Purposive Co ion Evaluating Messages + Fake News Step 1: Read. Read everything from start to finish. Read slowly but surely. Don't rush. 02 Step 2a: Use the dictionary. When we read, we come across terms that are new or unfamiliar. Our understanding of that word might not be correct. Step 2b: Use context clues. Look at the words that come before and after the word you do not know. Check how the word is used in the sentence. Is it a verb or an adjective? For example The word 'boisterous' As soon as the bell rang, students ran to the cafeteria to have their meals and talk about almost everything they could. Teachers were surprised to hear their students’ booming voices since they were as silent as lambs in the classroom. Their boisterous laughter filled the room that the principal and guidancecounselor had to come to the cafeteria to bring about order. For example The word 'boisterous' As soon as the bell rang, students ran to the cafeteria to have their meals and talk about almost everything they could. Teachers were surprised to hear their students’ booming voices since they were as silent as lambs in the classroom. Their boisterous laughter filled the room that the principal and guidancecounselor had to come to the cafeteria to bring about order. What is the function of the word 'boisterous?' Boisterous is an adjective. It describes laughter. What do we know about laughter? We know it can be loud and annoying. For example The word 'boisterous' As soon as the bell rang, students ran to the cafeteria to have their meals and talk about almost everything they could. Teachers were surprised to hear their students’ booming voices since they were as silent as lambs in the classroom. Their boisterous laughter filled the room that the principal and guidance counselor had to come to the cafeteria to bring about order. Look at the ideas that came before and after the word. Step 3a: Use your highlighter. Color your text and highlight the important words, concepts, or ideas. Highlighting makes them stand out when you are in a hurry or looking for the idea or concept. Step 3b: Have color functions. Yellow - key words Green - main ideas Step 4: Annotate, write your insights, thoughts, or ideas. The ideas and insights will stand out right away. You are training yourself to think and understand. What if we need to evaluate images? 12 Step 1: Look at the characters, figures, or elements in the photo. What is featured in the photo? Are these people you know? Aside from people, what other elements are present? waves W h a t is the p u r p o s e of a w a v e ? What does a w a v e do? Uncle Sam W h o is Uncle S a m ? Step 2: Look at the words or the letters present in the image. Words provide meaning. Start from the top of the photo and then proceed downwards. B a n k r u p tc i e s COVID-19 The Second W a v e A p p e a r s Step 3: Combine characters + words to get meaning. What if we need to evaluate videos or music? Step 1: State what you see. Step 2: State what you hear. We need to evaluate what we are exposed to because of fake news or news that is fabricated or false. 13 The reality: people do not read. They just judge based on what the title or caption provides. Misinformation vs. Disinformation Minsinformation According to the University of Michigan Library, it is “false or inaccurate information that is mistakenly or inadvertently created or spread; the intent is not to deceive (para.3).” Disinformation It is information or news which is manufactured and spread in order to deliberately or intentionally mislead or influence people to think or believe in a particular way (University of Michigan Library, 2020). Fake News Fake News According to the Enoch Pratt Free Library (n.d.) , fake news is “information that cannot be verified, without sources, and possibly untrue.” Fake News n o s o u rc e s , Fa b r ica ted with no n o q u o te s ve r i f i a b l e facts W h y do people write a n d spread fake news? To m i s l e a d , s p r e a d f a ke ideologies, p r o p a g a n d a To e a r n m o n e y, fo l l o we rs Different K i n d s of F a k e N e w s Satire Mislea d in g C o n te n t Fa l s e C o n n e c t i o n Im p o ster C o n te n t Fa l s e C o n t e x t Fa b r i c a t e d C o nte nt M a n i p u l a te d C o n te n t Satire/Parody T h e intention of the n e w s is to m a k e fun w h i c h in t u r n co u l d fool p e o p l e . Misleading Content It h a s th e in te n tio n o f fo o lin g o r m i s l e a d i n g p e o p l e w h i c h in t u r n f r a m e s o r p re s e nt s a p e r s o n o r issue in a different light o r v i e w. Imposter Content Genuine s o u rc e s are impersonated (U n i ve rs i t y of M i c h i ga n , 2 0 2 0 ) . T h e y c l a i m to b e l e g i t i m ate b u t a r e in fact q u e st i o n a b l e . Imposter Content Fa b r i c a t e d C o n te n t T h e n e w content p l a c e d is 1 0 0 % false o r u n tr u e w ith th e so le in te n tio n o f d o in g h a r m a n d m i s l e a d i n g o t h e rs . Fabricated Content Fa l s e C o n n e c t i o n T h e title o r ca p tio n d o e s n o t m a tch w ith the p h o to . False Connection Fa l s e C o n t e x t This is w h e n the content of the article o r n e w s is l e g i t i m ate o r t r u e b u t h a s t ra c e s of false i n fo r m a t i o n M a n i p u l a te d C o n te n t This is w h e n r e a l n e w s is t w i ste d in o r d e r to d e c e i ve o r m i s l e a d . H o w to B e W a r y of F a k e N e w s C h e c k w h o w r o t e the article. C h e c k the m e s s a g e . W h a t is the intention? T h e C R A A P M e thod Currency e l e va n c e R A uthority c c u r a c y A u r p o s e P T h e C R A A P M e thod Currency Is it c u r r e n t ? Is it indicative of the p re s e nt time s? Is this n e w s piece o r article n e w ? D o e s it coincide o r e c h o a s i m i l a r eve nt t h at is t a k i n g p l a c e ? T h e C R A A P M e thod Relevance Is it s o m e t h i n g i m p o r t a n t o r n e c e s s a r y to the r e a d e r ? H o w r e l e va n t to the public is this n e w s ? T h e C R A A P M e thod Authority Is the n e w s a g e n c y y o u a r e t u n i n g in to c re d i b l e ? A r e t h e y i nte r n at i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d fo r their j o u r n a l i s m ? A r e t h ey affiliated w i t h a n y p e r s o n , g o v e r n m e n t entity? T h e C R A A P M e thod Accuracy Is the n e w s y o u a r e r e a d i n g o r t u n i n g in to t r u e ? C a n y o u v e r i f y it w i t h o t h e r s o u rc e s ? A r e t h e re r e p o r t s f r o m o t h e r a g e n c i e s t h at s a y t h at these a r e not re l i a b l e ? T h e C R A A P M e thod Purpose W h a t is the p u r p o s e of the article? W h y w a s it w r i tte n ? W h a t is its m e s s a g e ?
