Karaganda Technical University
Department: Foreign languages
Report
On the topic: How energy is produced?
By subject: Professionally-oriented foreign language
Completed: student of group AiU-19.3 Marx. A.
Checked : Abdykarimova M.М.
Karaganda 2022
Content
Introduction
1 Traditional power plants
1.1 Alternative sources
1.2 Power distribution system
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
A scalar physical quantity that is a single measure of various forms of motion and
interaction of matter, a measure of the transition of the motion of matter from one
form to another. The introduction of the concept of energy is convenient because if
a physical system is closed, then its energy is stored in this system for a period of
time during which the system will be closed. This statement is called the law of
conservation of energy. From a fundamental point of view, energy is one of three
(along with momentum and angular momentum) additive integrals of motion (that
is, time-conserved quantities) associated, according to Noether's theorem, with the
homogeneity of time, that is, the independence of the laws describing motion from
time.The word "energy" was introduced by Aristotle in the treatise "Physics", but
there it meant human activity.Usually energy is denoted by the symbol E — from
Lat. energīa (action, activity, power).To denote the amount of heat (the amount of
energy transferred by the heat exchanger), the symbol Q is usually used — from
the English quantity of heat (the amount of heat).To denote work as the amount of
energy transferred, the symbol A is usually used — from the German arbeit (work,
labor) or the symbol W — from the English work (work, labor).To denote power
as the amount of energy change per unit of time, the symbol W is used.To denote
the internal energy of the body, the symbol U is usually used (the origin of the
symbol is subject to clarification).History of the term.The term "energy" comes
from the Greek word ἐνέργεια, which first appeared in the works of Aristotle and
denoted action or reality (that is, the actual implementation of an action as opposed
to its possibility).
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1 Traditional power plants
The widespread practical use of electricity in comparison with other types of
energy is explained by the relative ease of its production and the possibility of
transmission over long distances.Traditional sources of electrical energy:thermal
power plant,water flow energy - hydroelectric power station,atomic energy nuclear power plant.Thermal power plants (TPPs) generate electricity as a result of
the conversion of thermal energy, which is released during the combustion of fossil
fuels (coal, oil, gas). The irreplaceability of these natural resources makes us think
about their rational use and replacement with cheaper methods of generating
electricity.Hydroelectric power station (HPP) is a complex of structures and
equipment through which the energy of the water flow is converted into electrical
energy. During their construction, the environment is also harmed: rivers are
blocked, their course changes, river valleys are flooded.The most important feature
of hydrotechnical resources in comparison with fuel and energy resources is their
continuous renewal.A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a power plant in which nuclear
(nuclear) energy is used to generate electricity. The power generator here is a
nuclear reactor. The heat released in it as a result of a chain reaction of nuclear
fission of some heavy elements is converted into electricity. Nuclear power plants
operate on nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium, etc.), the world reserves of which
significantly exceed those of organic fuel.Non-traditional sources of electrical
energy, where non-renewable energy resources are practically not spent:wind
power,tidal power,solar energy.
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A wind turbine is capable of converting wind energy into electricity. The reserves
of wind energy on the territory of our country are huge, since in many areas the
average annual wind speed is 6 m/s. The device of a wind power plant is quite
simple: the shaft of the wind wheel, which can rotate under the influence of the
wind, transfers rotation to the rotor of the electric energy generator. The cost of
generating electricity at wind farms is lower than at any other. In addition, wind
energy saves the wealth of the subsoil. The disadvantages of wind turbines are low
efficiency, low power. They are used where there is no stable supply of electricity in oil fields, mountain pastures, in deserts, etc.Tidal energy uses the energy of the
tides of the oceans to produce electricity. The ocean level rises and falls twice a
day. This happens under the influence of the gravitational forces of the Sun and the
Moon, which attract masses of ocean water to themselves. At the seashore, the
difference in water levels during high and low tide can reach more than 10 m. If a
dam is made in the bay on the seashore at the mouth of the river, then in such a
reservoir at high tide it is possible to create a supply of water, which at low tide
will descend into the sea and rotate hydro turbines. Tidal power plants have
already been created and are operating in our country. The main disadvantages of
this method of electricity generation are the uneven generation of electricity in
time and the need to build costly dams and water reservoirs.Solar energy (solar
energy). In the second half of the XX century. In connection with the rapid
development of astronautics, they began to develop the problem of solar energy the conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy. At present, the generation
of electricity from solar installations is carried out with the help of solar panels.
The basis of such batteries is photocells - silicon crystals coated with the thinnest,
transparent to light layer of metal. A stream of photons - particles of light, passing
through a layer of metal, knocks electrons out of the crystal. In this case, electrons
begin to concentrate in the metal layer, so a potential difference arises between the
metal layer and the crystal. If thousands of such photocells are connected in
parallel, then a solar battery is obtained that is capable of supplying electrical
energy to electronic equipment on spacecraft and satellites. In the southern regions,
where there are many sunny days a year, the placement of solar panels on the roofs
of houses can partially meet the need for the necessary electricity. Such batteries
are also used to power electronic watches, calculators and other devices.MHD
generators. The basis of modern electric power industry, as already noted, is
thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants, in which losses are very high
when converting thermal energy (from fuel combustion at thermal power plants) or
mechanical energy (at hydroelectric power plants) into electrical energy. A
technical device in which there are practically no such losses is a
magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator).
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1.1 Аlternative sources
Alternative energy sources are ordinary natural phenomena, inexhaustible
resources that are produced naturally. Such energy is also called regenerative or
"green".Non-renewable sources are oil, natural gas and coal. They are looking for a
replacement, because they can run out. Their use is also associated with carbon
dioxide emissions, the greenhouse effect and global warming.Mankind receives
energy, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels and the operation of nuclear
power plants. Alternative energy is methods that give energy in a more
environmentally friendly way and do less harm. It is needed not only for industrial
purposes, but also in simple houses for heating, hot water, lighting,
electronics.Renewable
Energy
Resources:Sunlight,water
streams,Wind,Tides,Biofuels
(fuel
from vegetable or
animal
raw
materials),Geothermal heat (Earth's interior).
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Alternative Energy
1. One of the most powerful types of alternative energy sources. Most often it is
converted into electricity by solar panels. The entire planet will have enough
energy for a whole year that the sun sends to Earth in a day. However, the annual
generation of electricity at solar power plants does not exceed 2% of the total
volume.The main disadvantages are dependence on the weather and time of day.
For northern countries, it is unprofitable to extract solar energy. The structures are
expensive, they need to be “cared for” and the photocells themselves, which
contain toxic substances (lead, gallium, arsenic), must be disposed of in time.
Large areas are needed for high output.Solar electricity is common where it is
cheaper than usual: remote inhabited islands and farmlands, space and sea stations.
In warm countries with high electricity tariffs, it can cover the needs of an ordinary
home. For example, in Israel, 80% of the water is heated by solar energy.Batteries
are also installed on unmanned vehicles, airplanes, airships, Hyperloop trains.
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2. Wind power
The reserves of wind energy are 100 times greater than the energy reserves of all
rivers on the planet. Wind farms help convert wind into electrical, thermal and
mechanical energy. The main equipment is wind turbines (for generating
electricity) and windmills (for mechanical energy).This type of renewable energy
is well developed - especially in Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Ireland and Germany.
By the beginning of 2016, the capacity of all wind turbines overtook the total
installed capacity of nuclear energy.The disadvantage is that it cannot be controlled
(the strength of the wind is not constant). Wind turbines can also cause radio
interference and affect the climate, because they take away part of the kinetic
energy of the wind - however, scientists do not yet know whether this is good or
bad.
3. Hydropower
To convert the movement of water into electricity, hydroelectric power plants
(HPPs) with dams and reservoirs are needed. They are placed on rivers with a
strong flow that do not dry up. Dams are built in order to achieve a certain pressure
of water - it makes the blades of a hydroturbine move, and it drives electric
generators.Building hydroelectric power plants is more expensive and more
difficult than conventional power plants, but the price of electricity (at Russian
hydroelectric power plants) is two times lower. Turbines can operate in different
power modes and control the generation of electricity.
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4. Wave energy
There are many ways to generate electricity from waves, but only three work
effectively. They differ in the type of installations on the water. These are
chambers, the lower part of which is submerged in water, floats or installations
with an artificial atoll.Such wave power plants transmit the kinetic energy of sea or
ocean waves through a cable to land, where it is converted into electricity at special
stations.This type is used little - 1% of the total electricity production in the world.
The systems are also expensive and require convenient access to the water, which
not every country has.
5. Ebb and flow energy
This energy is taken from the natural rise and fall of the water level. Power plants
are installed only along the coast, and the water drop should be at least 5 meters.
Tidal stations, dams and turbines are built to generate electricity.The tides are well
studied, so this source is more predictable than others. But the absorption of
technologies has been slow and their share in global production is small. In
addition, tidal cycles do not always correspond to the rate of electricity
consumption.
6. Energy of the temperature gradient
Sea water has different temperatures at the surface and in the depths of the ocean.
Using this difference, get electricity.The first installation that generates electricity
at the expense of ocean temperature was made back in 1930. Now there are closed,
open and combined ocean power plants in the USA and Japan.
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7. Energy of liquid diffusion
This is a new type of alternative energy source. An osmotic power plant installed at
the mouth of a river controls the mixing of salt and fresh water and extracts energy
from the entropy of liquids.The equalization of the salt concentration gives an
excess pressure, which starts the rotation of the hydroturbine. So far, there is only
one such power plant in Norway.
8. Geothermal energy
Geothermal stations take the internal energy of the Earth - hot water and steam.
They are placed in volcanic areas where water is near the surface or can be reached
by drilling a well (from 3 to 10 km.).The extracted water heats the buildings either
directly or through a heat exchange unit. It is also converted into electricity when
hot steam turns a turbine connected to an electric generator.Disadvantages: price,
threat to the Earth's temperature, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
emissions.Most of all geothermal stations are in the USA, Philippines, Indonesia,
Mexico and Iceland.
9. Biofuel
Bioenergy receives electricity and heat from fuels of the first, second and third
generations.The first generation is solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels (gas from
waste processing). For example, firewood, biodiesel and methane.The second
generation is a fuel derived from biomass (remains of plant or animal material, or
specially grown crops).The third generation is biofuel from algae.First generation
biofuels are easy to obtain. Rural residents set up biogas plants, where the biomass
ferments at the right temperature.
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1.2 Power distribution system
Distribution of electricity is the final stage in the delivery of electricity; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution
substations are connected to the transmission system and step down the
transmission voltage to medium voltage in the range of 2 kV to 35 kV using
transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to
distribution transformers located close to the customer's premises. Distribution
transformers again step down the voltage to the disposal voltage used by lighting,
industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several consumers are fed
from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and
residential customers are connected to secondary distribution lines through service
drops. Consumers requiring much more energy can be connected directly to the
primary distribution level or sub-transmission level.General plan of electrical
networks. Voltages and loads are typical for the European network.The transition
from transmission to distribution takes place in the electrical substation, which
performs the following functions:Circuit breakers and circuit breakers allow the
substation to be disconnected from the transmission network or to disconnect
distribution lines.Transformers step down the transmission voltage of 35 kV or
more to the primary distribution voltage. These are medium voltage circuits,
typically 600-35,000 V.From the transformer, power is supplied to the busbar,
which can split the distribution power in several directions. The bus distributes
electricity through distribution lines that branch out to consumers.Urban
distribution is mostly underground, sometimes in common engineering channels.
Rural distribution is mostly above ground with utility poles, while suburban
distribution is a mixture. Closer to the customer, a distribution transformer steps
down the primary distribution power to a low voltage secondary circuit, typically
120/240V in the US for residential customers. Electricity is supplied to the
consumer through the service network and electricity meter. The final circuit in an
urban system may be less than 15 meters (50 ft), but may be over 91 meters (300
ft) for a rural consumer.
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Conclusion
Electricity generation is the process of obtaining electricity from primary energy
sources. A feature of electricity is that it is not a primary energy, freely present in
nature in significant quantities, and it must be produced. The production of
electricity occurs, as a rule, with the help of generators in industrial enterprises,
which are called power plants.In the electric power industry, electricity generation
is the first stage in the delivery of electricity to end users, the other stages are the
transmission, distribution, accumulation and recovery of energy at pumped storage
power plants.The basic principle of electricity generation was discovered in the
1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His method, which
is still used today, is that in a closed conducting circuit, when this circuit moves
between the poles of a magnet, an electric current arises.With the development of
technology, the following scheme for the production of electricity became
economically viable. Electric generators installed in a power plant centrally
generate electrical energy in the form of alternating current. With the help of
power transformers, the electrical voltage of the generated alternating current is
increased, which allows it to be transmitted through wires with low losses. At the
point of consumption of electrical energy, the AC voltage is reduced by step-down
transformers and transferred to consumers. Electrification, along with the
Bessemer method of steel smelting, became the basis of the Second Industrial
Revolution. The major inventions that made electricity widely available and
indispensable were Thomas Alva Edison and Nikola Tesla.Electricity generation at
central power plants began in 1882, when at the Pearl Street station in New
York[1] a steam engine drove a dynamo that produced direct current to light Pearl
Street. The new technology was quickly adopted by many cities around the world,
which quickly converted their streetlights to electrical energy. Shortly thereafter,
electric lamps were widely used in public buildings, factories and to power public
transport (trams and trains). Since then, the production of electrical energy in the
world has been constantly increasing.
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References
1. Pearl Street Station - Engineering and Technology History Wiki. ethw.org.
Accessed: August 14, 2016.
2. New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology Archived Copy
dated April 23, 2007 on Wayback Machine [1] Archived copy dated April
23, 2007 on Wayback Machine (press release, 2006-12-05), US Department
of Energy.
3. Sandrine Kurstemon. Is the future of global energy in Africa?.
www.bbc.com. Accessed: August 14, 2016.
4. The world's largest battery system is installed in Alaska (press release, 200309-24), U.S. Department of Energy. "13,670 nickel-cadmium batteries to
generate up to 40 megawatts of energy for approximately 7 minutes or 27
megawatts for 15 minutes."
5. EIA - Electricity Data. www.eia.gov. Accessed: August 14, 2016.
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