VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi - 590 018, Karnataka, India
PROJECT REPORT
on
“VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI
TECHNOLOGY”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by
RAKSHITH S
SAGAR M S
SANTOSH H M
USN: 1DA18EC107
USN: 1DA18EC115
USN: 1DA18EC117
Under the Guidance of
PUSHPALATHA G S
Asst. Prof, Department of ECE, Dr. AIT, Bengaluru - 560056
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MALLATHAHALLI, OUTER RING ROAD, BENGALURU – 560056
2020-21
DR. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru-560056.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
Certificate
Certified that the project work entitled “VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
USING LI-FI TECHNOLOGY”, carried out by RAKSHITH S, bearing USN:
1DA18EC107, SAGAR M S, bearing USN: 1DA18EC115, SANTOSH H M, bearing USN:
1DA18EC118 bonafide students of Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Bengaluru – 560056 in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2020–2021. It is certified that all the
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements.
Signature of guide
Signature of HOD
(Pushpalatha G S)
(Dr. Ramesh S )
External Viva
Name of the Examiners
1.________________
Signature of Principal
(Dr. Meenakshi M)
Signature with Date
Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Mallathahalli, Bengaluru - 560056
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Declaration
We, RAKSHITH S, bearing USN: 1DA18EC107, SAGAR M S, bearing USN:
1DA18EC115, SANTOSH H M, bearing USN: 1DA18EC118, hereby declare that, the
project work entitled “VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI
TECHNOLOGY” is independently carried out by us at Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560056,
under the guidance of Pushpalatha G S, Asst. Prof, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology. The Project work is
carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering during the academic year
2020-2021.
Place: Bengaluru
Date:
Name & Signature of students
Rakshith S
Sagar M S
Santosh H M
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible.
First of all, we would like to thank Dr. Meenakshi M, Principal, Dr. Ambedkar Institute
of Technology, for permitting to do this project work and providing the facilities
required.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Ramesh S, Professor and Head,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of
Technology for his support. We pay out profound gratefulness and express our deepest
gratitude to our project guide Pushpalatha G S, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering for his suggestions, guidance. And lots of
support and cooperation right from the Mini Project coordinators Harsha. R, Assistant
Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communications and GS Pushpalatha, Assistant
Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communications from the start of our project work.
It is our pleasure to acknowledge the cooperation extended by teaching staff and nonteaching staff members of Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for the encouragement during this project work.
Finally, it gives immense pleasure to acknowledge the cooperation extended by family
members, friends for the encouragement during this project work.
RAKSHITH S
SAGAR M S
SANTOSH H M
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present you the designs of a small-scale prototype of a Vehicle-toVehicle communication system using light fidelity (Li-Fi) technology. The vehicle to
vehicle communication is the most effective solution that has been used in order to reduce
vehicles accidents. The proposed use of Li-Fi technology comprises mainly light-emitting
diode (LED) bulbs as means of connectivity by sending data through light spectrum as
an optical wireless medium for signal propagation. In fact, the usage of LED eliminates
the need of complex wireless networks and protocols. Li-Fi is the wireless communication
system in which light is used as a carrier signal instead of traditional radio frequency as
in Wi-Fi. Our main aim is to enhance the quality of Intelligent Transportation System
(ITS) with the help of VLC technology using a Li-Fi technology.
KEYWORDS: Li-Fi, Vehicle to Vehicle Communication, Wireless Signal Propagation.
INDEX
Chapter 1
Introduction 9
1.1
Introduction 10
1.2
Background Of Project 11
1.3
Objectives 11
Chapter 2
2.1
Literature Survey 12
Literature Survey 13
2.1.1
Existing System. 13
2.1.2
V2V Communication and Traffic Control Using Li-Fi. 13
2.1.3
Performance Analysis of V2V and V2V Communication
systems in Traffic Lights. 14
2.1.4
V2V Communication Using LI-FI Technology. 15
2.1.5
Proposed Framework for V2V Communication Using
Li-Fi Technology. 16
Chapter 3
Proposed Work 17
3.1
Proposed Method 18
3.2
Block Diagram 18
3.3
Circuit Diagram 20
3.4
Hardware Implementation 21
Chapter 4
4.1
Components Required 22
ARDUINO NANO 23
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication System using Li-Fi Technology
4.2
LCD Display 26
4.3
LED 27
4.4
LDR Sensor 28
4.5
Resistors 29
4.6
Switches 30
4.7
Software Used 31
4.8
Code 31
Chapter 5
2020-2021
Results 34
5.1
Result 35
5.2
Price Details 35
5.3
Advantages 36
5.4
Drawbacks 36
5.5
Applications 36
5.6
Conclusion 37
5.7
References 37
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No.
Description
3.2
Block Diagram
3.3
Circuit Diagram
3.4
Hardware Implementation
4.1.1
Arduino nano
4.1.2
PIN Diagram of Arduino nano
4.2.1
16X2 LCD Display
4.2.2
PIN Description of LCD Display
4.3
LED
4.4
LDR Sensor
4.5
Resistors
4.6
Switches
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days in our society we are hearing many issues regarding Vehicle Accidents. This
is due to the poor communication between vehicles. So, to avoid such collisions we are
presenting a smart system of data communication between the vehicles using a visible
light. This smart technology is known as (V2V) Vehicle to Vehicle communication using
Li-Fi.
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications comprises a wireless network where
automobiles send messages to each other with information about what they’re doing.
This data would include speed, location, direction of travel, braking, and loss of
stability. V2V warnings might come to the driver as an alert.
V2V is nothing but a mesh topology. We know that a mesh topology is nothing but
connecting two or more nodes. Likewise, in V2V communication vehicles are connected
through a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The wireless connection may be Wi-Fi
or Li-Fi etc. The communication enabled between the vehicles can improve the
Transportation system.
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology means that transmitting data through visible light.
HARALD HASS, who is considered to be the father of Li-fi from university of
Edinburgh, UK says that the heart of this technology lies in the intensity and the potential
of the light emitting diodes. The major reason which lead the modern man through this
invention is that the confinement of Wi-Fi to comparatively small distance. As there are
more and more devices coming up day-by-day the signals are being clogged up due to
heavy traffic, there arised a need for an error free transmission technology for the
vehicles. And the solution to this problem is Vehicle to Vehicle communication using Lifi technology.
Comparison between Wi-Fi and Li-Fi
Properties
Security & Privacy
WIFI
RF is hard to contain and
can be externally
intercepted.
RF Interferes with safetycritical systems.
Interference & Safety
Capacity & Latency
So many connected devices
cause network congestion.
Dept. of ECE, Dr. AIT, Banglore-56
LIFI
Li-Fi is contained and can
not be intercepted from
outside.
Li-Fi does not interfere
with existing safetycritical wireless systems.
Li-Fi has 10-40 times more
capacity and 10-1000
times less round-trip
latency.
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Rate of Transfer of Data
Frequency Range
Data can be transferred at
150Mbps with the use of
WLAN -11n.
The frequency spectrum
that could be used in WiFi is 2.4GHz, 4.9 GHz, and
5GHz.
2020-2021
Data can be transferred at
1Gbps.
1000 times more than
radio frequencies i.e., 400
and 800 terahertz.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT TITLE
The title Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Li-Fi Technology simply means that
transmitting and receiving data between the vehicles using Visible Light. Li-Fi
technology has Light emitting diodes that can be made switch ON and OFF faster since
operating speed of LEDs is even less than one µs, causing the light source to be appear
continuously. This on-off activity cannot be seen with the naked eyes of the human and
that enables a kind of data transmission between vehicles using binary codes. The data
from vehicle can be encoded from the light wave and the exact information can be
achieved at receiver part of another vehicle. A light sensitive device (LDR Sensor)
receives the signal and converts it back into original data and this data is viewed in
vehicle at receiver part. This method of using the light waves in sending and receiving
the required data between vehicles refers to Visible Light Communication (VLC) between
Vehicles.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
To develop a smart system that can track the behavior of the vehicle, and implementing
Li-Fi technology in cars for making it more intelligent and interactive for avoiding
accidents on roads. Intelligent systems are in used with every aspect for systems, cars are
the critical systems which are real time scenario. The smart systems not only deals with
component monitoring, it does even more than that like Passenger activity monitoring,
behavior analysis, system behavior, notifications & co-ordinate.
This paper includes:
• To develop a smart system which establishes a communication between vehicles
using Li-Fi Technology for avoiding road accidents.
• To get an alert of police protocols.
• To get an alert of any emergencies using visible light communication.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
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2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system requires a transmitter and a receiver in each vehicle in both rear and
front sides of the vehicle. Thus more scenarios will be applicable. For the time being, only
two scenarios will be studied in this paper. A message will be sent through the transmitter
which is placed in the rear lights to vehicle 2. The message will be received by vehicle 2
using the photodiode which is placed at the front of vehicle 2. A notice of (Slow DOWN)
will be displayed in vehicle 2 using an LCD display. The information will be received by
the photodiode in vehicle 2 and compared to vehicle 2 speeds. If vehicle 2 is about to cross
the junction while vehicle 1 is moving with a high speed, the driver will be alerted to
check the other vehicle which is around in the area. All the details of the road conditions
from the first vehicle can be known only when the user is inside the car. The exact latitude
& longitude parameters of the vehicle cannot be known.
The challenges faced by WiFi in today’s time are:
• Capacity.
• Availability.
• Efficiency.
• Security.
2.1.2 VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION AND TRAFFIC SIGNAL
CONTROLLING EMERGENCY VEHICLES USING LIFI
(Ms. Sakshi Pawar, Ms. Shalini Jadhav, Ms. Aditi Kale, Ms. Kshitija Malode “Vehicle to
Vehicle Communication and Traffic Signal Controlling for Emergency Vehicles using LiFi ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 07,
Issue: 12 | December 2020)
The concept of this system which is used to provide clearance to any emergency vehicle
when it struck in traffic jam. Here we clear the path of the emergency vehicle hence it can
reach the destination in time. Emergency vehicle stuck in a heavy traffic condition it will
send an information to the next vehicle through light medium from headlight to indicator
of next vehicle. The information received by the next vehicle and it transmit to the another
vehicle next to it. The process will continue till the information reaches to the first vehicle
and then further information will be transfer to the traffic signal system through a road
stud. The traffic signal light will turn on from red to green. The LIFI based trans receiver
will be adopted to each vehicle for transmit the information. This project helps to reach
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the emergency vehicle in minimum time. We can also use this system the entire system
is based on LIFI system which is a booming technology. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a form of
bi-directional Visible Light Communication (VLC) in which light is modulated at speeds
greater than a human eye can follow. In this paper, a V2V communication system is
proposed in which the headlight and tail light of a vehicle are made as Li-Fi transmitter
and Li-Fi receiver respectively.
The proposed system was designed, implemented and tested for its operation. Li-Fi
communication can be done through several modulation techniques. We have used ONOFF keying modulation technique and Morse encoding and decoding technique. Morse
code as an on-off series is happening so fast, that it is invisible to human eye. LI-FI uses
white LED bulbs at the downlink transmitter. Normally, a constant current is applied
across the LEDs to use them. But by varying the current very fast, the optical output can
be made to vary at very high speeds. This is property used in a LI-FI setup. If the LED is
ON, we transmit a digital 1 and if it is OFF, we transmit a digital 0. We can easily transmit
data by switching the LEDs ON and OFF very rapidly. Now, by varying the rate at which
the LEDs flicker, we can encode the desired data and thus transmit the data very easily.
2.1.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF V2V AND V2I LIFI COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS IN TRAFFIC LIGHTS
(Gerardo Hernandez-Oregon, Mario E. Rivero-Angeles, Juan C. Chimal-Eguıa, Arturo
Campos-Fentanes, “Performance Analysis of V2V and V2I LiFi Communication Systems
in Traffic Lights”, [Research Article], Hindawi Wireless Communications and Mobile,
Article ID 4279683, August 2019)
In this work, a mathematical analysis based on a CTMC is presented to model a vehicular
crossing where traffic lights are used to convey information to vehicles passing by and
waiting for the green light. A Li-Fi system is proposed to be used in order to make a
bandwidth-efficient system by making use of different frequencies than the ones used in
cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth which are overcrowded and will experience even more
traffic when 5G communication systems get deployed. Conversely, the proposed LiFi
system takes advantage of visible light already used in traffic lights and front and tail
lights in vehicles. The car communication system is not designed for a particular brand
or vehicle. This can be used in every vehicle with a little modification. The system is
designed considering the normal car user can also use it. Speed and security is the major
concern while transmitting data. Wi-Fi can be easily hacked as it penetrates through the
walls. On the other hand Li-Fi requires a Line Of Sight (LOS), it does not penetrates
through the walls and so provides more security. The key technical difference is that Wi-
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Fi uses radio frequency to transmit data but Li-Fi uses visible light. The main component
of Li-Fi communication is the high speed LED which provides a data rate of greater than
100Mbps
2.1.4 VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI TECHNOLOGY
(D.N.S. Ravi Kumar & G Nagarajan, " VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
USING LI-FI TECHNOLOGY ", International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume-119 No. 7, 2018, 519-522)
This paper presents the latest technology called as LI-FI which has been developing a lot
in few years. Using the concept of LI-FI two vehicle are communicated with the help of
LEDs bulbs with the help of transmitter and receiver circuit. With the help of this
technology the road accident can be controlled and many human life can be saved. A very
chip device called as ultrasonic sensor which is used to measure the distance is used here
just to communicate the two vehicles when they comes in the contact in some range which
is preferred for the ultrasonic sensor. the last century, radio was introduced and
implemented and gave rise to the new wireless world. It will be very surprising to know
that the first wireless transmission of voice was done by the help of light waves. In 1880
the scientist Alexender Grahem Bell discovered the first wireless voice communication
with the range over a distance of 213 m. this invention was one of the greatest invention
for him but the invention of radio communication was given high priority and his
invention was covered by radio communication. As mobile phone came across the world
the radio communication became more popular and due to lots of mobile appeared to the
face of public so the popularity was increased for the radio communication. Li-Fi is
transmission of data through light by using fiber optics and sending data through a LED
that varies in intensity, faster than the human eye can follow. Integrated chips inside LED
will do the processing and amplification of data. The light intensity can be manipulated
to send data by very small changes in the results. The technology transfers Thousands of
data simultaneously in higher speed with the help of special modulation and
demodulation technique. Li-Fi technology is high intensity brightness LED„s. Light
emitting diodes can be made to switch on and off faster since operating speed of LED„s
is even less than one µs, than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to be
appear continuously[4]. This on-off activity cannot be seen with the naked eyes of the
human and that enables a kind of data transmission using binary codes. Switching on
and LED is a logic 1„, switch off is a logic 0„ the data can be encoded from the light wave
and the exact information can be achieved. Modulation is so fast that human eye doesn„t
notice A light sensitive device (photo detector) receives the signal and converts it back
into original data. This method of using the light waves and frequency in it and sending
the required data refers as Visible Light Communication (VLC) though its potential to
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compete with conventional Wi-Fi has inspired the popular characteristics Li-Fi. Visible
Light Communication Li-Fi is one of the very efficient version of Wi-Fi, which is based
on visible light communication (VLC). This Li-Fi uses light for data communications
medium using visible light waves as optical carrier for data transmission and
illumination.
2.1.5 PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR V2V COMMUNICATION USING LIFI
TECHNOLOGY
Shivaji Kulkarni, Amogh Darekar, Suhas Shirol, “Proposed Framework for V2V
Communication using Li-Fi Technology”, Proceeding of Second International conference
on Circuits, Controls and Communications, 978-1-5386-0615-5/17 ©2017 IEEE, January
2017.
In this paper, we employ Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) for data communication among vehicles.
Li-Fi falls under the category of Visible Light Communication (VLC). Li-Fi involves the
use of visible light spectrum as a medium of communication. The technology provides
high speed and is an eco-friendly method. The use of Li-Fi in V2V Communication is
considered promising. In this paper, we propose a framework for V2V Communication
using Li-Fi Technology. The car communication system is not designed for a particular
brand or vehicle. This can be used in every vehicle with a little modification. The system
is designed considering the normal car user can also use it. Speed and security is the
major concern while transmitting data. Wi-Fi can be easily hacked as it penetrates
through the walls. On the other hand Li-Fi requires a Line Of Sight (LOS), it does not
penetrates through the walls and so provides more security. The key technical difference
is that Wi-Fi uses radio frequency to transmit data but Li-Fi uses visible light. The main
component of Li-Fi communication is the high speed LED which provides a data rate of
greater than 100Mbps. The concept of Li-Fi has been introduced along with existing
techniques and classical trends used for vehicle to vehicle communications. The proposed
system has a cost effective solution to reduce accidents. The design of the system is clearly
explained in this paper. The proof of concept has been illustrated in this paper by sending
data through Li-Fi prototype model.
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CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED WORK
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3.1 PROPOSED METHOD:
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Li-Fi system consists of mainly two parts,
the transmitter and the receiver attached to both the vehicles. The data
transmission is done through binary codes which involve switching on LED can
be done by logic 1 and switch OFF using logic 0. The transmitter part modulates
the input signal (messages) with the required time period and transmits the data
in the form of 1s and 0s using a LED bulb. The receiver part catches these message
signals using a photodiode and amplifies the signal and presents the output. Light
emitting diodes can be switched on and off very much faster than the human eye
allowing the light source to appear continuously.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
LCD
DISPLAY
KEYPAD
SWITCES
MICRO
CONTROLLER
Decoder
Encoder
KEYPAD
SWITCES
Encoder
MICRO
CONTROLLER
LCD
DISPLAY
Decoder
VEHICLE 1
VEHICLE 2
Fig. 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Working Of Block Diagram:
In this project, we have created the circuit based system for both vehicles and the circuits
will be same for both the vehicles. This system has Microcontroller, 3 keypad switches,
16*2 LCD display, LED’s, LDR sensor, power supply.
The microcontroller is used to store the messages that has to be communicated between
the vehicles and transmits the messages whenever required using serial
communication.
The 3 key button switches represents the type of messages that has to be transmitted.
The LCD is to display the messages.
➢ Working of Encoder part:
Encoder includes a LED and a transistor. If any of the keypad switch is pressed, then the
microcontroller sends the message assigned to that switch to Encoder part. In the encoder
which has a transistor act as a switch turns ON and LED is turned ON and starts
transmitting the data which is chosen by the switch to the decoder part at a particular
instance of time.
➢ Working of Decoder part:
Decoder has a LDR sensor detects the data sent from a microcontroller through LED
using serial communication. The encoded data which is sent is decoded by the LDR
sensor and the original data is obtained. This original data is displayed in LCD at the
receiver part with the help of microcontroller.
Likewise, the communication between vehicles is obtained and an intelligent transport
system is enabled across a network.
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3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PIN CONNECTION:
Switch to Arduino:
➢ Switch 1 to A0 pin (Arduino).
➢ Switch 2 to A1 pin (Arduino).
➢ Switch 3 to A3 pin (Arduino).
LCD Display to Arduino:
➢ SDA (Serial Data pin) to A4 pin (Arduino).
➢ SCL (Serial Clock pin) to A5 pin (Arduino).
LDR SENSOR TO ARDUINO:
➢ LDR to Txd (Arduino).
LED TO ARDUINO:
➢ Encoder to D5
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3.4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION :
As per the circuit diagram the components has been implemented. The above fig. Shows
the circuitry system of vehicle-to-vehicle communication using Li-Fi. Left side circuit is
implemented in vehicle one ad the right-side circuit in vehicle two.
Thus, if button is pressed of vehicle one then the message is transmitted to second vehicle
through light. Then the LDR sensors of vehicle two senses the coded messages and
decodes back to original data and the message is displayed on the LCD display.
Fig. 3.4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
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CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED
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4.1 ARDUINO NANO:
Fig..4.1.1
ARDUINO NANO
The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or less
the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks
only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one. The
Nano was designed and is being produced by Gravitech.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P
Operating voltage: 5 volts
Input voltage: 6 to 20 volts
Digital I/O pins: 14 (6 optional PWM outputs)
Analog input pins: 8
DC per I/O pin: 40 mA
DC for 3.3 V pin: 50 mA
Flash memory: 32 KB, of which 0.5 KB is used by bootloader
SRAM: 2 KB
EEPROM: 1 KB
Clock speed: 16 MHz
Length: 45 mm
Width: 18 mm
Mass: 7
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Pin Diagram of Arduino Nano:
Fig. 4.1.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO NANO
PIN NAMES AND ITS FUNCTION:
Arduino Nano Pin
Pin Name
Type
Function
1
D1/TX
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
Serial TX Pin
2
D0/RX
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
Serial RX Pin
3
RESET
Input
Reset (Active Low)
4
GND
Power
Supply Ground
5
D2
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
6
D3
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
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Arduino Nano Pin
Pin Name
Type
Function
7
D4
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
8
D5
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
9
D6
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
10
D7
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
11
D8
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
12
D9
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
13
D10
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
14
D11
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
15
D12
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
16
D13
I/O
Digital I/O Pin
17
3V3
Output
+3.3V Output (from FTDI)
18
AREF
Input
ADC reference
19
A0
Input
Analog Input Channel 0
20
A1
Input
Analog Input Channel 1
21
A2
Input
Analog Input Channel 2
22
A3
Input
Analog Input Channel 3
23
A4
Input
Analog Input Channel 4
24
A5
Input
Analog Input Channel 5
25
A6
Input
Analog Input Channel 6
26
A7
Input
Analog Input Channel 7
27
+5V
Output or Input
+5V Output (From On-board Regulator) or
+5V (Input from External Power Supply
28
RESET
Input
Reset (Active Low)
29
GND
Power
Supply Ground
30
VIN
Power
Supply voltage
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4.2 LCD DISPLAY:
Fig. 4.2.1 16X2 LCD DISPLAY
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. 16 Characters x 2 Lines Built-in HD44780
Equivalent LCD Controller Works directly with ATMEGA, ARDUINO, PIC ARM and 8051
many other microcontroller/kits.4- or 8-bit data I/O interface Low power consumption Datasheet
available on the Internet.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
Command register is used to insert a special command into the LCD. While data register is used
to insert a data into the lcd. Command is a special set of data which is used to give internal
command to lcd. Like clear screen, move to line 1character, setting up the cursor etc.
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Fig. 4.2.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD DISPLAY
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Sr. No Pin No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2020-2021
Pin Description
Pin 1 (GND)
Pin 2 (VCC)
Pin 3 (VEE)
This is a ground pin to apply a ground to LCD.
This is the supply voltage pin to apply voltage to LCD.
This is the pin for adjusting a contrast of the LCD
display by attaching a variable resistor in between VCC
and GND.
Pin 4 (RS)
RS stands for Register Select. This pin is used to select
command/data register.
If RS=0 then command register is selected.
If RS=1 then data register is selected.
Pin 5 (R/W)
R/W stands for Read/Write. This pin is used to select
the operation Read/Write.
If R/W=0 then Write operation is performed.
If R/W=1 then Read operation is performed.
Pin 6 (EN)
En stand for Enable signal. A positive going pulse on
this pin will perform a read/write function to the LCD.
Pin 7-14 (DB0- These 8 pins is used as a Data pin of LCD.
DB7)
Pin 15 (LED+)
This pin is used with pin 16(LED-) to setting up the
illumination of back light of LCD. This pin is
connected with VCC.
Pin 16 (LED-)
This pin is used with pin 15(LED+) to setting up the
illumination of back light of LCD. This pin is
connected with GND.
4.3 LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE):
Fig. 4.3 LED
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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general. Appearing as
practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but
modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths,
with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in
area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape
its radiation pattern. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting
are relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat management than
compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text,
video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also
useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the
remote-control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players
and other domestic appliances. LEDs are also used in seven-segment display.
4.4 LDR SENSOR:
Fig. 4.4 LDR SENSORS
A Light Dependent Resistor (aka LDR, photoconductor, photocell, or photoresistor.) is a
device which has a resistance which varies according to the amount of light falling on its
surface, when light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Light dependent resistors or
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LDRs are often used in circuits where it is necessary to detect the presence of light, or the
ambient level of light, often to create a light triggered switch. Different LDR’s have
different specifications, a typical LRD has a resistance in total darkness of 1 M Ohm, and
a resistance of a couple of k Ohm in bright light (10-20kOhm @ 10 lux, 2-4kOhm @ 100
lux). It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR to be several megohms in
darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such a wide
variation in resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuits available.
LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light sensitive
properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these LDR’s is
cadmium sulphide (CdS).
4.5 RESISTORS:
Fig. 4.5 RESISTORS
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that
only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can
be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented
within integrated circuits.
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The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The
nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on
the component.
4.6 SWITCHES:
Fig. 4.6 BUTTON SWITCHES
A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closed-ness of an electric circuit.
They allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to actually get in there
and manually cut or splice the wires). Switches are critical components in any circuit
which requires user interaction or control. A switch can only exist in one of two states:
open or closed. In the off state, a switch looks like an open gap in the circuit. This, in
effect, looks like an open circuit, preventing current from flowing. In the on state, a switch
acts just like a piece of perfectly-conducting wire. A short. This closes the circuit, turning
the system “on” and allowing current to flow unimpeded through the rest of the system.
Momentary switches are switches which only remain in their on state as long as they’re
being actuated (pressed, held, magnetized, etc.). Most often momentary switches are best
used for intermittent user-input cases; stuff like reset or keypad buttons.
Examples of Momentary Switches:
Push-button: Push-button switches are the classic momentary switch. Typically these
switches have a really nice, tactile, “clicky” feedback when you press them. They come
in all sorts of flavors: big, small, colorful, illuminated (when an LED shines up through
the button). They might be terminated as through-hole, surface-mount, or even panelmount.
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4.7 SOFTWARE USED:
Arduino IDE 2.0: Arduino has an open-source software component which is similar
to C++ or C programming. The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE)
allows you to write code, compile it, and then upload it to your Arduino for stand-alone
use in prototyping and projects.
All of this was designed to be easy to use to let artists and makers freely develop their
ideas into real objects. If you are interested in building something yourself, have a look
to see the hardware options, and software available to get your started.
4.8 CODE:
#include <Wire.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 2, 1, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, POSITIVE);
SoftwareSerial TXSerial(4,5);
int buz=8;
int sw1 = A0;
int sw2 = A1;
int sw3 = A2;
unsigned long previousMillis=0;
char rec=0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(sw1, INPUT);
pinMode(sw2, INPUT);
pinMode(sw3, INPUT);
digitalWrite(sw1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(sw2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(sw3, HIGH);
pinMode(buz, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(buz, LOW);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Vehicle To Vehicle Communication Using LiFi");
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Vehicle To Vehi.");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" Communication ");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Using LiFi ");
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delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
previousMillis = millis();
TXSerial.begin(400);
}
void loop()
{
read_data();
Send_data();
if(millis() - previousMillis > 5000)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Please wait.....");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("
");
}
}
void buzzer_on()
{
digitalWrite(buz, HIGH);
}
//*********************************************
void buzzer_off()
{
digitalWrite(buz, LOW);
}
void read_data()
{
if(TXSerial.available() != 0)
{
rec = TXSerial.read();
if(rec=='A')
{
digitalWrite(buz, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" Police Alert!! ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" Stop the car. ");
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buz, LOW);
previousMillis = millis();
}
if(rec=='B')
{
digitalWrite(buz, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Slow Down!! You.");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
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lcd.print("are overspeeding");
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buz, LOW);
previousMillis = millis();
}
if(rec=='C')
{
digitalWrite(buz, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" Emergency case ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" Give Me Side. ");
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buz, LOW);
previousMillis = millis();
}
}
}
void Send_data()
{
if(digitalRead(sw1)==LOW)
{
delay(100);
if(digitalRead(sw1)==LOW)
{TXSerial.print("A");}
//buzzer_on();
while(digitalRead(sw1)==LOW);
//buzzer_off();
}
if(digitalRead(sw2)==LOW)
{
delay(100);
if(digitalRead(sw2)==LOW)
{TXSerial.print("B");}
//buzzer_on();
while(digitalRead(sw2)==LOW);
//buzzer_off();
}
if(digitalRead(sw3)==LOW)
{
delay(100);
if(digitalRead(sw3)==LOW)
{TXSerial.print("C");}
//buzzer_on();
while(digitalRead(sw3)==LOW);
// buzzer_off();}}
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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
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5.1. RESULT :
The project model has been implemented successfully and the following messages has
been transmitted successfully from one vehicle to another vehicle using light-fidelity.
TEST CASE: If any of the button is pressed on the transmitter side then the messages
must be transmitted and should display on the receiver side
Test Case Scenario
Test Case Steps
Expected result
Actual result
Status
Verify the
functionality of
button 1
Press Button 1
“Police alert!! stop
the car” is received
and displayed
Pass
Verify the
functionality of
button 2
Press Button 2
Press Button 3
“Slow down!! You
are over speeding”
is received and
displayed
“Emergency case
give me side” is
received and
displayed
Pass
Verify the
functionality of
button 3
Should transmit and
display“Police alert!! stop
the car”
Should transmit and
display“Slow down!! You
are over speeding”
Should transmit and
display“Emergency case
give me side”
Pass
5.2. Price Details
Sl. No.
COMPONENTS USED
1.
Arduino Nano
2.
LCD
3.
VALUE
2
PRICE PER
UNIT IN Rs.
300
NET PRICE IN
Rs.
600
2
135
270
LED Strips
4
20
80
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Buttons
LDR Sensor
Jumping wires
Capacitors
Resistors
9.
10.
PCB Board
Soldering and developing
6
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
10
50
70
5
10
10
10
50
60
100
140
20
10
10
10
100
100
RS.1500/-
16x2 display
10 mF
1k ohms
100 ohms
550 ohms
QUANTITY
Total Cost
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5.3. ADVANTAGES V2V COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI:
The advantages of implementing this methodology are mentioned below:
➢ This technology provides Intelligent Transportation system.
• The V2V communication using Li-Fi provides assistance to driver.
• The safety travelling is ensured.
• The speed of transmission rate is very high. Thus, an efficient communication is
obtained between the vehicles.
• This technology helps in reducing the rate of accidents which is occurring day by
day.
• This technology of V2V communication helps in improving traffic management.
• The speed of the vehicle can be controlled using this technique.
• The behavior of the vehicle and driver can be known using this technology.
• Low cost solution for improving intelligent transportation system.
5.4. DRAWBACKS OF V2V COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI:
Although this project has many advantages, it poses some limitations as well.
• For vehicle to vehicle communication to work, human intervention is needed. The
driver is required to take some action. It is still in the early stages of development,
but there is lot of work to do for the self-automated vehicles.
• Malfunctioning of vehicles can lead to transfer of incorrect data. Further
development is needed to rectify these issues.
• High jacking of data or Misuse of the data is an act of privacy distraction.
5.5. APPLICATIONS OF V2V COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI:
The need of Li-Fi in the field of transportation is to enable an efficient communication
system between vehicles and ensure safety travelling.
• The V2V communication using Li-Fi technology is implemented in the Disaster
Management by calling a collision protocol if there are any accidents.
• The V2V LiFi system is still in its experimental phase towards the future of selfautonomous vehicle network.
The other real time applications include:
➢ Traffic ControllingSystem using V2V communication that is transmitting data
through traffic lights.
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➢ This technology can also be modified and can be introduced as Speed Tracking
System to acknowledge the speed of vehicle.
Other general applications of V2V communication are Location Tracking System, Anti
Collision System.
5.6. CONCLUSION:
We have presented a VLC system consisting of a Li-Fi transmitter and receiver that is
targeted at Vehicle to Vehicle applications, and introduced its characteristics and
capabilities.The main feature of this paper is the LIFI Technology. It transmits the data
faster and communication is happened quickly. The safety travelling is must for every
human. The accident death count is increasing day by day. For this reason we are creating
this project to provide safety travelling. In this effective way of designing a vehicle to
vehicle communication, avoids the chance of accident.
5.7. REFERENCES:
1. Ms. Sakshi Pawar, Ms. Shalini Jadhav, Ms. Aditi Kale, Ms. Kshitija Malode
“Vehicle to Vehicle Communication and Traffic Signal Controlling for Emergency
Vehicles using Li-Fi ", International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), Volume: 07, Issue: 12 | December 2020.
2. Gerardo Hernandez-Oregon, Mario E. Rivero-Angeles, Juan C. Chimal-Eguıa,
Arturo Campos-Fentanes, “Performance Analysis of V2V and V2I LiFi
Communication Systems in Traffic Lights”, [Research Article], Hindawi Wireless
Communications
and
Mobile,
Article
ID
4279683,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4279683, August 2019.
3. D.N.S. RAVI KUMAR & G NAGARAJAN, " VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
COMMUNICATION USING LI-FI TECHNOLOGY ", International Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume-119 No. 7, 2018, 519-522.
4. B. Shanmuga Priyan, R. Gowthamraj, G. Dineshwar ,Mr. J.T. ArunRaghesh
“VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION USING Li-Fi TECHNOLOGY BY
ANDROID SYSTEM”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume-119 No. 15, 2018, 1597-1601.
5. Shivaji Kulkarni, Amogh Darekar, Suhas Shirol, “Proposed Framework for V2V
Communication using Li-Fi Technology”, Proceeding of Second International
conference on Circuits, Controls and Communications, 978-1-5386-0615-5/17
©2017 IEEE, January 2017.
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