 site, 38 more on CD-ROM
12.5 11.0 9.8
5727
162
3 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
9.9
8.6
7.7
4666
134
12.6 10.9 9.6
4753
101
12.2 10.5 9.3
4752
31
1 site, 37 more on CD-ROM
15.9 13.4 12.1 4848
30
1 site, 38 more on CD-ROM
9.4
8.3
7.5
8189
34
3 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM
12.3 10.6 9.3
4330
103
12.0 10.4 9.2
4174
69
12.5 11.0 9.7
4581
81
1 site, 41 more on CD-ROM
15.4 12.9 11.3 9924
0
20 sites, 49 more on CD-ROM
6.2
5.4
4.8
4361
212
12.9 11.3 9.9
3324
450
10.5
9.0
7.9
3560
309
12.7 11.2 9.8
3594
279
12.7 11.1 9.8
4411
189
10.5
9.4
8.4
3954
241
9.7
8.5
7.6
5192
123
10.0
8.8
7.8
4523
238
9.1
7.9
6.9
4370
149
14.4 12.7 11.2 3516
312
10.3
9.0
7.9
4950
92
10.2
9.0
8.0
5241
132
9.8
8.5
7.4
5594
68
8.4
7.8
6.6
6017
87
9.6
8.4
7.7
4084
253
13.3 11.8 10.5 3721
237
12.1 10.5 9.3
3892
292
10.5
9.2
8.1
4142
211
15.5 13.2 11.7 5369
38
11.4 10.0 9.0
3444
434
1 site, 4 more on CD-ROM
11.6 10.1 8.9
4661
101
23 sites, 71 more on CD-ROM
12.0 10.5 9.4
5693
98
10.5
9.4
8.5
5496
97
10.3
9.1
8.1
5714
70
13.3 11.8 10.5 4653
181
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
17.2 25.7 16.1 24.0
N/A N/A N/A N/A
19.3 29.6 18.3 28.2
N/A N/A N/A N/A
19.1 24.0 18.2 22.8
19.7 29.8 18.7 28.5
17.7 23.0 16.8 21.0
20.0 26.5 19.0 25.0
18.1 25.5 17.2 23.7
16.8 20.6 16.1 19.3
19.5 25.3 18.6 23.8
19.8 25.5 18.9 24.1
19.8 23.6 18.8 22.3
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
-25.6 27.8 16.3 25.7 15.4 23.8 14.5
-1.2
22.4 N/A 21.3 N/A 20.2 N/A
-10.9 33.0 17.7 31.2 17.3 29.3 16.7
-0.8
25.9 N/A 24.4 N/A 23.0 N/A
-3.3
25.1 18.4 23.6 17.8 22.3 17.1
-12.6 33.2 18.6 31.1 18.0 28.8 17.1
-0.5
24.7 17.0 22.3 16.1 20.5 15.4
-1.5
28.6 18.8 26.7 18.0 25.0 17.4
-2.3
26.8 17.6 24.7 16.9 22.9 16.2
-0.6
22.3 16.0 20.6 15.4 19.1 14.9
-0.2
27.1 18.4 25.2 17.7 23.5 17.1
-3.2
27.2 18.6 25.4 18.2 23.7 17.5
-3.0
24.9 18.9 23.3 18.1 22.0 17.5
Heating DB
49.92N 97.23W
Elev
680
11
454
3
4
482
70
154
20
3
60
168
13
Long
122.67W
123.30W
119.64W
123.12W
123.18W
119.19W
123.33W
123.46W
123.43W
123.44W
123.30W
123.19W
122.78W
53.89N
49.11N
49.56N
49.30N
49.20N
50.22N
48.41N
48.53N
48.65N
48.43N
48.46N
49.35N
49.02N
Lat
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
119
ADELAIDE AIRPORT
KENT TOWN
ARCHERFIELD AIRPORT
BANKSTOWN AIRPORT A
BRISBANE AERO
Australia
YEREVAN/YEREVAN-ARA
Armenia
AEROPARQUE BS. AS.
CORDOBA AERO
CORRIENTES AERO.
EZEIZA AERO
MAR DEL PLATA AERO
MENDOZA AERO
PARANA AERO
POSADAS AERO.
RESISTENCIA AERO
ROSARIO AERO
SALTA AERO
SAN JUAN AERO
SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO
SAUCE VIEJO AERO
TUCUMAN AERO
Argentina
CONSTANTINE
DAR-EL-BEIDA
ORAN-SENIA
Algeria
TIRANA
Albania
L'ACADIE
L'ASSOMPTION
LENNOXVILLE
MCTAVISH
MONT-JOLI A
MONT-ORFORD
MONTREAL/MIRABEL INT'L A
MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDE
MONTREAL/ST-HUBERT A
MONTREAL-EST
NICOLET
POINTE-AU-PERE (INRS)
QUEBEC/JEAN LESAGE INTL
SHERBROOKE A
ST-ANICET 1
STE-ANNE-DE-BELLEVUE 1
STE-FOY (U. LAVAL)
TROIS-RIVIERES
VARENNES
Saskatchewan
MOOSE JAW CS
PRINCE ALBERT A
REGINA RCS
SASKATOON RCS
SASKATOON KERNEN FARM
Yukon Territory
WHITEHORSE A
Station
58.42W
6
64.22W 489
58.77W 62
58.53W 20
57.58W 22
68.78W 704
60.48W 74
55.97W 131
59.05W 53
60.78W 26
65.48W 1246
68.42W 597
64.30W 200
60.82W 17
65.10W 456
690
25
90
34.95S
34.92S
27.57S
33.92S
27.39S
138.53E
138.62E
153.00E
150.98E
153.13E
8
51
19
9
10
40.13N 44.47E 1140
34.57S
31.32S
27.45S
34.82S
37.93S
32.83S
31.78S
27.37S
27.45S
32.92S
24.85S
31.40S
27.77S
31.70S
26.85S
36.28N 6.62E
36.68N 3.22E
35.63N 0.60W
38
3.9
4.7
5.4
3.3
5.8
-13.1
4.1
-0.2
4.3
-0.1
-1.1
-0.7
2.4
4.8
1.8
-0.8
-1.0
-2.1
-0.8
0.2
3.1
-0.2
1.9
2.2
-2.5
-39.7
41.33N 19.78E
60.71N 135.07W 706
99.6%
-23.9
-25.6
-25.6
-21.7
-23.8
-28.3
-26.0
-23.2
-23.8
-23.0
-25.4
-22.0
-26.1
-27.8
-24.6
-23.7
-24.5
-23.8
-23.5
5.0
5.8
6.6
4.3
7.2
-10.7
5.6
1.7
5.9
1.2
0.1
0.9
3.7
6.4
3.8
0.9
0.6
-0.5
1.5
2.1
4.8
0.7
3.0
3.8
-1.2
-34.6
-28.6
-32.6
-30.5
-31.5
-30.6
99%
-21.3
-22.5
-22.3
-19.1
-21.6
-25.1
-23.1
-20.7
-21.2
-20.2
-22.5
-19.3
-23.3
-24.7
-21.7
-20.8
-21.8
-21.1
-21.0
Heating DB
-31.8
-36.0
-33.6
-34.6
-33.5
105.54W
105.67W
104.67W
106.72W
106.55W
50.33N
53.22N
50.43N
52.17N
52.15N
44
21
181
73
52
846
82
32
27
50
8
5
74
241
49
39
91
6
18
Elev
577
428
577
504
510
73.35W
73.43W
71.82W
73.58W
68.22W
72.24W
74.03W
73.74W
73.42W
73.55W
72.66W
68.47W
71.38W
71.68W
74.29W
73.93W
71.29W
72.52W
73.38W
Long
45.29N
45.81N
45.37N
45.50N
48.60N
45.31N
45.67N
45.47N
45.52N
45.63N
46.23N
48.51N
46.79N
45.43N
45.12N
45.43N
46.78N
46.35N
45.72N
Lat
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
36.1
37.5
32.9
33.8
31.0
36.1
31.0
34.8
36.4
33.8
31.0
35.6
34.2
36.0
36.9
34.1
33.0
38.0
39.0
34.8
36.1
38.6
35.2
34.1
34.3
25.7
32.2
29.2
31.2
30.6
30.6
18.3
19.1
22.9
20.7
22.5
21.5
23.1
21.9
24.4
22.6
21.0
19.8
23.0
24.2
24.1
23.2
18.3
19.8
23.4
24.2
23.2
20.2
22.2
20.9
23.2
14.2
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.7
17.7
33.9
35.2
31.5
31.4
29.9
34.8
29.8
33.1
35.2
32.1
29.0
34.1
32.9
35.0
35.7
32.9
31.2
36.5
37.3
33.2
34.6
36.8
33.5
32.2
33.1
23.4
30.1
27.2
29.2
28.6
28.6
18.0
18.6
22.6
20.6
22.8
21.0
22.9
21.6
24.5
22.1
20.3
19.6
22.5
24.0
24.2
22.7
18.6
19.6
23.1
23.6
23.2
20.1
22.4
21.2
23.2
13.3
18.0
17.8
18.3
17.9
16.9
31.7
32.9
30.3
29.4
29.0
33.2
28.5
31.8
34.1
30.8
27.1
32.9
31.7
34.0
34.2
31.5
29.9
35.1
35.8
32.0
33.1
34.9
32.0
30.9
31.8
21.3
28.0
25.5
27.3
26.6
26.8
17.5
18.0
22.2
20.2
22.3
20.4
22.3
21.3
24.1
21.7
19.7
19.4
22.2
23.9
24.1
22.2
18.8
19.3
23.0
23.1
22.9
19.9
22.5
21.3
23.2
12.4
17.2
16.7
17.4
17.2
16.1
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
30.1 21.7 28.6 21.1 27.1 20.4
30.4 21.9 28.7 20.9 27.1 20.1
29.4 21.6 27.9 20.8 26.5 19.9
30.1 22.0 28.6 20.9 27.2 20.1
26.8 19.8 25.0 18.7 23.5 17.8
25.1 18.5 23.5 17.7 22.0 17.1
29.5 22.0 27.9 20.8 26.4 19.9
30.1 22.2 28.5 21.1 27.1 20.3
30.1 22.1 28.6 21.2 27.1 20.4
30.5 21.0 29.0 20.1 27.6 19.4
28.8 22.5 27.2 21.3 25.8 20.5
22.9 18.6 21.4 17.6 20.1 16.7
28.9 21.3 27.2 20.2 25.7 19.1
28.8 21.1 27.2 20.3 25.8 19.3
30.3 22.7 28.8 21.7 27.4 20.8
30.0 21.9 28.5 21.1 27.0 20.3
29.1 20.8 27.5 19.7 25.9 18.7
27.4 21.4 26.2 20.9 25.0 20.3
30.3 21.8 28.6 20.9 27.1 20.1
21.3
21.6
25.2
23.4
25.2
22.7
25.1
25.1
27.2
24.7
23.0
22.7
25.5
26.6
27.1
25.6
22.2
22.5
26.4
26.5
26.2
22.5
25.5
24.6
28.0
14.8
20.9
20.1
21.1
20.6
20.5
28.9
31.1
29.7
28.9
28.4
34.1
28.9
31.1
32.5
30.2
27.5
31.3
31.2
32.6
32.7
30.7
28.0
33.5
33.2
31.7
32.1
33.0
30.6
29.3
30.0
23.6
28.0
26.8
27.9
27.7
27.0
20.4
20.6
24.5
22.6
24.6
21.7
24.2
24.1
26.6
23.9
22.1
21.9
24.6
26.1
26.5
24.6
21.6
21.7
25.6
25.6
25.5
21.7
24.8
24.0
26.6
13.9
19.6
18.9
19.7
19.4
19.2
28.1
30.1
28.7
27.6
27.8
33.1
28.0
29.8
31.8
29.1
26.0
30.5
30.1
32.0
32.0
29.6
27.1
32.4
32.6
30.6
31.3
32.0
29.7
28.4
29.2
21.9
26.8
25.3
26.4
26.1
24.9
19.2
19.1
24.1
21.9
24.2
19.0
23.9
23.4
26.0
23.1
21.8
20.0
23.8
25.0
25.6
24.1
20.7
19.1
24.6
25.1
24.6
19.7
24.1
23.1
27.2
11.2
18.7
17.6
18.9
18.2
18.4
14.0
13.9
19.0
16.6
19.1
15.8
18.8
19.3
21.5
17.9
16.5
16.0
18.8
20.4
21.0
19.0
17.9
15.0
20.1
20.2
20.7
15.7
19.0
18.1
23.1
9.0
14.5
13.3
14.7
14.0
14.1
24.0
24.3
26.8
25.4
27.2
30.9
27.9
28.3
30.5
27.3
24.6
27.2
28.9
30.2
30.1
28.5
24.5
27.5
30.1
29.7
30.2
25.7
27.9
27.0
29.0
16.2
23.5
23.1
24.4
23.7
23.7
18.0
17.6
23.3
21.1
23.6
17.9
23.0
22.3
25.2
22.2
20.9
19.1
22.9
24.2
25.0
23.1
20.1
18.2
23.8
24.1
23.9
18.8
23.2
22.5
26.0
10.3
17.2
16.5
17.3
17.0
17.0
12.9
12.7
18.1
15.8
18.4
14.8
17.8
18.0
20.4
16.9
15.6
15.1
17.8
19.4
20.2
17.9
17.2
14.1
19.1
19.1
19.8
14.8
18.0
17.4
21.5
8.5
13.2
12.4
13.3
12.9
12.9
23.3
23.4
26.4
24.5
26.6
29.2
27.0
27.0
29.5
26.2
23.7
26.6
27.8
29.3
29.6
27.5
24.0
27.1
28.9
28.7
29.3
25.2
27.4
26.6
28.2
15.7
22.2
21.8
23.1
22.2
22.0
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
22.3 17.1 26.2 21.4 16.1 25.0
21.9 16.6 25.8 20.9 15.6 24.8
22.0 17.0 25.4 20.9 15.9 24.4
21.7 16.5 26.1 20.8 15.6 25.2
19.0 13.8 24.0 17.8 12.9 22.4
19.7 16.0 21.8 18.6 14.9 20.5
21.3 16.2 26.1 20.3 15.1 24.7
21.6 16.4 26.1 20.7 15.5 25.3
22.0 16.8 26.2 21.0 15.7 25.0
21.2 15.9 24.8 20.2 15.0 24.3
22.3 17.0 25.8 21.2 15.9 24.6
18.6 13.4 21.4 17.3 12.3 20.1
21.1 15.9 25.3 20.0 14.8 24.1
21.0 16.1 25.3 19.9 15.0 23.9
22.7 17.6 26.9 21.8 16.5 25.5
22.1 16.8 25.9 21.2 15.9 24.7
21.0 15.9 24.9 20.1 14.9 23.6
22.0 16.7 24.8 21.1 15.7 24.0
22.0 16.7 26.0 21.0 15.7 24.9
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
10.2
8.8
7.6
4403
224
8.4
7.4
6.5
4616
203
9.0
7.9
7.0
4606
148
5.0
4.4
4.0
4144
296
12.6 11.1 9.9
5346
68
15.7 13.5 12.2 5649
53
8.5
7.3
6.4
4794
171
11.3
9.8
8.7
4381
261
11.2
9.9
8.8
4506
221
8.6
7.6
6.8
4314
284
9.5
8.2
7.1
4681
162
13.0 11.4 10.1 5324
11
11.2
9.8
8.8
5058
132
9.0
7.9
6.9
5006
99
9.3
8.2
7.2
4457
201
9.0
7.9
7.0
4424
225
9.4
8.0
6.8
4843
144
10.7
9.3
8.3
4572
183
10.9
9.5
8.4
4492
204
5 sites, 41 more on CD-ROM
12.7 11.2 10.0 5268
141
9.4
8.3
7.5
6161
68
13.3 11.7 10.5 5691
117
11.2
9.8
8.7
5838
100
10.7
9.5
8.5
5903
101
1 site, 15 more on CD-ROM
10.3
9.3
8.4
6753
7
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
7.7
6.4
5.5
1576
670
3 sites, 36 more on CD-ROM
10.1
8.5
7.4
1668
844
10.5
9.1
7.9
987
897
12.0 10.1 8.9
912
888
15 sites, 40 more on CD-ROM
11.1
9.8
8.7
907
745
11.6 10.2 9.1
968
761
10.1
8.7
7.6
407
1613
9.8
8.5
7.6
1204
656
11.1 10.0 8.9
1871
235
8.4
7.1
6.0
1231
911
10.8
9.5
8.3
856
906
8.5
7.3
6.3
330
1731
9.0
7.7
6.8
473
1571
11.4 10.2 9.0
1039
786
7.7
6.4
5.6
940
566
13.8 11.7 10.1 1167
1148
10.3
8.7
7.6
599
1480
15.0 12.4 11.1
824
1031
8.7
7.2
5.9
580
1239
1 site, 3 more on CD-ROM
10.0
8.4
6.9
2740
771
25 sites, 337 more on CD-ROM
11.6 10.3 9.3
1182
465
8.3
7.4
6.6
1086
588
9.2
8.2
7.3
364
1066
9.8
8.6
7.7
924
547
9.9
8.8
7.9
332
1022
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
23.7 27.9 22.6 26.3
23.4 28.1 22.3 26.6
23.2 27.3 22.2 26.1
23.3 28.3 22.3 26.6
20.7 25.3 19.6 23.8
20.5 23.1 19.3 21.5
23.0 27.9 21.9 26.4
23.3 28.3 22.3 26.7
23.5 28.2 22.5 26.8
22.7 27.7 21.7 26.2
23.5 27.3 22.4 25.8
19.7 22.1 18.3 20.7
22.7 27.1 21.5 25.5
22.5 27.1 21.4 25.6
24.2 28.5 23.1 27.2
23.5 28.0 22.5 26.5
22.5 27.0 21.4 25.4
23.0 25.8 22.1 24.9
23.5 28.1 22.5 26.6
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
120
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
ANAPOLIS (BRAZ-AFB)
ARACAJU (AEROPORTO)
BELEM (AEROPORTO)
BELO HORIZONTE
BELO HORIZONTE (AERO)
BRASILIA (AEROPORTO)
CAMPINAS (AEROPORTO)
CAMPO GRANDE (AERO)
CUIABA (AEROPORTO)
Brazil
BJELASNICA
SARAJEVO/BUTMIR
SARAJEVO-BJELAVE
Bosnia and Herzegovina
COCHABAMBA
LA PAZ/ALTO
VIRU-VIRU
Bolivia
COTONOU
Benin
ANTWERPEN/DEURNE
BRUXELLES NATIONAL
UCCLE
Belgium
BREST
GOMEL
GRODNO
MINSK
MOGILEV
VITEBSK
Belarus
GUMPOLDSKIRCHEN
TULLN LANGENLEBARN
WIEN/INNERE STADT
WIEN/HOHE WARTE
WIEN/SCHWECHAT-FLUG
Austria
CANBERRA AIRPORT
CANTERBURY RACECOUR
COOLANGATTA AIRPORT
GOLD COAST SEAWAY
SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK
JANDAKOT AERO
LAVERTON AERODROME
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE AIRPORT
MOORABBIN AIRPORT
PERTH METRO
MOUNT LOFTY
NEWCASTLE NOBBYS SI
PERTH AIRPORT
SCORESBY RESEARCH
SWANBOURNE
SYDNEY AIRPORT AMO
SYDNEY (OB HILL)
TUGGERANONG ISABELL
WILLIAMTOWN RAAF
Station
2.38E
4.47E
4.53E
4.35E
23.68E
30.95E
24.05E
27.63E
30.07E
30.22E
16.28E
16.12E
16.37E
16.37E
16.57E
149.20E
151.12E
153.50E
153.43E
151.07E
115.88E
144.75E
144.97E
144.83E
145.10E
115.87E
138.70E
151.78E
115.97E
145.25E
115.77E
151.18E
151.20E
149.10E
151.84E
Long
6
12
56
104
143
144
134
228
192
208
233
175
171
200
183
575
3
6
3
28
31
20
32
119
15
25
730
33
20
90
20
6
40
588
9
Elev
16.23S
10.98S
1.38S
19.93S
19.85S
15.87S
23.00S
20.47S
15.65S
48.97W 1136
37.07W
7
48.48W 16
43.93W 828
43.95W 789
47.93W 1060
47.13W 661
54.67W 559
56.10W 188
43.72N 18.27E 2070
43.82N 18.33E 521
43.87N 18.43E 638
17.42S 66.18W 2548
16.52S 68.18W 4061
17.63S 63.13W 373
6.35N
51.20N
50.90N
50.80N
52.12N
52.40N
53.60N
53.93N
53.95N
55.17N
48.03N
48.32N
48.20N
48.25N
48.12N
35.30S
33.90S
28.17S
27.93S
33.85S
32.10S
37.87S
37.82S
37.67S
37.98S
31.92S
34.97S
32.92S
31.93S
37.87S
31.95S
33.93S
33.85S
35.42S
32.79S
Lat
13.0
21.0
22.8
10.8
11.1
10.0
8.9
8.1
13.1
-19.3
-13.0
-11.3
1.9
-4.9
9.1
21.9
-6.7
-6.8
-6.6
-18.4
-20.9
-19.9
-20.1
-22.2
-22.2
-9.7
-12.1
-7.7
-9.7
-11.0
99.6%
-3.1
3.7
6.2
9.5
5.9
1.8
1.9
4.7
2.8
2.6
3.8
2.4
7.6
4.0
2.3
6.4
6.1
7.2
-3.7
4.0
14.1
21.9
22.9
11.9
12.2
11.1
10.2
10.5
15.0
-16.6
-10.2
-9.1
3.0
-3.8
10.8
22.7
-4.6
-4.7
-4.4
-14.8
-17.2
-16.4
-16.8
-18.8
-18.5
-7.5
-9.0
-5.9
-7.4
-8.6
99%
-1.9
4.8
7.9
10.7
6.9
3.1
3.1
5.7
3.9
3.9
5.1
3.1
8.6
5.2
3.4
7.5
7.1
8.0
-2.6
5.2
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
32.9
32.1
33.2
32.0
33.0
32.2
33.2
36.2
38.1
19.0
32.6
32.0
30.0
17.5
34.8
32.9
29.2
29.0
28.8
29.9
30.2
28.6
29.0
28.3
28.2
31.0
31.2
31.6
30.8
31.0
20.0
26.6
25.9
20.4
20.5
17.7
21.3
22.6
22.4
11.7
20.3
19.9
15.1
6.1
23.7
27.2
20.6
20.0
19.8
20.0
19.9
19.7
19.6
19.5
19.6
21.3
21.2
21.9
21.6
20.5
31.8
31.8
33.0
31.0
32.0
31.2
32.2
35.2
37.1
17.5
30.8
30.2
29.0
16.8
33.8
32.2
27.1
26.9
26.8
28.0
28.3
26.6
27.1
26.5
26.3
29.1
29.3
29.9
29.1
29.1
20.2
26.5
25.9
20.6
20.5
18.1
21.3
22.8
22.6
11.0
19.9
19.3
14.8
5.9
23.9
27.2
19.7
19.3
19.0
19.1
19.2
18.8
18.6
18.9
18.7
20.4
20.3
21.2
20.7
19.9
30.8
31.1
32.2
30.1
31.1
30.3
31.2
34.3
36.2
16.1
28.9
28.4
28.1
16.0
32.9
32.0
25.3
25.1
25.0
26.1
26.7
24.9
25.3
24.8
24.7
27.5
27.7
28.3
27.4
27.5
20.4
26.2
25.8
20.6
20.5
18.3
21.3
22.9
23.0
10.7
19.3
18.4
14.5
5.8
24.0
27.2
18.7
18.4
18.0
18.2
18.5
17.8
17.8
18.1
17.8
19.5
19.6
20.3
19.7
19.1
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
33.6 17.8 31.5 17.2 29.4 16.7
32.6 19.9 30.4 20.1 28.6 20.0
29.2 23.3 28.4 23.1 27.8 22.8
30.7 23.0 29.4 22.7 28.4 22.5
33.7 19.5 31.4 19.6 29.5 19.5
36.2 19.7 34.3 19.7 32.4 19.1
34.7 18.9 31.7 18.4 28.9 17.9
34.8 18.8 32.3 18.3 29.7 17.9
34.9 18.1 32.1 17.6 29.6 17.2
34.2 19.2 31.5 18.6 28.8 18.3
36.3 20.2 34.3 19.8 32.4 19.4
30.7 15.9 28.8 14.9 27.0 14.3
30.2 19.6 27.5 19.7 25.7 20.4
37.2 19.2 35.2 19.2 33.3 18.9
34.0 19.2 31.8 18.8 29.6 18.5
34.9 19.9 32.5 19.8 30.5 19.5
32.9 19.5 30.1 20.1 28.2 20.0
31.1 19.8 28.8 20.3 27.3 20.3
33.9 18.2 31.9 17.7 29.9 17.1
34.1 21.1 31.6 20.8 29.4 20.4
24.0
27.3
28.1
23.9
22.9
22.1
24.2
26.1
28.1
13.2
21.9
21.7
17.2
9.1
26.1
28.9
21.4
21.0
20.8
21.0
21.3
20.9
20.8
20.8
20.7
21.9
22.1
22.8
22.2
21.5
27.6
30.6
30.4
27.4
28.5
26.4
28.8
32.0
31.6
16.4
29.6
29.1
25.9
13.9
31.0
31.6
27.4
27.2
26.7
27.4
27.6
26.3
26.8
26.5
26.4
29.7
29.7
30.2
29.6
28.6
23.6
27.0
27.7
23.2
22.5
21.6
23.7
25.7
27.3
12.4
20.8
20.4
16.7
8.6
25.7
28.4
20.4
20.0
19.7
20.1
20.3
19.8
19.7
19.8
19.7
20.9
21.1
21.9
21.2
20.7
27.3
30.4
30.2
27.1
28.0
26.1
28.3
31.5
30.8
15.7
28.1
27.7
25.3
13.3
30.5
31.0
25.8
25.5
25.2
26.0
26.3
25.0
25.2
25.0
24.7
28.0
27.9
28.6
27.8
27.4
23.1
26.2
27.2
23.0
21.8
21.1
23.1
24.9
27.2
12.0
19.2
19.1
14.9
7.2
24.9
28.1
19.3
18.8
18.7
18.9
19.2
19.1
18.7
18.8
18.6
19.2
19.4
20.3
19.6
19.1
20.5
21.7
23.1
19.7
18.2
17.9
19.4
21.3
23.5
11.3
14.8
15.0
14.5
10.5
20.9
24.3
14.0
13.7
13.7
14.0
14.2
14.1
13.9
14.0
13.8
14.4
14.4
15.3
14.7
14.2
25.6
29.4
29.5
25.4
24.2
23.3
25.4
28.8
29.6
14.5
26.2
26.7
20.0
10.1
28.3
31.2
24.3
23.5
23.5
23.4
23.5
23.9
23.7
23.7
23.3
25.2
25.9
26.3
26.4
24.3
22.4
26.1
27.1
22.2
21.2
20.4
22.7
24.2
26.7
11.1
18.2
17.8
14.1
6.9
24.2
27.8
18.3
17.9
17.7
18.0
18.2
18.0
17.7
17.9
17.8
18.4
18.6
19.5
18.7
18.2
19.6
21.4
22.8
18.6
17.4
17.2
18.9
20.4
22.8
10.6
13.9
13.8
13.8
10.3
20.1
23.8
13.2
12.9
12.8
13.2
13.4
13.1
13.0
13.1
13.1
13.6
13.7
14.5
13.9
13.4
25.1
29.4
29.4
24.7
23.6
22.8
25.1
27.9
29.2
13.7
24.4
24.2
18.7
9.8
27.4
30.9
23.1
22.5
22.2
22.5
22.5
22.2
22.2
22.3
22.2
24.7
24.6
25.6
25.0
23.4
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
18.1 14.0 21.9 17.1 13.1 21.2
21.9 16.5 25.1 21.1 15.8 24.5
24.5 19.5 26.8 23.9 18.7 26.4
24.6 19.6 26.5 23.8 18.7 26.0
21.0 15.7 24.4 20.3 15.0 24.0
20.6 15.3 24.7 19.2 14.0 23.8
18.9 13.8 23.3 17.9 12.9 22.2
18.9 13.8 23.7 17.8 12.9 22.9
18.4 13.5 22.3 17.2 12.5 21.2
20.2 14.9 22.9 18.8 13.6 22.2
20.1 14.8 25.0 19.3 14.1 24.1
16.6 12.9 19.8 15.0 11.6 18.9
23.0 17.8 24.5 22.3 17.0 23.9
19.7 14.4 24.5 18.8 13.7 23.9
18.9 13.8 23.8 17.8 12.9 22.6
21.6 16.3 25.0 20.7 15.4 24.0
22.0 16.6 24.7 21.2 15.9 24.1
21.7 16.5 25.0 21.1 15.9 24.4
18.1 14.0 22.1 17.0 13.0 21.4
22.2 16.9 25.2 21.6 16.3 24.6
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
10.5
9.4
8.4
2064
266
10.8
8.6
7.5
896
518
9.8
8.9
8.2
314
934
13.1 11.3 9.9
192
1112
9.4
7.9
6.9
722
659
10.3
9.2
8.3
977
660
12.0 10.5 9.4
1678
228
7.5
6.5
5.7
1283
340
13.8 12.3 10.8 1708
254
11.7 10.4 9.4
1621
221
8.3
7.3
6.5
761
752
15.7 14.0 12.4 2621
177
17.8 15.0 13.4
598
557
11.1
9.8
8.9
793
782
8.3
7.3
6.6
1659
262
13.2 11.3 10.0
658
669
12.9 11.4 10.2
692
633
N/A N/A N/A
643
607
8.4
7.4
6.6
2061
298
12.1 10.4 9.3
804
579
5 sites, 75 more on CD-ROM
8.0
6.6
5.7
3018
259
11.8 10.3 9.0
3168
212
8.9
7.8
7.0
2716
381
9.9
8.4
7.4
2996
254
12.2 10.8 9.7
3118
227
6 sites, 13 more on CD-ROM
8.0
6.9
5.9
3807
134
8.4
7.3
6.6
4162
160
10.6
9.3
8.1
4169
82
8.1
7.0
6.2
4343
101
9.9
8.7
7.8
4556
84
8.0
7.0
6.2
4509
96
3 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
10.0
8.6
7.6
2829
103
11.3
9.8
8.5
2904
95
9.4
8.1
7.0
2898
108
1 site, 5 more on CD-ROM
8.1
7.4
7.0
0
3391
3 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM
9.5
7.9
5.8
533
274
8.5
7.5
6.6
3928
0
13.1 11.5 10.3
89
2159
3 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM
33.7 30.2 27.0 6083
1
8.2
6.4
5.0
3176
218
5.4
4.4
3.7
3081
252
30 sites, 11 more on CD-ROM
7.3
6.2
5.4
9
1686
7.8
7.1
6.4
0
3098
8.3
6.8
5.8
0
3392
7.7
6.7
6.0
52
1289
6.3
5.4
5.0
24
1628
7.5
6.4
5.6
20
1379
11.2 10.2 9.5
103
1430
10.4
9.6
8.7
62
2532
7.7
6.4
5.6
12
3375
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
20.1 27.4 19.2 26.3
23.2 27.8 22.5 26.9
25.2 27.6 24.6 27.1
25.3 27.8 24.6 27.2
22.6 28.3 21.9 27.2
22.7 30.4 21.4 29.5
21.0 28.2 20.0 27.2
21.1 28.6 20.1 27.5
20.6 27.9 19.5 26.8
21.6 27.6 20.6 26.6
22.4 30.7 21.5 29.6
18.5 25.2 17.3 24.4
23.6 25.5 22.9 24.8
22.1 30.8 21.2 29.8
21.3 29.5 20.2 28.0
23.1 28.7 22.1 27.1
23.1 27.3 22.5 26.4
23.0 27.1 22.4 26.2
20.2 28.4 19.4 27.2
23.6 28.9 22.9 27.5
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
121
ANQING
ANYANG
BAODING
BAOJI
BEIJING
BENGBU
BENXI
BINHAI
CANGZHOU
CHANGCHUN
CHANGDE
CHANGSHA
CHAOYANG
CHENGDE
CHENGDU
CHIFENG
CHONGQING
DALIAN
DANDONG
DATONG
DEZHOU
DIWOPU
China
ANTOFAGASTA
PUDAHUEL
Chile
NDJAMENA
Chad
BOBO-DIOULASSO
OUAGADOUGOU
Burkina Faso
CHERNI VRAH (TOP/SOMMET)
PLOVDIV
SOFIA (OBSERV.)
VARNA
Bulgaria
CURITIBA (AEROPORTO)
EDUARDO GOMES INTL
FLORIANOPOLIS (AERO)
FORTALEZA (AEROPORTO)
GALEAO
GOIANIA (AEROPORTO)
GUARULHOS
LONDRINA (AEROPORTO)
MACAPA
MACEIO (AEROPORTO)
MANAUS (AEROPORTO)
NATAL AEROPORTO
PORTO ALEGRE (AERO)
PORTO VELHO (AERO)
RECIFE (AEROPORTO)
RIO DE JANEIRO (AERO)
SALVADOR (AEROPORTO)
SAO LUIZ (AEROPORTO)
SAO PAULO (AEROPORTO)
TERESINA (AEROPORTO)
VITORIA (AEROPORTO)
Station
117.05E
114.40E
115.48E
107.13E
116.28E
117.37E
123.78E
117.33E
116.83E
125.22E
111.68E
112.87E
120.45E
117.92E
104.02E
118.83E
106.47E
121.63E
124.33E
113.33E
116.32E
87.47E
23.43S 70.45W
33.38S 70.78W
12.13N 15.03E
30.53N
36.05N
38.73N
34.35N
39.93N
32.95N
41.32N
39.12N
38.33N
43.90N
29.05N
28.23N
41.55N
40.97N
30.67N
42.30N
29.58N
38.90N
40.05N
40.10N
37.43N
43.90N
911
80
6
25
9
747
750
569
17
118
81
52
3
90
10
3
20
54
802
67
3
Elev
20
64
17
610
55
22
185
3
11
238
35
68
176
423
508
567
416
97
14
1069
22
648
140
474
295
460
306
23.27E 2292
24.75E 182
23.38E 531
27.92E 70
49.17W
60.05W
48.55W
38.53W
43.25W
49.22W
46.47W
51.13W
51.05W
35.78W
59.98W
35.25W
51.18W
63.92W
34.85W
43.17W
38.33W
44.23W
46.65W
42.82W
40.28W
Long
11.17N 4.32W
12.35N 1.52W
42.58N
42.13N
42.65N
43.20N
25.52S
3.03S
27.67S
3.78S
22.82S
16.63S
23.43S
23.33S
0.03N
9.52S
3.15S
5.92S
30.00S
8.77S
8.07S
22.90S
12.90S
2.60S
23.62S
5.05S
20.27S
Lat
-1.7
-8.2
-9.4
-5.8
-11.0
-4.8
-22.5
-11.0
-9.4
-25.0
-0.7
-1.2
-18.9
-18.1
0.8
-20.1
2.9
-12.1
-16.0
-20.5
-8.3
-23.2
10.0
-1.1
13.1
18.0
16.1
-19.4
-10.6
-12.4
-9.0
99.6%
2.8
21.8
7.8
22.8
14.9
12.1
7.2
7.9
22.8
19.0
22.2
20.9
3.9
18.1
21.8
16.2
20.3
22.8
8.9
21.9
16.5
-0.6
-6.4
-7.7
-4.5
-9.1
-3.3
-20.1
-9.1
-7.7
-22.6
0.3
-0.1
-16.6
-16.2
1.9
-18.3
4.0
-10.1
-13.9
-18.6
-6.8
-21.1
10.9
0.0
14.8
19.3
17.2
-17.2
-7.8
-10.0
-6.9
99%
4.9
21.9
9.4
23.0
15.8
13.6
9.0
9.8
22.9
19.8
22.8
21.3
5.8
19.8
22.0
17.0
21.1
23.0
10.1
22.4
17.5
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
35.7
35.2
35.3
34.9
35.0
35.6
31.5
34.2
34.2
30.9
36.3
36.2
33.7
33.1
33.2
33.0
36.9
31.2
29.9
32.0
34.2
35.3
24.2
31.8
43.0
38.1
40.8
17.3
34.8
32.8
31.4
27.4
23.3
22.5
21.7
22.0
26.6
21.8
23.5
23.2
20.8
26.9
26.6
21.4
20.4
25.0
19.5
25.5
23.4
23.7
17.4
24.3
18.1
19.0
17.6
21.7
20.2
20.2
11.0
20.8
18.9
22.5
34.6
33.8
33.7
33.4
33.2
34.2
30.1
33.1
33.0
29.5
35.2
35.1
32.1
31.6
32.1
31.3
35.5
30.0
28.5
30.4
32.9
34.0
23.7
30.8
42.0
37.3
39.9
15.8
33.0
30.8
30.0
27.2
23.9
22.8
21.4
22.5
26.2
21.8
23.4
23.5
20.9
26.9
26.5
21.4
20.5
24.5
19.2
25.5
23.0
23.0
17.0
24.3
17.8
18.6
17.5
21.5
20.3
20.3
10.5
20.7
18.8
22.2
33.5
32.6
32.4
32.0
32.0
32.9
28.9
32.0
31.9
28.2
34.0
34.0
30.8
30.1
31.0
29.9
34.2
28.8
27.4
28.9
31.9
32.8
23.0
29.8
41.0
36.6
39.0
14.5
31.4
28.9
28.8
26.9
23.9
22.9
21.4
22.4
25.4
21.6
23.2
23.4
20.6
26.6
26.3
21.1
20.2
24.0
18.8
25.2
22.6
22.5
16.9
24.0
17.5
18.2
17.3
21.2
20.4
20.5
10.0
20.1
18.4
21.7
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
30.9 20.3 29.8 20.3 28.8 20.2
35.9 26.2 35.1 26.1 34.2 26.0
32.1 25.3 30.9 25.1 29.9 24.5
32.2 25.1 32.0 25.0 31.5 24.8
37.3 25.4 36.0 25.2 34.2 25.1
35.2 20.0 34.1 20.4 33.2 20.7
32.8 21.8 31.2 21.6 30.2 21.4
33.8 21.9 32.8 22.0 31.9 22.1
35.0 26.8 34.1 26.8 33.8 26.7
33.0 25.4 32.2 25.1 31.8 24.9
34.9 25.9 34.1 26.0 33.3 25.9
32.9 25.5 32.2 25.2 31.9 25.2
34.7 24.6 33.0 24.0 31.8 23.6
35.7 25.1 34.9 25.0 34.0 25.2
34.0 27.1 33.2 26.5 32.9 26.3
34.1 25.2 32.8 25.0 31.8 24.8
32.3 26.6 32.0 26.5 31.2 26.1
34.0 26.3 33.2 26.0 33.0 25.9
32.1 20.4 31.1 20.4 30.0 20.4
38.2 23.5 37.8 23.6 37.0 23.9
34.1 25.6 33.2 25.3 32.5 25.1
28.5
27.7
27.0
24.8
27.0
28.3
24.7
27.7
27.4
24.3
28.7
27.9
25.5
24.4
27.0
22.8
27.3
26.1
25.7
21.2
27.8
20.4
20.0
19.3
28.0
26.0
26.4
12.4
22.8
20.7
24.5
33.2
31.5
31.1
30.8
30.5
32.9
28.6
30.5
31.0
27.8
33.2
33.0
30.0
28.9
31.0
29.0
32.6
28.7
28.0
26.6
31.5
30.1
22.9
28.9
33.6
32.1
33.3
15.1
31.4
28.3
29.1
28.0
26.9
26.1
23.9
26.1
27.7
23.9
26.8
26.6
23.4
28.0
27.4
24.6
23.5
26.2
21.9
26.8
25.4
24.8
20.3
26.9
19.5
19.4
18.7
27.3
25.5
26.0
11.5
21.9
19.9
23.6
32.7
30.6
30.0
29.5
29.4
32.3
27.7
29.8
30.0
26.8
32.7
32.5
28.7
28.0
30.0
27.6
32.0
27.7
26.8
25.8
30.5
29.3
22.4
28.4
33.2
31.5
32.9
14.2
30.0
27.3
28.1
27.3
26.7
25.9
23.2
26.1
27.1
23.5
27.0
26.4
23.2
27.5
26.7
24.2
23.1
26.0
21.0
26.1
25.2
25.0
19.7
26.8
17.9
18.9
15.2
26.9
24.4
24.9
11.3
20.1
18.2
23.1
23.1
22.4
21.3
19.3
21.7
23.0
18.7
22.8
21.9
18.5
23.5
22.5
19.5
18.8
22.7
16.8
22.6
20.6
20.1
16.4
22.4
13.9
14.0
11.5
23.3
20.5
20.8
11.1
15.1
14.0
18.0
31.3
30.2
29.7
28.2
29.0
31.1
27.1
29.6
29.8
26.6
31.6
30.6
28.1
26.9
29.7
25.9
30.1
27.3
27.0
23.5
30.3
22.2
22.1
23.1
30.6
28.9
28.6
13.4
26.7
23.6
27.4
26.8
25.9
25.0
22.4
25.1
26.6
22.7
26.1
25.6
22.2
26.8
26.1
23.3
22.2
25.1
20.1
25.5
24.7
24.2
18.7
25.9
16.6
18.1
14.6
26.0
24.0
24.2
10.4
19.1
17.2
22.0
22.5
21.4
20.1
18.4
20.4
22.2
17.8
21.5
20.9
17.4
22.6
21.7
18.5
17.8
21.6
15.8
21.8
20.0
19.2
15.4
21.3
12.8
13.2
11.0
22.2
20.0
19.9
10.4
14.2
13.1
16.9
30.9
29.4
28.8
27.3
28.1
30.6
26.2
28.5
28.9
25.6
31.1
30.1
27.3
26.0
28.7
25.2
29.6
26.9
26.0
23.0
29.6
22.3
21.1
22.5
29.9
28.4
28.2
12.6
25.3
22.6
26.6
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
22.1 18.8 24.4 21.3 17.9 23.6
27.2 23.3 29.5 27.1 23.1 29.3
25.5 20.7 28.1 25.0 20.1 27.6
26.2 21.6 27.8 25.8 21.2 27.6
27.1 22.8 30.1 26.2 21.7 29.2
23.2 19.6 26.2 22.9 19.4 25.9
23.9 20.6 25.7 23.0 19.5 25.1
24.9 21.5 27.0 24.2 20.4 26.3
26.9 22.6 30.5 26.2 21.7 29.7
26.1 21.8 28.3 25.6 21.2 28.0
26.2 21.8 29.3 26.0 21.6 29.2
26.1 21.6 28.3 25.5 20.8 28.0
25.1 20.2 28.4 24.2 19.1 27.4
27.2 23.2 28.9 27.0 22.9 28.8
26.2 21.6 30.7 25.9 21.3 30.4
25.2 20.4 28.9 25.0 20.1 28.7
26.5 22.1 29.6 26.1 21.5 29.4
27.1 22.9 29.4 26.5 22.1 28.9
22.1 18.5 25.5 21.2 17.5 24.5
26.2 21.8 28.5 26.0 21.5 28.4
26.2 21.7 28.5 26.0 21.3 28.3
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
8.7
7.5
6.5
643
595
5.9
5.1
4.4
0
3414
8.3
7.3
6.4
222
1301
9.4
8.4
7.9
0
3394
8.3
7.3
6.4
6
2472
8.0
7.0
5.6
3
2331
7.5
6.7
6.0
232
1058
6.6
5.7
5.1
124
1601
8.3
7.3
6.6
0
3528
7.8
7.1
6.4
0
2716
6.0
5.2
4.7
0
3448
9.9
9.1
8.3
0
3148
9.4
8.0
7.0
484
1131
6.0
5.1
4.4
1
3282
8.5
7.9
7.1
0
3429
8.4
7.3
6.5
4
2264
9.1
8.2
7.4
0
3011
9.2
8.3
7.5
0
3594
7.7
6.7
5.9
230
1140
5.2
4.5
4.0
0
3984
10.4
9.3
8.3
0
2614
4 sites, 31 more on CD-ROM
28.4 24.2 19.9 6425
0
11.7 10.1 8.7
2552
550
9.4
8.1
7.0
3099
275
12.5 10.2 8.4
2568
413
2 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM
7.4
6.6
6.0
0
3418
7.7
6.7
5.9
0
3827
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
9.3
8.1
7.2
1
3867
2 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
9.1
8.3
7.7
692
186
8.4
7.5
6.7
1506
246
87 sites, 309 more on CD-ROM
7.8
6.9
6.2
1576
1321
7.5
6.4
5.5
2344
989
6.2
5.1
4.3
2603
966
6.2
5.2
4.4
2360
787
9.8
8.1
6.7
2827
863
7.1
6.2
5.4
1903
1138
6.6
5.4
4.8
4079
493
10.3
8.7
7.4
2745
916
8.7
7.3
6.2
2649
927
10.9
9.2
7.8
4807
411
5.6
4.7
4.0
1482
1326
7.0
6.0
5.2
1492
1348
8.8
7.5
6.6
3677
634
6.8
5.3
4.3
3798
521
5.6
4.5
3.7
1396
972
8.2
7.0
6.0
4178
446
5.3
4.4
3.7
1166
1279
10.7
9.4
8.3
3078
627
8.9
7.6
6.6
3603
448
9.5
8.1
7.0
4196
352
7.4
6.4
5.5
2496
966
7.4
5.8
4.7
4295
764
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
23.1 27.0 22.5 26.4
28.4 32.4 27.9 31.8
26.5 30.0 25.9 29.2
26.7 29.5 26.4 29.3
28.0 32.5 27.4 31.7
24.6 29.8 24.2 29.4
24.6 28.4 23.9 27.7
25.6 28.9 25.1 28.5
28.0 32.5 27.6 32.1
26.8 30.2 26.4 29.7
27.3 31.5 27.0 31.3
26.7 29.9 26.4 29.8
26.4 31.3 25.6 30.4
28.0 31.0 27.6 30.8
27.6 32.4 27.1 31.9
26.6 30.9 26.2 30.4
27.5 30.8 27.0 30.5
27.7 30.7 27.3 30.6
23.2 27.7 22.7 27.2
27.2 31.4 26.9 31.4
27.2 30.6 26.7 30.1
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
122
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
FUZHOU
GANYU
GAOYAO
GUANGZHOU
GUILIN
GUIYANG
HAIKOU
HANGZHOU
HARBIN
HEFEI
HOHHOT
JIANGLING
JINAN
JINGDEZHEN
JINZHOU
JIXI
KUNMING
LANZHOU
LINGXIAN
LIUZHOU
MENGJIN
MUDANJIANG
NANCHANG
NANJING
NANNING
NEIJIANG
QINGDAO
QINGJIANG
QIQIHAR
SHANGHAI
SHANGHAI/HONGQIAO
SHANTOU
SHAOGUAN
SHENYANG
SHENZHEN
SHIJIAZHUANG
SIPING
TAI SHAN
TAIYUAN
TANGSHAN
TAOXIAN
TIANJIN
WEIFANG
WENZHOU
WU LU MU QI
WUHAN
WUHUXIAN
XIAMEN
XIAN
XIHUA
XINGTAI
XINING
XINYANG
XUZHOU
YANGJIANG
YANJI
YICHANG
Station
26.08N
34.85N
23.05N
23.22N
25.33N
26.58N
20.00N
30.23N
45.75N
31.87N
40.82N
30.33N
36.60N
29.30N
41.13N
45.28N
25.02N
36.05N
37.33N
24.35N
34.82N
44.57N
28.60N
31.93N
22.82N
29.58N
36.07N
33.60N
47.38N
31.40N
31.17N
23.40N
24.67N
41.73N
22.55N
38.03N
43.18N
36.25N
37.78N
39.65N
41.63N
39.10N
36.77N
28.02N
43.80N
30.60N
31.15N
24.48N
34.30N
33.78N
37.07N
36.62N
32.13N
34.28N
21.87N
42.87N
30.70N
Lat
119.28E
119.13E
112.47E
113.48E
110.30E
106.73E
110.25E
120.17E
126.77E
117.23E
111.68E
112.18E
117.05E
117.20E
121.12E
130.95E
102.68E
103.88E
116.57E
109.40E
112.43E
129.60E
115.92E
118.90E
108.35E
105.05E
120.33E
119.03E
123.92E
121.47E
121.43E
116.68E
113.60E
123.52E
114.10E
114.42E
124.33E
117.10E
112.55E
118.10E
123.48E
117.17E
119.18E
120.67E
87.65E
114.05E
118.58E
118.08E
108.93E
114.52E
114.50E
101.77E
114.05E
117.15E
111.97E
129.50E
111.30E
Long
14
10
12
71
174
1223
24
43
143
36
1065
33
169
60
70
234
1892
1518
19
97
333
242
50
15
126
357
77
19
148
4
7
3
68
43
18
81
167
1536
779
29
60
5
22
7
947
34
16
18
479
53
78
2296
115
42
22
178
134
Elev
99.6%
4.5
-6.7
6.4
5.8
1.1
-2.7
10.8
-2.1
-27.7
-4.1
-22.8
-1.4
-8.1
-1.3
-16.0
-24.8
0.8
-11.3
-10.7
3.5
-6.6
-26.5
-0.6
-4.6
5.0
2.5
-7.9
-5.8
-27.7
-2.0
-3.0
7.2
2.5
-22.4
7.1
-8.4
-23.3
-16.8
-14.9
-12.7
-24.2
-10.4
-10.7
1.3
-21.9
-2.1
-3.1
6.5
-7.2
-5.6
-7.3
-16.6
-4.5
-6.2
7.1
-22.5
-0.7
99%
5.7
-5.1
7.7
7.0
2.6
-1.2
12.4
-0.9
-25.4
-2.7
-19.8
-0.4
-6.4
-0.1
-14.1
-22.7
2.0
-9.8
-8.6
4.9
-5.1
-24.1
0.5
-3.0
6.4
3.6
-6.1
-4.0
-25.5
-0.6
-1.5
8.6
3.9
-20.0
8.6
-6.8
-21.0
-14.6
-12.9
-10.9
-21.9
-8.6
-9.1
2.6
-19.8
-0.9
-1.7
7.6
-5.4
-4.1
-5.9
-14.8
-3.1
-4.6
8.5
-20.4
0.3
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
35.6 26.8 34.5 26.6 33.4 26.3
33.1 26.3 31.7 25.6 30.4 25.4
35.1 26.4 34.2 26.3 33.4 26.2
35.7 26.2 34.5 26.1 33.8 26.1
34.9 25.6 33.9 25.5 33.0 25.3
30.2 21.0 29.2 20.9 28.2 20.7
35.0 26.9 34.2 26.8 33.4 26.7
36.2 26.6 35.2 26.5 34.0 26.4
31.4 20.4 29.8 20.7 28.4 20.4
35.3 27.6 34.2 27.2 33.0 26.6
32.0 17.4 30.4 17.1 29.0 16.7
34.9 27.6 33.9 27.1 32.9 26.5
35.0 23.1 33.8 23.4 32.5 23.2
36.2 26.6 35.2 26.4 34.1 26.1
31.7 22.0 30.4 21.8 29.2 21.5
30.4 20.8 28.8 20.3 27.4 19.9
27.7 16.4 26.7 16.5 25.8 16.7
32.4 18.0 30.9 17.4 29.5 16.9
35.1 23.4 33.6 23.9 32.2 24.1
35.3 25.6 34.4 25.6 33.6 25.5
34.8 21.6 33.3 22.1 31.9 22.2
31.2 21.4 29.6 20.6 28.1 20.2
35.9 26.8 34.8 26.7 33.8 26.5
35.2 26.9 34.1 26.8 32.9 26.3
35.0 26.2 34.1 26.1 33.2 25.9
35.2 25.9 33.9 25.5 32.7 25.0
32.2 23.5 30.9 23.5 29.5 23.2
33.7 27.1 32.5 26.4 31.3 25.7
31.9 20.8 30.2 20.2 28.7 19.9
35.1 26.9 33.8 26.6 32.6 26.3
35.2 27.3 34.1 27.2 33.0 26.8
33.9 27.2 32.9 27.0 32.1 26.7
35.5 25.9 34.5 25.9 33.6 25.7
31.5 23.1 30.3 22.5 29.2 22.1
33.9 26.4 33.1 26.3 32.4 26.2
36.0 22.0 34.3 22.7 32.8 22.9
31.1 21.6 29.8 21.4 28.7 21.0
22.6 17.0 21.6 17.2 20.8 17.5
33.3 19.9 32.0 20.1 30.7 19.8
33.2 22.9 31.9 23.0 30.8 22.7
32.0 22.8 30.8 22.9 29.2 22.2
34.3 23.4 32.9 23.3 31.7 23.0
34.4 23.9 32.9 23.9 31.6 23.5
34.0 27.5 32.9 27.1 32.0 26.8
33.5 16.3 31.9 16.1 30.4 15.7
36.0 27.9 34.9 27.5 33.8 27.1
36.0 27.5 34.8 27.1 33.5 26.7
34.2 26.1 33.2 26.0 32.4 25.9
36.1 23.1 34.7 22.9 33.1 22.8
35.0 25.4 33.8 25.7 32.5 25.2
35.8 22.3 34.2 22.8 32.9 23.0
27.5 15.0 25.9 14.2 24.4 13.5
34.6 26.5 33.4 25.9 32.2 25.3
34.7 25.5 33.4 25.2 32.1 24.7
33.1 26.5 32.2 26.4 31.6 26.3
31.1 21.5 29.4 20.9 27.8 20.2
35.7 26.7 34.4 26.1 33.1 25.5
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
26.3 21.7 30.9 25.9 21.3 30.3
27.2 23.1 30.5 26.6 22.2 29.8
26.5 22.1 29.7 26.2 21.6 29.4
26.9 22.7 29.6 26.2 21.9 29.2
26.2 22.0 29.0 25.8 21.6 28.7
21.6 18.9 24.9 21.1 18.3 24.5
27.0 22.7 30.0 26.6 22.2 29.7
27.1 23.0 30.4 26.4 22.0 29.9
22.9 18.0 26.4 22.1 17.0 25.6
27.8 23.9 31.8 27.0 22.8 31.0
19.3 16.0 23.2 18.3 15.0 23.3
27.4 23.3 31.6 26.8 22.5 31.1
25.7 21.4 29.7 25.1 20.6 29.4
26.3 21.9 30.2 25.9 21.4 29.9
24.7 19.9 27.5 23.9 18.9 26.6
22.2 17.4 25.7 21.2 16.4 24.9
18.6 17.0 21.7 18.2 16.6 21.2
17.9 15.5 24.3 16.9 14.6 23.4
26.9 22.6 30.0 26.0 21.4 29.2
26.0 21.6 29.5 25.6 21.1 29.2
25.6 21.7 29.1 24.8 20.7 28.1
22.0 17.2 26.6 21.3 16.4 25.6
27.1 23.0 30.7 26.6 22.3 30.4
27.2 23.0 31.0 26.7 22.3 30.5
26.7 22.7 29.7 26.2 22.0 29.2
26.0 22.3 30.4 25.4 21.5 29.7
26.1 21.6 28.1 25.3 20.6 27.4
27.3 23.1 30.8 26.7 22.3 30.2
22.5 17.5 26.4 21.4 16.4 25.2
26.7 22.3 30.4 26.2 21.7 29.9
27.9 24.0 31.1 27.1 22.8 30.4
28.0 24.1 30.6 27.2 22.9 29.7
26.0 21.5 29.3 25.6 21.0 29.0
24.4 19.5 27.8 23.6 18.5 27.0
28.2 24.5 30.2 27.8 23.9 29.9
25.9 21.5 29.9 25.0 20.3 29.0
23.6 18.8 27.0 22.8 17.9 26.2
20.7 18.5 20.9 19.9 17.7 20.2
23.0 19.5 27.1 22.0 18.3 25.8
25.5 20.8 29.0 24.7 19.8 28.1
24.8 20.0 28.6 23.9 18.9 27.5
26.2 21.6 29.6 25.3 20.4 28.7
26.3 21.8 29.7 25.6 20.8 28.8
27.0 22.7 30.7 26.6 22.1 30.1
15.1 12.0 20.3 14.1 11.2 20.4
28.1 24.4 31.8 27.6 23.7 31.4
27.4 23.4 31.6 26.7 22.4 30.9
26.9 22.7 29.3 26.2 21.7 29.0
25.0 21.3 29.9 24.1 20.1 29.0
27.5 23.6 31.4 26.7 22.5 30.5
26.1 21.7 29.8 25.3 20.7 29.3
15.0 14.1 19.3 14.0 13.2 18.4
26.6 22.5 30.5 26.1 21.7 30.0
27.0 22.8 31.0 26.3 21.9 30.2
27.1 22.9 29.2 26.7 22.4 29.0
22.5 17.6 26.6 21.6 16.7 25.5
26.7 22.7 31.0 26.2 22.0 30.3
Extreme
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
9.7
8.3
7.2
7.4
6.4
5.6
6.9
5.9
5.1
7.0
6.0
5.2
7.4
6.5
5.7
6.4
5.5
4.9
7.7
6.5
5.6
7.1
6.1
5.3
8.2
7.1
6.2
7.3
6.3
5.5
8.7
7.3
6.2
6.9
6.0
5.2
9.0
7.7
6.7
5.5
4.7
4.1
9.7
8.2
7.1
10.8
9.3
8.1
8.2
7.1
6.2
4.4
3.5
3.1
8.4
7.3
6.3
5.4
4.6
4.1
9.0
7.4
6.3
8.8
7.3
6.1
6.1
5.2
4.5
7.7
6.6
5.8
6.3
5.3
4.5
5.2
4.4
3.7
11.2
9.8
8.5
6.7
5.8
5.1
9.3
7.9
6.8
7.6
6.8
6.1
9.1
8.0
7.1
8.4
7.3
6.4
6.9
6.0
5.2
9.6
8.2
7.0
8.1
7.1
6.3
6.1
5.0
4.2
9.0
7.6
6.5
18.2 16.2 14.4
9.3
7.7
6.4
8.1
6.7
5.5
10.4
8.9
7.7
8.8
7.2
5.8
9.4
8.2
7.1
6.4
5.5
4.9
7.6
6.0
5.0
7.0
5.9
5.0
7.9
6.8
5.9
8.8
7.7
6.9
8.1
6.9
5.9
5.8
5.0
4.3
5.5
4.7
4.1
5.6
4.6
3.7
8.2
7.0
6.0
6.5
5.6
5.0
8.5
7.2
6.3
10.2
8.7
7.4
4.4
3.8
3.3
Heat./Cool.
Degree-Days
HDD / CDD 18.3
706
1620
2309
846
367
2078
374
2090
1031
1491
1687
663
96
2518
1587
1253
5236
376
1841
1168
4422
337
1587
1224
2260
1083
1352
1394
3512
598
5212
273
1179
339
3093
431
2573
916
687
1871
2218
907
5138
329
1387
1431
1876
1107
470
1961
1217
1148
2499
764
2128
930
5391
391
1587
1188
1634
1196
348
1836
749
1753
4053
547
246
2189
2438
1019
4443
471
4474
43
3212
539
2964
781
4132
558
2718
924
2703
799
1107
1283
4388
527
1603
1315
1725
1186
476
1714
2344
901
2098
993
2342
1044
4164
49
1908
1042
2140
1016
269
2032
4739
288
1481
1212
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
27.8 33.5 27.3 32.5
28.2 31.6 27.5 30.5
27.6 32.3 27.2 31.6
27.7 31.6 27.4 31.2
27.2 31.4 26.7 30.9
22.8 27.4 22.3 26.8
28.0 32.5 27.7 31.9
28.2 32.9 27.6 32.3
24.1 28.0 23.2 26.9
28.8 33.3 28.1 32.5
21.1 27.1 20.1 25.7
28.6 33.2 28.0 32.6
27.0 31.7 26.4 30.8
27.7 33.4 27.3 32.7
25.6 28.6 24.7 27.6
23.5 27.7 22.5 26.3
19.9 24.3 19.5 23.6
20.2 28.4 19.5 27.3
27.7 31.1 27.0 30.4
27.2 32.3 26.9 31.8
26.6 30.6 25.9 29.6
23.6 28.5 22.7 27.0
28.2 32.7 27.7 32.3
28.3 32.8 27.7 32.0
27.7 31.9 27.3 31.3
27.3 32.7 26.7 31.8
26.7 29.1 26.0 28.2
28.3 32.2 27.7 31.3
23.8 27.9 22.7 27.0
27.9 32.5 27.4 31.7
28.7 32.8 28.0 31.9
28.6 31.7 28.0 30.9
27.2 32.3 26.8 31.8
25.5 29.3 24.7 28.2
28.8 31.0 28.2 30.4
27.1 31.3 26.2 30.3
24.7 28.3 23.9 27.3
20.7 21.0 20.0 20.4
24.3 29.1 23.3 28.1
26.6 30.3 25.7 29.2
25.9 29.6 25.0 28.6
27.2 30.7 26.3 29.7
27.4 31.3 26.5 30.0
28.2 32.6 27.7 31.7
18.0 28.3 17.4 27.7
29.2 33.5 28.6 32.7
28.6 33.5 28.0 32.9
27.6 31.1 27.2 30.7
26.4 32.0 25.6 31.0
28.6 32.6 27.8 31.5
27.2 31.4 26.4 30.4
17.0 23.8 16.0 22.3
27.8 32.5 27.2 31.7
28.1 32.4 27.4 31.3
27.7 30.6 27.5 30.3
23.9 28.6 22.9 26.6
28.1 33.2 27.5 32.3
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
123
HELSINKI-VANTAA
ISOSAARI
Finland
TALLIN-HARKU
Estonia
ALEXANDRIA/NOUZHA
ASYUT
CAIRO AIRPORT
LUXOR
PORT SAID
PORT SAID/EL GAMIL
Egypt
GUAYAQUIL AEROPUERT
QUITO AEROPUERTO
Ecuador
LAS AMERICAS
SANTO DOMINGO
Dominican Republic
DROGDEN
KOEBENHAVN/KASTRUP
ROSKILDE/TUNE
VAERLOESE
Denmark
BRNO/TURANY
OSTRAVA/MOSNOV
PRAHA/RUZYNE
PRAHA-KBELY
PRAHA-LIBUS
Czech Republic
AEROPUERTO JOSE MAR
CAMAGUEY AEROPUERTO
SANTIAGO DE CUBA
Cuba
ZAGREB/MAKSIMIR
ZAGREB/PLESO
Croatia
ABIDJAN
Côte d'Ivoire
JUAN SANTAMARIA INT
Costa Rica
BRAZZAVILLE/MAYA-M
Congo
BARRANQUILLA/ERNEST
BOGOTA/ELDORADO
CALI/ALFONSO BONILL
CARTAGENA/RAFAEL NU
RIONEGRO/J.M.CORDOV
Colombia
YINCHUAN
YINGKOU
YUEYANG
YUNCHENG
ZHANGJIAKOU
ZHANJIANG
ZHENGZHOU
ZUNYI
Station
15.25E
3.93W
12.72E
12.65E
12.13E
12.33E
16.68E
18.12E
14.25E
14.55E
14.45E
18
14
0
5
43
31
246
260
365
286
304
75
118
55
128
107
8
934
319
29.93E
31.02E
31.18E
32.70E
32.30E
32.23E
60.32N 24.97E
60.10N 25.07E
59.38N 24.58E
31.17N
27.05N
30.10N
25.67N
31.27N
31.28N
56
5
33
7
70
74
99
6
6
2.15S 79.88W
9
0.13S 78.48W 2812
18.43N 69.67W
18.43N 69.88W
55.53N
55.62N
55.58N
55.77N
49.15N
49.68N
50.10N
50.12N
50.01N
22.98N 82.40W
21.42N 77.85W
19.97N 75.85W
45.82N 16.03E
45.73N 16.07E
5.25N
1112
4
52
365
726
28
111
845
Elev
74.78W 30
74.15W 2548
76.38W 969
75.52W 12
75.43W 2142
106.20E
122.20E
113.08E
111.05E
114.88E
110.40E
113.65E
106.88E
Long
9.98N 84.18W
4.25S
10.88N
4.70N
3.55N
10.45N
6.13N
38.47N
40.67N
29.38N
35.05N
40.78N
21.22N
34.72N
27.70N
Lat
-22.1
-18.7
-18.9
6.9
4.5
7.8
5.2
9.8
9.8
18.9
6.8
18.1
19.6
-6.5
-7.9
-9.9
-11.1
-12.6
-15.4
-13.7
-12.5
-12.5
10.3
14.8
18.2
-10.2
-11.2
21.1
16.8
18.0
22.8
3.0
17.8
23.2
10.0
99.6%
-16.8
-17.6
-1.0
-8.3
-16.5
7.7
-6.5
-0.8
-18.6
-15.1
-15.2
7.9
5.6
8.9
6.6
10.8
10.8
19.2
7.8
19.0
20.3
-4.9
-6.0
-7.3
-8.1
-10.2
-12.2
-10.8
-10.0
-9.8
12.2
16.2
19.2
-7.4
-8.4
21.9
17.2
18.9
23.1
4.7
18.0
23.8
10.9
26.9
22.8
26.1
33.2
41.1
38.2
43.2
32.2
31.9
33.0
21.9
33.0
32.6
22.2
25.5
25.8
26.2
30.3
30.2
29.3
29.6
30.3
33.1
33.8
32.0
32.0
32.1
33.0
30.9
34.2
34.2
21.3
32.1
32.9
24.0
18.0
19.3
18.7
22.3
20.4
21.4
22.7
25.3
25.3
24.2
12.0
26.5
27.2
18.3
18.1
18.2
18.1
20.0
20.0
18.9
19.2
19.0
25.4
24.1
25.7
21.3
21.8
27.6
20.9
24.6
27.2
13.4
22.2
27.6
15.9
25.1
21.5
24.2
31.5
39.7
36.9
42.2
31.2
31.0
32.2
21.1
32.2
32.1
21.1
24.0
24.0
24.5
28.5
28.2
27.3
27.8
28.3
32.6
33.1
31.3
30.4
30.8
32.2
30.0
33.3
33.6
20.8
31.2
32.2
23.2
17.0
18.5
17.6
23.2
20.4
21.6
22.5
25.3
25.2
24.2
12.0
26.4
27.1
17.7
17.5
17.6
17.7
19.2
19.2
18.3
18.7
18.4
25.4
24.2
25.7
20.8
21.4
27.3
20.7
24.5
27.1
13.4
22.0
27.2
15.8
23.4
20.4
22.8
30.4
38.3
35.8
41.2
30.9
30.3
31.8
20.8
31.9
31.6
20.1
22.4
22.5
22.8
26.8
26.4
25.5
26.1
26.5
32.1
32.4
31.1
28.9
29.1
31.9
29.2
32.9
33.0
20.1
30.9
31.9
23.0
16.2
17.5
16.8
23.4
20.1
21.8
22.3
25.2
24.8
24.1
12.0
26.4
26.9
17.1
16.8
16.9
17.0
18.5
18.4
17.6
18.1
17.7
25.3
24.3
25.7
20.3
20.7
27.1
20.7
24.5
26.9
13.3
22.0
27.1
15.7
19.4
20.1
20.0
25.4
22.7
25.1
24.3
26.8
26.7
26.5
14.4
28.2
28.5
19.2
19.5
19.7
19.7
21.1
20.9
20.0
20.6
20.2
27.7
26.7
27.4
22.3
23.0
28.9
24.2
26.1
28.6
15.4
23.4
28.2
17.6
24.4
22.1
24.2
29.8
35.1
32.1
40.0
30.6
30.4
29.9
18.8
31.4
31.4
21.5
23.2
23.3
23.2
28.0
27.8
26.6
26.7
27.3
30.5
30.8
29.8
29.4
30.0
31.2
26.8
31.0
31.6
18.8
29.6
31.3
21.4
18.3
18.9
18.7
24.9
22.0
24.5
23.7
26.4
26.1
25.9
14.0
27.7
28.0
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.7
20.2
20.0
19.2
19.8
19.3
27.1
26.3
27.0
21.6
22.2
28.5
23.7
25.7
28.2
15.0
22.9
27.9
17.2
22.9
21.0
22.6
29.4
34.7
31.4
39.4
30.1
29.9
29.6
18.4
31.0
31.1
20.6
22.2
22.3
22.6
26.7
26.5
25.5
25.3
26.0
30.4
30.2
29.8
28.6
28.8
30.7
26.6
30.6
31.1
18.4
29.5
31.0
21.1
17.8
19.2
18.3
24.1
19.2
23.2
19.1
25.9
25.6
25.8
13.0
27.2
27.7
18.3
18.2
18.4
18.8
18.8
18.6
17.8
18.7
17.9
27.1
25.9
27.0
20.1
20.9
28.2
23.5
24.9
28.1
14.2
21.7
27.2
16.2
12.8
14.0
13.2
19.0
14.1
18.1
14.0
21.2
20.8
21.2
13.3
23.0
23.7
13.2
13.1
13.3
13.6
14.0
13.9
13.4
14.0
13.3
23.0
21.5
22.8
15.0
15.7
24.5
20.6
20.8
24.3
13.8
18.4
23.0
15.1
21.3
21.5
21.7
28.4
27.3
27.7
33.8
29.9
29.6
28.8
16.0
30.9
30.9
20.6
21.0
21.4
21.3
24.0
23.4
22.8
22.4
21.9
29.6
28.8
29.0
25.5
26.4
29.8
25.7
28.2
30.0
16.7
26.6
30.4
18.4
16.5
18.0
17.2
23.3
18.0
22.8
18.1
25.1
24.9
24.9
12.2
26.8
27.1
17.6
17.2
17.2
17.5
17.9
17.8
17.0
17.9
17.1
26.2
25.2
26.2
19.2
20.0
28.0
23.0
24.2
27.4
13.9
21.1
27.1
16.1
11.8
13.0
12.3
18.1
13.1
17.7
13.2
20.2
20.0
20.0
12.6
22.4
22.9
12.6
12.3
12.4
12.5
13.2
13.2
12.6
13.3
12.7
21.8
20.6
21.8
14.2
14.8
24.2
19.9
19.9
23.3
13.6
17.7
22.8
14.9
19.9
20.4
20.7
27.9
27.4
27.4
33.4
29.4
29.2
27.5
14.9
30.6
30.5
19.9
20.1
20.2
19.9
23.1
22.5
21.3
21.8
21.2
29.0
28.2
28.8
24.8
25.5
29.6
25.2
27.6
29.5
16.5
25.7
30.3
18.2
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
20.3 17.2 25.6 19.3 16.1 25.0
24.8 19.8 27.9 24.1 19.0 27.2
27.2 23.1 31.8 26.5 22.2 31.0
24.2 20.0 29.8 23.5 19.1 29.2
21.2 17.3 25.8 20.2 16.3 25.3
27.3 23.2 29.6 27.0 22.8 29.4
27.0 23.0 30.5 26.2 21.8 29.6
22.8 19.4 26.7 22.3 18.9 26.2
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
8.4
6.5
5.3
3497
481
10.3
8.9
7.9
3634
605
7.1
6.2
5.5
1481
1322
9.2
7.6
6.5
2342
1033
6.9
5.9
5.1
3681
542
8.0
6.8
6.0
207
2240
8.4
6.9
5.7
2194
975
4.7
3.9
3.3
1649
842
5 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM
12.4 10.4 9.3
0
3649
8.4
7.0
6.1
1714
0
8.1
6.3
5.4
0
2172
8.4
7.3
6.3
0
3582
8.7
6.9
5.6
395
26
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
5.9
5.0
4.4
0
2837
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
11.4 10.1 9.2
0
1831
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
7.2
6.4
5.8
0
3247
2 sites, 12 more on CD-ROM
5.7
4.8
4.1
2799
327
8.3
7.0
5.8
2900
294
3 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM
9.9
8.4
7.5
31
2341
10.2
9.0
7.8
6
2682
9.2
7.7
6.6
0
2860
5 sites, 32 more on CD-ROM
10.2
8.9
7.9
3433
174
10.1
9.0
8.1
3601
117
12.0 10.2 8.7
3692
96
9.2
7.9
6.8
3436
139
7.8
6.5
5.6
3427
143
4 sites, 34 more on CD-ROM
18.1 15.7 14.3 3514
28
12.6 11.3 10.2 3592
48
12.4 11.0 9.9
3768
30
12.0 10.5 9.3
3813
34
2 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM
7.6
6.5
5.9
0
2882
6.7
5.6
4.5
0
3033
2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM
7.2
6.4
5.9
0
2757
7.6
6.7
6.0
1401
1
6 sites, 17 more on CD-ROM
10.1
8.8
7.9
476
1307
10.3
9.2
8.3
497
2094
9.3
8.0
7.1
360
1853
7.1
6.2
5.3
282
2783
10.7
9.5
8.8
283
1601
11.6 10.3 9.4
309
1516
1 site, 19 more on CD-ROM
9.2
8.1
7.2
4607
34
2 sites, 49 more on CD-ROM
10.1
9.0
8.0
4786
46
15.8 14.1 12.6 4571
29
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
22.2 28.5 21.2 27.4
25.7 28.7 25.1 28.0
28.4 32.8 27.7 32.1
26.0 32.3 25.2 31.5
22.8 28.3 22.0 27.3
28.1 31.2 27.7 30.8
28.0 31.6 27.1 30.7
24.2 29.8 23.7 29.0
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
99% DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
-14.3 32.4 19.0 31.1 18.7 29.8 18.1
-15.5 30.5 24.1 29.4 23.5 28.5 23.0
0.2
34.4 27.3 33.6 26.9 32.8 26.6
-6.5
36.4 22.4 35.0 22.6 33.6 22.4
-14.8 33.0 18.9 31.4 18.7 29.9 18.5
9.2
33.9 26.7 33.1 26.8 32.4 26.7
-5.0
35.2 23.7 33.9 24.0 32.5 24.0
0.4
32.6 22.8 31.5 22.6 30.5 22.3
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
124
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
GUATEMALA (AEROPUERTO)
Guatemala
ATHINAI AP HELLINIKO
ELEFSIS (AIRPORT)
THESSALONIKI (AIRPORT)
Greece
BERLIN/DAHLEM
BERLIN/SCHONEFELD
BERLIN/TEGEL (FAFB)
BERLIN/TEMPELHOF
BREMEN
CELLE
DRESDEN/KLOTZSCHE
DUSSELDORF
ESSEN/MULHEIM
FRANKFURT MAIN ARPT
FUERSTENFELDBRUCK
GUETERSLOH
HAMBURG/FUHLSBUTTEL
HANNOVER
HEIDELBERG (USA-AF)
KOLN/BONN (CIV/MIL)
LEIPZIG-HOLZHAUSEN
LEIPZIG/SCHKEUDITZ
MUNICH
MUNICH/RIEM
NOERVENICH
NURNBERG
POTSDAM
QUICKBORN
ROTH
STUTTGART/ECHTERDI
STUTTGART/SCHNARREN
WUNSTORF
Germany
TBILISI/LOCHINI A
Georgia
BANJUL/YUNDUM
Gambia
LIBREVILLE
Gabon
CAP COURONNE
CAP POMEGUES
CAPE FERRAT
LE BOURGET
LYON-BRON
LYON-SATOLAS
MARIGNANE
NICE
PARIS-AEROPORT CHAR
PARIS-MONTSOURIS
PARIS-ORLY
TOULOUSE BLAGNAC
TRAPPES
VILLACOUBLAY
France
Station
9.42E
5.05E
5.30E
7.33E
2.43E
4.93E
5.08E
5.23E
7.20E
2.53E
2.33E
2.38E
1.37E
2.00E
2.20E
Long
13.30E
13.52E
13.32E
13.40E
8.80E
10.02E
13.77E
6.78E
6.97E
8.60E
11.27E
8.32E
10.00E
9.70E
8.65E
7.17E
12.45E
12.23E
11.55E
11.79E
6.67E
11.08E
13.07E
9.88E
11.10E
9.22E
9.20E
9.43E
15
31
4
51
47
37
50
3
52
230
45
154
112
535
72
16
55
109
91
151
133
520
453
135
319
81
17
395
396
315
51
427
33
15
27
70
144
52
202
240
32
27
112
77
90
154
168
179
Elev
14.58N 90.52W 1489
37.90N 23.73E
38.07N 23.55E
40.52N 22.97E
52.47N
52.38N
52.57N
52.47N
53.05N
52.60N
51.13N
51.28N
51.40N
50.05N
48.20N
51.93N
53.63N
52.47N
49.40N
50.87N
51.32N
51.42N
48.13N
48.35N
50.83N
49.50N
52.38N
53.73N
49.22N
48.68N
48.83N
52.47N
41.75N 44.77E
13.20N 16.63W
0.45N
43.33N
43.27N
43.68N
48.97N
45.72N
45.73N
43.45N
43.65N
49.02N
48.82N
48.72N
43.63N
48.77N
48.77N
Lat
10.8
1.8
0.8
-3.2
-12.0
-13.9
-12.4
-11.8
-10.7
-11.2
-13.6
-9.9
-9.9
-9.7
-15.1
-9.5
-11.6
-12.7
-8.1
-9.7
-10.4
-13.3
-11.9
-13.2
-8.2
-14.4
-12.9
-9.7
-13.3
-12.7
-11.5
-10.7
-5.3
16.4
21.9
-2.9
-1.4
4.0
-4.5
-5.4
-6.1
-2.8
1.9
-5.9
-3.0
-5.4
-4.0
-4.6
-5.3
99.6%
11.9
3.2
2.1
-1.8
-9.1
-10.8
-9.2
-9.2
-8.0
-8.4
-10.6
-6.8
-6.9
-7.2
-12.1
-6.7
-8.9
-9.7
-5.2
-6.9
-7.7
-10.4
-9.2
-10.2
-6.0
-10.9
-10.3
-7.4
-10.3
-10.0
-9.0
-7.9
-3.9
17.3
22.5
0.4
1.8
5.2
-3.0
-3.9
-4.3
-1.2
3.0
-3.8
-1.8
-3.6
-2.2
-3.2
-3.5
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
28.1
35.6
36.9
34.2
29.3
29.6
30.0
30.0
28.5
30.2
29.4
29.6
28.2
30.8
29.1
30.0
27.8
28.9
31.9
30.0
30.3
29.8
29.5
29.7
30.3
30.2
29.3
28.4
30.8
29.3
29.6
30.2
34.6
37.9
31.8
30.7
28.6
29.1
31.1
33.2
32.4
32.7
29.5
30.7
31.2
31.0
33.1
30.0
29.8
17.7
21.1
20.9
21.7
19.0
19.0
18.7
18.9
19.4
18.9
18.7
19.6
19.3
19.1
18.9
19.1
18.9
19.4
20.6
19.5
19.2
19.2
19.0
19.0
19.5
18.5
18.9
18.9
19.2
18.9
19.6
19.2
21.8
20.2
27.4
22.6
22.0
22.4
19.9
19.8
20.2
21.2
22.7
20.0
20.1
20.1
20.9
19.5
19.6
27.2
34.1
35.1
33.0
27.3
27.7
28.0
28.0
26.4
28.2
27.3
27.8
26.6
28.9
27.1
27.9
25.9
27.0
30.0
28.0
28.3
27.7
27.7
27.8
28.2
28.3
27.4
26.4
28.7
27.6
27.8
28.1
33.1
36.1
31.1
29.5
27.3
28.1
29.0
31.4
30.7
31.3
28.6
28.6
29.1
29.0
31.2
28.0
27.9
17.9
21.0
20.6
21.8
18.2
18.3
18.0
18.2
18.4
18.3
18.1
18.7
18.4
18.6
18.0
18.5
18.1
18.5
19.9
18.7
18.4
18.5
18.1
18.5
18.8
17.9
18.3
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.6
18.5
21.4
20.2
27.2
22.3
21.9
22.4
19.1
19.6
19.9
21.0
22.6
19.3
19.5
19.4
20.4
18.7
19.0
26.2
32.9
34.0
31.8
25.6
25.8
26.2
26.2
24.6
26.2
25.7
26.1
24.8
27.2
25.2
25.9
24.0
25.1
28.2
26.2
26.5
25.9
26.1
26.0
26.3
26.5
25.6
24.5
26.9
25.8
26.1
26.1
31.6
35.0
30.9
28.3
26.3
27.1
26.9
29.7
28.9
30.1
27.7
26.6
27.2
27.0
29.5
26.1
26.0
17.8
21.0
20.3
21.3
17.4
17.6
17.1
17.5
17.5
17.3
17.4
17.9
17.6
18.1
17.2
17.8
17.2
17.6
18.8
17.8
17.9
17.7
17.5
17.9
17.9
17.0
17.7
17.7
17.8
17.7
17.9
17.6
21.1
21.0
27.1
21.8
21.5
22.1
18.6
19.3
19.3
20.6
22.4
18.6
18.7
18.6
19.9
18.0
18.2
20.2
24.6
22.7
23.8
20.2
20.2
20.0
20.1
20.4
20.0
20.0
20.5
20.1
20.7
19.7
20.5
20.0
20.4
21.7
20.7
20.4
20.2
19.7
20.0
20.7
19.7
20.2
20.3
20.1
20.0
20.6
20.3
23.2
27.7
28.3
24.8
24.2
24.6
21.1
21.4
21.7
23.4
24.9
21.3
21.4
21.4
22.5
20.7
20.9
24.8
31.4
32.2
31.1
26.5
26.5
26.9
26.9
26.1
27.8
26.6
27.3
26.2
27.5
27.2
27.1
25.8
26.5
29.0
27.4
27.3
27.1
27.4
26.7
27.9
26.8
26.6
25.7
28.0
27.4
27.3
27.7
31.9
31.4
30.3
28.7
26.5
27.3
28.2
29.4
28.9
28.8
27.7
27.8
28.9
28.4
29.5
27.1
27.3
19.7
23.8
22.1
23.0
19.3
19.3
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.1
19.0
19.7
19.2
19.8
18.8
19.6
18.9
19.4
20.9
19.6
19.6
19.3
18.9
19.2
19.7
18.9
19.3
19.4
19.3
19.2
19.7
19.4
22.3
27.2
27.9
24.0
23.4
23.9
20.2
20.7
20.8
22.6
24.1
20.4
20.3
20.4
21.7
19.7
19.9
24.1
30.6
31.7
30.2
25.2
25.7
25.7
25.8
24.5
26.2
25.2
26.0
25.1
26.2
25.8
25.6
24.2
25.2
27.8
25.9
25.7
25.7
26.1
25.7
26.4
25.5
25.4
24.2
26.5
26.0
25.9
26.2
30.9
30.9
29.9
27.8
25.7
26.7
26.6
28.4
27.8
28.3
27.2
26.4
27.0
26.7
28.3
25.6
25.7
19.0
22.3
19.9
21.2
18.1
18.1
17.9
18.0
18.5
17.4
17.5
18.3
18.0
18.6
17.0
18.3
17.9
18.3
19.2
18.3
18.2
17.8
17.2
17.9
18.2
17.6
18.3
18.6
17.7
17.4
18.2
17.9
20.2
26.8
27.9
23.6
23.5
23.7
19.0
18.9
19.2
21.8
24.0
19.2
18.9
19.1
20.3
18.7
18.8
16.6
17.0
14.7
15.9
13.1
13.1
12.9
13.0
13.3
12.5
12.9
13.2
13.2
13.6
12.9
13.3
12.9
13.3
14.2
13.4
13.3
13.0
13.1
13.6
13.3
13.1
13.3
13.5
13.3
13.0
13.6
12.9
15.7
22.5
24.1
18.5
18.4
18.9
13.8
14.0
14.4
16.5
18.9
14.1
13.8
14.1
15.2
13.8
13.9
21.3
29.0
26.7
28.3
22.3
22.6
22.1
22.1
22.5
21.9
22.1
22.9
22.4
22.5
23.3
22.2
22.1
22.2
24.1
23.2
22.1
22.7
21.6
21.9
23.2
21.3
22.1
21.7
21.9
23.1
23.2
22.5
27.7
30.0
30.0
27.4
25.6
26.5
23.1
24.0
24.4
26.4
27.0
23.9
24.1
23.7
25.5
23.0
23.5
18.2
21.5
18.9
20.4
17.1
17.1
16.9
16.9
17.4
16.5
16.7
17.4
17.1
17.7
16.1
17.5
16.9
17.3
18.2
17.4
17.4
17.0
16.4
17.1
17.2
16.8
17.1
17.7
16.9
16.6
17.4
16.9
19.3
26.2
27.2
22.8
22.7
23.0
18.0
18.1
18.5
20.9
23.0
18.2
17.9
18.2
19.5
17.7
17.8
15.8
16.2
13.8
15.1
12.3
12.2
12.1
12.1
12.5
11.9
12.3
12.5
12.4
12.8
12.2
12.7
12.1
12.5
13.3
12.6
12.7
12.3
12.5
12.9
12.5
12.4
12.3
12.7
12.6
12.4
12.9
12.1
14.8
21.7
23.0
17.6
17.5
18.1
13.0
13.4
13.7
15.6
17.8
13.3
13.0
13.2
14.5
13.0
13.1
20.7
28.5
26.2
27.4
21.1
21.3
21.0
21.2
21.3
21.6
21.4
21.9
21.2
21.8
21.8
21.4
21.2
21.6
23.5
21.9
21.5
21.8
21.1
21.4
22.2
20.6
21.3
20.9
21.5
22.2
22.4
22.0
26.9
29.5
29.2
26.6
25.0
25.9
22.3
23.5
23.5
25.8
26.5
22.8
23.0
22.8
24.7
21.7
22.4
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
14 sites, 145 more on CD-ROM
17.1 15.0 13.3 1578
568
23.5 20.7 17.9 1523
457
12.2
9.9
8.0
1269
561
9.9
8.7
7.7
2511
171
11.3
9.8
8.4
2393
381
10.6
9.1
7.9
2526
321
16.3 14.2 12.3 1655
623
11.9 10.1 8.3
1404
537
11.5 10.0 8.8
2617
166
7.3
6.4
5.7
2323
239
10.9
9.4
8.3
2609
182
10.5
9.3
8.2
2048
389
6.8
6.0
5.3
2696
139
9.5
8.4
7.5
2757
152
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
6.9
6.2
5.5
0
3020
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
8.7
7.9
7.0
1
3128
1 site, 4 more on CD-ROM
20.6 17.3 14.8 2347
680
28 sites, 108 more on CD-ROM
7.4
6.5
5.9
3390
118
11.1
9.6
8.4
3508
101
10.4
9.2
8.2
3317
147
10.4
9.1
8.1
3284
147
11.4 10.0 8.8
3423
72
9.3
8.0
7.0
3288
119
9.6
8.3
7.3
3408
124
10.4
9.2
8.1
2929
139
9.7
8.4
7.4
3178
103
10.1
8.7
7.5
3094
171
11.1
9.3
7.7
3706
82
9.8
8.4
7.4
3090
114
10.2
9.0
8.1
3514
61
10.2
8.9
8.0
3368
80
7.9
6.8
5.9
2741
264
8.9
7.8
6.9
3082
107
6.6
5.8
5.1
3149
157
12.5 10.8 9.4
3393
120
7.8
6.4
5.3
3337
157
11.6
9.7
8.3
3540
104
10.0
8.4
7.2
2966
123
9.2
7.9
6.8
3507
128
10.8
9.4
8.3
3460
108
8.9
7.5
6.6
3458
59
8.1
6.9
5.8
3586
107
9.4
7.9
6.8
3490
106
9.1
7.7
6.6
3152
160
10.6
9.3
8.2
3183
122
3 sites, 23 more on CD-ROM
10.0
8.9
8.1
1117
1131
10.1
9.0
8.2
1231
1173
11.5
9.6
8.2
1801
823
1 site, 2 more on CD-ROM
11.9 10.3 9.5
65
701
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
125
DENPASAR/NGURAH RAI
JAKARTA/SOEKARNO-HA
MEDAN/POLONIA
MENADO/ SAM RATULAN
PADANG/TABING
PEKAN BARU/SIMPANGT
SURABAYA/JUANDA
UJUNG PANDANG/HASAN
Indonesia
AHMADABAD
AKOLA
AURANGABAD CHIKALTH
BANGALORE
BELGAUM/SAMBRA
BHOPAL/BAIRAGARH
BHUBANESWAR
BIKANER
BOMBAY/SANTACRUZ
CALCUTTA/DUM DUM
COIMBATORE/PEELAMED
CWC VISHAKHAPATNAM
GAUHATI
GWALIOR
BEGUMPET AIRPORT
INDORE
JABALPUR
JAIPUR/SANGANER
JAMSHEDPUR
JODHPUR
KOZHIKODE
LUCKNOW/AMAUSI
MADRAS/MINAMBAKKAM
MANGALORE/BAJPE
NAGPUR SONEGAON
NELLORE
NEW DELHI/PALAM
NEW DELHI/SAFDARJUN
PATIALA
PATNA
POONA
RAJKOT
SHOLAPUR
SURAT
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
TIRUCHCHIRAPALLI
India
BUDAORS
BUDAPEST/FERIHEGY I
BUDAPEST/PESTSZENTL
Hungary
HONG KONG INTERNATI
HONG KONG OBSERVATO
Hong Kong
LA MESA (SAN PEDRO SULA)
TEGUCIGALPA
Honduras
Station
Long
Elev
8.75S
6.12S
3.57N
1.53N
0.88S
0.47N
7.37S
5.07S
23.07N
20.70N
19.85N
12.97N
15.85N
23.28N
20.25N
28.00N
19.12N
22.65N
11.03N
17.70N
26.10N
26.23N
17.45N
22.72N
23.20N
26.82N
22.82N
26.30N
11.25N
26.75N
13.00N
12.92N
21.10N
14.45N
28.57N
28.58N
30.33N
25.60N
18.53N
22.30N
17.67N
21.20N
8.48N
10.77N
115.17E
106.65E
98.68E
124.92E
100.35E
101.45E
112.77E
119.55E
72.63E
77.07E
75.40E
77.58E
74.62E
77.35E
85.83E
73.30E
72.85E
88.45E
77.05E
83.30E
91.58E
78.25E
78.47E
75.80E
79.95E
75.80E
86.18E
73.02E
75.78E
80.88E
80.18E
74.88E
79.05E
79.98E
77.12E
77.20E
76.47E
85.10E
73.85E
70.78E
75.90E
72.83E
76.95E
78.72E
47.45N 18.97E
47.43N 19.27E
47.43N 19.18E
22.32N 113.92E
22.30N 114.17E
1
8
25
80
3
31
3
14
55
305
579
921
747
523
46
224
14
6
399
66
54
207
545
567
393
390
142
224
5
128
16
102
310
20
233
216
251
60
559
138
479
12
64
88
132
185
139
8
62
15.45N 87.93W 31
14.05N 87.22W 1007
Lat
21.8
22.0
22.5
20.5
21.5
21.8
21.0
20.4
11.0
12.9
10.6
15.2
13.3
10.0
14.0
6.2
16.8
11.5
18.2
20.0
10.9
6.0
13.9
9.3
8.5
7.2
10.1
8.8
22.4
6.9
19.9
20.7
11.8
20.4
6.1
6.2
5.0
8.0
9.9
11.9
15.9
14.2
22.1
20.0
-11.2
-12.1
-10.1
8.9
9.6
17.3
11.6
99.6%
22.8
22.8
22.8
21.4
22.1
22.3
21.9
21.1
12.3
14.1
12.0
15.9
14.5
11.2
15.1
7.6
18.0
12.7
19.1
20.8
11.9
7.2
15.1
10.7
9.8
8.6
11.3
10.1
23.0
8.1
20.8
21.5
13.0
21.1
7.2
7.2
6.1
9.2
11.0
13.4
17.1
15.5
22.7
20.8
-9.0
-9.8
-8.1
10.4
10.9
18.2
12.9
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
32.4
33.8
34.2
33.0
32.2
34.5
34.1
34.1
42.1
43.2
40.2
34.2
36.4
41.8
38.6
44.2
35.9
37.4
36.5
33.7
34.6
43.7
40.2
40.9
42.4
42.5
42.3
42.7
34.1
42.1
38.7
34.4
43.9
40.7
43.8
42.2
41.6
41.1
38.3
41.1
41.1
38.0
33.8
39.0
31.0
32.6
32.6
33.9
32.2
37.1
32.0
26.6
25.6
26.1
24.3
25.9
26.7
24.5
23.4
23.0
22.0
22.6
19.8
19.2
21.6
26.6
21.3
22.7
27.0
22.1
27.2
26.7
22.5
21.8
19.8
20.7
21.3
22.2
21.2
28.1
22.8
25.9
25.0
22.5
26.8
22.6
22.7
24.6
23.0
19.8
22.2
22.2
22.4
25.8
25.8
20.1
22.0
20.3
26.5
26.5
25.9
19.2
32.0
33.1
33.7
32.5
31.9
34.0
33.5
33.3
41.0
42.0
39.2
33.4
35.4
40.6
37.3
42.9
34.9
36.3
35.6
33.0
33.7
42.6
39.1
39.7
41.2
41.2
40.7
41.4
33.5
40.8
37.2
33.8
42.8
39.2
42.1
40.7
40.1
39.6
37.2
40.0
40.1
36.5
33.2
38.1
29.3
30.9
30.9
33.1
31.7
36.0
31.0
26.4
25.8
26.1
24.4
25.9
26.7
24.7
23.9
22.8
21.7
22.7
19.8
19.3
21.4
26.6
22.0
23.1
27.0
22.4
27.6
26.7
22.7
21.7
19.8
20.7
21.3
22.5
21.6
27.7
22.8
25.8
25.0
22.4
27.1
22.5
22.9
24.4
23.1
19.7
22.2
22.5
22.7
25.7
25.7
19.7
21.0
19.8
26.3
26.4
26.1
19.7
31.5
32.8
33.1
32.1
31.6
33.6
33.0
32.9
39.9
40.9
38.2
32.6
34.4
39.4
36.2
41.6
33.9
35.4
34.7
32.4
33.0
41.3
38.0
38.6
40.0
40.0
39.1
40.2
33.1
39.2
36.2
33.3
41.4
38.0
40.8
39.4
38.5
38.0
36.2
38.9
39.0
35.2
32.8
37.3
27.8
29.0
29.2
32.2
31.2
35.0
30.1
26.3
25.8
26.1
24.6
25.9
26.6
24.8
24.1
22.9
21.5
22.4
19.8
19.4
21.3
26.5
22.3
23.4
26.8
22.7
27.4
26.7
22.6
21.8
19.8
20.9
21.3
23.0
21.8
27.3
23.5
25.8
24.8
22.2
26.9
22.5
23.1
24.5
23.8
19.8
22.6
22.3
23.0
25.6
25.5
19.2
20.0
19.2
26.1
26.3
26.1
19.7
27.6
27.8
27.5
26.4
27.2
28.1
27.0
27.1
28.5
26.8
26.6
23.6
24.0
26.2
29.4
28.1
27.7
29.6
25.7
29.2
28.7
28.3
25.7
25.6
26.6
27.5
28.2
27.5
28.8
29.2
28.4
27.2
27.4
29.0
29.5
28.7
29.6
28.9
24.7
27.9
26.6
28.2
27.6
27.8
21.3
23.0
21.6
27.7
27.4
28.4
22.5
30.8
31.3
32.0
30.4
31.0
32.8
31.1
30.5
33.7
34.3
35.2
28.9
29.3
31.5
34.1
34.5
31.2
34.5
31.4
32.1
32.7
33.2
31.5
30.4
31.1
31.2
33.2
32.4
33.0
33.8
33.1
31.4
32.3
35.8
33.3
34.0
33.6
33.7
29.9
33.4
33.1
31.7
31.7
35.0
28.9
30.6
29.2
30.9
30.5
33.2
27.8
27.2
27.4
27.2
26.1
26.9
27.7
26.7
26.7
28.0
26.2
25.7
23.1
23.6
25.8
29.0
27.6
27.4
29.1
25.2
28.7
28.4
27.9
25.1
25.1
26.2
27.0
27.7
27.1
28.4
28.8
28.0
26.8
26.8
28.5
28.9
28.2
29.2
28.6
24.2
27.4
25.9
27.9
27.2
27.2
20.5
21.8
20.7
27.3
27.1
27.8
22.1
30.4
31.0
31.5
30.1
30.7
32.4
30.7
30.2
32.7
32.1
33.1
28.3
28.4
30.7
33.6
33.9
30.9
33.8
30.7
31.7
32.1
32.5
30.8
29.8
30.3
30.9
32.4
32.1
32.5
33.2
32.3
30.9
31.6
34.9
32.7
33.4
33.4
33.0
29.1
32.2
32.1
31.4
31.2
34.1
27.5
28.5
28.5
30.6
30.1
32.4
27.4
26.9
26.9
26.2
25.2
26.1
26.7
26.0
26.2
27.3
25.2
24.6
22.2
22.7
25.1
28.4
26.8
26.9
28.4
24.6
28.4
27.7
27.2
24.2
24.5
25.6
26.7
27.0
26.5
27.6
28.2
27.3
26.2
26.2
27.5
29.0
27.5
28.6
27.9
23.5
26.8
25.1
27.4
26.5
26.2
18.6
20.2
19.1
26.9
26.6
27.2
21.1
22.5
22.6
21.7
20.6
21.6
22.4
21.3
21.6
23.3
21.2
21.0
19.0
19.1
21.6
24.8
23.1
22.6
24.7
20.5
24.9
23.9
23.6
20.5
20.9
21.8
23.5
23.2
22.6
23.6
24.8
23.1
21.8
22.5
23.5
26.3
24.1
25.9
24.2
19.6
22.8
21.5
23.3
22.2
21.9
13.7
15.3
14.1
22.6
22.3
23.0
17.8
29.8
30.3
29.9
28.2
29.9
31.4
28.7
28.6
30.6
28.5
29.4
25.4
25.5
28.1
31.4
30.5
29.9
32.2
27.3
31.5
31.1
30.5
27.8
27.4
28.4
29.0
30.1
29.5
32.1
31.4
30.5
29.0
29.0
31.5
30.9
31.2
31.8
30.9
26.3
29.3
29.0
30.2
29.7
30.1
24.3
26.7
24.5
30.1
29.3
30.6
24.4
26.2
26.2
26.0
25.1
25.7
26.3
25.7
25.9
26.9
24.9
24.0
21.7
22.4
24.7
28.0
26.2
26.4
28.0
24.1
27.9
27.3
26.8
23.8
24.1
25.2
26.1
26.6
26.0
27.2
27.9
27.0
25.8
25.9
27.1
28.1
27.1
28.2
27.5
23.1
26.4
24.5
27.0
26.1
25.8
17.9
19.8
18.2
26.2
26.2
26.9
20.7
21.7
21.7
21.5
20.4
21.0
21.8
20.9
21.3
22.8
20.7
20.3
18.4
18.7
21.0
24.2
22.2
21.9
24.2
20.0
24.2
23.3
23.1
20.0
20.4
21.3
22.6
22.6
21.9
23.0
24.3
22.7
21.3
22.0
22.9
25.0
23.5
25.2
23.6
19.1
22.3
20.7
22.8
21.7
21.3
13.1
14.8
13.3
21.7
21.8
22.6
17.4
29.2
29.4
29.6
28.1
29.5
30.9
28.5
28.4
30.1
28.0
28.3
24.9
25.2
27.6
31.1
30.3
29.5
31.9
26.9
31.2
30.5
30.1
27.3
26.9
27.9
28.7
29.6
29.1
31.5
31.2
30.3
28.7
28.8
31.2
30.7
30.8
31.6
30.5
25.9
29.0
28.4
29.9
29.4
29.7
23.6
25.7
23.6
29.6
29.1
30.2
23.8
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM
8.8
7.8
6.7
0
3228
9.3
8.2
7.2
13
1492
2 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM
10.4
9.1
8.2
170
2304
8.6
7.4
6.5
237
1976
3 sites, 31 more on CD-ROM
13.9 11.6 9.3
3072
246
13.9 11.2 9.2
3158
268
7.5
6.4
5.5
2958
347
36 sites, 30 more on CD-ROM
6.9
6.0
5.3
11
3478
5.7
4.8
4.0
3
3382
8.3
7.0
6.0
7
2779
5.5
4.8
4.1
0
2142
8.3
7.5
6.4
0
2233
9.0
8.1
7.1
53
2757
10.2
8.9
7.9
1
3361
6.9
5.4
4.4
172
3450
7.1
6.3
5.7
0
3435
6.0
5.1
4.4
17
3096
9.2
8.3
7.6
0
3116
8.1
7.1
6.2
0
3409
4.9
4.1
3.4
53
2392
4.5
3.6
3.1
181
3043
7.8
6.5
5.8
0
3096
11.0
9.5
8.7
41
2642
4.2
3.4
3.0
79
2842
7.8
6.3
5.3
161
2994
4.2
3.4
2.9
23
3111
5.4
4.5
3.5
69
3402
6.2
5.2
4.3
0
3526
6.9
5.9
5.0
183
2804
8.2
7.3
6.3
0
3814
7.9
6.7
6.0
0
3333
7.9
6.4
5.5
6
3287
5.2
4.2
3.4
0
4075
8.0
6.9
6.0
281
2981
6.7
5.7
4.8
261
2811
4.2
3.3
2.8
393
2427
6.3
5.6
5.0
131
2873
5.1
4.2
3.4
7
2358
10.7
9.2
8.3
6
3455
3.2
2.6
2.4
0
3501
5.5
4.7
3.9
1
3422
5.4
4.5
3.7
0
3401
11.4 10.3 9.0
0
4013
8 sites, 10 more on CD-ROM
8.1
7.0
6.1
0
3369
9.8
8.4
7.4
0
3388
6.1
5.3
4.8
0
3434
7.5
5.9
4.9
0
3055
5.4
4.6
4.1
0
3168
5.4
4.5
4.0
0
3499
8.3
7.3
6.2
0
3518
7.3
6.1
5.3
0
3221
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
126
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
AKITA
ASAHIKAWA
ASHIYA AB
ATSUGI NAS
CHIBA
FUKUOKA
FUKUOKA AIRPORT
FUKUYAMA
FUSHIKI
FUTENMA MCAF
GIFU
GIFU AB
HAMAMATSU
Japan
KINGSTON/NORMAN MAN
Jamaica
BARI/PALESE MACCHIE
BOLOGNA/BORGO PANIG
CATANIA/FONTANAROSS
SIGONELLA
FIRENZE/PERETOLA
GENOVA/SESTRI
GRAZZANISE
MILANO/LINATE
NAPLES
NAPOLI/CAPODICHINO
PALERMO/PUNTA RAISI
PRATICA DI MARE
ROMA FIUMICINO
ROMA/CIAMPINO
TORINO/BRIC DELLA C
TORINO/CASELLE
Italy
BEN-GURION INT. AIR
SDE-DOV (TEL-AVIV)
Israel
CASEMENT AERODROME
DUBLIN AIRPORT
Ireland
ABADAN
AHWAZ
ANZALI
ARAK
BANDARABBASS
ESFAHAN
HAMEDAN
KASHAN
KERMAN
SHAHID ASHRAFI ESFAH
MASHHAD
ORUMIEH
SHIRAZ
TABRIZ
TEHRAN-MEHRABAD
ZAHEDAN
ZANJAN
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Station
48.25E
48.67E
49.47E
49.77E
56.37E
51.67E
48.53E
51.45E
56.97E
47.16E
59.63E
45.08E
52.53E
46.28E
51.32E
60.91E
48.48E
Long
16.75E
11.30E
15.05E
14.92E
11.20E
8.85E
14.07E
9.27E
14.30E
14.30E
13.10E
12.45E
12.23E
12.58E
7.73E
7.65E
39.72N
43.77N
33.88N
35.45N
35.60N
33.58N
33.58N
34.45N
36.80N
26.27N
35.40N
35.38N
34.72N
3
49
49
17
31
38
3
10
104
93
72
21
21
3
105
710
287
49
4
93
85
6
22
-26
1708
10
1550
1749
982
1754
1306
999
1316
1481
1361
1191
1378
1663
Elev
140.10E 7
142.37E 116
130.65E 33
139.45E 65
140.10E 19
130.38E 15
130.45E 12
133.25E 3
137.05E 13
127.75E 78
136.77E 17
136.87E 42
137.72E 33
17.93N 76.78W
41.13N
44.53N
37.47N
37.40N
43.80N
44.42N
41.05N
45.45N
40.90N
40.85N
38.18N
41.65N
41.80N
41.78N
45.03N
45.22N
32.00N 34.90E
32.10N 34.78E
53.30N 6.43W
53.43N 6.25W
30.37N
31.33N
37.47N
34.10N
27.22N
32.47N
34.85N
33.98N
30.25N
34.35N
36.27N
37.53N
29.53N
38.08N
35.68N
29.48N
36.68N
Lat
-5.0
-17.6
-0.9
-1.0
0.5
1.0
-0.1
-2.5
-2.2
10.9
-1.3
-3.1
0.3
22.0
0.8
-4.2
1.8
1.1
-3.1
1.1
-0.9
-4.9
2.0
0.8
6.6
0.8
-0.3
-1.1
-4.8
-5.9
5.2
7.3
-3.3
-2.7
4.0
4.8
1.4
-16.6
9.1
-7.9
-18.4
-5.8
-7.1
-8.1
-9.1
-11.6
-2.2
-11.2
-3.6
-4.9
-14.1
99.6%
-4.0
-15.2
0.2
0.0
1.3
2.0
1.0
-1.5
-1.4
11.8
-0.4
-2.1
1.1
22.8
1.9
-3.0
3.0
2.2
-1.2
2.8
0.2
-3.2
3.2
2.0
7.7
2.0
0.8
0.0
-3.2
-4.2
6.8
8.6
-1.7
-1.1
5.5
6.0
2.7
-12.4
10.8
-5.9
-14.3
-2.8
-5.1
-5.8
-6.1
-9.1
-0.9
-9.0
-1.9
-3.0
-11.3
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
31.5
29.6
32.2
33.0
32.4
33.6
33.9
34.0
33.4
32.2
35.1
34.2
32.6
33.5
33.9
34.1
35.0
37.2
35.1
29.9
32.2
33.1
33.5
33.1
33.8
30.9
31.1
33.8
28.1
30.9
35.1
31.2
22.7
22.0
47.8
47.8
30.6
36.3
41.8
39.1
35.6
41.7
38.0
39.7
37.1
33.0
39.2
35.7
38.7
39.1
34.0
24.2
22.5
25.7
25.4
25.6
25.5
25.6
25.3
24.8
26.6
25.2
25.4
25.2
25.9
22.7
22.7
23.3
22.2
22.2
23.2
23.1
24.0
23.6
23.3
22.1
23.4
22.2
21.8
20.4
22.3
20.7
23.6
17.3
17.1
22.4
22.8
25.3
16.2
23.8
17.4
17.1
19.8
16.2
18.3
18.4
17.8
18.3
16.7
18.6
16.5
15.8
29.9
27.9
31.2
31.9
31.4
32.6
32.9
33.0
31.8
31.9
33.9
33.1
31.4
33.1
32.0
32.9
33.0
35.8
33.8
28.9
31.1
31.8
32.1
31.9
31.5
29.9
30.0
32.2
27.0
29.5
33.2
30.3
21.2
20.5
46.8
46.8
29.9
35.2
40.0
38.1
34.5
40.5
37.0
38.6
36.0
31.8
38.2
34.1
37.2
38.1
32.7
23.6
21.2
25.8
25.0
25.4
25.3
25.4
25.3
24.7
26.5
24.8
25.0
25.1
26.0
22.4
22.6
23.4
22.1
22.0
23.5
23.1
23.2
23.2
23.2
22.9
23.5
22.6
21.6
19.9
21.7
22.1
24.3
16.6
16.3
22.3
22.6
25.1
15.9
25.2
16.9
16.5
19.3
15.7
17.7
18.1
17.7
17.9
16.3
18.3
16.2
15.9
28.4
26.5
30.2
30.8
30.4
31.6
31.9
32.0
30.3
31.1
32.5
31.9
30.4
32.6
30.6
31.4
31.8
33.9
32.1
28.0
30.1
30.5
31.0
30.8
30.0
28.9
29.1
31.0
25.8
28.2
32.1
29.8
19.9
19.4
45.8
45.8
29.2
34.0
38.9
36.9
33.2
39.3
36.0
37.3
34.8
30.6
37.2
33.0
36.2
37.0
31.4
23.0
20.4
25.4
24.7
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
24.3
26.3
24.4
24.5
24.9
25.8
22.0
22.0
23.1
22.1
21.4
23.3
23.1
22.4
22.9
23.2
23.8
23.8
22.6
21.2
19.4
21.0
22.7
24.2
16.0
15.7
22.0
22.3
24.8
15.5
25.8
16.7
16.0
19.0
15.5
17.1
17.7
17.3
17.4
16.1
18.0
15.5
15.4
25.1
23.7
26.7
26.2
26.5
26.5
26.6
26.2
26.1
28.0
26.2
26.5
26.7
28.1
25.2
24.7
26.3
24.8
24.3
26.0
26.5
25.1
25.9
26.2
26.7
26.2
25.7
24.7
22.7
23.8
25.9
26.8
18.2
17.9
28.8
28.2
26.8
18.8
31.1
19.0
19.1
21.9
17.7
20.2
21.7
19.7
20.4
18.4
22.2
18.7
18.4
29.4
28.1
30.1
30.4
30.6
31.5
31.1
32.1
30.7
30.5
32.1
31.1
30.1
30.4
29.7
31.0
30.0
31.5
31.4
27.8
29.5
31.0
30.9
30.0
29.2
28.6
28.4
28.5
25.7
28.4
30.8
29.4
21.3
20.7
35.3
35.7
29.4
32.2
35.2
36.3
32.7
38.1
34.5
37.2
33.3
29.4
35.2
31.2
32.7
33.9
30.1
24.5
22.7
26.2
25.8
26.1
26.0
26.2
25.7
25.4
27.4
25.7
26.0
26.2
27.7
24.2
23.8
25.6
24.1
23.5
25.2
25.5
24.2
24.9
25.3
26.0
25.5
24.9
23.9
21.8
22.9
25.2
26.1
17.4
17.1
27.5
26.7
26.2
17.6
30.7
18.1
18.0
20.9
16.9
19.1
20.5
19.1
19.5
17.7
20.7
17.5
17.5
28.4
26.5
29.6
29.8
30.0
30.9
30.7
31.5
29.9
29.9
31.2
30.5
29.3
30.4
28.9
30.1
29.5
31.0
30.3
27.3
28.9
29.7
30.2
29.3
28.7
28.1
27.8
28.0
24.8
27.5
30.2
29.0
20.1
19.6
35.3
37.2
29.0
31.6
34.8
35.6
31.5
37.5
34.2
36.2
32.7
28.9
34.7
30.3
33.2
35.0
29.0
24.0
22.2
25.9
25.1
25.4
25.0
25.2
24.5
24.8
27.2
24.8
25.2
25.8
27.7
24.0
22.9
25.2
23.1
22.2
25.2
25.7
23.3
24.2
25.1
26.0
25.3
24.9
23.9
21.8
22.3
24.2
26.1
17.0
16.7
27.2
26.4
26.0
13.9
30.2
12.1
14.0
16.1
10.9
13.2
17.6
16.4
15.2
14.1
18.2
12.8
14.0
18.9
17.2
21.3
20.4
20.6
20.1
20.3
19.5
19.9
23.2
19.9
20.5
21.2
23.6
19.0
17.7
20.4
17.9
17.0
20.4
21.0
18.4
19.3
20.4
21.4
20.5
19.9
19.0
18.0
17.5
19.3
21.5
12.3
12.0
23.0
21.9
21.2
12.2
27.5
10.6
12.3
12.9
10.1
11.1
14.3
13.7
12.9
11.8
15.2
10.9
12.3
27.4
26.4
28.9
28.1
29.0
29.4
28.9
29.2
28.7
29.6
28.2
27.9
28.4
29.4
27.7
28.2
28.1
27.5
27.0
27.2
28.8
28.1
29.3
28.6
28.6
28.2
27.5
26.6
24.2
25.8
29.2
29.0
19.6
19.3
32.6
33.0
29.0
26.3
33.8
28.0
26.2
32.4
22.6
27.2
29.5
25.0
30.2
23.1
30.5
25.1
24.0
23.3
21.3
25.2
24.8
24.9
24.5
25.0
24.1
24.1
26.7
24.3
24.9
25.4
27.0
22.9
21.9
24.2
22.1
21.2
24.2
24.2
22.4
23.1
24.1
25.1
24.6
24.0
22.9
20.8
21.5
23.8
25.1
16.2
15.9
25.5
24.0
25.3
12.1
29.8
10.8
12.5
14.4
9.6
11.9
16.0
15.3
13.8
13.1
16.1
10.6
13.2
18.1
16.2
20.4
20.0
20.1
19.5
20.1
19.0
19.1
22.5
19.3
20.1
20.6
22.8
17.7
16.7
19.2
16.8
15.9
19.2
19.1
17.4
18.1
19.1
20.2
19.7
18.8
17.8
16.9
16.7
18.7
20.3
11.6
11.4
20.7
19.0
20.4
10.8
26.9
9.7
11.2
11.5
9.2
10.2
12.8
12.7
11.8
11.1
13.3
9.4
11.6
26.8
25.3
28.2
28.0
28.6
29.0
28.7
28.9
28.0
29.2
28.1
27.8
28.1
29.2
26.9
27.3
27.5
27.3
26.6
26.7
27.7
27.2
28.4
27.8
28.0
27.7
26.9
26.0
23.8
25.3
28.8
28.5
18.8
18.4
32.5
32.8
28.5
24.8
33.6
26.4
26.0
31.4
22.6
26.2
27.6
24.6
29.1
23.2
28.6
20.9
22.9
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
17 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
10.4
9.2
8.1
413
3304
9.0
7.5
6.4
429
3323
11.3
9.3
7.3
1506
857
8.5
7.6
6.5
2424
879
8.5
7.5
6.8
73
3246
10.1
8.4
7.1
1968
1081
10.3
8.6
7.3
2789
555
7.2
5.5
4.4
1460
1832
11.0
9.3
7.8
1604
1028
9.8
8.3
7.2
2054
1014
8.9
7.6
6.6
2044
1022
9.1
7.1
5.6
2873
452
9.4
7.9
6.6
1353
1443
10.5
9.3
8.0
2638
814
11.1
9.6
7.8
1573
1546
11.8 10.0 8.5
1165
1462
10.2
8.4
7.1
2953
432
2 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
15.0 13.2 11.7 3156
8
13.4 12.0 10.6 3158
5
2 sites, 4 more on CD-ROM
10.0
8.8
7.9
573
1369
11.9
9.7
8.2
509
1294
16 sites, 68 more on CD-ROM
9.4
8.2
7.2
1536
657
7.2
6.1
5.3
2169
669
10.1
8.5
7.4
1081
861
9.4
8.2
7.3
1094
989
8.4
7.1
6.1
1680
730
11.5 10.3 9.3
1378
644
9.9
8.3
7.0
1564
608
7.1
5.5
4.4
2196
614
8.2
6.8
5.7
1218
862
9.1
7.5
6.4
1319
768
13.3 11.6 10.1
797
991
10.2
8.7
7.5
1374
597
11.3
9.6
8.3
1513
556
11.2
9.2
7.7
1614
661
8.8
7.0
5.5
2624
279
6.4
4.8
4.0
2491
386
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
14.1 12.8 11.4
0
3580
65 sites, 127 more on CD-ROM
12.3 10.7 9.3
2811
489
8.2
6.7
5.6
4291
228
10.4
9.2
8.1
1704
822
10.5
9.2
8.2
1674
858
12.2 10.4 8.9
1616
871
8.2
7.2
6.4
1431
1049
9.3
8.2
7.4
1532
1033
6.0
5.2
4.4
1828
959
7.5
6.4
5.5
2170
722
11.1
9.5
8.4
193
1851
8.0
7.0
6.2
1736
1037
8.1
7.1
6.1
1958
905
8.8
8.0
7.2
1503
935
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
127
AMMAN AIRPORT
IRBED
QUEEN ALIA AIRPORT
Jordan
HAMAMATSU AB
HIMEJI
HIROSHIMA
IIZUKA
IRUMA AB
KADENA AB
KAGOSHIMA
KANAZAWA
KANSAI INTERNATIONA
KOBE
KOCHI
KOMATSU AB
KUMAGAYA
KUMAMOTO
KURE
KYOTO
MATSUYAMA
MIYAZAKI
NAGANO
NAGASAKI
NAGOYA
NAGOYA AIRPORT
NAHA
NAHA AIRPORT
NARA
NIIGATA
NYUTABARU AB
OITA
OKAYAMA
ONAHAMA
OSAKA
OSAKA INTERNATIONAL
OTARU
OZUKI AB
SAPPORO
SENDAI
SHIMOFUSA AB
SHIMONOSEKI
SHIZUHAMA AB
SHIZUOKA
SUMOTO
TADOTSU
TAKAMATSU
TOKYO
TOKYO INTERNATIONAL
TOYAMA
TSUIKI AB
UTSUNOMIYA
WAKAYAMA
YOKOHAMA
YOKOSUKA FWF
YOKOTA AB
Station
137.70E
134.67E
132.47E
130.70E
139.42E
127.77E
130.55E
136.63E
135.25E
135.22E
133.55E
136.40E
139.38E
130.70E
132.55E
135.73E
132.78E
131.42E
138.20E
129.87E
136.97E
136.92E
127.68E
127.65E
135.83E
139.05E
131.45E
131.62E
133.92E
140.90E
135.52E
135.43E
141.02E
131.05E
141.33E
140.90E
140.02E
130.93E
138.30E
138.40E
134.90E
133.75E
134.05E
139.77E
139.78E
137.20E
131.05E
139.87E
135.17E
139.65E
139.67E
139.35E
Long
31.98N 35.98E
32.55N 35.85E
31.72N 35.98E
34.75N
34.83N
34.40N
33.65N
35.83N
26.35N
31.55N
36.58N
34.43N
34.70N
33.57N
36.40N
36.15N
32.82N
34.23N
35.02N
33.85N
31.93N
36.67N
32.73N
35.17N
35.25N
26.20N
26.20N
34.70N
37.92N
32.08N
33.23N
34.67N
36.95N
34.68N
34.78N
43.18N
34.05N
43.07N
38.27N
35.80N
33.95N
34.82N
34.98N
34.33N
34.28N
34.32N
35.68N
35.55N
36.72N
33.68N
36.55N
34.23N
35.43N
35.28N
35.75N
Lat
779
616
722
48
40
53
38
93
48
32
33
8
30
5
9
31
39
5
46
34
15
419
35
56
16
53
6
106
6
82
13
18
5
83
15
26
7
26
43
33
19
10
15
112
5
10
36
9
17
20
140
18
42
53
142
Elev
1.0
1.8
-0.8
99.6%
-0.9
-2.1
-0.7
-1.6
-3.7
9.8
1.3
-1.3
1.8
-0.1
-0.8
-2.0
-2.0
-1.6
0.1
-0.8
0.0
-0.1
-6.6
0.9
-1.2
-2.1
11.8
12.2
-2.1
-1.7
-1.1
-0.3
-1.0
-2.3
0.8
-1.2
-9.6
-0.2
-10.2
-3.7
-2.1
1.6
-0.2
-0.2
0.1
0.1
-0.5
0.9
0.8
-2.4
-2.1
-4.1
0.5
0.6
1.8
-3.8
2.3
3.4
0.5
99%
0.1
-1.2
0.2
-0.6
-2.2
10.9
2.4
-0.5
2.8
1.0
0.3
-1.1
-1.1
-0.4
1.1
0.1
1.0
1.1
-5.3
2.0
-0.3
-1.1
12.7
13.0
-1.3
-0.8
0.1
0.7
-0.1
-1.3
1.6
-0.2
-8.3
0.8
-8.9
-2.6
-1.0
2.7
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.5
1.7
1.8
-1.5
-1.0
-3.0
1.5
1.4
2.8
-2.2
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
35.9
34.5
37.0
18.8
19.3
19.9
34.2
33.0
35.2
18.4
19.2
19.2
33.1
31.8
34.1
18.2
19.0
19.1
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
32.9 25.4 31.2 25.2 30.1 24.8
33.4 25.5 32.5 25.3 31.5 24.9
33.6 25.3 32.7 25.1 31.7 24.7
33.6 25.6 32.6 25.5 31.5 25.1
34.0 25.6 32.4 25.0 31.0 24.6
33.2 26.9 32.8 26.9 32.0 26.7
33.3 25.6 32.5 25.4 31.7 25.3
33.1 24.8 32.0 24.6 30.8 24.3
33.0 25.6 32.0 25.4 31.1 25.4
33.0 25.0 31.9 24.9 30.9 24.6
32.8 25.1 31.9 25.0 31.0 24.8
33.1 24.7 31.9 24.7 30.2 24.2
35.3 25.5 33.9 25.1 32.4 24.4
34.4 25.3 33.4 25.1 32.4 24.8
32.5 25.2 31.6 25.0 30.7 24.6
34.8 24.6 33.7 24.4 32.4 24.0
33.2 24.7 32.4 24.5 31.5 24.3
33.7 25.7 32.5 25.6 31.4 25.4
32.8 23.5 31.4 23.1 29.9 22.5
32.6 25.4 31.7 25.3 30.7 25.1
34.5 24.7 33.2 24.5 32.0 24.1
35.0 24.9 33.8 24.7 32.1 24.2
32.2 26.3 31.7 26.2 31.2 26.1
32.2 26.4 32.0 26.4 31.2 26.5
34.1 24.8 33.0 24.7 31.8 24.3
32.8 25.0 31.5 24.6 30.1 24.2
32.8 25.5 31.2 25.7 30.1 25.5
33.3 25.3 32.3 25.1 31.2 24.8
34.5 25.2 33.5 25.0 32.5 24.7
29.0 24.1 27.8 23.8 26.9 23.3
34.2 24.7 33.3 24.6 32.3 24.4
34.2 25.3 33.2 25.0 32.2 24.7
28.1 22.2 26.5 21.2 25.0 20.5
32.2 25.8 31.2 25.8 30.2 25.4
29.1 22.5 27.5 21.5 26.1 20.5
31.1 24.3 29.5 23.7 28.0 23.0
33.2 25.6 32.1 25.2 30.9 25.0
32.0 25.5 31.1 25.3 30.2 25.0
32.2 25.7 31.1 25.7 30.1 25.3
32.9 25.2 31.6 25.1 30.6 24.8
31.8 25.4 30.8 25.2 29.8 24.9
33.7 24.9 32.7 24.7 31.7 24.5
34.2 25.1 33.1 25.0 32.0 24.9
33.3 25.0 32.2 24.7 31.1 24.3
32.9 25.8 31.8 25.3 30.2 24.9
33.6 25.4 32.2 25.0 30.8 24.6
32.2 25.9 31.2 25.9 30.1 25.5
33.3 25.4 31.9 24.8 30.4 24.2
33.2 24.6 32.2 24.7 31.2 24.6
32.3 25.3 31.3 24.9 30.2 24.5
33.9 25.8 32.0 25.1 30.3 24.6
34.0 25.8 32.2 25.0 31.0 24.5
22.3
23.1
22.9
30.3
28.8
32.3
21.4
22.2
21.9
29.4
27.7
31.6
20.1
21.6
20.1
16.2
17.6
16.1
25.4
25.2
26.7
19.0
20.8
19.0
15.2
16.7
15.0
24.5
24.1
26.3
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
25.8 21.3 28.3 25.1 20.3 27.8
25.1 20.3 28.9 24.6 19.7 28.5
24.9 20.1 28.7 24.5 19.6 28.5
25.2 20.4 28.8 24.8 19.9 28.4
25.1 20.4 28.5 24.2 19.4 27.8
27.8 23.9 30.0 27.1 23.0 29.7
25.5 20.8 29.0 25.1 20.3 28.9
24.4 19.5 28.6 23.8 18.7 28.2
26.0 21.3 29.0 25.2 20.3 28.5
25.3 20.5 28.6 24.8 19.9 28.4
25.6 20.8 28.5 25.1 20.2 28.2
24.8 19.9 28.5 24.1 19.0 27.9
25.0 20.1 28.2 24.4 19.5 28.2
25.3 20.6 28.5 24.9 20.1 28.3
24.5 19.5 28.5 24.1 19.0 28.3
24.0 18.9 28.5 23.5 18.4 28.3
24.2 19.2 27.8 23.7 18.6 27.8
25.8 21.1 28.9 25.4 20.6 28.6
22.6 18.2 27.2 22.0 17.6 26.8
25.8 21.1 28.7 25.3 20.5 28.4
24.6 19.7 27.7 24.1 19.1 27.5
25.1 20.2 28.0 24.2 19.2 27.7
26.3 22.0 29.2 26.1 21.6 29.0
27.0 22.8 29.9 26.2 21.7 29.3
24.3 19.5 28.2 23.8 18.9 27.8
24.4 19.4 28.9 23.8 18.7 28.4
26.1 21.7 28.6 25.8 21.3 28.3
25.1 20.2 28.5 24.5 19.6 28.1
24.7 19.7 28.4 24.2 19.2 28.4
24.3 19.2 26.6 23.8 18.6 26.1
24.5 19.7 28.9 24.1 19.1 28.6
25.1 20.2 28.7 24.8 19.8 28.6
21.8 16.5 25.4 21.0 15.7 24.8
25.9 21.3 29.6 25.2 20.3 28.7
22.1 16.9 26.2 21.3 16.0 25.4
24.1 19.1 27.1 23.5 18.4 26.6
25.2 20.4 28.7 25.0 20.1 28.4
25.2 20.4 28.9 24.7 19.8 28.5
26.1 21.6 28.7 25.8 21.2 28.5
25.4 20.6 28.6 24.9 20.0 28.4
25.4 20.9 28.5 24.9 20.2 28.0
24.4 19.3 28.7 23.9 18.8 28.6
25.0 20.1 28.6 24.5 19.5 28.5
24.5 19.6 28.7 24.0 19.0 28.7
25.2 20.4 28.8 25.0 20.1 28.6
25.2 20.4 29.1 24.6 19.6 28.4
26.2 21.6 29.1 25.8 21.1 28.8
24.6 20.0 28.6 24.1 19.3 28.1
25.0 20.1 29.2 24.5 19.5 28.8
25.0 20.2 28.5 24.4 19.5 28.1
25.2 20.4 28.9 24.8 19.9 28.6
25.1 20.6 28.8 24.8 20.1 28.5
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
9.6
8.7
7.9
1603
867
8.4
7.2
6.2
1859
923
9.3
8.1
7.3
1651
1006
7.2
6.2
5.4
1713
949
9.9
8.4
7.3
2044
734
11.6
9.9
8.7
202
1908
8.8
7.5
6.6
1097
1266
11.8 10.0 8.6
2017
789
12.5 10.8 9.5
1497
1080
9.5
8.2
7.2
1591
1041
5.5
4.7
4.0
1386
1031
11.2
9.6
8.4
2118
713
8.0
6.8
5.8
1844
883
7.2
6.1
5.2
1498
1132
7.1
6.1
5.3
1583
989
5.3
4.6
4.1
1741
1038
5.9
5.2
4.5
1572
994
9.2
7.8
6.7
1240
1085
7.9
7.0
6.2
2711
633
7.7
6.5
5.6
1351
1048
8.6
7.5
6.6
1726
1002
9.8
8.5
7.3
1803
1002
12.7 10.9 9.6
148
1957
13.2 11.6 10.3
119
2034
4.5
3.9
3.4
1928
874
10.3
9.0
7.8
2223
711
9.9
8.2
6.9
1365
935
7.1
6.2
5.4
1545
943
9.8
8.3
7.0
1709
1067
8.2
7.1
6.2
2156
478
8.9
7.6
6.6
1537
1134
8.4
7.4
6.5
1749
1041
8.1
7.0
6.1
3686
210
11.1
9.4
8.2
1697
864
9.5
8.2
7.1
3609
273
10.2
8.7
7.5
2508
467
10.3
8.6
7.4
1828
800
10.1
8.7
7.5
1433
963
10.7
9.6
8.7
1482
881
6.3
5.5
5.0
1438
923
7.0
6.0
5.2
1716
868
7.4
6.3
5.5
1621
1031
8.0
6.9
5.9
1661
1023
8.5
7.4
6.5
1569
928
12.5 11.1 9.9
1595
868
9.2
7.8
6.6
2142
750
10.1
8.8
7.8
1858
807
9.2
7.7
6.5
2144
709
10.8
9.1
7.9
1545
1043
9.4
8.3
7.2
1607
846
13.7 12.0 10.4 1430
914
9.3
8.0
6.8
1994
733
3 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM
10.1
8.7
7.6
1235
1114
8.8
7.7
6.8
1133
1063
12.0 10.1 9.0
1388
803
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
26.5 30.1 26.1 29.3
26.4 31.4 25.9 30.6
26.2 31.3 25.8 30.6
26.6 31.6 26.1 30.8
26.4 31.5 25.8 30.6
28.2 30.9 27.9 30.6
26.7 31.0 26.3 30.5
25.8 30.6 25.3 30.2
26.7 30.3 26.4 29.9
26.4 30.4 26.0 29.8
26.5 30.2 26.1 29.8
26.0 30.6 25.4 29.9
26.4 32.5 25.9 31.6
26.5 31.4 26.1 30.8
25.9 30.6 25.5 30.1
25.7 32.1 25.2 31.4
25.6 31.0 25.2 30.4
26.8 30.9 26.4 30.4
24.3 30.5 23.7 29.5
26.7 30.1 26.2 29.6
25.8 31.3 25.4 30.6
26.2 31.1 25.7 30.6
27.2 30.3 27.0 30.1
27.7 30.2 27.3 29.9
25.9 31.8 25.4 31.0
25.9 30.8 25.2 30.0
26.8 29.9 26.3 29.3
26.2 30.9 25.8 30.3
26.1 32.0 25.7 31.2
25.1 27.6 24.6 26.9
26.0 31.6 25.6 31.0
26.5 31.8 26.0 31.1
23.1 26.9 22.2 25.4
26.8 30.3 26.4 29.9
23.6 27.8 22.6 26.4
25.2 29.0 24.6 28.0
26.6 31.1 26.1 30.2
26.3 30.2 25.9 29.8
27.0 30.2 26.5 29.6
26.5 30.6 26.0 29.8
26.4 30.0 25.9 29.3
25.9 31.4 25.5 30.8
26.3 31.4 25.9 30.9
26.0 31.0 25.5 30.4
26.6 30.6 26.1 29.8
26.5 31.1 25.8 30.2
27.1 30.2 26.5 29.7
26.1 31.5 25.5 30.4
26.2 30.7 25.8 30.2
26.1 30.5 25.6 29.7
26.6 31.3 25.8 30.0
26.6 31.6 25.9 30.6
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
128
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
BENINA
MISURATA
TRIPOLI INTERNATION
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
RAFIC HARIRI INTL
Lebanon
RIGA
Latvia
BISHKEK
Kyrgyzstan
BUSAN
CHEONGJU
CHEONGJU INTL AIRPO
DAEGU
DAEGU AB
DAEJEON
GIMHAE INTL AIRPORT
GIMPO INTL AIRPORT
GWANGJU
GWANGJU AB
INCHEON
JEJU
JEJU INTL AIRPORT
JEONJU
JINJU
CHANGWON
OSAN AB
POHANG
POHANG AB
A511/PYEONGTAEK
SEOGWIPO
SEOUL
SEOUL (KOR-AF HQ)
SEOUL AB
SUWON
ULSAN
YEOSU
Korea, Republic of
CHONGJIN
HAMHEUNG
KAESONG
NAMPO
PYONGYANG
SINUIJU
WONSAN
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
MOMBASA
JOMO KENYATTA INTL
Kenya
ALMATY
ASTANA
KARAGANDA
PAVLODAR
SHYMKENT
TARAZ
Kazakhstan
Station
851
350
553
122
604
655
Elev
129.03E
127.45E
127.50E
128.62E
128.67E
127.37E
128.93E
126.78E
126.90E
126.82E
126.63E
126.53E
126.50E
127.15E
128.12E
128.57E
127.03E
129.38E
129.42E
127.03E
126.57E
126.97E
126.93E
127.12E
126.98E
129.32E
127.75E
129.82E
127.55E
126.57E
125.38E
125.78E
124.38E
127.43E
32.10N 20.27E
32.42N 15.05E
32.70N 13.08E
33.82N 35.48E
56.92N 23.97E
132
32
63
19
10
760
70
59
60
59
35
72
4
17
74
13
70
23
24
55
23
37
12
1
20
16
51
86
49
20
35
36
67
43
22
70
47
36
7
36
39.62E 55
36.92E 1624
76.93E
71.37E
73.15E
76.93E
69.70E
71.38E
Long
42.85N 74.53E
35.10N
36.63N
36.72N
35.88N
35.90N
36.37N
35.17N
37.57N
35.17N
35.12N
37.47N
33.52N
33.52N
35.82N
35.20N
35.17N
37.10N
36.03N
35.98N
36.97N
33.25N
37.57N
37.50N
37.43N
37.27N
35.55N
34.73N
41.78N
39.93N
37.97N
38.72N
39.03N
40.10N
39.18N
4.03S
1.32S
43.23N
51.13N
49.80N
52.30N
42.32N
42.85N
Lat
6.9
8.4
4.6
8.1
-18.9
-18.2
-5.0
-10.7
-12.7
-6.9
-8.0
-10.3
-6.1
-13.1
-6.3
-7.1
-10.1
0.5
0.0
-8.3
-8.2
-4.7
-12.9
-6.1
-7.1
-12.1
0.3
-11.1
-11.8
-14.8
-11.2
-5.7
-4.7
-12.8
-12.9
-12.6
-12.6
-14.9
-15.5
-10.2
20.0
9.9
-19.8
-31.2
-30.8
-33.3
-16.0
-18.8
99.6%
7.8
9.3
5.8
9.3
-14.2
-14.8
-3.3
-8.8
-10.2
-5.2
-6.2
-8.5
-4.9
-11.1
-4.8
-5.8
-8.2
1.4
1.0
-6.7
-6.8
-3.0
-10.9
-4.4
-5.8
-10.2
1.5
-9.1
-10.1
-12.0
-9.2
-4.2
-3.2
-11.0
-11.0
-10.7
-10.7
-12.6
-13.4
-8.3
20.8
11.0
-16.8
-29.0
-27.7
-30.5
-12.2
-15.7
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
37.2
36.8
42.0
32.2
28.9
35.2
31.1
32.6
33.1
34.0
34.8
32.4
32.8
32.0
32.4
34.1
30.9
31.8
31.9
33.1
32.8
32.3
33.0
33.6
34.0
33.0
31.4
32.0
33.2
33.2
32.0
33.0
30.3
27.5
31.2
30.8
30.1
31.2
30.8
31.4
33.1
29.0
34.0
32.2
32.1
32.9
37.2
35.5
21.1
21.9
23.2
22.8
20.3
19.8
25.6
24.6
26.1
24.3
25.5
24.8
25.9
25.1
24.9
26.3
24.6
25.1
26.5
25.1
24.9
25.5
26.0
24.9
25.9
25.7
26.4
24.4
25.2
25.3
24.9
24.8
24.9
22.4
23.5
25.1
25.1
24.1
24.1
23.4
25.2
15.7
18.6
17.8
16.7
18.6
19.2
18.4
35.2
34.3
39.9
31.1
27.0
33.7
30.0
31.3
32.0
32.6
33.1
31.1
31.2
30.9
31.2
32.9
29.6
30.8
30.8
31.8
31.5
31.1
31.8
32.1
32.7
31.8
30.5
30.7
32.0
31.9
30.7
31.7
29.3
26.1
29.7
29.4
28.9
30.0
29.3
29.8
32.5
28.1
32.2
30.2
30.1
30.8
36.0
33.9
21.0
21.6
22.8
24.0
19.7
18.9
25.2
23.8
25.3
23.8
24.9
24.2
25.5
24.6
24.4
25.6
23.8
25.1
26.6
24.4
24.5
25.1
25.4
24.4
25.4
24.8
26.1
23.3
24.5
24.6
24.0
24.5
24.6
21.9
23.1
24.0
24.4
23.6
23.2
22.8
25.1
15.8
18.1
17.3
16.3
18.3
18.9
17.9
33.8
32.3
38.0
30.3
25.1
32.2
28.9
30.1
30.8
31.3
31.9
29.9
30.1
29.8
30.1
31.2
28.5
29.8
29.8
30.6
30.2
29.9
30.1
30.6
31.0
30.2
29.6
29.5
30.8
30.2
29.5
30.2
28.2
25.0
28.2
28.2
27.8
28.8
28.1
28.3
32.0
27.3
30.9
28.3
28.2
29.0
34.8
32.5
20.6
21.7
22.4
24.3
18.3
18.3
24.7
23.1
24.6
23.2
24.1
23.3
24.8
23.6
23.8
24.8
23.1
24.9
26.1
23.6
23.9
24.5
24.3
24.0
24.8
23.8
25.7
22.8
24.1
23.5
23.3
24.0
24.2
21.4
22.3
23.4
23.7
23.1
22.8
22.4
25.0
16.0
17.8
16.8
15.6
17.7
18.5
17.6
25.2
26.5
26.9
26.8
21.8
21.8
26.5
26.0
27.2
25.7
26.7
26.2
26.8
26.7
26.1
27.1
25.7
26.7
28.1
26.3
26.4
26.5
27.5
26.2
26.8
26.9
27.3
25.8
26.3
26.3
26.1
26.1
26.1
24.0
25.5
26.3
26.2
25.8
25.8
25.4
26.5
18.7
20.6
19.6
18.5
20.7
21.1
19.7
30.5
29.6
35.9
30.1
26.8
32.5
29.5
30.0
31.3
30.8
31.8
30.1
30.7
29.6
30.1
31.6
29.0
29.8
30.1
30.1
30.5
30.4
30.1
30.7
32.0
30.6
30.0
29.8
31.0
31.1
29.5
30.4
28.6
26.1
29.4
29.0
28.9
29.3
28.8
29.0
30.1
23.2
29.9
27.4
27.1
28.1
33.5
31.1
24.4
25.9
25.6
26.2
20.5
20.4
25.9
25.3
26.4
25.2
26.1
25.5
26.2
26.1
25.6
26.5
25.1
26.0
27.3
25.7
25.8
26.0
26.6
25.6
26.2
26.1
26.8
25.1
25.8
25.7
25.4
25.5
25.6
23.1
24.6
25.6
25.5
25.2
24.9
24.6
26.2
18.4
19.6
18.8
17.7
19.8
20.2
19.0
29.4
29.1
33.4
29.7
25.1
30.8
28.9
29.2
30.2
30.1
30.8
29.2
30.0
28.7
29.4
30.9
28.0
29.3
29.3
29.5
29.6
29.6
29.6
30.0
30.9
29.4
29.5
28.7
30.1
30.0
28.7
29.6
28.0
25.0
27.9
27.9
27.8
28.2
27.4
27.9
29.8
22.9
29.0
26.5
26.0
27.2
32.3
30.7
23.9
25.6
24.8
25.9
20.0
18.1
25.7
24.9
26.1
24.4
25.2
25.1
25.9
26.1
25.0
26.1
24.8
25.7
27.8
25.4
25.2
25.5
27.0
25.0
25.2
26.1
26.6
24.8
25.1
25.1
25.1
24.9
25.4
23.2
24.3
25.5
25.5
24.8
24.9
24.4
25.4
17.7
17.6
17.2
16.0
18.4
17.0
16.2
19.1
21.0
20.0
21.3
14.7
14.3
21.1
20.1
21.6
19.5
20.4
20.4
21.2
21.5
20.3
21.5
20.0
21.0
23.9
20.7
20.4
20.8
22.7
20.1
20.4
21.5
22.3
20.0
20.3
20.2
20.3
20.1
20.7
18.1
19.2
20.9
20.8
20.0
20.0
19.4
20.8
15.5
14.0
12.9
12.2
13.5
13.1
12.5
27.2
28.5
30.4
29.6
24.4
27.2
28.3
27.9
29.5
28.0
28.7
28.2
29.5
27.9
28.0
29.1
27.5
28.9
29.8
28.2
28.4
28.8
28.6
28.4
29.2
28.5
29.2
27.7
28.3
28.7
27.8
28.2
27.6
25.3
27.5
27.8
28.0
27.7
27.4
27.4
27.9
19.5
24.6
21.6
20.5
23.3
26.0
22.7
23.1
25.0
23.7
25.1
18.9
16.8
25.1
24.2
25.2
23.8
24.9
24.3
25.1
25.2
24.5
25.2
24.2
25.1
26.9
24.7
24.7
24.9
26.0
24.4
24.9
25.2
26.1
24.0
24.7
24.2
24.5
24.3
24.8
22.4
23.6
24.9
24.9
24.2
24.2
23.6
25.2
17.2
16.3
16.2
15.0
17.3
16.0
15.2
18.1
20.1
18.7
20.3
13.7
13.1
20.3
19.2
20.5
18.8
20.1
19.4
20.2
20.3
19.7
20.3
19.3
20.2
22.7
19.8
19.8
20.0
21.4
19.4
20.1
20.3
21.6
19.1
19.9
19.2
19.6
19.4
20.0
17.2
18.5
20.1
20.0
19.3
19.1
18.5
20.4
15.0
12.8
12.1
11.4
12.6
12.2
11.7
26.8
28.0
29.3
29.2
23.1
25.6
28.0
27.5
28.4
27.7
28.6
27.5
28.6
27.2
27.7
28.4
26.9
28.5
29.0
27.7
28.0
28.3
28.2
28.1
29.0
27.9
28.8
27.1
28.0
27.6
27.3
27.9
27.1
24.6
26.6
27.1
27.1
27.1
26.5
26.6
27.7
19.1
23.5
21.1
19.9
22.7
25.2
22.4
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
6 sites, 71 more on CD-ROM
6.2
5.0
4.1
3585
456
11.8 10.1 8.8
5722
199
11.9 10.0 8.5
5564
181
9.7
8.4
7.4
5698
248
8.1
6.8
5.9
2537
831
10.5
8.1
5.9
3168
594
2 sites, 14 more on CD-ROM
9.3
8.4
7.7
0
2982
9.4
8.4
7.6
98
552
7 sites, 20 more on CD-ROM
7.4
5.8
4.5
3771
221
8.0
6.6
5.4
3186
406
8.8
7.4
6.1
3056
545
9.8
8.2
6.9
3156
560
6.8
5.7
4.8
3245
591
7.8
6.5
5.6
3472
514
7.8
6.4
5.4
2912
441
27 sites, 26 more on CD-ROM
10.1
8.6
7.5
1858
688
6.5
5.4
4.7
2682
718
7.1
5.9
5.1
2805
718
8.0
6.9
6.1
2197
821
8.8
7.6
6.5
2316
802
7.1
5.8
4.9
2684
669
8.9
7.8
6.9
2107
758
8.2
7.1
6.2
3004
630
7.5
6.4
5.5
2264
781
7.6
6.5
5.7
2386
838
9.2
7.7
6.5
2707
615
10.6
9.1
7.9
1658
789
12.3 11.0 9.8
1758
744
5.7
5.0
4.3
2441
784
7.0
5.9
5.1
2378
707
6.6
5.8
5.2
1943
789
8.3
7.1
6.1
2860
701
7.9
6.6
5.7
2065
721
9.6
8.3
7.4
2237
686
7.8
6.6
5.6
2827
712
8.1
7.0
6.2
1390
872
7.0
6.1
5.3
2684
705
6.3
5.2
4.5
2620
796
6.2
5.3
4.5
2911
671
6.3
5.4
4.6
2784
678
6.9
6.0
5.3
2080
696
12.1 10.5 9.2
2014
673
1 site, 8 more on CD-ROM
8.1
6.7
5.6
3074
609
1 site, 9 more on CD-ROM
9.1
8.1
7.3
4098
93
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
10.5
8.7
7.3
416
1467
3 sites, 3 more on CD-ROM
15.1 13.3 11.4
614
1356
13.2 10.8 9.5
453
1381
10.5
9.5
8.5
639
1656
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
129
SKOPJE- AIRPORT
MAPUTO/MAVALANE
Mozambique
AGADIR INEZGANNE
AGADIR AL MASSIRA
CASABLANCA
FES-SAIS
MARRAKECH
MEKNES
NOUASSEUR
OUJDA
RABAT-SALE
TANGER (AERODROME)
TETOUAN
Morocco
ULAANBAATAR
Mongolia
KISINEV
Moldova, Republic of
AEROP. INTERNACIONA
AEROP.INTERNACIONAL
CANCUN INTL
DE GUANAJUATO INTL
DON MIGUEL Y HIDALG
GENERAL ABELARDO L
GENERAL FRANCISCO J
GENERAL HERIBERTO J
GENERAL JUAN N ALVA
GENERAL MARIANO ESC
GENERAL RAFAEL BUEL
LICENCIADO ADOLFO L
LICENCIADO BENITO J
GENERAL RAFAEL BUEL
MONTERREY (CITY)
SAN LUIS POTOSI
GENERAL FRANCISCO J
VERACRUZ/GEN JARA
Mexico
NOUAKCHOTT
Mauritania
BAMAKO/SENOU
Mali
KOTA KINABALU
KUALA LUMPUR SUBANG
KUANTAN
KUCHING
SANDAKAN
TAWAU
Malaysia
ANTANANARIVO/IVATO
Madagascar
Long
22.15N 113.60E
54.88N 23.83E
54.63N 25.28E
Lat
239
6
770
156
Elev
116.05E
101.55E
103.22E
110.33E
118.07E
117.88E
99.13W
89.65W
86.87W
101.48W
103.30W
116.97W
97.87W
96.18W
99.75W
100.10W
106.27W
99.57W
99.07W
106.27W
100.30W
100.98W
97.87W
96.18W
173
2235
9
6
1815
1529
149
24
27
4
390
12
2580
2230
12
515
1883
24
29
3
381
3
22
16
27
13
20
9.57W
9.40W
7.67W
4.98W
8.03W
5.53W
7.58W
1.93W
6.77W
5.90W
5.33W
25.92S 32.57E
30.38N
30.32N
33.57N
33.93N
31.62N
33.88N
33.37N
34.78N
34.05N
35.73N
35.58N
44
23
23
57
579
466
560
206
470
79
21
10
47.92N 106.87E 1306
47.02N 28.98E
19.43N
20.98N
21.03N
20.98N
20.52N
32.53N
22.28N
19.13N
16.75N
25.77N
23.15N
19.33N
19.43N
23.15N
25.73N
22.18N
22.28N
19.15N
18.10N 15.95W
12.53N 7.95W
5.93N
3.12N
3.78N
1.48N
5.90N
4.27N
18.80S 47.48E 1276
41.97N 21.65E
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of
TAIPA GRANDE
Macao
KAUNAS
VILNIUS
Lithuania
Station
11.9
5.0
5.1
6.3
0.9
3.9
2.3
3.2
0.3
4.9
4.1
6.5
-35.2
-14.1
4.1
13.4
13.1
4.0
1.8
5.9
10.1
14.9
19.4
3.2
8.8
-2.1
3.0
8.8
4.2
0.1
10.1
14.0
12.9
15.0
22.8
22.5
21.4
21.9
22.9
22.1
7.8
-12.1
7.4
-19.1
-19.9
99.6%
13.0
6.5
6.8
7.3
2.0
5.2
3.7
4.8
2.0
6.0
5.8
7.8
-32.6
-11.5
5.6
15.3
14.8
5.8
3.0
6.9
11.9
16.0
20.8
5.2
10.1
-0.9
4.8
10.1
6.0
2.0
11.9
15.2
14.1
16.4
23.0
22.9
21.9
22.3
23.3
22.6
8.9
-8.8
9.0
-15.5
-16.2
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
35.4
35.2
38.2
29.4
39.2
41.7
38.8
35.8
37.5
32.2
33.2
32.8
31.0
32.0
29.0
38.5
34.1
34.0
33.2
32.2
34.1
35.2
33.6
38.8
34.0
26.2
29.2
34.0
38.2
32.1
34.1
34.2
41.2
40.2
33.3
34.5
34.0
33.9
33.6
32.6
29.5
36.0
33.0
28.0
28.2
23.6
19.4
19.6
21.9
20.2
20.7
21.4
21.8
20.8
22.2
21.5
20.9
15.9
19.9
13.8
24.4
27.0
14.8
15.9
20.9
26.7
26.8
26.7
23.5
25.5
12.4
12.7
25.5
23.5
15.2
26.7
26.9
20.5
19.9
27.6
25.9
26.5
25.7
26.3
26.0
19.3
20.5
27.2
19.5
19.0
33.6
31.8
34.8
27.3
37.2
39.5
36.6
33.0
35.5
29.8
31.9
30.9
28.8
30.3
27.9
37.2
33.2
32.8
32.2
30.2
33.2
34.2
33.1
37.8
33.2
25.1
28.1
33.2
37.2
30.8
33.2
33.2
39.5
39.5
33.0
34.0
33.3
33.2
33.0
32.1
28.7
34.1
32.2
26.2
26.3
23.7
18.8
19.0
22.1
20.1
20.6
21.3
21.7
20.7
21.9
21.3
20.8
15.1
19.5
13.7
24.5
26.8
14.9
15.5
20.4
26.6
26.8
26.6
23.3
25.3
12.3
12.5
25.3
23.6
15.1
26.6
26.7
20.5
20.0
27.5
25.9
26.4
25.8
26.3
26.0
19.4
20.2
27.0
18.6
18.2
32.1
29.0
32.0
26.2
35.4
37.5
34.4
31.0
33.8
27.8
30.2
29.4
26.5
28.7
26.9
36.2
33.0
31.8
31.2
28.8
33.0
33.2
32.9
36.8
32.9
24.0
27.0
32.9
36.2
29.6
33.0
32.8
37.8
38.8
32.6
33.5
32.9
32.8
32.4
31.8
27.9
32.4
31.4
24.5
24.8
23.8
18.4
19.0
22.0
19.9
20.3
20.8
21.1
20.5
22.0
21.2
20.7
14.4
19.0
13.6
24.5
26.7
14.9
15.2
19.9
26.6
26.6
26.4
23.5
25.2
12.1
12.4
25.2
23.7
15.1
26.6
26.6
20.3
20.2
27.3
25.7
26.4
25.8
26.3
26.0
19.3
19.7
26.9
17.5
17.4
26.6
22.5
22.6
24.1
22.6
23.5
24.0
23.7
23.7
24.7
23.2
24.2
17.7
21.7
16.6
28.2
28.3
19.8
20.2
23.1
28.6
28.1
27.9
26.5
27.8
16.1
16.1
27.8
27.2
18.7
28.6
27.8
28.4
27.1
28.6
27.7
27.9
27.2
27.6
27.6
22.5
22.0
28.2
20.9
20.7
31.1
28.7
30.6
26.7
33.7
35.0
34.1
31.5
32.4
29.0
29.7
27.4
25.8
28.6
23.4
31.5
32.4
26.6
26.8
29.5
32.2
33.2
32.5
34.5
31.8
21.2
22.6
31.8
34.6
25.3
32.2
33.0
30.6
31.6
32.6
31.7
31.9
31.3
31.3
30.7
26.6
32.3
30.9
26.1
25.8
26.1
21.8
22.1
23.5
21.7
22.4
22.9
22.8
22.9
23.6
22.6
23.7
16.8
20.7
16.1
27.6
27.9
19.2
19.7
22.2
27.8
27.6
27.5
26.0
27.2
15.3
15.7
27.2
26.2
18.2
27.8
27.2
27.6
26.3
28.2
27.3
27.5
26.8
27.2
27.2
21.7
21.2
27.8
19.7
19.6
30.4
26.6
29.4
26.0
33.0
34.1
32.6
29.9
31.0
27.4
28.7
26.8
24.4
27.4
23.0
31.3
32.0
25.6
26.2
28.1
31.5
32.4
31.9
33.6
31.0
20.4
22.0
31.0
33.6
24.7
31.5
31.9
30.2
31.1
32.3
31.3
31.5
30.8
31.0
30.6
25.9
31.1
30.4
24.3
24.2
25.4
21.0
20.2
23.2
19.1
20.1
20.8
21.3
21.1
23.2
21.2
23.3
15.2
19.4
14.8
27.8
27.2
18.2
18.2
21.1
27.8
26.9
26.9
24.8
26.9
14.2
14.2
26.9
25.1
17.2
27.8
26.2
28.0
26.1
27.2
26.8
26.9
26.1
26.4
26.6
21.2
18.9
27.3
19.2
19.0
20.7
15.7
14.9
18.1
14.9
15.6
16.6
16.4
16.7
18.1
15.9
18.1
12.7
14.4
13.9
23.8
22.9
16.4
15.8
16.0
23.9
22.7
22.5
20.8
22.6
14.0
13.3
22.6
21.6
15.5
23.9
21.7
24.2
22.5
23.1
22.5
22.7
21.6
21.9
22.2
18.5
14.1
23.1
15.3
14.1
28.7
24.1
24.3
25.5
27.7
29.0
30.5
26.1
27.0
26.9
25.7
25.7
19.9
24.6
18.2
29.0
30.9
19.9
22.2
26.9
31.7
30.8
31.4
29.7
30.8
17.1
17.1
30.8
32.3
19.7
31.7
30.2
29.2
28.7
32.0
30.1
30.6
29.5
29.7
29.9
24.3
24.8
29.7
23.3
22.8
25.0
20.2
19.9
22.7
18.1
19.0
19.7
20.8
20.4
22.2
20.8
22.8
14.2
18.5
14.1
27.0
26.9
17.9
17.9
20.1
26.9
26.2
26.2
24.1
26.1
14.0
14.0
26.1
24.2
16.8
26.9
26.1
27.1
25.2
27.0
26.2
26.3
25.8
26.2
26.2
20.2
18.0
27.1
18.1
18.0
20.1
15.0
14.7
17.5
14.0
14.6
15.5
15.9
16.0
17.1
15.5
17.6
11.8
13.7
13.3
22.7
22.6
16.1
15.5
15.1
22.7
21.7
21.6
19.9
21.6
13.7
13.1
21.6
20.3
15.1
22.7
21.5
22.8
21.3
22.7
21.6
21.7
21.2
21.6
21.6
17.5
13.3
22.9
14.3
13.1
28.3
23.2
24.1
25.0
26.0
26.7
28.5
25.3
26.3
25.6
25.5
25.4
19.4
23.8
17.4
28.6
30.8
19.7
22.1
25.4
30.8
29.9
30.6
29.1
29.9
17.0
17.0
29.9
30.8
19.5
30.8
30.0
28.9
28.0
31.8
29.4
29.6
29.1
29.5
29.6
23.1
24.1
29.6
22.2
21.6
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
2 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM
9.6
8.5
7.6
4161
74
10.1
8.8
7.8
4321
80
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
11.1
9.8
8.7
278
2004
1 site, 5 more on CD-ROM
8.8
7.6
6.2
2601
532
1 site, 3 more on CD-ROM
7.8
7.0
6.3
319
680
6 sites, 9 more on CD-ROM
6.7
5.4
4.5
0
3453
6.3
5.4
4.8
0
3622
6.3
5.4
4.9
0
3318
5.3
4.5
4.0
0
3241
6.9
6.0
5.3
0
3456
5.7
5.1
4.4
0
3224
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
8.3
7.1
6.3
1
3529
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
9.9
8.8
8.0
3
2987
18 sites, 16 more on CD-ROM
21.1
9.6
7.9
563
190
10.2
9.0
8.1
2
3247
10.3
9.4
7.9
3
2894
10.5
9.7
8.1
285
765
10.1
8.3
6.6
367
713
8.3
7.0
6.2
697
511
14.9 11.9 10.0
79
2579
19.8 14.9 11.2
4
2779
8.3
7.3
6.2
0
3288
13.3 10.4 9.5
356
2156
8.8
7.5
6.5
26
2169
8.9
7.6
6.4
1773
3
10.7
9.5
8.0
599
197
8.8
7.5
6.5
26
2169
6.0
4.9
4.1
328
2139
9.9
8.4
7.4
688
426
14.9 11.9 10.0
79
2579
20.2 15.2 12.8
8
2568
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
6.8
5.7
5.0
3259
369
1 site, 39 more on CD-ROM
10.3
9.0
7.6
6967
101
11 sites, 9 more on CD-ROM
10.5
8.7
7.2
522
649
9.5
8.1
7.1
375
931
7.2
6.0
5.2
659
617
10.1
8.3
6.9
1214
834
7.5
6.2
5.2
633
1392
8.5
7.3
6.3
1093
848
9.8
8.4
7.4
819
758
11.8 10.1 9.0
1148
842
8.3
7.1
6.2
798
540
16.5 14.0 12.3
799
714
11.9 10.4 9.5
626
820
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
15.5 13.2 10.9
19
1985
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
130
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
GDANSK-REBIECHOWO
GDANSK-SWIBNO
HEL
KATOWICE
Poland
CAGAYAN DE ORO
DAVAO AIRPORT
GEN. SANTOS
ILOILO
MACTAN
MANILA
NINOY AQUINO INTERN
SANGLEY POINT
SCIENCE GARDEN
ZAMBOANGA
Philippines
AREQUIPA
CHICLAYO
CUZCO
IQUITOS
LIMA-CALLAO/AEROP.
PIURA
PUCALLPA
TRUJILLO
Peru
AEROPUERTO PETTIROSS
Paraguay
MARCOS A GELABERT I
TOCUMEN
Panama
JERUSALEM AIRPORT
Palestinian Territory, Occupied
ISLAMABAD AIRPORT
KARACHI AIRPORT
LAHORE AIRPORT
Pakistan
BURAIMI
Oman
HAKADAL
OSLO-BLINDERN
Norway
NIAMEY-AERO
Niger
MANAGUA A.C.SANDINO
Nicaragua
AUCKLAND AERO AWS
AUCKLAND AIRPORT
CHRISTCHURCH
CHRISTCHURCH AERO A
New Zealand
AMSTERDAM AP SCHIPH
HOEK VAN HOLLAND
IJMUIDEN
ROTTERDAM THE HAGUE
VALKENBURG
WOENSDRECHT
Netherlands
Station
174.80E
174.80E
172.55E
172.52E
4.77E
4.10E
4.57E
4.45E
4.43E
4.33E
Long
2.17E
54.38N
54.33N
54.60N
50.23N
8.48N
7.12N
6.12N
10.70N
10.30N
14.58N
14.52N
14.50N
14.63N
6.90N
16.33S
6.78S
13.53S
3.78S
12.00S
5.20S
8.37S
8.08S
101
9
45
759
508
22
217
299
170
97
227
56
7
6
30
37
-4
14
13
-4
1
17
Elev
18.47E
18.93E
18.82E
19.03E
124.63E
125.65E
125.18E
122.57E
123.97E
120.98E
121.00E
120.92E
121.02E
122.07E
138
7
3
284
6
18
15
8
24
13
15
4
46
6
71.57W 2520
79.82W 30
71.93W 3249
73.30W 126
77.12W 13
80.60W 55
74.57W 149
79.10W 30
25.25S 57.52W
8.97N 79.55W
9.05N 79.37W
31.87N 35.22E
33.62N 73.10E
24.90N 67.13E
31.52N 74.40E
24.23N 55.78E
60.12N 10.83E
59.95N 10.72E
13.48N
12.15N 86.17W
37.00S
37.02S
43.48S
43.48S
52.30N
51.98N
52.47N
51.95N
52.17N
51.45N
Lat
-16.1
-17.0
-9.6
-15.1
22.1
22.6
22.7
22.8
23.1
23.1
21.2
23.3
20.2
22.6
5.9
14.9
0.0
19.0
13.9
15.8
17.6
14.2
5.1
22.8
20.2
0.7
2.1
10.3
3.0
9.5
-19.0
-14.5
15.9
19.9
4.4
1.9
-2.8
-2.5
-6.7
-5.5
-6.4
-6.6
-6.6
-7.4
99.6%
-12.2
-12.7
-7.2
-12.0
22.8
23.0
23.0
23.3
23.8
23.8
22.1
23.9
21.1
23.1
6.8
15.2
1.1
20.1
14.2
16.3
18.9
14.8
7.1
22.9
21.0
2.0
3.2
11.9
4.8
10.9
-16.0
-12.2
17.0
20.8
5.6
2.9
-1.8
-1.5
-4.5
-3.6
-4.1
-4.5
-4.5
-5.2
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
27.1
25.8
25.3
29.4
34.6
33.9
35.1
34.8
33.2
34.5
35.0
34.7
35.2
34.1
24.1
32.2
23.0
34.1
28.9
34.1
34.9
28.2
37.0
34.9
34.1
32.9
41.0
38.9
43.1
45.2
26.9
26.7
42.3
36.0
25.3
25.2
28.0
27.7
27.6
27.0
25.6
27.8
27.0
29.2
18.9
19.5
20.2
19.8
27.5
26.6
27.3
27.7
27.2
26.4
26.3
27.9
26.2
27.4
11.5
24.2
10.5
26.5
22.8
25.4
26.2
23.6
23.8
25.4
25.5
18.7
22.5
22.7
22.9
21.9
17.6
17.2
20.9
24.3
19.8
19.7
16.9
16.6
19.7
19.2
18.7
19.8
19.5
19.8
25.1
23.6
23.7
27.5
34.1
33.2
34.4
34.0
32.8
33.8
34.1
34.1
34.5
33.6
23.5
31.7
22.1
33.7
27.8
33.3
34.1
27.4
35.9
34.1
33.2
31.7
39.2
37.2
41.8
44.2
25.0
24.9
41.7
35.1
24.3
24.5
26.0
25.6
25.5
24.6
23.6
25.6
24.7
27.0
18.0
18.3
19.2
18.8
27.4
26.6
27.2
27.5
27.1
26.3
26.1
27.7
26.2
27.3
11.2
24.0
10.3
26.5
22.3
25.1
26.2
23.3
24.0
25.2
25.2
18.5
22.6
23.1
23.0
21.5
16.9
16.5
20.9
24.2
19.2
19.3
16.1
15.8
18.8
18.5
17.8
19.0
18.6
19.2
23.2
21.9
22.2
25.8
33.6
32.9
33.9
33.3
32.2
33.2
33.5
33.5
33.8
33.1
23.0
30.8
21.4
33.0
26.9
32.7
33.6
26.7
34.9
33.8
33.0
30.2
37.9
36.0
40.1
43.2
23.2
23.1
40.8
34.8
23.5
23.8
24.0
23.6
23.6
22.7
21.8
23.8
22.9
25.0
17.1
17.6
18.4
18.0
27.3
26.6
27.1
27.3
27.0
26.3
26.1
27.4
26.2
27.2
11.0
23.5
10.0
26.4
22.0
24.9
26.1
22.8
24.0
25.2
25.1
18.3
22.6
23.5
23.0
21.4
15.9
15.6
20.8
24.1
18.8
18.9
15.6
15.2
17.9
18.0
17.6
18.0
17.8
18.2
20.2
20.3
21.0
20.7
28.8
28.1
28.2
28.6
28.6
28.2
28.5
28.7
27.7
28.2
14.8
25.6
12.6
27.4
23.6
26.5
27.0
24.0
26.7
27.7
27.6
21.8
28.0
28.2
29.2
27.8
19.2
18.5
27.1
26.6
21.2
21.3
18.4
18.1
20.7
20.6
20.0
20.8
20.5
21.0
25.1
24.4
24.1
27.0
33.1
32.1
33.2
33.0
31.3
32.0
31.6
33.3
32.4
32.7
21.1
30.3
20.2
32.6
27.3
32.3
33.1
27.4
32.3
31.5
31.2
28.8
34.0
33.4
34.1
33.5
23.7
23.7
33.2
31.4
23.6
23.7
24.4
24.2
25.7
24.7
23.3
25.9
25.0
26.6
19.2
19.1
20.0
19.8
28.4
27.7
28.0
28.2
28.2
27.7
28.0
28.3
27.5
27.8
14.2
24.9
12.1
27.1
22.9
25.9
26.7
23.5
26.3
27.3
27.1
21.0
27.5
27.9
28.6
27.0
18.2
17.7
26.6
26.2
20.5
20.6
17.6
17.3
19.6
19.7
19.2
19.8
19.4
20.0
23.8
22.5
22.8
25.8
32.8
31.7
32.9
32.6
31.0
31.6
31.0
32.8
32.0
32.3
20.5
29.6
19.6
32.1
26.7
31.9
32.7
26.9
31.9
31.0
30.9
27.3
33.2
32.8
33.4
34.1
23.0
22.7
32.8
31.1
22.9
23.0
23.0
22.7
24.0
23.0
21.5
24.1
23.3
25.1
18.2
18.8
19.7
18.6
27.6
27.0
26.9
27.4
27.9
27.2
27.8
27.5
26.6
26.9
12.7
24.1
9.9
26.1
22.2
24.9
25.2
22.9
25.2
26.8
26.8
19.9
26.5
27.1
28.1
26.6
17.8
16.7
25.9
25.2
20.3
20.4
16.4
16.2
19.0
19.3
19.0
19.1
18.9
19.1
13.4
13.6
14.4
13.9
23.6
22.7
22.6
23.3
24.1
22.9
23.9
23.4
22.3
22.6
12.5
19.1
11.3
21.8
16.9
20.1
20.7
17.7
20.6
22.5
22.6
16.0
23.5
22.9
24.9
23.0
13.1
12.1
21.8
20.5
15.0
15.1
11.7
11.6
13.8
14.1
13.8
13.9
13.7
13.9
22.1
22.1
22.8
23.1
32.3
31.3
31.7
31.5
30.4
30.8
30.2
32.0
30.3
31.4
16.4
28.8
15.1
30.9
26.3
29.5
29.9
26.3
29.3
30.3
29.6
24.4
31.2
30.9
32.1
30.9
20.6
20.1
29.4
28.3
22.5
22.6
19.6
19.3
22.6
22.2
21.1
23.0
22.4
22.8
17.2
17.7
18.9
17.7
27.2
26.5
26.6
27.0
27.5
26.7
27.2
27.1
26.2
26.6
12.0
23.2
9.2
25.7
21.3
24.2
25.0
22.2
24.8
26.2
26.1
19.1
26.1
26.7
27.6
25.2
16.4
15.7
25.1
25.1
19.6
19.8
15.8
15.5
18.0
18.4
18.4
18.1
18.0
18.2
12.5
12.7
13.7
13.2
23.0
22.1
22.2
22.8
23.5
22.3
23.0
22.8
21.8
22.1
12.0
18.1
10.8
21.3
16.0
19.3
20.5
16.9
20.1
21.6
21.7
15.2
22.8
22.4
24.1
21.1
11.9
11.3
20.8
20.3
14.3
14.5
11.3
11.0
12.9
13.3
13.3
13.0
12.9
13.1
21.1
21.1
21.7
22.0
32.1
30.7
31.4
31.3
30.2
30.4
29.6
31.7
29.8
31.0
15.8
28.3
14.3
30.7
25.3
29.4
29.9
26.3
29.0
29.8
29.1
23.0
30.9
30.7
31.7
31.3
19.3
19.4
29.1
28.2
22.0
22.1
19.0
18.4
21.4
21.0
20.2
21.7
21.1
22.0
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
6 sites, 33 more on CD-ROM
13.6 11.9 10.4 2986
66
16.2 14.5 13.2 2790
68
18.6 16.4 15.0 2921
51
12.4 11.0 9.6
2963
66
13.3 11.8 10.4 2995
53
9.8
8.4
7.4
2988
80
4 sites, 33 more on CD-ROM
12.7 11.2 9.9
1234
159
12.9 11.4 10.3 1301
163
11.3 10.1 9.0
2607
59
11.4 10.1 9.0
2609
53
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
8.2
7.3
6.4
0
3462
1 site, 11 more on CD-ROM
9.5
8.2
7.1
0
4202
2 sites, 54 more on CD-ROM
8.3
7.1
6.2
4428
52
8.0
6.9
6.0
4217
56
1 site, 9 more on CD-ROM
8.3
7.2
6.3
77
3734
3 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM
12.7 10.3 9.1
641
2019
9.2
8.2
7.3
20
3251
8.0
6.4
5.4
422
2584
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
9.5
8.5
7.8
1400
723
2 sites, 0 more on CD-ROM
7.9
7.1
6.3
0
3584
7.8
6.6
5.7
0
3295
1 site, 3 more on CD-ROM
10.4
9.4
8.5
262
2064
8 sites, 5 more on CD-ROM
9.5
7.9
7.0
1118
2
10.4
9.7
8.9
2
1600
8.6
7.0
5.9
2042
0
6.2
4.8
3.9
0
3044
9.3
7.8
6.8
183
775
8.4
7.7
6.8
0
2383
6.7
5.5
4.5
1
3133
7.4
6.6
6.1
129
729
10 sites, 34 more on CD-ROM
4.8
3.7
3.0
0
3601
7.8
6.0
5.0
0
3506
6.1
5.4
4.9
0
3582
7.4
6.4
5.6
0
3576
8.3
7.1
6.1
0
3536
9.4
7.5
6.1
0
3726
16.0 12.1 9.9
0
3517
9.5
7.5
6.4
0
3778
5.7
4.8
4.0
0
3406
5.6
5.0
4.4
0
3617
13 sites, 48 more on CD-ROM
12.3 10.3 8.9
4016
46
10.2
8.7
7.5
3891
34
10.0
8.5
7.6
3639
52
8.4
7.4
6.5
3708
97
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
131
SOCHI (ADLER)
ARHANGELSK
ASTRAHAN
BARNAUL
BRJANSK
CHEREPOVEC
CHELJABINSK-BALANDI
CHITA
EKATERINBURG
ELABUGA
GOR'KIJ
HABAROVSK
IRKUTSK
IZHEVSK
KALININGRAD
KALUGA
KAZAN
KEMEROVO
KIROV
KIROV
KRASNODAR
KRASNOJARSK
KRASNOJARSK OPYTNOE
KURGAN
KURSK
MAGNITOGORSK
MAHACKALA
MOSKVA
MURMANSK
NIZHNYJ TAGIL
NIZNIJ NOVGOROD
Russian Federation
BUCURESTI AFUMATI
BUCURESTI INMH-BANE
CLUJ-NAPOCA
CONSTANTA
CRAIOVA
IASI
KOGALNICEANU
TIMISOARA
Romania
DOHA INTERNATIONAL
Qatar
SAN JUAN INTL ARPT
LUIS MUNOZ MARIN IN
Puerto Rico
LISBOA/GAGO COUTINH
Portugal
KRAKOW-BALICE
LODZ
LUBLIN RADAWIEC
POZNAN
RACIBORZ
SZCZECIN
TERESPOL
WARSZAWA-OKECIE
WROCLAW II
Station
19.80E
19.40E
22.40E
16.85E
18.20E
14.62E
23.62E
20.97E
16.88E
Long
43.43N
64.50N
46.28N
53.43N
53.25N
59.27N
55.30N
52.08N
56.83N
55.77N
56.22N
48.52N
52.27N
56.83N
54.72N
54.57N
55.73N
55.23N
58.65N
58.57N
45.03N
56.00N
56.03N
55.47N
51.77N
53.35N
43.02N
55.83N
68.97N
57.88N
56.27N
44.48N
44.48N
46.78N
44.22N
44.32N
47.17N
44.33N
45.77N
39.90E
40.72E
48.05E
83.52E
34.32E
38.02E
61.53E
113.48E
60.63E
52.07E
43.82E
135.17E
104.32E
53.45E
20.55E
36.40E
49.20E
86.12E
49.62E
49.57E
39.15E
92.88E
92.75E
65.40E
36.17E
59.08E
47.48E
37.62E
33.05E
60.07E
44.00E
26.18E
26.12E
23.57E
28.65E
23.87E
27.63E
28.43E
21.25E
25.25N 51.57E
18.42N 66.00W
18.43N 66.00W
38.77N 9.13W
50.08N
51.73N
51.22N
52.42N
50.05N
53.40N
52.07N
52.17N
51.10N
Lat
13
8
-23
184
216
114
227
671
283
192
82
76
469
159
21
201
116
260
164
158
34
277
276
79
247
382
32
156
51
258
157
90
91
413
14
195
104
102
88
10
4
3
105
237
190
240
84
206
7
137
106
124
Elev
-2.0
-33.2
-18.1
-32.9
-22.6
-30.3
-29.2
-37.2
-30.8
-29.2
-27.4
-30.0
-35.5
-30.1
-17.4
-25.4
-28.6
-33.6
-33.5
-29.5
-14.8
-33.7
-37.1
-32.7
-22.8
-29.5
-11.6
-22.8
-32.2
-31.9
-26.6
-13.2
-12.5
-14.8
-8.9
-12.0
-15.8
-11.0
-11.4
11.2
20.8
21.0
4.6
99.6%
-16.1
-15.3
-17.3
-14.0
-15.6
-12.7
-19.2
-16.2
-14.9
-0.6
-29.5
-15.0
-29.8
-19.4
-26.8
-26.3
-35.0
-27.9
-25.6
-23.9
-28.0
-32.1
-26.5
-13.2
-22.0
-25.0
-30.3
-28.7
-26.2
-11.1
-31.1
-34.6
-29.5
-19.5
-26.5
-8.6
-19.5
-28.8
-29.2
-23.2
-10.8
-10.0
-12.0
-6.9
-9.6
-12.6
-9.0
-8.9
12.8
21.3
21.5
5.8
99%
-13.1
-12.2
-13.7
-10.9
-12.2
-9.4
-15.1
-12.9
-11.2
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
30.2
27.2
35.4
30.0
28.5
28.0
30.5
30.9
29.4
30.6
28.4
30.5
28.2
29.7
27.8
27.9
30.7
28.7
28.3
29.6
34.2
28.4
29.0
31.3
30.4
30.4
31.5
29.4
24.1
28.6
30.8
33.9
34.1
30.4
30.1
33.9
32.7
32.5
33.9
43.9
32.8
32.9
33.6
23.9
19.5
21.5
19.1
19.4
20.1
19.6
19.3
19.5
20.1
19.5
22.2
17.9
19.8
19.7
19.5
19.8
19.1
20.0
20.6
22.5
18.3
19.2
19.5
19.6
18.5
23.4
20.9
16.0
19.2
20.4
21.6
21.1
20.5
23.7
22.0
21.2
22.0
21.2
22.2
25.4
25.2
20.4
29.1
25.0
33.7
28.2
26.8
25.9
28.6
28.9
27.7
28.6
26.7
28.8
26.8
27.8
25.8
26.2
28.4
26.9
25.9
27.7
32.2
26.6
27.1
29.4
28.4
28.6
30.1
27.5
21.5
26.9
28.6
32.1
32.5
28.9
28.7
32.1
30.9
30.9
32.1
42.8
31.9
32.1
31.5
23.5
18.1
21.1
18.5
18.6
19.0
19.0
18.2
18.7
19.5
18.8
21.6
17.6
18.9
18.7
18.8
19.4
18.2
18.5
19.4
22.0
17.6
18.7
19.2
18.8
17.9
23.3
20.2
14.9
18.4
19.7
21.4
20.7
19.7
22.9
21.6
20.7
21.4
20.9
22.4
25.5
25.4
19.8
28.0
22.9
32.2
26.7
25.1
24.0
26.9
26.9
25.9
26.7
25.0
27.1
25.0
26.0
24.1
24.6
26.6
25.1
24.1
25.9
30.6
24.8
25.2
27.6
26.6
26.9
28.9
25.6
19.2
25.1
26.8
30.8
30.9
27.2
27.5
30.5
29.2
29.1
30.2
41.3
31.4
31.6
29.6
23.1
17.0
20.7
17.7
17.8
17.8
18.2
17.3
17.8
18.5
17.8
20.6
16.8
18.0
17.6
18.0
18.5
17.4
17.5
18.3
21.2
16.8
17.7
18.4
18.2
17.3
22.8
19.1
13.8
17.6
19.0
20.7
20.1
19.0
22.3
21.0
19.9
21.0
20.1
22.9
25.4
25.5
19.3
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
29.9 20.4 27.9 19.6 26.0 18.6
29.6 19.4 27.6 18.6 25.8 17.7
28.8 20.3 26.8 19.4 25.1 18.4
30.1 19.4 28.1 18.4 26.3 17.7
29.5 20.1 27.7 19.3 25.9 18.5
29.0 19.9 27.0 19.1 25.2 18.3
29.3 20.2 27.4 19.5 25.6 18.5
29.8 20.3 27.8 19.4 26.0 18.3
30.1 19.8 28.1 19.0 26.3 18.2
25.4
20.6
23.6
21.0
20.6
21.1
21.0
21.0
21.1
21.4
20.9
24.0
20.0
20.9
21.1
20.9
21.3
20.7
20.7
21.2
24.1
20.0
20.8
21.3
20.9
20.0
25.5
21.9
17.0
20.7
21.4
23.4
23.1
21.9
25.6
24.1
22.9
25.2
22.8
31.1
26.9
27.2
21.5
28.7
25.5
30.8
27.0
26.3
26.4
27.6
28.2
27.1
28.2
26.3
27.8
25.6
27.4
25.6
25.7
27.6
25.8
26.1
27.7
30.9
25.7
26.5
28.4
27.3
27.2
29.3
27.8
21.6
26.5
27.8
30.2
29.9
28.1
28.2
30.7
29.5
27.6
30.0
35.2
30.4
30.3
30.5
24.5
19.3
22.6
19.9
19.6
20.0
20.1
19.7
20.0
20.4
19.8
22.9
19.0
20.0
19.8
19.8
20.4
19.6
19.6
20.4
23.1
19.0
19.6
20.4
20.1
19.2
24.7
20.8
15.6
19.6
20.5
22.4
22.1
20.8
24.3
23.0
21.9
23.8
21.8
30.6
26.6
26.7
20.8
27.9
23.7
29.8
25.7
24.9
24.5
26.5
26.2
25.8
26.8
24.8
26.7
24.3
26.2
24.2
24.4
26.4
24.7
24.4
26.4
29.6
24.3
24.9
27.2
26.1
26.2
28.5
26.0
20.3
25.0
26.8
29.5
29.1
26.6
27.2
29.3
28.2
27.0
28.8
34.9
30.1
30.1
28.5
24.2
18.8
21.6
19.0
18.6
19.3
18.9
18.8
19.1
19.1
19.1
23.0
18.1
18.7
19.5
19.1
19.1
18.9
18.7
19.1
22.0
18.1
18.8
18.9
18.8
17.6
24.3
19.8
14.9
18.6
19.2
21.3
21.2
20.0
24.8
22.1
21.0
24.5
21.0
30.2
25.9
26.2
19.2
19.1
13.6
16.2
14.1
13.8
14.2
14.1
14.7
14.3
14.2
14.0
17.9
13.8
13.8
14.2
14.2
14.1
14.2
13.8
14.2
16.8
13.4
14.1
13.8
14.0
13.2
19.3
14.8
10.7
13.9
14.3
16.2
16.0
15.4
19.9
17.2
15.8
19.8
15.8
27.5
21.2
21.6
14.2
27.8
23.2
26.3
23.7
23.0
24.0
23.3
23.7
23.8
24.1
23.5
25.7
22.2
23.8
23.2
23.7
24.2
23.3
23.7
24.0
27.5
22.4
23.8
24.0
23.6
23.0
28.4
25.0
19.2
23.2
24.0
25.4
25.0
24.6
27.3
27.1
25.9
26.3
24.7
34.0
28.8
28.9
22.5
23.4
17.4
20.5
17.9
17.6
18.2
17.9
17.5
18.0
18.1
17.9
21.8
17.0
17.7
18.2
18.1
18.2
17.8
17.7
18.2
21.1
17.0
17.7
18.0
17.9
16.6
23.4
18.8
13.3
17.5
18.3
20.2
20.1
18.9
23.4
21.0
19.9
23.0
19.9
29.7
25.5
25.8
18.6
18.2
12.5
15.2
13.1
12.9
13.3
13.2
13.6
13.4
13.4
13.0
16.6
12.9
12.9
13.1
13.3
13.3
13.2
12.9
13.4
15.8
12.6
13.2
13.1
13.3
12.4
18.2
13.9
9.6
12.9
13.4
15.0
15.0
14.4
18.2
16.1
14.8
17.9
14.8
26.7
20.8
21.2
13.6
26.9
21.7
25.5
22.9
22.0
22.4
22.7
22.5
22.7
23.3
22.2
24.9
21.2
22.7
21.8
22.4
23.2
22.2
22.1
23.1
26.3
21.3
22.2
23.0
22.8
22.3
27.7
23.7
17.5
22.0
22.9
24.5
23.8
23.2
26.3
25.8
24.4
25.0
23.8
33.9
28.6
28.8
22.3
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
19.1 14.3 24.1 18.2 13.5 22.7
18.8 14.0 22.7 17.9 13.1 21.7
19.4 14.6 24.2 18.4 13.7 22.7
18.5 13.5 22.5 17.7 12.8 21.9
19.1 14.2 23.8 18.2 13.4 22.7
19.3 14.1 23.6 18.3 13.2 22.4
19.6 14.5 24.1 18.6 13.6 23.0
19.3 14.3 23.8 18.5 13.5 22.9
18.8 13.8 23.3 17.9 13.0 22.3
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
9.4
8.2
7.3
3667
119
9.0
7.9
7.0
3744
115
8.5
7.4
6.5
3931
93
9.6
8.4
7.4
3582
123
10.1
8.7
7.5
3559
111
9.4
8.4
7.4
3506
94
7.4
6.5
5.9
3909
109
10.2
9.1
8.1
3727
124
9.0
7.9
7.0
3494
121
1 site, 25 more on CD-ROM
8.8
7.7
6.9
1045
549
2 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM
8.8
8.1
7.4
0
3131
9.2
8.5
7.9
0
3137
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
10.5
9.3
8.3
68
3631
8 sites, 45 more on CD-ROM
10.2
8.2
7.1
2995
419
8.4
7.4
6.3
3012
399
8.1
6.4
5.3
3526
169
12.2 10.3 9.7
2627
442
12.1
9.5
8.1
2884
457
9.5
8.0
7.0
3248
339
11.2
9.4
8.5
2881
402
8.4
7.0
5.9
2877
362
62 sites, 512 more on CD-ROM
7.6
6.6
5.9
2012
469
8.1
7.0
6.2
6263
47
9.8
8.6
7.9
3397
667
10.7
9.0
7.9
5846
157
9.2
8.0
7.2
4572
116
8.9
7.4
6.3
5577
53
10.6
9.2
8.1
5563
153
10.1
8.7
7.6
6979
100
8.9
7.9
7.1
5893
99
13.2 11.0 9.4
5380
172
9.3
8.3
7.3
5163
96
10.6
9.3
8.3
6046
222
10.1
8.8
7.7
6612
52
9.8
8.4
7.2
5706
126
9.1
7.9
7.1
3848
67
9.1
7.6
6.7
4898
71
11.1
9.9
9.1
5299
172
10.9
9.5
8.6
6240
106
9.8
8.7
7.8
5907
67
6.2
5.4
5.0
5587
131
10.3
9.1
8.2
2866
509
10.1
8.4
7.0
6227
70
7.2
6.2
5.4
6149
105
10.8
9.3
8.2
5848
174
9.1
7.9
7.1
4420
183
10.0
8.5
7.4
5758
142
10.9
9.4
8.2
2729
581
4.3
3.5
3.2
4662
131
10.9
9.4
8.1
6645
10
7.4
6.4
5.6
6118
71
7.2
6.3
5.5
4997
154
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
21.3 27.9 20.4 26.4
20.7 26.5 19.7 25.4
21.3 26.8 20.2 25.3
20.7 27.5 19.7 25.9
21.1 27.0 20.2 25.9
21.2 26.8 20.1 25.1
21.5 27.1 20.4 25.6
21.4 27.5 20.5 26.0
20.9 27.5 19.9 26.0
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
132
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
BLOEMFONTEIN AIRPOR
CAPE TOWN INTNL. AI
DURBAN INTNL. AIRPO
EAST LONDON
JOHANNESBURG INTNL.
PORT ELIZABETH
South Africa
BRATISLAVA-LETISKO
Slovakia
SINGAPORE/CHANGI AI
Singapore
BEOGRAD
BEOGRAD/SURCIN
Serbia
DAKAR/YOFF
Senegal
ABHA
AL-MADINAH
DHAHRAN
GASSIM
JEDDAH (KING ABDUL AZIZ INTL)
KHAMIS MUSHAIT
MAKKAH
RIYADH OBS. (O.A.P.)
TABUK
Saudi Arabia
NOVOKUZNETSK
NOVOSIBIRSK
OMSK
OREL
ORENBURG
PENZA
PERM
RJAZAN'
RJAZAN'
ROSTOV-NA-DONU
SAMARA
SARATOV
SHEREMETYEVO
SMOLENSK
PULKOVO
STAVROPOL
SURGUT
TJUMEN
TOMSK
TULA
TVER
UFA
ULAN-UDE
ULYANOVSK
VLADIMIR
VLADIVOSTOK
VNUKOVO
VOLGOGRAD
VORONEZ
VORONEZ
VLADIKAVKAZ
Station
134
16
132
99
24
26.30E 1354
18.60E 42
30.95E 14
27.83E 125
28.23E 1720
25.62E 63
48.20N 17.20E
1.37N 103.98E
44.80N 20.47E
44.82N 20.28E
29.10S
33.97S
29.97S
33.03S
26.15S
33.98S
308
176
122
203
117
174
170
160
158
77
40
166
190
239
6
452
56
104
139
204
137
104
515
127
170
183
209
147
104
149
703
Elev
42.65E 2093
39.70E 636
50.17E 17
43.77E 648
39.18E 17
42.80E 2056
39.77E 240
46.73E 620
36.60E 768
86.88E
82.90E
73.38E
36.00E
55.10E
45.02E
56.20E
39.72E
39.70E
39.82E
50.45E
46.03E
37.42E
32.07E
30.26E
42.08E
73.50E
65.43E
84.92E
37.62E
35.87E
55.83E
107.60E
48.33E
40.35E
131.93E
37.25E
44.35E
39.25E
39.22E
44.68E
Long
14.73N 17.50W
18.23N
24.55N
26.27N
26.30N
21.70N
18.30N
21.43N
24.70N
28.38N
53.82N
55.08N
55.02N
52.93N
51.68N
53.12N
57.95N
54.62N
54.63N
47.25N
53.25N
51.55N
55.97N
54.75N
59.80N
45.12N
61.25N
57.12N
56.50N
54.23N
56.88N
54.72N
51.83N
54.32N
56.12N
43.12N
55.58N
48.78N
51.65N
51.70N
43.03N
Lat
-4.8
3.8
9.2
7.9
0.1
5.3
-11.2
23.1
-8.4
-10.2
16.8
6.0
9.0
7.8
3.0
15.2
7.1
16.2
5.8
1.8
99.6%
-32.5
-35.2
-32.8
-24.0
-29.5
-27.2
-31.0
-23.5
-25.0
-17.1
-27.2
-23.3
-25.0
-22.7
-23.2
-17.0
-40.7
-32.3
-36.3
-24.8
-25.9
-31.8
-36.4
-28.6
-26.4
-25.2
-24.0
-21.8
-24.6
-23.6
-14.0
-3.4
5.1
10.4
9.0
2.0
6.8
-8.7
23.8
-6.3
-8.0
17.0
7.2
10.8
9.1
5.0
16.8
8.3
17.6
7.2
3.0
99%
-29.8
-31.9
-29.9
-20.5
-26.2
-23.9
-27.5
-20.7
-21.7
-14.5
-24.1
-20.6
-21.5
-19.5
-19.6
-13.9
-38.1
-29.7
-32.9
-21.3
-22.3
-28.2
-33.9
-25.2
-22.9
-22.8
-20.9
-19.1
-21.2
-20.4
-11.2
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
33.8
31.2
30.2
30.5
29.0
29.4
32.1
33.2
34.0
34.0
32.2
31.1
45.1
45.1
44.9
41.0
31.9
45.1
44.7
41.0
15.4
19.3
23.9
20.2
15.1
18.9
20.5
26.4
21.4
21.4
23.0
13.1
19.0
23.1
20.1
23.5
15.2
24.5
19.2
19.0
32.5
29.2
29.2
28.8
27.9
27.5
30.2
32.9
32.3
32.2
31.2
30.3
44.2
44.0
44.0
39.8
31.1
44.1
43.9
39.8
15.3
18.9
23.6
20.6
15.1
19.5
19.9
26.4
21.0
21.4
24.9
13.2
18.7
23.3
19.4
24.2
15.0
24.3
18.8
18.5
31.2
27.8
28.5
27.2
26.9
26.1
28.8
32.2
30.7
30.8
30.8
29.8
43.2
42.9
43.0
38.8
30.7
43.1
43.0
38.8
15.3
18.5
23.3
20.6
15.3
19.8
19.2
26.3
20.3
20.7
25.2
13.2
18.4
23.2
18.9
24.5
14.8
24.2
18.5
18.1
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
29.1 19.5 27.3 18.7 25.7 17.9
29.2 18.8 27.8 18.1 26.0 17.4
31.0 18.8 29.1 18.2 27.2 17.7
30.0 20.1 28.0 19.3 26.3 18.5
34.1 19.5 32.1 18.9 30.2 18.5
31.8 19.8 29.4 19.2 27.6 18.4
29.9 20.4 27.9 19.3 26.0 18.3
28.7 19.8 27.0 19.1 25.2 18.0
30.7 20.2 28.4 19.3 26.5 18.5
34.6 21.8 32.2 21.3 30.3 20.5
32.2 19.9 30.2 19.6 28.2 18.8
33.0 19.8 30.8 19.2 28.9 18.7
29.8 19.3 27.2 18.7 25.2 18.0
27.7 19.9 25.8 19.0 24.2 18.1
28.0 19.6 25.9 18.5 24.1 17.6
33.9 19.7 31.9 19.3 30.0 19.0
28.4 18.6 26.7 17.7 24.5 17.1
29.5 19.6 27.8 18.9 26.1 18.3
28.4 19.9 26.7 18.7 25.1 18.0
30.1 20.2 28.0 19.3 26.2 18.6
29.4 19.9 27.2 19.2 25.3 18.2
31.2 20.6 29.3 19.7 27.6 19.0
31.2 18.3 29.1 17.7 27.1 17.0
31.7 20.1 29.4 19.7 27.6 18.6
29.3 20.8 27.2 20.1 25.4 19.1
28.2 21.3 26.8 20.6 24.9 19.8
29.2 19.6 27.2 18.9 25.2 18.1
35.0 19.0 32.9 18.6 30.9 18.2
32.1 19.0 29.8 18.9 27.6 18.2
32.5 20.2 30.3 19.5 28.3 18.7
30.6 20.3 28.8 19.8 27.1 19.2
19.6
21.1
25.5
23.8
19.4
22.7
21.5
27.7
22.6
23.1
28.0
19.8
22.1
31.1
22.7
29.9
19.5
28.9
21.2
21.1
26.2
27.5
28.6
27.4
23.8
25.7
29.4
30.7
30.9
30.8
29.7
24.1
36.6
35.8
38.5
35.0
24.7
38.6
37.4
36.5
19.0
20.5
24.9
23.1
18.6
22.1
20.7
27.5
21.8
22.3
27.4
19.2
21.0
30.2
21.5
29.1
18.9
28.0
20.3
20.2
25.7
26.4
27.9
26.3
23.3
25.0
28.4
30.5
29.8
29.7
29.3
23.6
37.4
35.5
39.2
34.4
24.0
37.9
37.7
35.5
17.9
19.2
24.3
22.8
18.0
21.9
19.0
27.1
20.1
20.8
27.2
18.5
17.2
30.1
19.0
28.8
18.1
26.6
17.8
15.8
15.2
14.0
19.3
17.8
16.0
16.7
14.0
22.8
15.0
15.6
23.1
17.4
13.3
27.4
14.9
25.4
16.8
22.8
13.8
12.3
21.5
22.5
27.2
25.8
21.3
24.3
24.8
29.5
26.6
26.7
28.9
22.0
27.1
34.3
26.9
33.6
22.3
35.4
22.8
27.7
17.1
18.5
24.0
22.1
17.1
21.1
18.1
26.8
19.1
19.9
27.0
17.9
16.0
29.1
16.9
27.9
17.2
25.6
16.1
14.2
14.4
13.4
18.9
17.0
15.1
15.9
13.2
22.4
14.1
14.8
22.8
16.7
12.3
25.7
13.1
24.1
15.8
21.4
12.4
11.1
20.9
22.1
27.0
24.9
20.4
23.6
23.9
29.2
25.0
25.8
28.7
21.8
25.9
33.8
24.0
32.8
21.8
34.8
21.8
27.2
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
19.0 14.3 23.7 17.9 13.3 22.5
18.9 14.0 22.8 17.8 13.1 22.0
18.2 13.3 23.3 17.2 12.5 22.4
19.1 14.2 24.4 18.2 13.4 23.0
18.7 13.7 24.5 17.6 12.8 23.5
19.1 14.1 24.4 18.1 13.3 23.2
19.1 14.2 24.9 18.0 13.2 23.4
19.0 14.0 23.8 18.0 13.2 22.2
19.2 14.3 23.9 18.3 13.4 22.8
21.0 15.8 26.7 20.0 14.8 25.6
19.8 14.6 24.6 18.8 13.7 23.6
18.9 13.9 23.7 18.0 13.2 23.2
18.9 14.0 23.4 17.9 13.1 22.2
19.0 14.2 23.4 18.0 13.3 22.3
18.8 13.6 23.3 17.6 12.6 22.0
19.1 14.6 25.2 18.1 13.8 24.1
17.9 13.0 22.4 16.9 12.1 21.6
19.0 13.9 23.9 18.0 13.1 23.2
19.4 14.4 23.4 18.3 13.4 22.5
19.1 14.3 24.2 18.2 13.4 23.1
19.2 14.2 23.6 18.2 13.3 22.5
19.4 14.4 25.2 18.4 13.5 24.1
17.7 13.5 22.9 16.8 12.7 22.0
19.4 14.3 24.5 18.4 13.5 23.5
20.2 15.2 25.2 18.9 14.0 23.7
22.2 17.2 24.4 21.2 16.2 23.4
18.9 14.1 23.5 17.9 13.2 22.5
18.1 13.3 22.9 17.3 12.6 22.7
18.6 13.6 23.3 17.9 13.0 22.5
19.2 14.2 24.0 18.3 13.5 23.4
20.1 16.2 25.1 19.2 15.2 24.2
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
11.9
9.9
8.4
5967
99
10.2
8.8
7.6
6141
119
10.4
8.9
7.8
6036
166
10.4
9.2
8.1
4528
155
10.5
9.3
8.2
5116
314
10.2
9.3
8.5
4964
184
10.0
8.9
7.9
5778
116
9.8
8.2
6.9
4858
131
6.6
5.8
5.2
4748
166
12.5 10.9 9.5
3442
482
10.5
9.3
8.3
5043
234
10.3
9.0
7.9
4554
350
9.2
8.2
7.3
4924
104
7.3
6.3
5.4
4732
77
8.9
7.5
6.6
4778
68
12.5 10.6 9.3
3308
411
10.1
8.9
7.9
7422
80
6.4
5.7
5.1
6012
123
9.1
7.5
6.3
6423
88
7.2
6.2
5.4
4720
133
9.2
7.8
6.9
4924
101
10.2
8.7
7.5
5483
163
10.7
9.2
7.9
6890
128
11.1 10.0 9.1
5076
184
9.1
8.1
7.2
5035
122
13.1 11.2 9.8
4948
161
9.5
8.4
7.5
4868
113
12.4 10.8 9.7
4112
446
10.3
8.8
7.4
4472
191
8.1
7.0
6.2
4254
267
4.7
3.9
3.3
3407
250
9 sites, 19 more on CD-ROM
9.5
8.5
7.7
522
768
9.3
8.2
7.2
83
3757
11.1
9.8
8.9
181
3398
9.0
8.0
6.9
436
2918
9.8
8.8
8.0
1
3762
9.4
8.4
7.4
341
1009
6.2
5.2
4.5
1
4758
9.4
8.3
7.3
284
3342
10.3
8.7
7.1
677
2102
1 site, 7 more on CD-ROM
9.8
8.9
8.1
1
2375
2 sites, 24 more on CD-ROM
7.4
6.3
5.3
2482
528
9.9
8.5
7.4
2686
426
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
7.3
6.4
5.6
0
3572
1 site, 18 more on CD-ROM
10.3
8.9
7.8
3047
280
8 sites, 30 more on CD-ROM
9.1
7.9
7.0
1382
508
13.7 12.4 11.2
884
387
11.1
9.9
8.9
137
1115
12.4 10.9 9.7
416
575
9.3
8.3
7.5
1103
265
14.5 12.8 11.4
651
409
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
20.9 26.6 19.8 25.4
20.7 26.3 19.7 25.0
20.7 27.7 19.7 26.6
21.2 27.3 20.3 26.2
21.3 29.8 20.4 28.8
21.3 28.1 20.4 27.1
21.4 27.6 20.3 26.5
21.0 26.6 19.9 25.2
21.2 27.8 20.4 26.5
23.3 31.0 22.4 29.5
21.8 28.2 20.9 27.4
21.2 28.8 20.4 27.9
20.7 26.1 19.6 25.2
20.8 25.9 19.8 24.6
20.7 26.0 19.5 24.3
21.6 29.4 20.8 28.2
20.0 26.0 18.9 24.4
21.1 27.2 20.2 25.8
21.1 26.1 20.1 24.9
21.2 27.5 20.3 26.3
21.2 26.9 20.1 25.5
21.9 28.7 20.9 27.6
20.1 27.7 19.2 26.2
21.6 28.1 20.7 27.3
22.1 27.3 20.8 25.9
23.2 26.3 22.2 24.6
20.9 26.7 19.8 25.4
20.7 29.5 20.0 28.6
20.9 27.8 20.0 26.6
21.5 29.1 20.6 27.6
22.0 27.9 21.1 26.7
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
133
DUSHANBE
Tajikistan
CHIANG KAI SHEK
CHILUNG
CHINMEM/SHATOU(AFB)
HSINCHU (TW-AFB)
HSINCHU CITY
KANGSHAN (TW-AFB)
KAOHSIUNG
KAOHSIUNG INTL ARPT
PINGTUNG NORTH(AFB)
PINGTUNG SOUTH AFB
SUNGSHAN/TAIPEI
TAIBEI
TAICHUNG (TW-AFB)
TAINAN
TAINAN (TW-AFB)
TAIZHONG
TAOYUAN AB (=589650)
WU-CHI OBSERVATORY
WUCHIA OBSERVATORY
Taiwan, Province of China
ALEPPO INT. AEROPOR
DAMASCUS INT. AIRPO
DARAA
HAMA
LATTAKIA
Syrian Arab Republic
LAEGERE
ZUERICH-FLUNTER
ZURICH-KLOTEN
Switzerland
GOTEBORG
GOTEBORG/LANDVETTER
GOTEBORG/SAVE
STOCKHOLM/BROMMA
Sweden
KATUNAYAKE
Sri Lanka
ALICANTE/EL ALTET
BARCELONA/AEROPUERT
BILBAO/SONDICA
LAS PALMAS DE GRAN
MADRID/BARAJAS RS
MADRID/TORREJON
MALAGA/AEROPUERTO
MURCIA
PALMA DE MALLORCA/S
SEVILLA/SAN PABLO
VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO
VALLADOLID
ZARAGOZA (USAFB)
ZARAGOZA/AEROPUERTO
Spain
PRETORIA (IRENE)
PRETORIA-EENDRACHT
Station
Long
Elev
384
609
543
303
7
843
569
432
2
155
16
14
9
31
6
39
47
582
611
7
62
7
31
62
735
263
258
800
121.22E 33
121.80E 3
118.37E 9
120.93E 8
120.93E 27
120.27E 10
120.28E 29
120.35E 9
120.48E 29
120.47E 24
121.55E 6
121.52E 9
120.65E 112
120.22E 14
120.20E 19
120.68E 78
121.23E 45
120.52E 5
120.62E 5
37.20E
36.52E
36.10E
36.75E
35.77E
8.40E
8.57E
8.53E
12.00E
12.28E
11.88E
17.90E
79.88E
0.55W
2.07E
2.90W
15.38W
3.55W
3.45W
4.48W
1.17W
2.73E
5.90W
0.47W
4.77W
1.05W
1.00W
38.55N 68.78E
25.08N
25.15N
24.43N
24.82N
24.83N
22.78N
22.63N
22.58N
22.70N
22.68N
25.07N
25.03N
24.18N
23.00N
22.95N
24.15N
25.07N
24.25N
24.27N
36.18N
33.42N
32.60N
35.12N
35.53N
47.48N
47.38N
47.48N
57.72N
57.67N
57.78N
59.37N
7.17N
38.28N
41.28N
43.30N
27.93N
40.45N
40.48N
36.67N
38.00N
39.55N
37.42N
39.50N
41.65N
41.67N
41.67N
25.92S 28.22E 1523
25.73S 28.18E 1326
Lat
-7.9
9.0
10.2
7.0
9.1
8.8
9.9
12.5
11.9
11.1
11.8
9.1
9.7
8.0
10.7
10.2
9.5
8.8
10.0
7.9
-2.0
-3.7
0.9
-1.4
4.0
-10.7
-8.4
-9.2
-12.1
-13.2
-14.0
-16.1
20.9
3.5
1.2
-0.2
13.5
-4.0
-4.6
4.0
2.4
0.1
1.9
0.9
-3.9
-2.2
-2.8
99.6%
2.6
2.9
-5.2
10.1
11.3
8.0
10.2
10.1
11.2
13.8
13.0
12.7
13.0
10.7
10.8
9.2
12.0
11.8
10.9
9.8
11.1
9.0
-0.6
-1.9
2.4
0.2
5.4
-8.8
-6.6
-7.0
-9.5
-10.7
-11.0
-12.9
21.9
4.8
2.5
1.0
14.1
-2.7
-3.1
5.3
3.9
1.5
3.2
2.2
-2.7
-0.9
-1.1
99%
3.9
4.1
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
37.7
34.3
33.9
33.1
33.1
33.8
33.2
32.7
33.2
34.4
35.0
35.1
35.0
34.2
33.5
33.5
33.4
34.0
32.8
32.2
39.1
39.3
36.2
39.2
33.0
26.1
28.8
30.0
26.9
26.0
25.8
27.0
33.1
32.7
30.2
32.1
30.2
36.3
36.2
35.0
35.9
33.0
39.8
33.1
34.3
36.1
36.2
19.3
26.9
26.1
28.5
27.9
27.1
27.2
27.1
26.6
27.3
27.3
26.7
26.8
27.8
27.2
27.7
26.3
28.1
27.3
27.2
20.1
18.5
19.4
20.8
22.0
17.8
19.1
19.9
18.1
16.7
17.7
17.8
24.8
21.5
23.6
20.8
20.3
19.1
19.9
20.3
21.6
22.9
23.6
21.2
18.2
20.7
21.4
36.2
33.8
33.0
32.2
32.6
33.1
32.9
32.2
33.0
34.0
34.2
34.2
34.1
33.9
33.0
33.0
32.9
33.2
32.3
31.8
37.8
38.0
34.7
37.7
31.7
24.5
27.1
28.2
25.4
24.2
24.1
25.1
32.4
31.2
29.2
29.6
28.5
35.1
35.0
32.9
34.6
31.8
38.0
31.8
32.7
34.0
34.8
19.0
26.9
26.0
28.1
27.7
27.0
27.1
27.1
26.6
27.2
27.1
26.7
26.6
27.8
27.1
27.6
26.2
27.8
27.2
27.1
19.8
18.2
19.5
20.5
23.3
17.2
18.5
19.1
17.5
16.1
17.1
16.9
25.2
21.9
23.4
20.0
20.4
18.8
19.3
20.2
21.5
22.9
22.4
21.7
17.9
20.4
20.9
35.1
33.0
32.2
31.8
32.1
32.4
32.1
31.8
32.2
33.2
33.7
33.7
33.4
33.1
32.5
32.3
32.4
32.7
31.9
31.1
36.2
36.8
33.3
36.4
30.9
23.0
25.5
26.5
23.6
22.4
22.2
23.4
32.0
30.2
28.3
27.5
27.2
33.8
33.7
30.9
33.3
30.3
36.2
30.5
31.0
32.2
32.9
18.7
26.8
26.0
28.0
27.5
26.7
26.9
27.0
26.3
26.9
26.9
26.6
26.4
27.5
26.9
27.3
26.0
27.6
27.1
26.9
19.7
18.1
19.5
20.1
24.0
16.6
17.8
18.5
16.8
15.3
16.3
16.2
25.4
22.0
22.9
19.3
20.7
18.4
18.6
20.0
21.4
22.8
21.8
21.8
17.4
20.0
20.3
22.6
28.5
27.2
29.4
28.9
28.0
28.2
28.1
27.7
28.2
28.3
28.1
27.7
29.0
28.2
28.7
27.1
29.1
28.2
28.3
22.9
21.2
22.8
23.1
26.4
19.3
20.0
20.7
19.7
18.4
19.5
19.4
27.7
25.5
25.4
22.7
24.4
21.5
21.8
24.0
24.6
25.8
25.1
24.9
19.6
22.4
22.8
33.6
32.1
31.2
31.9
32.0
32.5
31.4
31.4
31.0
32.8
33.0
32.7
33.1
33.2
31.7
32.2
31.9
32.7
31.7
30.9
32.9
30.6
31.0
34.0
30.2
23.3
26.7
27.8
24.3
22.9
23.0
24.0
30.8
28.6
28.7
28.4
26.6
33.8
34.3
28.1
30.9
29.4
36.3
29.3
30.8
32.1
33.1
21.4
27.9
26.9
28.9
28.3
27.5
27.9
27.7
27.4
27.8
27.9
27.6
27.2
28.4
27.9
28.2
26.7
28.5
27.8
27.7
22.2
20.5
22.1
22.2
26.0
18.2
19.3
19.9
18.7
17.4
18.5
18.4
27.3
24.7
24.6
21.7
23.6
20.4
20.7
23.4
23.9
25.0
23.9
24.2
18.8
21.6
21.9
32.4
31.6
31.0
31.6
31.5
31.9
31.2
31.1
30.9
32.3
32.5
32.0
32.4
32.7
31.5
31.7
31.4
32.3
31.4
30.5
32.1
29.9
29.8
33.4
29.8
22.6
25.4
26.5
23.0
21.8
22.0
22.7
30.6
28.3
28.0
26.6
25.9
32.1
32.4
27.5
29.9
28.9
34.4
28.5
29.8
31.0
31.4
18.9
27.3
26.3
28.9
28.0
26.7
27.2
27.2
27.0
27.1
27.1
27.0
26.3
27.9
27.4
27.8
25.8
28.1
27.2
27.6
19.9
19.1
20.6
19.6
25.2
18.0
17.8
18.2
18.0
16.9
18.2
17.9
26.8
24.5
24.2
21.1
23.8
17.1
17.1
22.8
23.0
24.8
22.1
23.6
16.1
19.2
19.9
15.1
23.2
21.8
25.5
24.2
22.4
23.0
23.0
22.8
22.9
23.0
22.7
21.8
24.3
23.3
23.9
21.3
24.4
23.0
23.6
15.3
14.9
16.4
14.9
20.4
14.3
13.6
13.8
12.9
12.3
13.1
12.8
22.5
19.5
19.1
15.9
18.7
13.1
13.1
17.6
17.9
19.9
16.8
18.5
12.5
14.5
15.1
29.7
30.5
29.4
31.4
31.5
31.0
30.2
30.3
29.8
30.6
30.9
30.5
30.5
32.4
30.4
31.4
29.6
32.2
30.8
30.6
27.4
23.1
25.1
28.6
29.5
21.2
22.3
23.1
21.9
20.0
20.8
20.9
30.1
27.2
27.8
24.2
25.9
26.2
28.1
26.3
26.6
28.0
28.4
27.5
22.4
25.3
25.9
17.5
27.0
25.9
28.1
27.2
26.2
27.0
26.7
26.2
26.7
26.8
26.2
25.9
27.2
27.0
27.2
25.5
27.2
26.7
27.0
19.1
18.2
20.0
18.6
24.7
16.7
17.1
17.6
17.1
15.9
17.1
16.8
26.2
23.8
23.2
20.1
22.8
16.0
16.1
22.0
22.2
23.9
21.1
22.9
15.2
18.8
18.9
13.8
22.8
21.2
24.3
23.0
21.7
22.7
22.4
21.7
22.3
22.5
21.7
21.3
23.2
22.7
23.0
20.9
23.1
22.3
22.6
14.6
14.1
15.7
14.0
19.7
13.2
13.1
13.3
12.2
11.5
12.3
12.0
21.7
18.7
18.0
14.9
17.7
12.2
12.3
16.7
17.0
18.8
15.8
17.8
11.8
14.1
14.2
28.2
30.2
29.3
30.9
30.9
30.5
30.1
30.1
29.5
30.3
30.5
29.9
30.2
31.7
30.2
30.8
29.4
31.5
30.6
30.2
26.9
22.7
24.7
27.6
29.1
20.0
21.4
22.3
20.7
18.6
19.8
20.2
29.6
27.0
27.1
23.1
25.3
25.5
26.4
26.1
26.3
27.6
26.9
27.2
21.4
25.2
25.4
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
8.7
7.4
6.5
784
494
5.5
4.7
4.0
582
865
14 sites, 24 more on CD-ROM
10.2
8.9
7.8
891
874
9.8
8.4
7.4
1355
603
9.9
8.3
7.2
1529
351
14.6 13.8 13.0
69
1058
9.6
8.3
7.3
1993
635
9.5
8.2
7.1
2114
582
10.4
9.2
8.1
823
856
8.0
6.9
6.0
899
1092
10.3
8.9
7.9
1289
692
9.0
7.8
6.9
858
1196
10.8
9.2
7.8
1102
806
8.2
6.9
5.8
2398
363
12.5 10.8 9.6
1741
667
13.3 11.9 10.6 1721
702
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
8.6
8.0
7.3
0
3406
4 sites, 122 more on CD-ROM
8.4
7.2
6.3
3634
63
11.1
9.9
8.8
4149
31
11.2
9.9
8.8
3991
24
8.9
7.8
7.0
4232
51
3 sites, 52 more on CD-ROM
12.0 10.4 9.2
3882
73
8.8
7.2
5.8
3256
143
8.3
6.9
5.8
3262
134
5 sites, 7 more on CD-ROM
10.5
9.4
8.4
1494
1378
12.3 10.7 9.6
1472
1134
8.8
7.4
6.3
1147
1076
7.2
5.7
4.7
1300
1399
9.9
8.1
6.7
724
1187
19 sites, 17 more on CD-ROM
13.0 11.8 10.9
271
1908
9.1
7.8
6.9
247
1836
9.7
8.5
7.7
522
1573
13.5 12.0 10.8
275
1846
10.0
8.8
7.6
281
1832
8.7
7.3
6.4
79
2262
7.1
6.1
5.3
34
2516
8.6
7.3
6.3
37
2548
7.4
6.1
5.2
40
2512
7.4
6.2
5.3
31
2623
9.0
7.9
7.2
223
2077
7.8
7.0
6.3
218
2078
9.2
8.0
7.1
181
2081
8.5
7.3
6.4
78
2470
9.4
8.2
7.3
72
2375
4.9
4.3
3.9
137
2177
12.1 10.7 9.8
323
1821
15.6 13.9 12.4
203
1968
12.4 10.5 9.4
312
1652
1 site, 2 more on CD-ROM
6.5
5.3
4.3
1900
937
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
0.4%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
30.6 15.9 29.5 16.1 28.4 16.2 20.1 25.8 19.6 25.1 18.4 16.0 21.9 18.0 15.6 21.4
32.2 17.5 31.0 17.3 30.0 17.4 21.0 27.0 20.4 26.4 19.4 16.7 22.7 18.9 16.1 22.5
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
134
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
AUGHTON
BINGLEY NO.2
BIRMINGHAM AIRPORT
BRISTOL
United Kingdom
ABU DHABI BATEEN AI
ABU DHABI INTER. AI
AL AIN INTERNATIONA
DUBAI INTERNATIONAL
SHARJAH INTER. AIRP
United Arab Emirates
CHERNIHIV
DNIPROPETROVSK
DONETSK
KHARKIV
KHERSON
KRYVYI RIH
KYIV
LUHANSK
LVIV
MARIUPOL
ODESA
POLTAVA
SIMFEROPOL
VINNYTSIA
ZAPORIZHZHIA
Ukraine
ASHGABAT KESHI
Turkmenistan
ADANA
ADANA/INCIRLIK AB
ANTALYA
BURSA
DIYARBAKIR
ERZURUM
ESENBOGA
ESKISEHIR
ETIMESGUT
GAZIANTEP
ISTANBUL/ATATURK
IZMIR/A. MENDERES
IZMIR/CIGLI
KAYSERI/ERKILET
KONYA
MALATYA/ERHAC
SAMSUN
VAN
Turkey
TUNIS-CARTHAGE
Tunisia
LOME
Togo
BANGKOK METROPOLIS
DON MUANG
Thailand
DAR ES SALAAM AIRPO
Tanzania, United Republic of
Station
39.20E
Long
1.25E
35.30E
35.43E
30.73E
29.07E
40.18E
41.17E
33.00E
30.57E
32.68E
37.37E
28.82E
27.15E
27.02E
35.43E
32.55E
38.08E
36.30E
43.35E
53.55N
53.82N
52.45N
51.38N
24.43N
24.43N
24.27N
25.25N
25.33N
51.47N
48.60N
48.07N
49.97N
46.63N
48.03N
50.40N
48.57N
49.82N
47.03N
46.43N
49.60N
45.02N
49.23N
47.80N
2.92W
1.87W
1.73W
2.72W
54.47E
54.65E
55.60E
55.33E
55.52E
31.25E
34.97E
37.77E
36.13E
32.57E
33.22E
30.57E
39.25E
23.95E
37.50E
30.77E
34.55E
33.98E
28.60E
35.02E
37.99N 58.36E
36.98N
37.00N
36.87N
40.18N
37.88N
39.95N
40.12N
39.78N
39.95N
37.08N
40.97N
38.27N
38.52N
38.82N
37.97N
38.43N
41.28N
38.47N
36.83N 10.23E
6.17N
13.73N 100.57E
13.92N 100.60E
6.87S
Lat
56
267
99
190
5
27
265
10
34
141
143
225
155
54
124
167
62
323
70
42
160
181
298
112
211
20
73
54
100
677
1758
949
786
806
701
37
120
5
1054
1031
849
4
1662
4
25
4
12
53
Elev
-2.9
-4.2
-5.1
-3.8
13.1
11.5
10.9
12.9
9.9
-20.0
-17.7
-18.7
-19.6
-15.4
-17.8
-17.5
-20.6
-17.0
-15.3
-13.3
-19.2
-12.2
-18.8
-17.5
-7.0
1.1
0.1
1.8
-3.2
-8.9
-29.1
-14.8
-10.3
-10.8
-4.8
-2.0
-2.8
-1.8
-16.0
-12.7
-11.5
-0.9
-13.5
5.1
21.3
19.7
19.4
17.8
99.6%
-1.5
-2.9
-3.2
-2.1
14.2
12.8
12.0
13.9
11.1
-16.9
-15.0
-15.8
-16.7
-12.7
-15.1
-14.6
-17.2
-13.9
-12.9
-10.7
-16.0
-9.9
-15.5
-14.7
-4.5
2.9
1.8
3.0
-2.0
-6.0
-26.2
-11.2
-8.1
-8.6
-3.0
-0.5
-1.1
-0.2
-12.6
-9.9
-8.6
0.2
-11.6
6.2
22.1
21.1
20.9
18.5
99%
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
24.5
23.6
26.2
25.2
43.8
44.9
46.0
42.9
44.1
30.5
33.1
32.6
32.2
33.8
32.7
30.7
34.4
28.9
31.5
32.1
31.5
33.1
29.4
33.6
40.2
36.9
36.9
38.2
34.4
40.2
30.2
33.7
33.2
34.8
39.0
31.8
37.1
36.8
34.1
34.1
37.9
28.2
29.0
37.6
33.2
35.9
37.2
33.2
17.4
17.1
17.8
17.6
23.5
23.0
23.0
23.6
23.8
20.1
20.9
19.5
19.7
21.3
20.4
20.3
20.6
20.1
21.7
20.7
20.2
20.3
19.6
20.4
19.7
22.2
22.4
20.4
22.0
19.7
15.4
17.3
19.5
18.1
21.5
21.5
20.7
21.6
17.5
16.9
19.6
22.5
18.9
22.6
26.3
26.5
26.3
25.6
22.4
21.5
24.2
23.1
42.2
43.3
45.1
41.4
42.9
28.6
31.0
30.5
30.1
31.8
30.8
28.8
32.1
27.1
29.8
30.2
29.6
31.1
27.6
31.5
38.9
35.2
35.1
36.7
32.9
39.1
28.8
31.9
31.8
32.9
37.6
30.2
35.8
35.2
32.5
32.6
36.4
27.3
27.9
35.4
32.9
35.2
36.3
32.7
16.7
16.2
16.9
16.8
23.9
23.3
23.0
24.0
23.8
19.5
20.3
19.2
19.1
20.5
19.8
19.7
20.0
19.2
21.5
20.1
19.5
19.8
19.0
19.8
19.6
23.0
22.7
20.5
21.7
19.6
15.2
17.1
19.2
17.9
20.9
21.3
20.4
21.4
17.2
16.8
19.0
22.3
18.9
22.6
26.6
26.4
26.4
25.5
20.5
19.8
22.5
21.2
40.9
42.1
44.1
40.2
41.8
26.8
29.3
28.7
28.2
30.0
29.2
27.0
30.1
25.3
28.2
28.8
27.8
29.3
26.1
29.8
37.7
34.1
34.0
34.9
31.6
38.0
27.1
30.1
30.1
31.2
36.2
29.1
34.4
34.0
30.9
31.0
35.1
26.6
26.9
33.9
32.2
34.6
35.8
32.1
15.9
15.3
16.3
16.1
24.1
23.5
22.9
24.3
24.2
18.7
19.6
18.7
18.6
19.8
19.1
18.9
19.3
18.2
20.9
19.7
18.9
19.1
18.4
19.3
19.4
23.4
23.1
20.6
21.3
19.5
14.8
16.7
18.5
17.4
20.5
21.0
20.1
21.1
16.7
16.4
18.8
22.0
18.7
22.4
26.5
26.3
26.4
25.2
18.3
18.0
18.8
18.7
30.8
30.5
29.1
30.3
29.9
21.5
22.3
21.4
21.2
22.6
22.0
21.6
22.0
21.1
23.7
22.9
21.7
22.2
21.0
22.1
23.1
26.5
26.6
26.3
23.7
23.0
17.6
19.2
21.6
20.2
23.5
24.5
22.6
23.7
19.2
19.1
22.4
23.9
21.9
25.7
28.2
28.1
29.6
26.7
23.0
21.7
24.2
23.0
34.6
35.3
36.2
35.0
36.4
28.2
29.8
28.5
28.2
30.3
29.0
27.8
30.2
26.9
28.5
27.6
28.4
28.3
27.2
29.3
34.7
32.2
32.2
30.7
31.6
36.3
26.8
29.4
30.2
30.4
36.2
27.9
33.1
33.0
30.0
30.1
34.8
27.0
26.9
31.2
30.9
32.9
33.8
30.7
17.4
16.9
17.9
17.7
30.3
29.9
28.3
29.8
29.3
20.6
21.4
20.5
20.4
21.7
21.0
20.7
21.2
20.0
22.7
22.0
20.8
21.2
20.1
21.2
22.2
26.1
26.1
25.8
22.9
21.9
16.6
18.3
20.7
19.3
22.5
23.5
21.7
22.9
18.3
17.9
21.0
23.3
20.7
25.0
28.0
27.7
29.0
26.5
21.2
20.3
22.6
21.4
34.4
34.7
36.0
34.6
35.8
26.7
28.6
27.4
27.0
29.0
28.0
26.7
29.4
25.3
27.6
26.8
27.2
27.6
25.7
28.4
33.6
31.5
31.5
30.2
30.7
35.8
25.9
28.6
28.7
29.3
35.3
27.3
32.2
32.2
29.1
29.1
33.4
26.5
26.3
30.5
30.7
32.4
33.2
30.3
16.7
16.6
17.0
17.2
30.0
29.2
27.8
29.2
28.6
19.3
20.0
19.0
19.0
20.4
19.7
19.6
19.5
19.0
22.2
21.4
19.4
20.4
18.9
19.9
19.0
25.1
25.1
25.1
21.1
18.2
14.0
15.2
18.9
16.7
19.1
23.2
19.2
20.8
15.6
15.0
17.9
22.9
20.2
24.2
27.8
27.0
28.7
25.9
12.0
12.2
12.3
12.5
27.2
26.1
24.7
25.9
25.2
14.3
14.9
14.2
14.0
15.2
14.6
14.6
14.3
14.4
17.0
16.2
14.4
15.4
14.2
14.8
14.2
20.2
20.4
20.3
15.9
14.2
12.4
12.1
15.1
13.1
15.1
18.1
14.2
15.5
12.6
12.0
14.2
17.6
18.2
19.1
24.0
22.7
25.2
21.4
19.4
19.2
20.4
19.6
33.4
33.4
32.5
33.3
33.1
24.4
25.5
23.9
23.5
25.0
24.9
24.4
25.0
23.9
26.4
25.2
24.7
24.4
23.8
24.8
29.5
28.8
29.0
29.5
28.4
32.3
22.9
23.4
25.8
25.1
32.3
26.4
26.2
28.5
23.3
24.3
32.6
26.5
26.1
28.1
29.6
30.5
32.0
28.3
15.8
15.6
16.1
16.2
29.2
28.9
26.5
28.8
27.9
18.4
19.1
18.2
18.2
19.5
18.7
18.7
18.6
18.0
21.1
20.3
18.6
19.2
18.0
19.0
18.0
24.2
24.2
24.2
20.2
16.8
12.9
14.2
17.8
15.5
17.9
22.2
18.2
19.8
14.3
13.6
16.1
22.1
18.8
23.5
27.2
26.6
28.1
25.4
11.3
11.4
11.6
11.8
26.0
25.5
22.7
25.3
24.1
13.5
14.1
13.5
13.3
14.3
13.7
13.8
13.6
13.5
15.9
15.1
13.7
14.3
13.4
14.0
13.3
19.2
19.3
19.3
15.1
13.0
11.5
11.3
14.1
12.1
14.0
16.9
13.3
14.6
11.6
11.0
12.7
16.8
16.7
18.3
23.1
22.2
24.3
20.7
18.7
18.1
19.6
18.5
33.2
33.2
32.4
33.3
32.9
23.3
24.4
23.0
23.1
24.4
23.9
23.4
24.1
22.7
25.7
24.4
23.8
23.4
22.7
23.8
29.3
28.2
28.8
29.1
27.3
30.8
21.5
22.8
25.2
24.0
31.5
25.7
25.9
28.0
22.6
22.8
29.9
26.0
25.6
27.7
29.3
30.2
31.4
27.9
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
9.0
8.2
7.5
0
2879
2 sites, 67 more on CD-ROM
6.0
5.2
4.5
0
3930
7.9
6.9
6.1
0
3958
1 site, 0 more on CD-ROM
8.3
7.4
6.8
0
3380
1 site, 14 more on CD-ROM
11.6 10.3 9.1
778
1225
18 sites, 38 more on CD-ROM
7.9
6.7
6.0
924
1497
8.3
7.2
6.2
1091
1318
10.6
9.1
7.8
1029
1254
7.4
6.2
5.3
1955
644
9.1
7.9
6.9
2155
1199
10.3
9.4
8.4
5001
73
8.9
7.6
6.7
3215
275
8.9
7.9
7.1
2859
349
8.9
7.7
6.4
2826
429
8.3
7.3
6.3
1935
1180
11.2 10.0 9.1
1868
671
11.9 10.8 10.0 1556
1016
10.4
9.3
8.4
1369
1029
9.2
7.4
5.8
3104
289
11.4
9.7
8.6
2852
484
10.0
8.7
7.4
2616
821
8.1
6.8
5.7
1959
411
8.5
7.0
5.5
3489
232
1 site, 18 more on CD-ROM
9.3
8.1
7.1
1856
1467
15 sites, 29 more on CD-ROM
8.8
7.8
7.0
4096
180
11.1
9.7
8.8
3692
354
12.1 10.2 8.8
3859
301
9.6
8.4
7.7
3973
272
9.3
8.0
6.8
3290
398
11.3
9.9
8.4
3673
309
8.5
7.3
6.4
3823
222
9.7
7.7
6.5
3769
344
9.5
8.2
7.2
3887
102
13.7 12.1 10.3 3521
378
10.7
9.2
8.2
3169
384
9.6
8.1
6.9
3918
255
12.4 10.8 9.5
3027
366
10.9
9.2
8.0
4011
143
9.8
8.6
7.7
3583
364
5 sites, 2 more on CD-ROM
9.4
8.3
7.4
18
3578
9.4
8.4
7.6
32
3608
10.3
9.1
8.1
43
3966
9.1
8.1
7.3
21
3568
8.2
7.2
6.4
51
3388
25 sites, 187 more on CD-ROM
11.5 10.2 9.1
3193
18
12.4 10.8 9.4
3641
9
10.0
8.8
7.9
3152
29
12.0 10.6 9.6
3052
25
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Cooling DB/MCWB
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
2%
0.4%
1%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
135
HARARE (KUTSAGA)
Zimbabwe
DA NANG
HA NOI
PHU LIEN
TAN SON HOA
Viet Nam
CARACAS/MAIQUETIA A
SAN ANTONIO DEL TAC
Venezuela
NAMANGAN
SAMARKAND
TASHKENT
Uzbekistan
CARRASCO
PRADO
Uruguay
BRISTOL WEA CENTER
CARDIFF WEATHER CEN
CARDIFF-WALES ARPT
CHURCH LAWFORD
CILFYNYDD
CROSBY
EAST MIDLANDS
EDINBURGH AIRPORT
EMLEY MOOR
GLASGOW AIRPORT
GRAVESEND-BROADNESS
HAWARDEN
KENLEY AIRFIELD
LECONFIELD
LEEDS BRADFORD
LEEDS WEATHER CTR
LIVERPOOL
LONDON WEATHER CENT
LONDON/HEATHROW AIR
MANCHESTER AIRPORT
NORTHOLT
Station
2.60W
3.18W
3.35W
1.33W
3.30W
3.07W
1.32W
3.35W
1.67W
4.43W
0.30E
2.98W
0.08W
0.43W
1.65W
1.55W
2.85W
0.10W
0.45W
2.28W
0.42W
Long
108.35E 7
105.80E 6
106.63E 116
106.67E 5
48
378
474
724
466
32
16
11
52
67
106
194
9
93
41
259
8
3
9
170
7
208
47
24
43
25
69
39
Elev
17.92S 31.13E 1480
16.07N
21.03N
20.80N
10.82N
10.60N 66.98W
7.85N 72.45W
40.98N 71.58E
39.57N 66.95E
41.27N 69.27E
34.83S 56.00W
34.85S 56.20W
51.47N
51.48N
51.40N
52.37N
51.63N
53.50N
52.83N
55.95N
53.62N
55.87N
51.47N
53.17N
51.30N
53.87N
53.87N
53.80N
53.33N
51.52N
51.48N
53.35N
51.55N
Lat
6.7
16.6
10.1
9.9
20.0
20.8
20.0
-8.2
-10.0
-9.4
1.2
2.9
99.6%
-2.2
-1.0
-2.8
-4.6
-4.1
-3.6
-3.9
-5.6
-3.3
-6.1
-2.3
-4.7
-3.1
-3.8
-3.8
-2.3
-3.0
-0.6
-2.8
-4.1
-4.0
7.8
17.5
11.1
11.0
21.1
21.2
20.8
-5.9
-7.1
-6.9
2.8
4.2
99%
-0.7
0.1
-1.3
-3.1
-2.6
-2.0
-2.2
-3.6
-2.3
-4.1
-1.2
-2.9
-1.9
-2.2
-2.2
-1.1
-1.2
0.4
-1.5
-2.4
-2.6
Heating DB
Meaning of acronyms:
DB: Dry bulb temperature, °C
WB: Wet bulb temperature, °C
MCWB: Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C
30.9
36.1
35.9
34.0
35.4
33.9
34.9
36.6
36.1
38.2
31.4
31.6
16.4
26.1
27.4
28.8
25.8
28.0
23.6
21.4
18.9
19.8
21.6
22.6
29.9
35.1
34.8
33.1
34.7
33.1
34.2
35.3
34.9
37.1
29.9
30.2
16.4
26.3
27.5
28.6
25.8
27.7
23.4
21.0
18.7
19.4
21.4
22.0
28.9
34.1
33.9
32.3
34.0
32.7
33.8
34.2
33.7
35.8
28.2
28.9
16.3
26.3
27.4
28.3
25.7
27.6
23.3
20.6
18.3
19.2
20.9
21.7
Cooling DB/MCWB
0.4%
2%
1%
DB / MCWB DB / MCWB DB / MCWB
26.6 18.2 24.6 17.2 22.9 16.5
26.2 18.2 24.3 17.4 22.7 16.6
24.2 17.7 22.3 16.8 20.9 16.3
26.4 18.6 24.3 17.4 22.5 16.6
25.5 18.0 23.4 16.8 21.5 16.1
24.3 18.1 22.2 17.4 20.5 16.7
26.2 18.0 24.1 17.0 22.2 16.2
22.2 16.6 20.7 15.9 19.2 15.0
23.8 17.5 21.8 16.6 20.2 15.7
23.1 17.1 21.1 16.2 19.7 15.4
27.9 19.9 25.8 18.8 24.0 17.9
25.1 18.3 23.1 17.5 21.4 16.7
26.3 17.9 24.4 17.1 22.7 16.4
24.9 18.2 23.1 17.3 21.5 16.4
24.0 17.6 22.0 16.5 20.1 15.7
26.1 17.9 24.1 16.9 22.4 16.1
25.1 17.8 23.0 16.8 21.2 16.2
28.2 18.3 26.2 17.6 24.4 16.8
28.2 18.6 26.2 17.7 24.4 17.0
25.5 17.8 23.4 16.9 21.7 16.1
28.1 18.5 26.0 17.7 24.1 17.0
20.2
28.0
29.3
30.0
28.0
29.9
26.3
23.2
20.7
22.4
24.1
24.2
25.2
32.3
32.6
32.6
31.8
32.0
31.4
33.1
32.6
33.8
28.1
29.4
19.7
27.6
28.8
29.3
27.6
29.2
25.7
22.3
19.9
21.3
23.2
23.5
24.6
31.9
32.1
31.9
31.4
31.5
31.0
32.6
31.6
32.9
26.8
28.0
19.0
27.0
28.8
29.2
27.1
29.2
25.1
19.8
16.9
18.6
23.0
22.7
16.6
22.7
25.3
26.4
22.8
26.1
21.2
15.4
13.1
14.2
17.8
17.5
21.2
30.5
31.2
32.0
29.8
31.2
28.9
29.9
25.4
29.0
25.8
26.5
18.5
26.5
28.1
28.6
26.7
28.9
24.2
18.7
15.8
17.3
22.1
22.1
16.0
22.0
24.2
25.4
22.3
25.6
20.1
14.4
12.3
13.1
16.9
16.8
20.9
30.0
30.7
31.3
29.6
30.9
27.9
29.0
24.5
27.1
24.8
26.0
Dehumidification DP/HR/MCDB
0.4%
1%
DP / HR / MCDB
DP / HR / MCDB
17.3 12.4 20.7 16.5 11.8 19.8
17.3 12.5 20.8 16.6 11.9 19.9
17.2 12.4 19.6 16.8 12.0 19.0
17.7 12.8 20.5 16.6 11.9 19.8
17.1 12.5 20.1 16.2 11.8 18.8
17.9 12.9 20.2 17.0 12.1 19.4
17.1 12.3 20.7 16.1 11.6 19.7
16.2 11.6 18.9 15.4 11.0 18.1
16.8 12.3 19.9 15.8 11.5 18.8
16.7 11.9 19.7 15.8 11.2 18.8
18.9 13.7 22.9 17.8 12.8 21.8
18.0 12.9 21.0 16.8 12.0 20.0
17.2 12.5 20.4 16.3 11.8 19.7
17.4 12.5 20.5 16.5 11.7 19.5
16.9 12.4 20.0 16.0 11.6 18.7
16.7 11.9 20.8 15.7 11.2 19.6
16.9 12.1 20.5 16.0 11.4 19.8
17.2 12.3 21.7 16.4 11.7 21.0
17.5 12.5 21.3 16.7 11.9 20.7
16.9 12.2 20.3 16.0 11.5 19.3
17.5 12.6 21.4 16.7 11.9 20.7
Heat./Cool.
Extreme
Degree-Days
Annual WS
1% 2.5% 5%
HDD / CDD 18.3
10.4
9.0
7.9
2637
54
11.7 10.2 9.0
2531
57
13.0 11.4 10.1 2932
21
9.8
8.4
7.4
3158
29
11.5
9.9
8.7
3277
22
17.4 15.0 13.3 2963
18
12.5 10.9 9.7
3088
35
12.4 10.8 9.5
3456
4
14.8 12.9 10.9 3491
14
12.8 11.2 9.8
3418
7
10.9
9.7
8.6
2593
82
10.4
9.1
8.1
3062
18
10.7
9.4
8.3
2972
43
12.4 10.8 9.6
3199
16
12.9 11.1 9.7
3433
13
13.0 11.0 9.4
2943
39
13.3 11.4 10.0 2938
28
9.3
8.3
7.4
2322
123
10.2
8.9
8.0
2629
90
11.1
9.8
8.8
3118
28
10.3
9.2
8.2
2812
68
2 sites, 9 more on CD-ROM
12.8 10.8 9.7
1221
468
10.3
8.7
7.7
1104
576
3 sites, 15 more on CD-ROM
7.2
5.6
4.3
2220
1085
9.8
8.5
7.3
2211
827
6.2
5.2
4.4
2099
1027
2 sites, 1 more on CD-ROM
4.3
3.5
3.3
0
3334
12.2 10.7 9.8
0
3278
4 sites, 21 more on CD-ROM
7.5
6.3
5.4
3
2913
7.0
6.0
5.2
161
2376
6.8
5.4
4.5
162
2193
11.8
8.5
6.9
0
3598
1 site, 1 more on CD-ROM
9.0
7.9
7.1
336
763
Long: Longitude, °
Elev: Elevation, m
HR: Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
WS: Wind speed, m/s
HDD and CDD 18.3: Annual heating and cooling degree-days, base 18.3°C, °C-day
Evaporation WB/MCDB
0.4%
1%
WB / MCDB WB / MCDB
19.2 24.2 18.1 22.5
19.2 24.5 18.2 22.6
18.6 22.5 17.7 20.8
19.3 24.3 18.3 22.7
18.8 23.8 17.6 21.7
19.1 22.7 18.1 21.0
18.9 24.5 18.0 22.5
17.6 21.0 16.7 19.5
18.3 22.1 17.2 20.7
18.0 21.7 17.0 20.0
20.8 26.2 19.7 24.3
19.4 23.3 18.3 21.9
19.0 24.2 18.0 22.6
19.0 23.1 18.0 21.9
18.3 22.0 17.2 20.9
18.7 24.3 17.7 22.8
18.6 23.4 17.7 21.8
19.4 25.6 18.6 24.1
19.7 26.0 18.7 24.0
18.6 23.5 17.7 22.0
19.7 25.7 18.7 23.9
Lat: Latitude, °
DP: Dew point temperature, °C
MCDB: Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C
136
Appendix C Climatic Design Information
Appendix D—
Thermodynamic Properties
of Water at Saturation
Table D-1
Temp.,
°C
t
–60
–59
–58
–57
–56
–55
–54
–53
–52
–51
–50
–49
–48
–47
–46
–45
–44
–43
–42
–41
–40
–39
–38
–37
–36
–35
–34
–33
–32
–31
–30
–29
–28
–27
–26
–25
–24
–23
–22
–21
–20
–19
–18
–17
–16
–15
–14
–13
Absolute
Pressure
pws, kPa
0.00108
0.00124
0.00141
0.00161
0.00184
0.00209
0.00238
0.00271
0.00307
0.00348
0.00394
0.00445
0.00503
0.00568
0.00640
0.00720
0.00810
0.00910
0.01022
0.01146
0.01284
0.01437
0.01607
0.01795
0.02004
0.02234
0.02489
0.02771
0.03081
0.03423
0.03801
0.04215
0.04672
0.05173
0.05724
0.06327
0.06989
0.07714
0.08508
0.09376
0.10324
0.11360
0.12490
0.13722
0.15065
0.16527
0.18119
0.19849
Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
Specific Volume, m3/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
vi /vf
vig /vfg
vg
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
hi /hf
hig /hfg
hg
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K)
Temp.,
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
°C
si /sf
sig /sfg
sg
t
0.001081
0.001082
0.001082
0.001082
0.001082
0.001082
0.001082
0.001082
0.001083
0.001083
0.001083
0.001083
0.001083
0.001083
0.001083
0.001084
0.001084
0.001084
0.001084
0.001084
0.001084
0.001085
0.001085
0.001085
0.001085
0.001085
0.001085
0.001085
0.001086
0.001086
0.001086
0.001086
0.001086
0.001086
0.001087
0.001087
0.001087
0.001087
0.001087
0.001087
0.001087
0.001088
0.001088
0.001088
0.001088
0.001088
0.001088
0.001089
–446.12
–444.46
–442.79
–441.11
–439.42
–437.73
–436.03
–434.32
–432.61
–430.88
–429.16
–427.42
–425.68
–423.93
–422.17
–420.40
–418.63
–416.85
–415.06
–413.27
–411.47
–409.66
–407.85
–406.02
–404.19
–402.36
–400.51
–398.66
–396.80
–394.94
–393.06
–391.18
–389.29
–387.40
–385.50
–383.59
–381.67
–379.75
–377.81
–375.88
–373.93
–371.98
–370.01
–368.05
–366.07
–364.09
–362.10
–360.10
–1.6842
–1.6764
–1.6687
–1.6609
–1.6531
–1.6453
–1.6375
–1.6298
–1.6220
–1.6142
–1.6065
–1.5987
–1.5909
–1.5832
–1.5754
–1.5677
–1.5599
–1.5522
–1.5444
–1.5367
–1.5289
–1.5212
–1.5135
–1.5057
–1.4980
–1.4903
–1.4825
–1.4748
–1.4671
–1.4594
–1.4516
–1.4439
–1.4362
–1.4285
–1.4208
–1.4131
–1.4054
–1.3977
–1.3899
–1.3822
–1.3745
–1.3668
–1.3591
–1.3514
–1.3437
–1.3360
–1.3284
–1.3207
90971.58
79885.31
70235.77
61826.23
54488.28
48077.54
42470.11
37559.49
33254.07
29474.87
26153.80
23232.03
20658.70
18389.75
16387.03
14617.39
13052.07
11666.02
10437.46
9347.38
8379.20
7518.44
6752.43
6070.08
5461.68
4918.69
4433.64
3999.95
3611.82
3264.15
2952.46
2672.77
2421.58
2195.80
1992.68
1809.79
1644.99
1496.36
1362.21
1241.03
1131.49
1032.38
942.64
861.34
787.61
720.70
659.94
604.72
90971.58
79885.31
70235.78
61826.24
54488.28
48077.54
42470.11
37559.50
33254.07
29474.87
26153.80
23232.04
20658.70
18389.75
16387.03
14617.39
13052.07
11666.02
10437.46
9347.38
8379.20
7518.44
6752.43
6070.08
5461.68
4918.69
4433.64
3999.95
3611.82
3264.16
2952.46
2672.77
2421.58
2195.80
1992.68
1809.79
1644.99
1496.36
1362.21
1241.03
1131.49
1032.38
942.65
861.34
787.61
720.70
659.94
604.73
2836.27
2836.45
2836.63
2836.81
2836.97
2837.13
2837.28
2837.42
2837.56
2837.69
2837.81
2837.93
2838.04
2838.14
2838.23
2838.32
2838.39
2838.47
2838.53
2838.59
2838.64
2838.68
2838.72
2838.74
2838.76
2838.78
2838.78
2838.78
2838.77
2838.75
2838.73
2838.70
2838.66
2838.61
2838.56
2838.49
2838.42
2838.35
2838.26
2838.17
2838.07
2837.96
2837.84
2837.72
2837.59
2837.45
2837.30
2837.14
2390.14
2391.99
2393.85
2395.70
2397.55
2399.40
2401.25
2403.10
2404.95
2406.81
2408.66
2410.51
2412.36
2414.21
2416.06
2417.91
2419.76
2421.62
2423.47
2425.32
2427.17
2429.02
2430.87
2432.72
2434.57
2436.42
2438.27
2440.12
2441.97
2443.82
2445.67
2447.51
2449.36
2451.21
2453.06
2454.91
2456.75
2458.60
2460.45
2462.29
2464.14
2465.98
2467.83
2469.67
2471.51
2473.36
2475.20
2477.04
13.3064
13.2452
13.1845
13.1243
13.0646
13.0054
12.9468
12.8886
12.8310
12.7738
12.7171
12.6609
12.6051
12.5498
12.4950
12.4406
12.3867
12.3331
12.2801
12.2274
12.1752
12.1234
12.0720
12.0210
11.9704
11.9202
11.8703
11.8209
11.7718
11.7231
11.6748
11.6269
11.5793
11.5321
11.4852
11.4386
11.3925
11.3466
11.3011
11.2559
11.2110
11.1665
11.1223
11.0784
11.0348
10.9915
10.9485
10.9058
11.6222
11.5687
11.5158
11.4634
11.4115
11.3601
11.3092
11.2589
11.2090
11.1596
11.1106
11.0622
11.0142
10.9666
10.9196
10.8729
10.8267
10.7810
10.7356
10.6907
10.6462
10.6022
10.5585
10.5152
10.4724
10.4299
10.3878
10.3461
10.3047
10.2638
10.2232
10.1830
10.1431
10.1036
10.0644
10.0256
9.9871
9.9489
9.9111
9.8736
9.8365
9.7996
9.7631
9.7269
9.6910
9.6554
9.6201
9.5851
–60
–59
–58
–57
–56
–55
–54
–53
–52
–51
–50
–49
–48
–47
–46
–45
–44
–43
–42
–41
–40
–39
–38
–37
–36
–35
–34
–33
–32
–31
–30
–29
–28
–27
–26
–25
–24
–23
–22
–21
–20
–19
–18
–17
–16
–15
–14
–13
138
Appendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
Table D-1
Temp.,
°C
t
–12
–11
–10
–9
–8
–7
–6
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
Absolute
Pressure
pws, kPa
0.21729
0.23771
0.25987
0.28391
0.30995
0.33817
0.36871
0.40174
0.43745
0.47604
0.51770
0.56266
0.61115
Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)
Specific Volume, m3/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
vi /vf
vig /vfg
vg
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
hi /hf
hig /hfg
hg
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K)
Temp.,
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
°C
si /sf
sig /sfg
sg
t
0.001089
0.001089
0.001089
0.001089
0.001089
0.001090
0.001090
0.001090
0.001090
0.001090
0.001091
0.001091
0.001091
–358.10
–356.08
–354.06
–352.04
–350.00
–347.96
–345.91
–343.86
–341.79
–339.72
–337.64
–335.56
–333.47
2836.98
2836.80
2836.62
2836.44
2836.24
2836.03
2835.82
2835.60
2835.37
2835.13
2834.88
2834.63
2834.36
2478.88
2480.72
2482.56
2484.40
2486.23
2488.07
2489.91
2491.74
2493.57
2495.41
2497.24
2499.07
2500.90
–1.3130
–1.3053
–1.2976
–1.2899
–1.2822
–1.2745
–1.2668
–1.2592
–1.2515
–1.2438
–1.2361
–1.2284
–1.2208
10.8634
10.8213
10.7795
10.7380
10.6967
10.6558
10.6151
10.5747
10.5345
10.4946
10.4550
10.4157
10.3766
9.5504
9.5160
9.4819
9.4481
9.4145
9.3812
9.3482
9.3155
9.2830
9.2508
9.2189
9.1872
9.1558
–12
–11
–10
–9
–8
–7
–6
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
–0.04
4.18
8.39
12.60
16.81
21.02
25.22
29.43
33.63
37.82
42.02
46.22
50.41
54.60
58.79
62.98
67.17
71.36
75.55
79.73
83.92
88.10
92.29
96.47
100.66
104.84
109.02
113.20
117.38
121.56
125.75
129.93
134.11
138.29
142.47
146.64
150.82
155.00
159.18
163.36
167.54
171.72
175.90
180.08
184.26
188.44
192.62
196.80
200.98
2500.93
2498.55
2496.17
2493.80
2491.42
2489.05
2486.68
2484.31
2481.94
2479.58
2477.21
2474.84
2472.48
2470.11
2467.75
2465.38
2463.01
2460.65
2458.28
2455.92
2453.55
2451.18
2448.81
2446.45
2444.08
2441.71
2439.33
2436.96
2434.59
2432.21
2429.84
2427.46
2425.08
2422.70
2420.32
2417.94
2415.56
2413.17
2410.78
2408.39
2406.00
2403.61
2401.21
2398.82
2396.42
2394.02
2391.61
2389.21
2386.80
2500.89
2502.73
2504.57
2506.40
2508.24
2510.07
2511.91
2513.74
2515.57
2517.40
2519.23
2521.06
2522.89
2524.71
2526.54
2528.36
2530.19
2532.01
2533.83
2535.65
2537.47
2539.29
2541.10
2542.92
2544.73
2546.54
2548.35
2550.16
2551.97
2553.78
2555.58
2557.39
2559.19
2560.99
2562.79
2564.58
2566.38
2568.17
2569.96
2571.75
2573.54
2575.33
2577.11
2578.89
2580.67
2582.45
2584.23
2586.00
2587.77
–0.0002
0.0153
0.0306
0.0459
0.0611
0.0763
0.0913
0.1064
0.1213
0.1362
0.1511
0.1659
0.1806
0.1953
0.2099
0.2245
0.2390
0.2534
0.2678
0.2822
0.2965
0.3108
0.3250
0.3391
0.3532
0.3673
0.3813
0.3952
0.4091
0.4230
0.4368
0.4506
0.4643
0.4780
0.4916
0.5052
0.5187
0.5322
0.5457
0.5591
0.5724
0.5858
0.5990
0.6123
0.6255
0.6386
0.6517
0.6648
0.6778
9.1559
9.1138
9.0721
9.0306
8.9895
8.9486
8.9081
8.8678
8.8278
8.7882
8.7488
8.7096
8.6708
8.6322
8.5939
8.5559
8.5181
8.4806
8.4434
8.4064
8.3696
8.3331
8.2969
8.2609
8.2251
8.1895
8.1542
8.1192
8.0843
8.0497
8.0153
7.9812
7.9472
7.9135
7.8800
7.8467
7.8136
7.7807
7.7480
7.7155
7.6832
7.6512
7.6193
7.5876
7.5561
7.5248
7.4937
7.4628
7.4320
9.1558
9.1291
9.1027
9.0765
9.0506
9.0249
8.9994
8.9742
8.9492
8.9244
8.8998
8.8755
8.8514
8.8275
8.8038
8.7804
8.7571
8.7341
8.7112
8.6886
8.6661
8.6439
8.6218
8.6000
8.5783
8.5568
8.5355
8.5144
8.4934
8.4727
8.4521
8.4317
8.4115
8.3914
8.3715
8.3518
8.3323
8.3129
8.2936
8.2746
8.2557
8.2369
8.2183
8.1999
8.1816
8.1634
8.1454
8.1276
8.1099
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
554.51
508.81
467.19
429.25
394.66
363.09
334.26
307.92
283.82
261.78
241.60
223.10
206.15
554.51
508.81
467.19
429.26
394.66
363.09
334.26
307.92
283.83
261.78
241.60
223.11
206.15
Transition from saturated solid to saturated liquid
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
0.6112
0.6571
0.7060
0.7581
0.8135
0.8726
0.9354
1.0021
1.0730
1.1483
1.2282
1.3129
1.4028
1.4981
1.5989
1.7057
1.8188
1.9383
2.0647
2.1982
2.3392
2.4881
2.6452
2.8109
2.9856
3.1697
3.3637
3.5679
3.7828
4.0089
4.2467
4.4966
4.7592
5.0351
5.3247
5.6286
5.9475
6.2818
6.6324
6.9997
7.3844
7.7873
8.2090
8.6503
9.1118
9.5944
10.0988
10.6259
11.1764
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001002
0.001002
0.001002
0.001002
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004
0.001004
0.001004
0.001004
0.001005
0.001005
0.001005
0.001006
0.001006
0.001006
0.001007
0.001007
0.001007
0.001008
0.001008
0.001009
0.001009
0.001009
0.001010
0.001010
0.001011
0.001011
206.139
192.444
179.763
168.013
157.120
147.016
137.637
128.927
120.833
113.308
106.308
99.792
93.723
88.069
82.797
77.880
73.290
69.005
65.002
61.260
57.760
54.486
51.421
48.551
45.862
43.340
40.976
38.757
36.674
34.718
32.881
31.153
29.528
28.000
26.561
25.207
23.931
22.728
21.594
20.525
19.516
18.564
17.664
16.815
16.012
15.252
14.534
13.855
13.212
206.140
192.445
179.764
168.014
157.121
147.017
137.638
128.928
120.834
113.309
106.309
99.793
93.724
88.070
82.798
77.881
73.291
69.006
65.003
61.261
57.761
54.487
51.422
48.552
45.863
43.341
40.977
38.758
36.675
34.719
32.882
31.154
29.529
28.001
26.562
25.208
23.932
22.729
21.595
20.526
19.517
18.565
17.665
16.816
16.013
15.253
14.535
13.856
13.213
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Table D-1
Temp.,
°C
t
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
Absolute
Pressure
pws, kPa
11.7512
12.3513
12.9774
13.6305
14.3116
15.0215
15.7614
16.5322
17.3350
18.1708
19.0407
19.9458
20.8873
21.8664
22.8842
23.9421
25.0411
26.1827
27.3680
28.5986
29.8756
31.2006
32.5750
34.0001
35.4775
37.0088
38.5954
40.2389
41.9409
43.7031
45.5271
47.4147
49.3676
51.3875
53.4762
55.6355
57.8675
60.1738
62.5565
65.0174
67.5587
70.1824
72.8904
75.6849
78.5681
81.5420
84.6089
87.7711
91.0308
94.3902
97.8518
101.4180
105.0910
108.8735
112.7678
116.7765
120.9021
125.1472
129.5145
134.0065
138.6261
143.3760
148.2588
153.2775
158.4348
163.7337
169.1770
Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)
Specific Volume, m3/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
vi /vf
vig /vfg
vg
0.001012
0.001012
0.001013
0.001013
0.001014
0.001014
0.001015
0.001015
0.001016
0.001016
0.001017
0.001017
0.001018
0.001018
0.001019
0.001019
0.001020
0.001020
0.001021
0.001022
0.001022
0.001023
0.001023
0.001024
0.001025
0.001025
0.001026
0.001026
0.001027
0.001028
0.001028
0.001029
0.001030
0.001030
0.001031
0.001032
0.001032
0.001033
0.001034
0.001035
0.001035
0.001036
0.001037
0.001037
0.001038
0.001039
0.001040
0.001040
0.001041
0.001042
0.001043
0.001043
0.001044
0.001045
0.001046
0.001047
0.001047
0.001048
0.001049
0.001050
0.001051
0.001052
0.001052
0.001053
0.001054
0.001055
0.001056
139
12.603
12.027
11.481
10.963
10.472
10.006
9.5639
9.1444
8.7461
8.3678
8.0083
7.6666
7.3418
7.0328
6.7389
6.4591
6.1928
5.9392
5.6976
5.4674
5.2479
5.0387
4.8392
4.6488
4.4671
4.2937
4.1281
3.9699
3.8188
3.6743
3.5363
3.4042
3.2780
3.1572
3.0415
2.9309
2.8249
2.7234
2.6262
2.5330
2.4437
2.3581
2.2760
2.1973
2.1217
2.0492
1.9796
1.9128
1.8486
1.7870
1.7277
1.6708
1.6161
1.5635
1.5129
1.4642
1.4174
1.3724
1.3290
1.2873
1.2471
1.2083
1.1710
1.1351
1.1005
1.0671
1.0349
12.604
12.028
11.482
10.964
10.473
10.007
9.5649
9.1454
8.7471
8.3688
8.0093
7.6677
7.3428
7.0338
6.7399
6.4601
6.1938
5.9402
5.6986
5.4684
5.2490
5.0397
4.8402
4.6498
4.4681
4.2947
4.1291
3.9709
3.8198
3.6754
3.5373
3.4053
3.2790
3.1582
3.0426
2.9319
2.8259
2.7244
2.6272
2.5341
2.4448
2.3591
2.2771
2.1983
2.1228
2.0502
1.9806
1.9138
1.8497
1.7880
1.7288
1.6719
1.6171
1.5645
1.5140
1.4653
1.4185
1.3734
1.3301
1.2883
1.2481
1.2094
1.1721
1.1362
1.1015
1.0681
1.0359
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
hi /hf
hig /hfg
hg
205.16
209.34
213.52
217.70
221.88
226.06
230.24
234.42
238.61
242.79
246.97
251.15
255.34
259.52
263.71
267.89
272.08
276.27
280.45
284.64
288.83
293.02
297.21
301.40
305.59
309.78
313.97
318.17
322.36
326.56
330.75
334.95
339.15
343.34
347.54
351.74
355.95
360.15
364.35
368.56
372.76
376.97
381.18
385.38
389.59
393.81
398.02
402.23
406.45
410.66
414.88
419.10
423.32
427.54
431.76
435.99
440.21
444.44
448.67
452.90
457.13
461.36
465.60
469.83
474.07
478.31
482.55
2384.39
2381.97
2379.56
2377.14
2374.72
2372.30
2369.87
2367.44
2365.01
2362.57
2360.13
2357.69
2355.25
2352.80
2350.35
2347.89
2345.43
2342.97
2340.50
2338.03
2335.56
2333.08
2330.60
2328.11
2325.62
2323.13
2320.63
2318.13
2315.62
2313.11
2310.59
2308.07
2305.54
2303.01
2300.47
2297.93
2295.38
2292.83
2290.27
2287.70
2285.14
2282.56
2279.98
2277.39
2274.80
2272.20
2269.60
2266.98
2264.37
2261.74
2259.11
2256.47
2253.83
2251.18
2248.52
2245.85
2243.18
2240.50
2237.81
2235.12
2232.41
2229.70
2226.99
2224.26
2221.53
2218.78
2216.03
2589.54
2591.31
2593.08
2594.84
2596.60
2598.35
2600.11
2601.86
2603.61
2605.36
2607.10
2608.85
2610.58
2612.32
2614.05
2615.78
2617.51
2619.23
2620.96
2622.67
2624.39
2626.10
2627.81
2629.51
2631.21
2632.91
2634.60
2636.29
2637.98
2639.66
2641.34
2643.01
2644.68
2646.35
2648.01
2649.67
2651.33
2652.98
2654.62
2656.26
2657.90
2659.53
2661.16
2662.78
2664.39
2666.01
2667.61
2669.22
2670.81
2672.40
2673.99
2675.57
2677.15
2678.72
2680.28
2681.84
2683.39
2684.94
2686.48
2688.02
2689.55
2691.07
2692.58
2694.09
2695.60
2697.09
2698.58
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K)
Temp.,
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
°C
si /sf
sig /sfg
sg
t
0.6908
0.7038
0.7167
0.7296
0.7424
0.7552
0.7680
0.7807
0.7934
0.8060
0.8186
0.8312
0.8438
0.8563
0.8687
0.8811
0.8935
0.9059
0.9182
0.9305
0.9428
0.9550
0.9672
0.9793
0.9915
1.0035
1.0156
1.0276
1.0396
1.0516
1.0635
1.0754
1.0873
1.0991
1.1109
1.1227
1.1344
1.1461
1.1578
1.1694
1.1811
1.1927
1.2042
1.2158
1.2273
1.2387
1.2502
1.2616
1.2730
1.2844
1.2957
1.3070
1.3183
1.3296
1.3408
1.3520
1.3632
1.3743
1.3854
1.3965
1.4076
1.4187
1.4297
1.4407
1.4517
1.4626
1.4735
7.4015
7.3711
7.3409
7.3109
7.2811
7.2514
7.2219
7.1926
7.1634
7.1344
7.1056
7.0770
7.0485
7.0201
6.9919
6.9639
6.9361
6.9083
6.8808
6.8534
6.8261
6.7990
6.7720
6.7452
6.7185
6.6920
6.6656
6.6393
6.6132
6.5872
6.5613
6.5356
6.5100
6.4846
6.4592
6.4340
6.4090
6.3840
6.3592
6.3345
6.3099
6.2854
6.2611
6.2368
6.2127
6.1887
6.1648
6.1411
6.1174
6.0938
6.0704
6.0471
6.0238
6.0007
5.9777
5.9548
5.9320
5.9092
5.8866
5.8641
5.8417
5.8194
5.7972
5.7750
5.7530
5.7310
5.7092
8.0923
8.0749
8.0576
8.0405
8.0235
8.0066
7.9899
7.9733
7.9568
7.9405
7.9243
7.9082
7.8922
7.8764
7.8607
7.8451
7.8296
7.8142
7.7990
7.7839
7.7689
7.7540
7.7392
7.7245
7.7100
7.6955
7.6812
7.6669
7.6528
7.6388
7.6248
7.6110
7.5973
7.5837
7.5701
7.5567
7.5434
7.5301
7.5170
7.5039
7.4909
7.4781
7.4653
7.4526
7.4400
7.4275
7.4150
7.4027
7.3904
7.3782
7.3661
7.3541
7.3421
7.3303
7.3185
7.3068
7.2951
7.2836
7.2721
7.2607
7.2493
7.2380
7.2268
7.2157
7.2047
7.1937
7.1827
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
140
Appendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
Table D-1
Temp.,
°C
t
Absolute
Pressure
pws, kPa
Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued)
Specific Volume, m3/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
vi /vf
vig /vfg
vg
Specific Enthalpy, kJ/kgw
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
hi /hf
hig /hfg
hg
Specific Entropy, kJ/(kgw ·K)
Temp.,
Sat. Solid
Evap.
Sat. Vapor
°C
si /sf
sig /sfg
sg
t
116
117
118
119
174.7678
180.5090
186.4036
192.4547
0.001057
0.001058
0.001059
0.001059
1.0038
0.9739
0.9450
0.9171
1.0049
0.9750
0.9461
0.9182
486.80
491.04
495.29
499.53
2213.27
2210.51
2207.73
2204.94
2700.07
2701.55
2703.02
2704.48
1.4844
1.4953
1.5062
1.5170
5.6874
5.6658
5.6442
5.6227
7.1719
7.1611
7.1504
7.1397
116
117
118
119
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
198.6654
211.5782
225.1676
239.4597
254.4813
270.2596
286.8226
304.1989
322.4175
341.5081
0.001060
0.001062
0.001064
0.001066
0.001068
0.001070
0.001072
0.001074
0.001076
0.001078
0.8902
0.8392
0.7916
0.7472
0.7058
0.6670
0.6308
0.5969
0.5651
0.5353
0.8913
0.8403
0.7927
0.7483
0.7068
0.6681
0.6318
0.5979
0.5662
0.5364
503.78
512.29
520.80
529.32
537.85
546.39
554.93
563.49
572.05
580.62
2202.15
2196.53
2190.88
2185.19
2179.47
2173.70
2167.89
2162.04
2156.15
2150.22
2705.93
2708.82
2711.69
2714.52
2717.32
2720.09
2722.83
2725.53
2728.20
2730.84
1.5278
1.5494
1.5708
1.5922
1.6134
1.6346
1.6557
1.6767
1.6977
1.7185
5.6013
5.5587
5.5165
5.4746
5.4330
5.3918
5.3508
5.3102
5.2698
5.2298
7.1291
7.1081
7.0873
7.0668
7.0465
7.0264
7.0066
6.9869
6.9675
6.9483
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
361.5010
382.4271
404.3178
427.2053
451.1220
476.1014
502.1771
529.3834
557.7555
587.3287
0.001080
0.001082
0.001084
0.001086
0.001088
0.001091
0.001093
0.001095
0.001097
0.001100
0.5074
0.4813
0.4567
0.4336
0.4118
0.3914
0.3722
0.3541
0.3370
0.3209
0.5085
0.4823
0.4577
0.4346
0.4129
0.3925
0.3733
0.3552
0.3381
0.3220
589.20
597.79
606.39
615.00
623.62
632.25
640.89
649.55
658.21
666.89
2144.24
2138.22
2132.15
2126.04
2119.88
2113.67
2107.41
2101.10
2094.74
2088.32
2733.44
2736.01
2738.54
2741.04
2743.50
2745.92
2748.30
2750.64
2752.95
2755.21
1.7393
1.7600
1.7806
1.8011
1.8216
1.8420
1.8623
1.8825
1.9027
1.9228
5.1900
5.1505
5.1112
5.0723
5.0335
4.9951
4.9569
4.9189
4.8811
4.8436
6.9293
6.9105
6.8918
6.8734
6.8551
6.8370
6.8191
6.8014
6.7838
6.7664
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
618.1392
0.001102
0.3057
0.3068
675.57
2081.86
2757.43
1.9428
4.8063
6.7491
160
Skill Development
Exercises
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Chapter 1 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 1
Total number of questions: 4
1-1
How many basic processes of air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2
Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the moisture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
1-3
Enthalpy is the total heat content of the air.
a) True
b) False
1-4
Change in elevation has no effect on the air density.
a) True
b) False
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Total number of questions: 8
2-1
Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb.
a) True
b) False
2-2
Saturation temperature of air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
dew-point temperatures are equal.
a) True
b) False
2-3
Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) False
2-4
The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.
a) True
b) False
2-5
According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs of saturated air at
5°C?
a) 15.231863
b) 18.63
c) 5.02
d) None of the above
2-6
According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.811
b) 0.794
c) 0.006
d) None of the above
2-7
According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy of dry air hda at 50°C?
a) 52.33
b) 225.03
c) 50.31
d) None of the above
Chapter 2 Skill Development Exercises
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Chapter 2 Skill Development Exercises
2-8
According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-7,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.915
b) 1.24
c) 0.012
d) None of the above
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Total number of questions: 10
3-1
On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Wet-bulb temperature
3-2
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity of
an air parcel with W = 6.4 and tdb = 15°C.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3-3
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point temperature of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh.
a) 10°C
b) 12°C
c) 15°C
d) 19°C
3-4
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W of
an air parcel with a saturation temperature of tdb = 10°C.
a) 6.5
b) 7.6
c) 30%
d) 10°C
3-5
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v
of an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and W = 10.
a) 0.82
b) 0.846
c) 0.86
d) none of the above
3-6
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy of
tdb = 25°C dry air?
a) 22
Chapter 3 Skill Development Exercises
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
b) 35
c) 76
d) 25
3-7
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and  = 50% rh air?
a) 21°C
b) 14°C
c) 10°C
d) 13°C
3-8
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point of
tdb = 10°C saturated air?
a) 10°C
b) 4°C
c) 0°C
d) –5°C
3-9
According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb temperature of tdb = 21°C dry air?
a) 0°C
b) –4°C
c) 4°C
d) 6.5°C
3-10
Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24,
and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investigation of the line, which of the following is the best description?
a) The line is almost vertical.
b) The line has a slope of about 45° (angle).
c) The line almost horizontal.
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Total number of questions: 10
4-1
Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type of humidifier
4-2
What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)?
a) 1210× airflow × (t1 – t2)
b) 1.2 × airflow × (h1 – h2)
c) 3300 × airflow × (W1 – W2)
d) None of the above
4-3
Which of the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by
(cold water) atomization?
a) Atomization always maintains a constant relative humidity.
b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream.
c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
4-4
A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification.
a) True
b) False
4-5
A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6
What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C?
a) 10
b) 13
c) 16
d) 18
Chapter 4 Skill Development Exercises
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
4-7
What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be
saturated air at 23°C?
a) 39
b) 35
c) 13
d) 45
4-8
One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh.
Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature of the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 30°C
b) 35°C
c) 40°C
d) 22°C
4-9
If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C,
how many watts of cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is
located at the coil inlet?
a) 58 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 61 000 W
d) 62 550 W
4-10
Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a temperature of 7°C. What is the total watts of cooling required if a 2.35 m3/s fan is
located at the inlet of the cooling coil?
a) 190 200 W
b) 176 840 W
c) 160 000 W
d) 158 960 W
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Total number of questions: 11
5-1
The definition of sensible heat ratio (SHR) is the:
a) Ratio of sensible to latent load
b) Ratio of latent to sensible load
c) Ratio of total load to sensible load
d) Ratio of sensible load to total load
5-2
If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value of SHR is:
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) –2
5-3
The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements of
a room depends on:
a) The amount of outdoor air needed
b) The desired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All of the above
e) Answers b and c only
5-4
Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety of “assumptions” about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every t.
b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety of methods for heating and
cooling.
5-5
Which condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart?
a) tdb = 24°C, h = 54 kJ/kg
b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 25°C
c) twb = 25°C, h = 84
d) tdb = 24°C,  = 50%
Chapter 5 Skill Development Exercises
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
5-6
In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 15³C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C
and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
a) 18°C
b) 17.5°C
c) 16°C
d) 25°C
5-7
In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?
a) 51% rh
b) 40% rh
c) 60% rh
d) None of these
5-8
In a system, 1 m3/s of air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist
air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and
50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate of the second airstream?
a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s
b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s
c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s
d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s
5-9
If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the
SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10
If the room design is tdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air
at tdb = 48°C and  = 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 45°C
b) 42°C
c) 30°C
d) Not possible
5-11
From Exercise 5-10, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?
a) 33% rh
b) 15% rh
c) 21% rh
d) 28% rh
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Total number of questions: 10
6-1
Which type of humidification requires the change to not exceed the temperature rise capacity of a heating coil?
a) Water spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2
From the discussion of the psychrometrics of cooling coils, which “rule of
thumb” will best select the cooling coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C.
b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume of air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum.
d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3
Which of the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4
Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W
latent loss, with room design conditions of tdb = 22°C and approximately  =
40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating
coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after
the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load?
a) 12
b) 10.3
c) 8
d) None of these
Chapter 6 Skill Development Exercises
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
6-5
What is the leaving air temperature tdb from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 37°C
b) 40°C
c) 38°C
d) None of these
6-6
What is the leaving relative humidity  from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 12% rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7
What is the leaving relative humidity  from the adiabatic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19% rh
d) 28% rh
6-8
Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m3/s, adding a cooling coil to
satisfy a room sensible heat gain of 146 kW and a room latent heat gain of
15 000 W, and room conditions of tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh and without outdoor air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and  from the cooling
coil?
a) 12°C tdb ,  = 90% rh
b) 13°C tdb ,  = 80% rh
c) 12°C tdb ,  = 75% rh
6-9
What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10
Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not sure
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Total number of questions: 11
For all of the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones
in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows:
Zone
Sensible Cooling, W
Latent Cooling, W
Heating Sensible, W
1
12 000
1700
6000
2
16 000
2000
8000
3
20 000
3300
10 000
Assume room design conditions of the following:
Coolingtdb = 24°C and  = 50% rh
Heating tdb = 21°C and  = 40% rh
Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.
7-1
What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1, 2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.87, 0.89, 0.86
b) 0.88, 0.9, 0.91
c) 0.87, 0.89, 0.88
7-2
If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C
and  = 25% rh?
a) tdb = 34.5°C and  = 30% rh
b) tdb = 29°C and  = 36% rh
c) tdb = 27.5°C and  = 42% rh
7-3
For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the
required supply airflow?
a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s
b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s
c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s
Chapter 7 Skill Development Exercises
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
7-4
For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply airflow?
a) tdb = 12°C and  = 90% rh
b) tdb = 14°C and  = 88% rh
c) tdb = 16°C and  = 80% rh
7-5
For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , of the cooling coil with
the correct airflow and leaving air conditions?
a) 18 000 W
b) 22 000 W
c) 19 008 W
7-6
If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume terminal reheat system, what would the airflow of all three zones be, in order 1, 2,
3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
a) 0.99, 1.3, 1.6
b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7
c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65
7-7
If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air conditions from this air handler?
a) tdb = 13.5°C and  = 91% rh
b) tdb = 14.5°C and  = 88% rh
c) tdb = 16°C and  = 82% rh
7-8
With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in
order 1, 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s
b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s
c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s
7-9
What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25%
outdoor air.)
a) 14 000, 18 000, 25 000 W
b) 14 530, 19 930, 24 240 W
c) 16 000, 21 000, 26 000 W
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and airflow, what is the
total cooling capacity of the central air-handler cooling coil?
a) 73 280 W
b) 70 120 W
c) 79 910 W
7-11
If the system in Exercise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what
would be the heat capacity of the hot-deck coil used in the central air handler?
(Room at tdb = 24°C.)
a) 75 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 55 100 W
d) 60 500 W
Chapter 7 Skill Development Exercises
7-10
Chapter 8 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 8
Total number of questions: 10
8-1
A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a:
a) Sensible heat recovery device
b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device
c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device
d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device
8-2
When is preheating of the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery
device?
a) When the outdoor air temperature is below –16°C.
b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 0°C.
c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 0°C and the
leaving air temperature is below 0°C.
d) All of the above.
8-3
Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount of heat transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4
Energy recovery involves the transfer of sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5
An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air temperature below 16°C and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6
Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all terminal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C
and  = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% of the heat recovery device and the
exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and  = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity of the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery
device?
a) tdb = 32°C and  = 25% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and  = 20% rh
c) tdb = 38°C and  = 18% rh
d) tdb = 30°C and  = 28% rh
8-8
From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions of the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) tdb = 30°C and  = 30% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and  = 25% rh
c) tdb = 40°C and  = 20% rh
d) tdb = 42°C and  = 16% rh
8-9
If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature of 4°C, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 40°C
b) 35°C
c) 23°C
d) 29°C
8-10
Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time of the year in all parts of the world, regardless of the ambient air conditions.
a) True
b) False
Chapter 8 Skill Development Exercises
8-7
Chapter 9 Skill Development Exercises
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9
Total number of questions: 10
9-1
A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s of water entering at
35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected?
a) 1766 kW
b) 184 kW
c) 1610 kW
d) 1495 kW
9-2
From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow of 47.2 m3/s and ambient air conditions of tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air conditions of the tower?
a) tdb = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C
b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 31°C
c) tdb = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C
d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C
9-3
What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exercise 9-2?
a) 3°C
b) 7°C
c) 4°C
d) 6°C
9-4
In the design of an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possible.
a) True
b) False
9-5
In a cleanroom with design conditions of tdb = 20°C and  = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humidity will not be met?
a) tdb = 12°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 5°C
d) tdb = 10°C
Fundamentals of Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh,
what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve?
a) tdb = 17°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 18°C
d) tdb = 12°C
9-7
In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) tdb = 20°C and  = 70% rh
b) tdb = 22°C and  = 70% rh
c) tdb = 21°C and  = 58% rh
d) tdb = 25°C and  = 50% rh
9-8
In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C?
a)  = 53% rh
b)  = 60% rh
c)  = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition
9-9
If we use the same outdoor conditions of tdb = 43°C and  = 2% rh from Exercise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section of 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from this section?
a) tdb = 33°C and  = 3% rh
b) tdb = 31°C and  = 20% rh
c) tdb = 35°C and  = 5% rh
d) tdb = 19°C and  = 5% rh
9-10
If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream of the indirect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency of 70%,
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) tdb = 15°C and  = 95% rh
b) tdb = 15°C and  = 65% rh
c) tdb = 19°C and  = 60% rh
d) tdb = 19°C and  = 52% rh
Chapter 9 Skill Development Exercises
9-6
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Flexible and Effective Continuing Education
for HVAC&R Professionals
This revision of ASHRAE’S Fundamentals of Psychrometrics self-directed
learning course book addresses the use of psychrometrics and the
psychrometric chart for typical applications and systems. It is intended
for HVAC designers of various backgrounds and to be an introduction for
those new to psychrometrics.
This second edition of the course was rewritten in an attempt to teach
the fundamentals of psychrometrics in about half the time as the previous
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