LAB ACTIVITIES 18A through 19
6th ed. (online2020)
BIO 210
Haugsness-White
Lab Activity #18A
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY of NEURAL TISSUE
& NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Directions: Given the two slides listed below, learn to recognize neural tissue and the neuromuscular junction
and to identify the cell types and structures listed for each. Figure numbers are provided for both the Martini
text, 9th ed. and your Hebert et al. atlas.
1. neural tissue (giant multipolar neuron smear)
F17L-3617
Martini 13.10;
Hebert 1.35-1.36
neuron (commonly called a ‘nerve cell’)
soma / cell body
dendrites
nerve fiber (dendrites or axons; you do not need to differentiate them histologically)
neuroglia (you do not need to differentiate the 6 different types of glial cells histologically)
Scope Magnification:
Документ1
1
2. myelin sheath
neuron
-
axon
myelin sheath
-
Schwann Cell
-
Node of Ranvier
Scope Magnification:
Ver6 (online 2020)
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LAB ACTIVITIES 18A through 19
6th ed. (online2020)
BIO 210 Haugsness-White
Lab Activity #18B
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron
Directions: Before you study histology images of medullated nerve fibers (the first ‘slide’ listed below), it
will be instructional to study the virtual neuron model. This allows you to take a macroscopic look at a
microscopic cell. Locate and identify the listed structures on the neuron cell model images posted in Canvas.
Figures are for Martini et al., 9th ed. & Hebert’s Photographic Atlas
Schwann cell
nucleus
myelin sheath – produced by the Schwann cell and composed of multiple wraps of the Schwann cell’s
phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
neuron
dendrites
soma / cell body
perikaryon – the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus
nucleus
axon hillock – the structural connection between soma and axon; action potential is initiated here
axon
(Q: Is it myelinated or unmyelinated on the model?)
synaptic terminal / terminal bouton – it can form synapses with either a soma or a dendrite, hence you
will find them ‘attached’ in both places on the model
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1. Medullated nerve fibers, teased (slide label name)
Hebert 1.37
Directions:.
Note: the word ‘medullated’ is synonymous with ‘myelinated.’ Locate the following structures on the slide.
myelinated axon
nerve fiber / axon
myelin sheath
node of Ranvier
Schwann cell
Magnification:
Ver6 (online 2020)
4
LAB ACTIVITIES 18A through 19
6th ed. (online2020)
BIO 210 Haugsness-White
Lab Activity # 19
GROSS ANATOMY of SPINAL CORD & SPINAL NERVES
Spinal Cord & Associated Structures
Directions: Locate and identify the structures listed below on all available spinal cord images in Canvas.
These may include images both of models and prosected cadavers.
Spinal Cord – full length
spinal cord
Martini 14.1, Hebert 5.38
cervical enlargement
lumbosacral enlargement
conus medullaris
spinal nerves
dorsal roots
dorsal root ganglia
ventral roots
cauda equina (composed of the roots of lower spinal nerves plus filum terminale)
spinal nerve plexuses
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
vertebral column
intervertebral foramen (only present when vertebrae are articulated)
Q: What function do these foramina serve? What happens when the disc degenerates and
the intervertebral foramen space is reduced?
vertebral canal (composed of successive vertebral foramina)
Q: What structures occupy this space? Be sure to consider the entire length of the vertebral
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canal.
Spinal Cord – partial length of cervical spine vs. lumbar spine
Martini 14.1
Note: These will be separate images depicting discrete lengths of the vertebral column & associated features.
vertebral arteries
Martini 22.12
Q: Can you name the foramina in the cervical vertebrae that these arteries pass through?
lumbar nerve plexus *
Martini 14.7
sacral nerve plexus *
* Note: These two plexuses are sometimes referred to jointly as the ‘lumbosacral plexus’.
dorsal ramus
ventral ramus
Q: Which ramus forms the four nerve plexuses? Is it the dorsal or the ventral ramus?
Spinal Cord in cross-section
Hebert 5.39 & 5.40
posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
central canal
Q: What type of neuroglial cell lines this space? What fluid fills it?
gray matter - organized into the following named structures:
posterior gray horn
lateral gray horn
anterior gray horn
anterior vs. posterior gray commissures
white matter - organized into the following named structures
posterior white column (funiculus)
anterior white column
lateral white column
dorsal root
“
“
dorsal root ganglion
ventral root
spinal nerve (formed when dorsal and ventral roots merge)
Q: Through what foramen does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal (spinal cavity)?
spinal meninges & associated spaces
epidural space Q: What tissue fills this space?
dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space Q: What fluid does this space circulate?
pia mater
Ver6 (online 2020)
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LAB ACTIVITIES 18A through 19
6th ed. (online2020)
BIO 210 Haugsness-White
dorsal ramus Note: This is not the same structure as the dorsal root. Rami carry mixed fibers:
sensory and motor. Q: What body region do they innervate?
ventral ramus Note: These rami will network to form the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral
plexuses. The dorsal rami do not contribute to any of the spinal nerve plexuses.
Spinal Nerves & Nerve Plexuses
Directions: Locate and identify the structures listed below on all available images in Canvas. These may
include images both of models and prosected cadavers. Be prepared to identify the listed nerves and to state
which plexus they arise from.
Arm with both muscles and nerves
cervical plexus (this plexus is not present on arm model)
Martini 14.8, 14.9
phrenic nerve (Note: This will not be visible on either model. Simply learn what plexus it
derives from and what structure it innervates (it’s not well illustrated in text))
brachial plexus (this plexus is only partially visible on the arm model; see also spinal cord with spinal
canal model; often visible on cadavers)
Hebert 5.28-29
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
ulnar nerve
median nerve
radial nerve
Leg with both muscles and nerves
lumbar plexus (this plexus is not present on leg model)
Hebert 4.37
femoral nerve
sacral plexus (this plexus is not present on leg model)
Hebert 5.32-33
sciatic nerve Q: What muscle does this originate above, below or through?
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
tibial nerve
Special Note: Figure numbers provided above reference the 9th edition of your Martini et al. Human Anatomy
textbook and A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology by Hebert et.al.
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3. Spinal cord and ganglion histology
Martini 14.2 & 14.3; Hebert 5.51
Directions: Locate and identify the following structures on a slide of the spinal cord.
posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
central canal
gray matter - organized into the following named structures:
posterior (dorsal) gray horns – contain sensory nuclei
lateral gray horns – contain visceral motor nuclei
anterior (ventral) gray horns – contain somatic motor nuclei
gray commissure
white matter - organized into the following named structures:
posterior white columns / funiculi
anterior white columns / funiculi
lateral white columns / funiculi
spinal meninges (look especially for the dura mater in this slide)
Magnification:
Ver6 (online 2020)
8