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ADHD IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (420 FINAL PRESENTATION)

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FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT
PSY 420 FINAL PRESENTATION
MUHORACYEYE BRENDA OCEANE
20167456
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) in Middle-childhood(612years)
OVERVIEW
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Intoduction
Definition of main concepts
Symptoms
Causes
Complications
Prevention
Literature review(related articles)
References
conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• there are certain child behavior problems that are common
during the school age development which ranges between 6-12
years of age which is refered to as the concrete operational stage
according to jean piaget’s theories, and as industry/inferiority
according to Eric Erikson, it is also referred to as the latent
period according to Sigmund freud. And several kinds of
problems occur in this stage among which ADHD is particularly
common specifically in this development stage as will be
analysed.
DEFINITION OF MAIN CONCEPTS
• School-age/middle-childhood refers to the expected physical, emotional, and
mental abilities of children between 6 to 12 years of age.
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that
affects millions of children mostly in their school years and often continues into
adulthood. It includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty
sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.
• Impulsive behavior is a tendency to act without thinking about the consequences
of your actions. E.g Having trouble waiting for their turn in games and
conversation , Grabbing things from people or push in line, Being aggressive
toward other kids (hitting, kicking, or biting….)
SYMPTOMS
-low self-esteem,
-troubled relationships ,
-poor performance in school
-Attendion Deficit for example;
-Failing to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork,
-Having trouble staying focused in tasks or play,
-Appearing not to listen even when spoken to directly,
-Having trouble organizing tasks and activities,
-Avoiding or disliking tasks that require focused mental effort, such as homeworks,
-Losing items like;toys, school assignments, pencils needed for assigned activities
Hyperactivity and impulsivity
children suffering from hyperactive and impulsive symptoms may often showcase symptoms
such as;
• Having difficulty staying seated in the classroom or in other situations
• Be on the go, in constant motion
• Run around or climb in situations when it's not appropriate
• Have trouble playing or doing an activity quietly
• Talking too much
• Blurt out answers, interrupting the questioner
• Have difficulty waiting for his or her turn
• Interrupt or intrude on others' conversations, games or activities
CAUSES
-Biological factors. i.e Blood relatives, such as a parent or sibling,
with ADHD or another mental health disorder
• Environmental factors. i.e Exposure to environmental toxins —
such as lead, found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings.
• Maternal drug use, alcohol use or smoking during pregnancy
• Premature birth
• Too much screen time.excessive use of electronics for
entertainment.
COMPLICATION
. academic failure and judgment by other children and adults
• Tend to have more accidents and injuries of all kinds than do children who
don't have ADHD
• poor self-esteem
• Are more likely to have trouble interacting with and being accepted by
peers and adults
• Are at increased risk of alcohol and drug abuse and other delinquent
behaviors.
CO-EXISTING CONDITIONS
children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as;
• Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), generally defined as a pattern of negative, defiant and
hostile behavior toward authority figures
• Conduct disorder, marked by antisocial behavior such as stealing, fighting, destroying property,
and harming people or animals
• Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, characterized by irritability and problems tolerating
frustration
• Learning disabilities, including problems with reading, writing, understanding and communicating
• Substance use disorders, including drugs, alcohol and smoking
• Anxiety disorders, which causes overwhelming worry,nervousness, and obsessive compulsive
disorder (OCD)
• Mood disorders, which includes bipolar disorder,depression as well as manic behavior
• Autism spectrum disorder, a condition that impacts a person’s perception of and socialization
with others
• Tic disorder or Tourette syndrome, disorders that involve repetitive movements or unwanted
sounds (tics) that can't be easily controlled
PREVENTION
- Avoiding anything that could harm fetal development. For example, don't drink alcohol,
use recreational drugs or smoke cigarettes during pregnancy
-Protecting children from exposure to pollutants and toxins, including cigarette smoke and
lead paint.
-Limiting screen time. Although still unproved, it is very advisable to avoid excessive
children’s exposure to TV and video games or any other kind of devices mostly in the first
five years of life
LITERATURE REVIEW
The most recent article related to this this topic is;
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Last in, first out - delayed brain
maturation with an accelerated decline? Author links open overlay
panelBrigittaKakusziBálintSzuromiIstvánBitterPálCzobor conducted in
Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Balassa
u. 6., Budapest 1083, Hungary, Received 24 September 2019, Revised 9 March
2020, Accepted 13 March 2020, Available online 9 April 2020.
Which proved age difference is diminished by mid-adulthood, a large
longitudinal study in 223 ADHD and 223 normally-developing children showed
that the peak of cortical-thickness maturation was delayed in ADHD by an
average of 3 years; in frontal and temporal areas, the maturation was delayed
between 5 years and above. And a longitudinal study by the same researchgroup also highlighted the previous findings by demonstrating that the
maturation of cortical surface area was also delayed in children with ADHD.
And hence as well argues that ADHD is more likely to start in middlechildhood, and decrease in severity as the person grows older.
CONCLUSION
• ADHD has been unfailingly scientifically proven to be mostly
common in middle-childhood and hence continue till late
adulthood, and even though it’s causes are still vague, the causes
mentioned above are put into consideration yet not validated,
therefore, it is emphasized that thorough research on the factual
causes continue, however some studies have also proven sugar
to be a popular suspect in causing hyperactivity, yet there’s also
no reliable proof of this.
REFERENCES
• Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;Published online 2015 Jun 26.
• Perceived behavioral problems of school aged children in rural Nepal: a qualitative study by
Ramesh P. Adhikari,corresponding author Nawaraj Upadhaya, Dristy Gurung, Nagendra P. Luitel,
Matthew D. Burkey, Brandon A. Kohrt, and Mark J.D. Jordans.
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Jan. 26, 2019.
• Brown A. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Oct. 9, 2018.
• AskMayoExpert. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for
Medical Education and Research; 2017.
• Voight RG, et al., eds. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: American Academy of Pediatrics
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2nd ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics;
2018.
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. National Institute of Mental Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml.
Accessed Jan 26, 2019.
THANK YOU!
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