TIÃUSÃ
Charles H. Kraft. Ph.D.
Departhent of ÌjinguiÂtics, tlniaerrìty ol Cdl;lorn;d
iD â8ôociationwith
A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, M.A.(Cantab.)
Seníor Rsee'ch IAI@ ín AÍríaatu Stúdíí,!' St. AÌúons's Colwc,
o"Íod Unílcft;ts
,
IorncÌIy Ha oÍ tke DeIWtmmI oi LarqMg.s,
Ak'"'ià,r Bello Uniü.tsiv. zdria, N;seúú
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(
Pnnmcn
vll
PEnt ONn-IxrRoDUcrroN
I The llausa Language
2 Hausa Pronunciation f: Consonants and
Yowels
3 lfausa PronunciationfI: Toneantl fnbnation
7
13
Plnr Two-GneMMÂIr
4 GreeüingsI
õ Genderof Nouns
6 'To be': [ê, Gêand Kè nan
7 CompleüedAcüion
I The Genitival Link
9 PossessivePronouns
10 Specifiers-'This', 'That', 'These', ' Those'
ll Quantifiers
12 Subjunative Aspect and Commands
13 Non-aspeotYerbals; 'Yes' and,'No'
14 Inüransitive Yerbs
fã ftansitive Yerbs; ObjecüPronouns
16 The X'uture Aspectsand ZE.
l7 Relaters and Relational Nouns
l8 Continuative Aspecü
19 Verbal Nouns
20 The 'Relative' Aspecüs; Relative Constructions.
21 Interrogative and Indefinite Nominals
22 Noun Plurals
23 Adjectival Nominals ; Comparison
24 Âdverbial Nominals and Ïdeophones
25 Yerb ï'orrns
2g
27
32
36
41
46
õ1
67
61
66
7l
74
81
85
93
98
104
rl2
LzL
t29
r37
r45
26 The }Iabiüual Aspect; 'Auxiliary' Verbs;
Exclamations
27 LYses
ofAspects
28 Reduplicaüion
29 The RelatersSai and Dè
30 Prefixes and Suffixes
176
185
I92
P.En'r Tnnns -REFEBDNcD
3l GnietingsII
32 Numbers
33 Time
34 llone,v and llarketing
35 Farnily and Kinship'Ienns
36 Person-Àspecü
Pronounsand Pronoun Tables
37 l'erbals
38 Nominals
206
212
216
2r9
222
225
232
24L
Plnr Foun.-S uppr,DuoNl'anr*
ll.l,rr:nrers
39 Letter \{riting
40 Proverbs and Riddlcs
4l Addit'ional Conversations
42 Additional Texts
43 Bibliography
265
258
266
282
289
Panl' Frvr: --AppENDrcES
Ke.y to Exercises
Translaüionsof Dialoguesand Fables
Hausa-English Vocabulary
Engli sh-HausaYocabulary
303
317
982
373
r57
r67
helace
lV'ore it not for the facü that we have three matters to
teooÌd, no prefatory note would be necessaryin a volume
in the well-establishedTeach Yourself series.
First, a note on the history of the materials in this
Hausa grammâr. The original lessonswere used from
1962-1968 by l[r. Kirk-Greene in regular African
languagecoursesin the SummerSchoolsat the University
of ÕaliÍornia, Los Angeles, and for faculty and postgraduate classesat Ahmadu Bello University. A parallel
ãnd adrr*oced version was used by Dr. Kraft in his
e1sflif-sa,1ningcourses at Miohigan State University
between1964and 1968,and.at UCLA from 1968to the
present. On the experiencegainedfrortr this considerable
tosting period we have combined.and revised our €oÌrrse
materials. Since 1966,Dr. Krafb has worked'on the task
of incorporating them into the eventual text of Tea'ch
Yunsetf Eausa. If the found.ationsof this volume lie in
ühe orilinal work of one of us, the credit for the final
versionis essentiallythat ofthe other.
Secondly,a referenceto someof the distinotive features
of this Hausa grarÌrmar. In most existent grarg'mars1
ineufficient attention has been paid to ühe questions of
ma,rkingtone and vowel tength; we have given-special
attenüión to üheseessential aids to acquiring fl.uency.
suc\ *t tl9
The supplementary sections of the\ok,
refaenü-ial
rg{ing,
to
fuúher
gurde
bibliogffphical
and'-a
synopsis
lessonã,quick-look tables of grammaticaÌ
üwo-wayvocabulary of some 2000 words will pÌacg -the
studenüwho completesthis coursein a promising position
to sit formal examinationsin llausa and then, hopefully,
mqve to ühe field to put into practice whaü he has
learned at home. Again, we have sought to suppoú
VIII
PBEFACE
ühemorphologicaland syntactical analysis by a seriesof
[t4y dialogues and üypical situational oonversations,
11d, later on, of traditional fables, proverbs and stories.
'Where
the student has the advantageof working wiüh a
Hausa informant, he may conveniently haú these
conversation-pieoesread or recorded. But since .rre are
aware ühat, in ühe nature of the Teach Yourself series,
panl studenüs\rill initially be faced.with the problem of
liüerally teaching themselves, we have here and there
esoheweda-napproach ühat holds that grarnrnarsshould
be_purely descripüiveand.never prescrìptive, and. have
taken ad.vantageof our classexperiencewhere we have
found that a didactio 'Iaying dõwn of ühe basic rules,
is very often a helpful and áppreciated framework for
tho* bgginning üo learn an African language.
and most importantly, the achãwledgement
^Thir{y,
of-our
debüsof gratitude. To name all those-sclohrs
informants, reseãrchassisüants,rt"ar"t -*U"-ú;;;;;
readily co-operated in our work on this new ïlausa
course would be impossible. But we hope that if we
specify those to whom our greatest thanl<Àfor informaüion, explanalion and clarificaüion goes, and. happily
d.edicateour book to all students of Hausa, be they
Nigerian or otherwise, past or fuüure, we shaÌl havL
achievedour aim of due aclrnowÌedgement. Those to
whom our special thanks are due ú"lud" ilIr. X'. W.
Parsons,Readerin Hausa at the Schoolof Oriental and
African Studies,Universiüyof London, whoseexhaustive
commentson the text were so helpful and upon whose
scholarly analysesof Hausa verbs and noun plurals we
have leanedso heavily; Dr. D. \ry. Arnott, Piofessorof
West African Languagesat the Univemity of London,
for_hp suggestedimprovements; Messrs.G. P. Bargery
and R. C. Abraham, whosemonumentaldictionarieJw-e
rarely turned to in vain ; the numerousand enthusiastic
süudentsregisteredfor our respectivecoursesover the
u(
PBDI'ACE
yoars; our various researchassistants,Yahaya Ali-Iu:
Benjamin Ishaku, SalisuAbubakar, Ibrahim W'ada,Sani
Abdullahi, Katherine (Powers) cte BIii and Marguerite
O. Kraft; and our üypists, Jean Gorman and.Dorothy
Pelton, who have dealt so nobly with a language quite
sürangeto them. In hoping that this book may be a
helpfiil contribution to the learning of one of the two
moÉt important languages of A.frica, we conclude-by
remind.ing our readers of ühe Hausa proverb Kàràtü,
lsrkonkà-madÈcl,Sarshenkòzumt: it may be bí,aern
sud,y hn the enil is sweet.
be,gi,n
Crunr.ps H. Knnrr, Ph.D.
Departmenüof Linguistics,
University of California at Los Angeles
in associationwith
A. H. M. Krm-GnEENE,M.A.
Sü.Antony's College,Oxfortl
r973
Paú One
Inhoduction
LessonI
The Eausa lranguage
l. Hausa hisüorically is primarily the name of a language
rather than of a people. By extension,iü has cometo be
usêdto describethe majority group of northem Nigerians,
linkeil by a senseof uniüy basedon a contmonlanguage,
history and.customs. Eühnically, however, there exists
someheterogeneity within this group, and.religion-wise
there are a few Christian and.animist Hausa as well as
Mustim Hausa.
2. The present-day Hausa people originate from the
Eausõ Bakwài, ühe seven historioal states of Kano,
Katsina, Daura, Zazzaa(Zana), Biram, GobiÌ and.Rano,
which form the nucleus of ühe Kano, Noúh Central and
Noúh-wesüem states of Nigeria and of the contiguous
flourished some
portion of Niger Republic. These
"tqttt
to
100 years ago; Kano city is reputed. be a thousand
years old. At the beginning of the nineteenth oentury,
the X'ulaniof Sokotoinoorporatedthe governmentsof the
Eausõ Bakwài into the Sokoto empire, the foundation of
the poliüical enüity recognized.up to 1966asthe Noúhern
Re6ãonof Nigeria. The kingdom of Bornu, along with the
remainder of present-day Noúh-eastent, Benue-Plateau
and Kwara states, remained ouüsid.ethe mainstream of
Iïausa and later X'ulani influence.
Thoseancient stateswhere Hausa was spoken,but noü
as a moühertongue, were known as ühe Banzõ Bakwü,
the seven'illegitimate' ones. They included.such areas
as florin (Yoruba), Nupe, Yauri, Kebbi, Kwararafa
(Jukun),Gwari and Zamfara. GwõrÍis aterm stillused.to
rofer oontemptuouslyto one who haltingly stammersout
4
HAusa
pidgin-Hausa : Bògwõri nìi. Its opposite, the flattery
given to a foreigner who speaksfluent l{ausa,, is yõ iyà
ausô kàmar iàHr Kanò, Ìiterally he spealcsHawa I,ilr
a Kano Mby.
The Kano dialect is that norrnally
acoeptedas ' súandard' Hausa for teaching purposes,and
is the one preferredin this book.
3. The Hausa languageis generally recognizedto be the
largebt'!V'estAfrican language. X'ifteenüotwenty million
-'peopÌe can claim Hausa as üheir mother-tongue wiüh
some üen million non-native speakers demonstrating
varying degreesgf competencein the language. It is the
predominant languageof the noúhern süatesof Nigeria
and of neighbouring Niger Republic. Sizable llausaspeaking communities (often itinerant and trading) are
alsofound in nrany of the major cities of West, Noúh and
Equátorial Africa.
trn the former Noúhern Region of Nigeria up to 1966,
Hausa shared.with English the status of 'ofroial'
languageand both were wriüten into the constitution. In
1964 ühe Noúhern House of Assembly considered.the
adoption of llausa as the only language of business
throughout the Government and in the Ìegislature.
Regulations üowardsimplementing this were introduced
'Without
buü were rescindedin early 1966.
a knowledge
of Hausa, however, it is awkward to move very far from
norühernNigeria's urban oirclesand difroult üocommunicate effectively wiüh any but the English-speakingelite.
4. Hausa is classified.by Greenbergas a member of ühe
Chadic group of the Âfroasiatic family of languages.l It
is, therefore, more olosely related genetically üo Arabic,
T{ebrew, Berber and other members of ühe Afroasiatic
1 See Greenberg, J. H., The Langua4eo oJ Afríca.
fndiana : Indiana University, 1963.
Bloomington,
5
'fln EAUsaLl,Ì{GuÂGE
fmily than are mosüof üherest of the languagesof.*"!Êúaian Afrioa. To this extent Hausa is not a 'typical'
Afrioan language.
The conõeptual framework of the Hausa-speaking
peoples expressedthrough the language is, however,
ãenitit"ty African and beãrs a closerelationship Q-!hú
erpressed through more 'typically' A-frican Nig"tKõritofanian languagesto the south of Hausa.
The cultural inflúenoe of the Near East upon t'he
Hausapeopleis,however,quitepromìnentandis reflected
in the language. The influence of Muslim thought and
oulture may Uesaid to permeaüeqlny asperts of H3,19a
life and lairguage. Borrowinç of goncepts (especially
nligious andphílosophioal) and vocabulary are recognizrble et every üurn.
As one reiult of early Muslim influence, Ilausa has a
literary tradition pxtoniling back severalcenturiesbefore
oonüsú with'lV'estern cultúre. Ilausa wasfiÏst wriüten'in
rn Arabio script lnown as òiòml. Today this repr-esentation of ühe language is l*.g"Iy restrioted to Muslim
rcholars, divineslmãtUai) and their Korania schools,
hsving beensupersededfor mosüpurposesby üheRoman
rcriptlminus tle diacritics) whirh is used'in this book.
is available in
"d brge amounü of prinüed,literature
Ilousa, ana a variety of periodicals have appearedover
tüe years, aü least üwo of which are still produoed
rqgd;dy. X'oremosüamong the secular producers of
Hãus" iiterature has been the Gaskiya Corporation,
?nna. In recent years, however, ühe Noúhern Nigeria
Publishing Corporation at Zaria has emerged as the
prinoipal publis-herof Hausa texts. The weeHy newsiapet'Gaíhiao Ta Fi' Kwabis ühemosüprominenüof the
Ha:ot" periodicals,and is supporüedby a relaüively large
numbei-when comparedüo the number of publications
in oühervernacularJ--of books prinüed in Roman script
and publishedby various oommeroialand missiongroups
in Noúhern Nigeria. Since it^s removal to Kaduna in
1966, however, iü has failed to retain ühe süandard
oúhography (especiallywith respect to the 'hooked'
letters), and should not, thereforg be imiüated by those
siüting for formal Hausa languageexaminaüions.-
Lesson2
and
EarrsaPronunoiration
[ : Consonants
Vowels
l. Twenty-one written s;tmbols will be employed. to
represent the twenty-four llausa consonanüs(three of
the consonants,sh, ts and 'y, are representedby double
letters).l The following chaú provides a fairly accurate
indication of ühe soundsof sixteen of these consonants:
b as in bag: bõbü,bàbba,bàH2
o as the ch in church: can, cikà, màcè
ü as in dag: ilon, bàdükÈ,ak,rõ
g as in gooil (nevet as in gzsú): guilü, gërõ, ilõgõ
h as in hat: naã, habà,rahi
i as inyoü: iEwõ,kuiÌirô, ilH
k as in king: kàtë, kúkâ, kõwõ
I as in lilw: lildã, lallê, lãfivà
m as in mrrni môtà, nakõyi, üõmõ
n as in rnt: ntmi, hannü, nlsa
s as in sorit: sanyi rani, Eausô
rh as in shut: shlga,shã,tõshl
t as in ün: tàfl, têbüt, frtõ
w as in win: watí, wuÍi, rowõ
y as in yet: ydtó, hanyõyÍ,yunwà
z as in zero: zrrwà,zõf,, küzõ
r The letters q, o a;nd.c are not used in llauea except somotimes in
the epelling of foreign names. The lettor p is eometimes seon as e non'
whic\
rtandard rãpresentótion of tho sound regularly_wrtt!"
however, ofton sounds moro like Englishp than Engliú/. "ÚThe sound
representod in English by qz ocourq regula'rly in Hauss worde, but is
wriüten kw.
I See pages$-ll and 14forexplanations ofthe diacritical marks.
I
rAUSA
2. The remainder of the consonants require special
tneatmenü.
t soundsvery much like tÀe EnglishJ but is produced
between the lips raüher ühan betúeen-ühelowei lip and
upper teeüh as in ühe English/. Often, too, {ausa I is
pÌonoUncednearer the English p, e.g. ElI, lã,fiyü, üüa,
lõtl, Íari. fn some words it is inüerohangeablewiüh h,
e.g. tudulhudu, tsfuõ/bõhõ.
t is"a glottal catch like that which precedeseach vowel
in English exolamationssuoh.asoh-ohot uh-uh. fn Hausa
t is written when iü occurs in ühe midüe of a word, e.g.
õ'ü, nà'am. Every word beginningwith a vowel iu Hausã
actually süaús with a glottal oatch, buü ühis, since iü is
predicüable, is noü wriüten either in ühe ofrcial oúho$aphy or in this book, e.g. aiki, òalalõ,i.
'y is a very rare Hausa sound which consisüsof y
preced.edby a gloüüalcatch, e.g. 'yô'võ, 'yalsà.
The consonants6, d, & and ts are known üechnicallyas
glotnliznil consutants. Thaü is, each is produced *ith a
simultaneous glottal catoh and released with a rather
explosive quality to iü. The 6 and d, in addition, are
often producedimplosively, i.e. with üheair streampulled
into the mouth rather than expelled from ühe mouüh as
with I and ts. In the schoolsof Hausaland ühe letüers
represenüingthesesoundsare referredüoaslnolwil,letters.
6 is like b, but with a simultaneousglotüal catch and.an
explosivequality to the release,e.g. ôõrõ,Iê6ìi,ho6à.
d is like il (though the tongue position is a bit farther
back), buü with a simultaneous glòtüal catch and an
explosivequality to the release,e.g. dõkì, daya, kudi.
& is like k, but with a simultaneousglottal catch and.an
explosive,click-like quality to the release,e.g..ÊõfÈ,zõff.
ts is }ike s, but with a simultaneousglotüal catch, an
explosive quality to the releaseand.,for many speakers,
an initial ú sound,e.g. tsõfi, yãtsà,tsütsà.
r is either a short trill or a flap which often sounds
EAUSA PBONUNCIÂTION I: CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
9
much like an l. Though marny Hausa speakers will
maintain a distinotion bãtween ühe two t sounds, consistently employing ole in certain words and the oüher
ia other **ãt,ïn""p-oesses of linguistic changehave so
afrectedthe useof thesesoundstha-tit is ofüenimpossible
to predicüaccuately which r will be employed'in a.given
woid. The majoriüy of Hausa speakersempfoy a trilled' r
before most cônsonants (except labial and' velar), e.g.
murnà ;- in final position, e.g. har ; regularly in words
borrowed from oüher languages,e.g. barkà' ka'ràt!;
and in a relatively small number of other rvord's. The
flap r occurs in most other contexts. The student is
eúouraged to discover what the pattern followed !y lit
informaãt is, and.to learn to employ that pattern in his
own speech.He may find it convenientto aclda tilde (Í)
throulhout these lessons to inclicate when the trill
occurJin his informant's speech. The present authors
have weighed the relative merits of consistently indicating the differencebetweenthe two r sound.sthroughout
theie lessonsand felt that it would be lessconfusingto
omit suchindication here.
3. Hausa makes use of five shoú and five long vowels.
However, only fi.ve written symbols are used'in Hausa
literature to rôpresentthese ten sounds. It is, therefore,
necessaryto supplement the acceptedwriting systern in
order toenable ihe studenüto lirrow which sound is to
be employed in a given word. Long aowelswill thus be
indicaleòin theselessonsby the presenceof a macron(õ)
abovethe letter. Vorvelswith no macron are therefore
ehoú.
Due to the wid.ed.ialectaldifferencesin the pronturciation of English vowels, iü is very diffioult to illustrate
Hausa von'els unambiguously by employing Eugliú
words. The following attempt to do so is only a general
guide and. must not therefore be depended.upon too
10
FÂUSÂ
heavily. The student nrust do his besüto imiüate his
informant's production of the vowel sound carefully,
u'hether or noü the English illustration of the Hauãa
sound given below is accuratefor his dialect. He may
later frnd. iü profiüable to substitute oüher English (oï
non-English) key-words for those given below.- fn any
evenü,the-long vowels (ã, ë, i, õ, ú) are always . pure,
vorvelsin Hausa, unlike -English where they úe uiually
phorietic_dipÌ_rllongs
(technicallyknown as glides).s The
student shouldkeepthis basicdifferencebetweenHausa
1ld English.vowelsin rnind as he refers to the English
'l<ev-u'ords'below.
a most frequenülyasimilar to the u inbutter, cuff:
habà, àllõ, tàfr
ã similar to ainfar, car,psalm: rãnõ, lõtò, tàfi
e similar to e in bet,check: fensb, màcè,gôbe
3 'Ihe student unaware of this characüeristic
of English pronunciation might profitably watch his lips in a mirror as-he pronounces
slorvfy a word such as hope ot lgaf, He will note that as hõ completes
the vowel segment of iho word iris lips becomo more tighüly pursed
into a rr-like position in enticipatioÀ of the final labial coíeãnant.
This pr-ocess_ie
technically known ag a oouel,gli,ile,and, these word.s
are spelled phoneüically liowp and towf to indícate-the fact that the
vowel segrnentin-ühem is a cìmplex oi o plus tr,l. Lees easily observ_
able buü nonethelesereal vowef glides oôcur on mosü othõr ,lonE'
vowels in
as well. The vorvel ínfect, for example, involvee"a
-{lglishforward
sliding (gliding)
of the tongue inio o y position (phoneticallv
spelled,/iy{} as does that in rate (phonebicalJ.j reyt). Likewise thL
vowol in .for-involves a tongue glide which-ma! 'b" phoneticallv
represented by an ll (e.g- fa,H oí yaUry. The púnt is-that Hausá
vowels are not characterized by-this'type of , diphthongizing,.
Hausa long vou'els are, thereforõ, phone[iãally repr.ôsentabïeafoo
rather Lhan ow, ii, ruther than iy, aaralher thin aH, az rather than
uu, ee rather than ey. The E'glish learner of Hausa must, therefore,
give some attention to keeping his lips still as he prorìuces a
Ha rqa õ _o_rü, and his tongue-in its itarting posiúioir when he
produces Hausa Í, ë and ã, regardlessof the con-soìantthat follows.
a
. fn proximi_ty t! V or i, a is ofterr pronounced as short €. ê.A.
yànzursai. Other slight variations also occur in the pronunciâtiú
of a. The student should be on.the lookout for them and seek to
imitate the natirc speaker'sltroduction at all times.
EAUSÀ PRONUNCIATION I: CONSONANTS AND VO1VELS
II
I similer to o in ralÊ,nú,te,ilnÍp: lõôài,sõmü, têbür
I similar to i in Nn, W: eihì, sidõ,idò
klfi, shl, rigô
I simibr to e rn-slw,Íd,
(very
short) : Bellò
in
fuy
to
o
o similar
goa,l:
ilõÊ, tuwõ, mõtà
õ similar to o in opm,
n similar to ühevolrel infoot, pttú: ukü' mütüm,
dubE
: súnõ, tìilt, hìilõ
ü similar to oo in bot, root,úooú
l. Shoú vo$'elsarc Ewnt'itatü)elyslwrwr in duration than
as well. Thâü
lmg vowelsand.very often differ *q*W
b, Í a grven shoú vowel requires a ceúain length of
üme to be produced, its long counterpaú may requir€
ttioe as much time. The facü thaü a grven vowel is
üoú rather than long may also be signalletl (especially
in olosed syllables) by ühe facü ühat t'he shoú von-el
etnìk difrerenü from its long counterparü. Thus, ühe
üterence between tàfi, go aw&y, and tàfi, Tnlm of the
lffii{ is signalled boüh by the difrerencesin the actual
Lngth of tLe two a's and by the fact ühat they ' sound''
dlffãrent (i.e. have a difrerent phonetio quality)ü, In addition to the ton vowels, there are in Hausa two
üphthongs. Theseare combinations et a short o plus y
os u whioh occur in a ginglesyllable. They are, however,
nitten as si and au:
tl ueually approximates the u in cu'ff f y: kôi' nai ;
or the enbd + y: sai,zôi
lr usually apprõximates the u in atpt * w: Êauyè,
lru!Ì.
t. Tho süudenüshould always keep in mind the facüthaü
r hnguage is made up primarily of sov'nls rather than
rritten symbols. Wriúten symbols are used in ühis book
mly as guiaesto the spokensoundsof the Hausa langurgt, not as an end in themselves.
12
EAusa
The fptc_m of wriüten symbols here employed is
designed
toìe as-tme a guide as p,ossibleto tËe ipoken
lranguage. Therefore, emh winut-syrnbol, repnaenísone,
and,only one,mmninqful, undt of swnd,ín Hãwa.
Lesson3
Eausa PronunciationII : Tone and
Inüonation
rl. No language is known to be spoken without the
rystematic-usá of pitch distinctions in addiüion to the
disüinctionsbetweenthe various vowels and.consonants.
English, for example,is characterizedby a very intricaüe
intonational system(the specificsof the systemvary from
dialect to dialect) in which pit'ch distinctions play a
major paú.
Á laige propoúion of the world's languages-including
all but- a very few African languages--employ piüch
lonally rather than intonationally. This is Ít,usagequite
distinct from that of English. Suchlanguagesare linown
6s tunelnngmges. Hausa is a üonelanguage.
Each Hausa syllable consists of a given set of consonants and. vowels plus an assignedüone. Each word
must, therefore, be learned and pronounced' with its
proper tone pattern as well as its proPer vgwels 1nd
óonsonants.lIn order to facilitate proper learning, and to
avoid.ambiguity, we have consideredit helpful to employ
aocentmarks in this book to ind.icateüheproper tone of
eaoh syllable. In ühe üraditional orthography (which
does noü ind.icate either tone or vowel length), for
I It is impoúant to observe that tone and tone paltern are-termg
employed tõ designate a system-which employs p-itch distinctions in
a rôlaõive mannei-not in an absolute manner like notes in music..
Different speakers, e.g. men and women, have different ^voice
pitches and- these mav be varied for emotional reaeone. It is the
;elqtiae 'únteroa|betweãn succeggivesyllables of speech that do-üermines the tonal (and intonational)-patterns being employed in
language, not t}le absolute pitch on which these apeech segments
fall.
t4
example, the spelling iibi represent two distincü words
11- th" .spelÌing fitó represõnts three distincü words,
differing in tone (seebelow).
2. In Hausa there are two tone levels (termed.hi,gh and,
laut), and a less frequent combination'of high and low
resultingin afalling [one. Thesetonesare noü-necessarily
assignableto absolute pitch levels such as those of 'a
musical scale, but rather are important becausethey
contrast with each otl.r in a systõmatic way within the
fanguage, Thaü is, Hg,gsahigh tone is of importance
becauseit contrasts with low tone to accoundfor the
difrerencein meaning betw_een
ryords like jÍbi, iloy ofu
ts
and iibi, a mml, or between fltõ, cor;" 'urt,
-rruorrsw, and
Ãtà,ferryinç
fltõ, guinnacorn beer.
3. In ühisbook the grave accenü(.) is employed.over the
vowel of the relevanü syllable to indicaie h* t*r.
A
h,tgh-tonesyllable is signalled by the absenu of any tone
marlcover the vowel. The circümflex (^) accónt órru"
vowel indicates a falliny-tane syllable (i.e. one which
"
r.tltr. high
falls to low). A few examplesof words
-an!.
difrering only
in tone are:
a cry
kükõ
kükò
baobabtree
inside
cikÍ
cikì
stomach
yô tàÊ vâ tàff he will go
he went
(paúicle of assent)na'àm nÈ'am (r.ply to a call)
4. Hausa also has an intsnational,system. This system
involves tìe specifying anq modifióation of the"pitch
levels in the tonal system. Hausa intonation appliãsto
whol,euüerances,not to each syllable as is the casewith
tone.
.While g"e:y syllable has its own tone, the specific
pitch level of eachsyllablein an utteranceis determined
EAUSA PR,ONUNCIÁTION II: TONE AND INTONATION
15
by the intonational system in accordance with the
pósition of the given syllable in the utterance. The tonal
lattern of a wórd determineswhether the pitch-of_the
Ëylable is the same, higher or lower than the pitoh of
tLe immediately preceding and following syllables in
the utterance. The intonational system specifieshow
much difrerence there will be between contiguous
with different tones.
syllables
The total pitch component(tone plus intonation) of a
Hausautterancecan be convenientlydescribed'in terms
of five pitch levels.2Thesecan be numberedfrom 1 to 5,
with l ieferring to the lowest and õ to the highest pitch
level.
a-
õ. The mosü characüeristic type of Hausa intonation
may be temed ileclnratúte 'í,ntonation. Ihis type of
intónation has a generally !.escend.ingpitch pattern and
may be represented.on a chart as follorÍs :
ga dõ
Bàbansòyõ shlgadõkln Auilü. X'ather-hishe entered
room-of Audu.
The first high tone in a declarative pattem is on pitch
leveÌ 5. The next low is on pitch 3, the next high on 4,
2 See eleo lIodge, Carleton T., Hatno
Couree, Pp. 3 ff-' and
-Basi,c
Kraft, Charles IIi, and Marguerito G., Spolcm Hauso: Introìhrctory
Coueâ. An annotated bibliography wilt be found on pages 289 ff'
(Leseon 43).
IIAUSA
16
AND NÜONÀTIOìÍ
EAUSA PRONTTNCIATION II: TOND
etc. The pattern, therefore,is to drgp two-stepsfrom,a
high to a lãw, and to climb one step from a low to a high,
Uu--twith two qualifications :
(i) An initiat low tone will be on level 3 and the following
high on level S.
(ii) AEnal low will drop to level l, evenif the utterance
is not long enough-to force iü there, but will go no
lower than level 1.
j
intartn;ti'onis of two üypes:
6. InÍ,errogattiae
(a)' When the utterance inolud.esno intero-gaüi-ve.1ord,
'
the last high tone will i,t-p to 1 prlch-lwel at leasü
one step higher than the pitch level of the previous
high-tone sy[able. Often, !n fact, ühewhole utterance
is"pitcnea ón a higher leveltìan in the goTespgSqlg
stitement. If th; finat syllable is high, it will slur
from the very high level to a level aü least one step
lower. A foilóïvinã low tone (if present)*ill -.l"opg"ly
one step rather túan all ühe way down to level 1 as
in the declarative Pattern:
tii
Sunà aiki në.
Eani tã0yà.
They are working.
You are well.
w91diü
(b) 'lVhenthe uüteranceinclud'esan interrogative
modúcaühe d'eclarative paütem with two
"-pfãyt
tions :
(r) The wholc uüterancemay be on a slightly higher
pitoh.
tq'ï;r
high-tone syllable becomesa-falling slur
(ii)
leasü'one step lowert If the final
ú*l'at
;
"
it * to* tone, thó second modifrcation
;;úúiè
doesnoü aPPlY.
nõ ai
z8
õ
-+.f
zor
4
3i,
yaushc
k1'
',
o
l1
,'l
,
.t
I
lr
2
I
hõ sida?
Kanà lãôyà ?
Are you well ?
Sunà aiki në P
Are theY working ?
Theseutterances as statements (deolarative intonation) would be asfollows, in conürastwith the interrogative patterns above:
ï[ow'g (your)
familY ?
Yòushèza-}lt nõ?
Wh"o will you
come?
Ìne aiÊ f
How'g-(Your)
work?
emplolgdwhen.usinga Wrryi1
7. Vomtfue'inÍ,onniion,
as üIraÚ
him' is ühe same
name or title in adclressing
described under 6 (ó) above :
EAusapnoNrrNcrarroNrr: ToNDÀNDrNToNÂTroN
Sònnu,Müsõ.
çlsefings,
Musa.
I{õ gaishêLà, dõlìbl.
f greet you,
student.
Sànnu,Auilü.
Greetings,
Audu.
8. Slressis also presenüin Hausa, buü is noü nearly as
impoúant in Hausa as in English. The süudent musü,
however,learn to recognizeand imiüate the stressas well
as the pitch pattern of each utüerance. The following
generalizationsconcerningHausa stressmay be helpful:
(i) Difrerences in stress alone do not accounü for
differencesin meaning betweenwords.
(ii) Süressgenerally,though by no meansalways,falls on
syllablespossessinghigh tone (as excepüionsnote ühe
following-the und.erlinedsyllable üakesthe süress:
mòcè eê,it,í,sa woìn/ún;$wõ àkgàti, brúnqthebw).
(iü) lVhen a seriesof high-tone syllables is followed.by a
low tone, the high-tone syllable immediately preced.ingthe low syllable carriesgreater süressthan the
precedinghigh syllablesunlesssucha sllable is both
word-final and possesses
a shoú vowel (e.g. lta oè,
ü is slnl.
9. The impoúance of mastering ühetone and intonaüion
paüternsof Hausa oannoübe overemphasized.To ' learn '
Hausa words and.longer uüteranceswithouü üaking the
trouble to acquire the proper pitch pattern suggestsan
indifrerence by the speakerthat indicates d.isrespecü
or
19
evenignorance.ForeignershaveinsultedHausa-speakers
too long by simply carrying their own intonational
patterns over inüo Hausa. ft is an everlasting tribute to
the patience and kindnessof the Hausa peoplethat they
have not only put up with such carelessnessbut even
learned to understand some of the things we have
attempted. to say in our bastardized form of their
language!
The tone pattern of each word is fully as integral to it
as are the vowelsand consonants,and iü must be as completely mastered. It is for this reasonthaü the effort has
beenmad.eto indicate the tone and vowel length of each
Hausa syllablein this book.
Paú Two
Ora,mma,r
Lesson4
GreetingBI
l. In llausa society, greetingsare usuaüy *o*:,th?o,,*
rauoasual'hello' or nodd'ed'morning -r.hjy are ttre
mark of couúesy and good maPeri' " L)rüêrenü4-e9ungs
;"itt for d.ifrerónt dões of the day and for differenü
given
activities. The more commonof ühesógreetingsare
õr'
bolow. Other impoúanü greetingsare grvenrn Lesson
at
2. The following greetings can be use'l with anyone'
any time.
npW
Greeüng
yâuwô, sànnu
sònnu
hello
hello
(kàdai)
I'm fine
lau
lãfiyà
aÍe you well ? lõüvi ?
there is no
gàiivi
hods (yoru) rnõ gàiiYàe bô
tiredness
tiredness?
I'm thanHul
how'g (yo,r") lnõ siti ? +ikì üa
for iü
sõdivõ
work ?
fine
how's (your) trõ giüõ ? lõflyü
familY ?
tnõ tàb6tì ? (übari)sai
what's [he
'
all is rsell
òlhêti
news ?
tò mõitülã
fine
see
seeyou later sai an iimü yâuwõ, sai an okaY,
You later
iinà
such
3. A typical greeting situation wiìl include some
following
The
as thlat tistá in section2 above.
;;"#;
greetings ?P substitutable for the firsü
;;;;õãtã
in the above
O""r g'and 4) or"ühetaãt ltine 5) greeting
list when aPProPriate:
24
IIAUSA
(o) Morning greetings
Greetúnq
how did you sleep?
did you sleepwell ?
VOCABULÂRY
R ply
inã kwõnã ?
kwal lõOvà?
(ó) Midilay and afternoongreetings:
Greet'dng
how's (your) day ?
tnõ wunì ?
5. Paúing greetings:
Greet'i,ng
seeyou later
sai an iimà
sai sõbe
sai wani tõkàci
lõfiyà
lãfiyà
fine
fine
Rqlv
lõüvÈ fine
4. Greetingsfor specialsituations:
Greeting
greetingsat (your)
sàranuità aikì
work
greeti-ngsat (your)
sònnudò zuwà
oommg
greetings(on entering süõmü àlaitün
ahome)
seeyou tornorrow
seeyou sometime
(soon)
unüil morning
until evening
2ó
OBEETINGS I
Repl,y
yâuwã,sànnu
yâuwõ, sònnu
yâuwô, àlaikà
sàlãmü
Reply
yâuwã, mü iimà
rlà yawà
yâuwã, sai gòbe
Vâuwã, sai wani
lõkàci
yâuwã,sai ilà sõfë
Vâuwõ,sai ilà
yâmmã
seeyou someday sai wata rãnô
Vâ1wl, sai wata
rana
A commonalternative reply to any of thesegreetingsis :
tô AUà yà kai mü may Godbring it about (tit. okay,
may God take us [to that time])
to which one respondsin turn :
Èmin may it be so
sai rlà sõlë
sai ilà yâmmã
tYotwí,nals
sikì
AUà
au jimà
'rvork
God
after a *-hile (this is actually a verbai construction butoften functionsas a nominal)
tiredness
home, household
tomorrow
where ?, irow ?
period. of night
news
health, rvell-being
tirue
morning
early evening; rvest
eàiivà
girtã
gèibe
lnõ
kwãnã
Êbõü
lãfivà
lokàci
sãtê
yâmmã
wani (rn.),
wata (/.) a certain, a
period of claylight
wunì
Particles
Yerbals
àmin
thereisnofnone
tâ, bebir
n'ait a while
iimà
alà
carry, take,
kai
mõitàllã
convey
s8i
sànnu
ròYtô
&men,may it be
so
rvith, and
splendid,thank
yo:u(lit.
thanl<sbe to
God)
until, except
greetings
well, okay
yâuwõ/
yâuwa r fine, okay
1 The low-tono form tÈi and the form yÊuwa (with the short final
vowol) only occur if no pause (indicated in these lessons by a
comma) ocóurs between these particles and a following word.
26
Dialngue
BeIlò I Sànnuilà zuwà, Isã.
lse : Yôuwõ,sànnu.
.Bellò lne geiivàr
&e: Bô gàÍivà.
Bellò lna aikì ?
lsc :
Bellò
Ise :
AikÌ aròsòdivs.
lne tàterir
tàbtuf sai àlhêrt.
Bellò : Tò mõitàllõ.
lse : Kwal tãfiyÈ ?
Beüò Lõüvà.
be: Ìnã giitõ ?
Bellò Í,õÊyÈlau 2
lse : Tò mõilàllã. gai gìite.
Bellò Tô Atlà yà kai mü.
Ise : ì,.i"
t LSu is on eurphasizing particle equivalcnt
to . very well ,.
Lesson 5
Oenilerof Nouns
l' All singular nouns are eiüherurasculineor feminine.
Thereis ng neuter in Hausa.
2. Most nolrnsendingin -a areferninine. ilIa.ny,however,
are masculine. Following a e soÌneof the ÌÌÌore conÌmon
nounswhich have a final -a but are masculine:
gialõ home,compound
ruwõ water
wüsõ1 game
watl moon, rnonüh
sünõ
güsõ
ôõrõ
nõmà
naÌne
bucket
tnouse
meat
'Words acceptedlymale and femalethings, regardfor
3.
less of their final vowels, expressthe erpected gender.
(SeeLesson6 for use of nõ wiüh masculinenominals,cÕ
with feminine.)
üütüm nê.
üàoè cê.
8â nê.
Zàkorü në.
It
It
It
It
is a man.
is a wom&n.'
is a bull.
is a rooster.
4. No genderdistinction is madein the plural. Ifõ is used
wiüh all plural nominals,evenif they refer to fernales.
Môtõ nìi.
3ëràyë nè.
JõkunÈnë.
They &re$/omen.
They are mice.
They are donkeys.
r But this ig fominirre in gome eroog.
28
HÀusÂ
õ. f'lre coÌllnìorìÌrÍì,lrres
of nrost auiruals,though gremmntica.llyeitherrnasculineor felninine.referto cithe-rsex.
3êrõ nà.
lt is a raü (eithersex).
Giwõcè.
It is an elephant(eithersex).
Àkwiyà cc.
It is a goat lcither sex).2
Tunktyãcè. It is.a õh"ep{eithcr sex).z
6. Thenanìesof towrrs,countriesl
aud rivcrs a,tefeminine.
Niiérivà
Fòransà
InstlÀ
Amirkà
trwârò
Nigeria
X'rance
Englanrl
America
River Niger.
Binuwài
Ìtto
Konôi
Sskkwato
Bauci
River Ilenue
Lagos
Kano
Sokoto
Bauchi
7. A ferninineof nìârìy llouns referring to personsor
anirnalsand of mâny adjectival nourinalJmay-lyuformed.
by changingthe masculineendingas follows':
(a) A final -õ or -ú to -uwõ :
tsõto(lr.)
old pemou
dôsõ(m.)
tall persorr
tsuntsü(na.)
bird
(ü) A final -c to -Ìyã :
Bàhaushè(ru.) Hausaperson
Bàl6rabë(m )
Arab
8àtürê (rn.)
white nrarr
shegë(rn.)
bastard
(c) A final -i to -lyõ :
maiàmi (2ru.) tauner
dãtibi (rn.)
studerrt,
mahàili (ru.)
parent
tsõluwã(/.)
ilõsuwõ (/.)
tsuntsuwõ(/.)
GENDER OF NOUNS
or to a high tone -õ :
donkey
iàkÍ (ra.)
braveperson
iõrüni (rc.)
gwàni (na.)
expert
mâlèm(i)(za.) teacher
student
dãllbi (za.)
majêmivã(/.)
dãlibtvã (/.)
mahaiftvõ(/.)
2 Llnloss thc trrirual refeu.ctl üo is lilros.n t.o bo rnale,
in rvhich casc
bhe rr'<rlds tàEõ, rr^, and bünsurú, he çJoal,are ugod.
iàte y.1
iõrünã (/.)
swànõ (/.)
mãIèmâ(/.)
dâUbã(/.)
8. Somenoüns, especiallykinship terms, may be either
masculineor feminine :
kàkõ grandfatheror grandmother
iikà grandsonor granddaughter
àutã youngestbrother or sisüer
VOCÂBULARY
Nuninals
òkwivà (/.)
Anirkè (/.)
BàtuÌè,
ôÕrõ
daubi(pl.
dànb8i)
siJã (/.)
süsõ
Ingllà (/.)
Bàhaushtyõ(/.)
Bàtãrabtvõ(/.)
Bàtürìvã(/.)
shesÌvã("f.)
29
iàrd
kikõ
K8nò (/.)
nàcè (/.)
goat
America
white man
mouse,rat
student
elephanü
bucket
England
donkey
grandparenü
Kano
(ptr.mõtõ) woman,wife
màcè * -r
: màtar. . . wifeof...
teacher, Mr.
mõlàm
nè/pènc1
mënênë
müttm (pÍ.
mutànê
whaü ?
man, person
(p7.people)
30
njüdyò (/.)
TTWT
ri
ú!l
trrnt|ü
tulHyi (/.)
wrú!ò!
rü!E
Í8tl
ròta,rl
OEI{DEB OI' NOIINS
Nigerie
w&ter
bull
ruìme
biÌil
ú"ep
this
game,play
mootr,month
ÌoosteÌ,coot
fsurt8ü nê.
üàcocÈwannòa?
Àkwiyà cõ.
wsaaÀr?
Un8õ Iô. EècÕcè
Audü w|Dnòr türHyõ oà.
Tò mõdòltõ,ssi sòbs,
üü!õ
Àuilü Yôqwó.Altü yô ksi mü.
ÂEdü
Ui8õ
Auilü
Partitk*
!lã (/. cã)
ls, &Fe, VeÌe
ÌxlBcIsns
Tra,rslateinto Engüsh:
l. Burõ [}.
2. fltu!ò rlõ.
3. Girõ d.
4. Írõtusã cË.
5. BòtúLrè
nã.
6. Irqrtrú !È.
7. ElIn nÈ.
8. rõrl nà.
9. DürDtaü.
10. üütiE
16.
?rsnslat€into llausa with eithernü (m.) or cõ(/.) :
l. ft'g a name,
6. She'ga womrn
2. It's a bull.
7. lts a game.
3. They ore mioe.
8. It's a Ìoost€Ì.
4. Ee's a llaura person(zr.).
9. It's a home.
õ, Thoya,reromen.
10. It's the mooD.
Dtologue
trirl
8ÀnLuúõUbl.
YAUÍã. sò!|ru Bõlò8.
ünrl üàrënè wauÀn P
Audü WslrlÀn ilkl [à.
üi!Í
Tò, mÈrënàsruà,r ?
Au|lü
'To BD':
Lesson 6
' To be' : I{e. CéanalKÈ nan'
l. The serrse of antfisfarelwasluere is, regaldless of
a,spect.
íor 'lense'). expre.sedby aê if rhe srrbjectis
mascuüne
or cëif ir,i- íeminine.As no genr]er
tiicrioction
ú made in noun plurals, !õ is always used with plural
forms. (SeeLesson5, section4.)
2. ë/cëtypicaÌÌy occursat the end of a phraseor olause
and its tone js alrnaysoppositeto tbe úne of the pre.
ceorngsyllable.
Sarti nè.
Yãrò !ë.
uaksrsntã cà,
Yõliryò cë.
târe nÈ.
Yõ tòff siitõ nè.
It is a cLief.
It is a boy
It is a scliool.
It is a eirl.
They aie ohildren.
He went home (emphatic).
3. The oonshuction kè lan caí often be used to express
the sauremeaning as aë/cê. The use of kè nan, Ìrowãver,
úypically implies greater emphasisthan would the use of
trë/cë.
33
6. C6.{N'DKÈ nar
4. The phrase shi kà nal, Ìiterally m€aning i, is rlrô i8
oommon in the llausa la,nguage,and is used to expÌess
finaÌity and. oftên, to signaììraDsitiooLo a new topio
similar to the notion of tidr's all, thÃl'sthtt' ,hnl's 4ll
lhere;s to ít, thnl's theenÃof thnÍúttlar.
Yõ mutÈ. thi kè uao, Bõvsu watrrrÀn. . ' Ee dieal.
That wasthat. After this.. .
5. In the negative,bà ..
BÈ iüò bs nÈ.
Bà kudi ba kè latr.
Bi giwã bs cà.
Bà yâre ba nè.
. ba nè/cèor kè uslr i6 used.
It is not an eye.
It is not money !
It is not an elephant.
They are not children.
6. The independent pÌonouns cornmonly
në/cõ and kè u,r.
it
ito cè
it is I (ar.)
ai rà
(/.)
mü
rè
ii
I
nr cè
it is
it
kú !è
t&i trè it is you (r,.)
it
sü nè
kë cè
it is you (/.)
it is he (rz.)
lhi !è
Ìfàtrõ Dà? Nì nè.
tht nè zâi tàfi.
Wà,vaz rõ? Ni kè naa.
occur with
is she
is we
is you (pl.)
is they
who is it ? It's I.
It is he who rill goWho haecome? I.
VOOÂBUI,ARY
KudI kè mr.
gsrki kÈ nan.
Yõ sàmi küfi kè
Iõ,^rarl
Eu! ilõwõ siilã
kè nan.
It is money
Iú is the kúg !
He's becomãreally
wealthy !
Well, we're back hone.
_l Tllee r-o,rB sre not. howêv€r, rhe onty *ays to ÍêndeÌ rhô
EngÌish eêrb'rô bp . For other renderiogs,sm L;ÊsoDst8 âDd tg.
Noninals
cÀÍl
idò
kâi
kàsuvâ (/.)
town
eye
heail
market
The leâson for â short !'oweÌ oD this (snd other) person-âspect
'
pÌonouns
when following aD interrogative is explâinedin Lesson 20,
section 7 (ó) (ii).
.mar,:
trdl
LyÂu
têiff
Bsksrsrtl (/.)
!Ãtrtyõ (/.)
(pJ. shõnü)
8alki
ylrinvi (/.)
yõrò (it. yâ!õ)
wà, wànë,
EànõDè?
Adagua
Yir[lü
Dôudò
Yüúü
Drqia
Ìn!úü
cow (pl. cattle)
chief
sül
boy (ptr.ohildren)
who ?
D8lrilÀ
Yü[tü
Pwtüles
dò
no
yes
I
lelsu very
Itupoftan, Pkro,ses
bElôifr
that's okay (ldÍ. there's nothing wrong),
neveÌ miÌral
tlò kyÂu
Aooil !
rhi kà'ran
thst's that
EXDRCISEA
Translateinto English:
1
2.
3.
4.
WÈ!õ rà I
Gtri kè DaD.
Bl gcttí br ú.
ürLarutõ cè.
5. oìier nè.
Translatê into l{ausa :
ì It is o sohool
2. Ho is o man.
35
6. That's all.
8. It is money.
ô. fü ir not e bull, it is a cow. 9. It is not sa eye.
10. It is Dot I mcÌket.
?. They oro not chililren.
goodtresg
fault, sin
school
lerbals
ilãwõ retuÌr (heÌ€), come baok
shìga enteÌ, go iD
go (away), go (to)
tàú
IÍõ,Oóerl Kã nu
8ì sidõbs trÈ.
7. Bl yerEbl nè.
8. M aè.
Ita cè.
10. üü aè.
3. They are boys.
4. He ie a ohief.
Dsudl
Yü!tü
8fut!ú dà ![wÈ, Dsuilò.
Yluwa rÀuu.
trd llÂyl ?
Lr,iyl &olsr,
Würã ya H,ngòrI ?
Anilü trè.
Iõ ilõwõ!È P
Àii, ssi còbo.
rò dò kylll
37
cotÍ?LEïED ÁcrroN
4. In every sspectin Hausa,excepithe imperative,the
verb must, unlike English, be pleoededby a pesoh-aspect
tronaun (betaelorlh abbreviatetl ?'a ot p'@ l onoünl,
iegardlessof whethetthere is alre*dy a noun subjeotor
not.
Lesson7
CompletedAction
l. In llausa, the aspeút(teÌmedâspectÌatheÌ than tense
sinceit denoteskind ofactio[ Ìâther thân time ofactionì
of veibs is shown by changes in the Wson-as?eci
yotknn , \ot ìí the verb itself. This precedesthe verb.
2. The complctioeaspect indicatea aotion regarded as
compìetedor as occurriag at a opeciâcpoint (Ìtther than
as a pÌocess)in time. This point in time may be past,
pÌesent oÌ future as indicateil by the co[text. Ìn the
absenceof oontextual eüilence tothe contrary. however.
it is usuallypossiblelo assumeúhetthe Ìcferenceis to a
point in time in the past.
3. There are two forms of the compÌetive aspect. The
filst s€t of persotu-aspectpronauns }Lete Ìisted rviúh
lhe verb zõ, cona, isthe most oommonly used.r Note the
feâtuÌe in Hausa of distinct masculine and femidne
forms in. the_seoondperson singular as well as the thiril
personslngular.
nõ zô
kõ zõ
I have come
you (rr.) have
come
kitr zõ you (Í) have
come
yõ zô he has come
16 ró she has cone
lD zõ oDêhas come
mutr ,õ
krD zõ
tun to
we have come
you (pÌ.) have
come
they have come
I Soe Ì,€€son 20, s€ctioD 2. for the otlor Áct.
Eutmple,s:
Âurlü yõ tõ.
Yârõ suo tÀ0.
Audu (be)hascone.
The bo-vs(they) have gone.
5. The iurpcrsolal p-â pÌonoun str is used in hanslating
the Engüsh passive:
Alr kãwõ
àbilci.
Alr kashè
IttüÈ.
Food has been
brought.
The lamp Las beeu
extiüguished.
(Z'ít. one has
brought food.)
(l'rìú.one has kiìled
the lamP,)
This difrerenceftom Engüú Ìnây be easieÌto Ìememberif
one adapts the Eneliih passiveinto Hausa thougìt'
pattems:-substitutiig srwton* htoqht thetood lot the
iood, ras út(rtqht.
6. TLe nzqatìreof thc completcduspcrúis formed by
placinsbàïlo\L tone,shortvówel)immediatelybcforetb"
qhoÌtvowel)at the ênd
1,-*prónoun.and ba {higbtone.
:
ãf tììe utterance. The constmctionthus becornes
bÀ + p-a pÌonoun + veÌb + ba
zõ ba
tà
bò
not
she has cone
not
Shehas/diil noì come.
aspectusedwith
7. The negativefonn of the compÌete<Ì
,õ
:
the veÌb
38
39
COUPLETED ASIION
Sinry.iar
bàJrrõ bs
bà kÀ zõ b8
bò kt zõ b&
bài zõ bs
bÀtÀ zõ ba
b à òrõ b g
Plu,ral,
bò nü ,õ ba
bÀ Lü zõ b&
bÀsü rô bs
8, N;te three ilifierences between the p-e pÌonouns
employeil ú the affrmative completivi uid tLo""
oaployeil in the negative sompletive':
\a') Tìe negative p-a pnonounshave a low (rather than
bngb)tone and a shoú (míher than long)vowel.
(ó)
{n gÌl nlural_fo-rns, in the second person singular
feminine, anrl in the impersonalal, the neg[tive
rorus llave no itrêl -Á.
(c) Ìu the fiÌ€t end ihird persons singular, the p_a
pronoun eüdes with the fiÌsi bà, so thet bÀ'nÀ
beoomesbÀnanil bè yò becomesbài. This is virtuallv
always so iu spokeuand wually eoin written Haud,
Eaamlícs :
Eè kÀ kõwõ àhinoi ba" You diil not brilg food/you
have noô trrought food,
Bü shõ rurõ b8.
Ee dicl uot ddnk water/Ee has
not dÌunk watar.
9. Wlen the verb is followed by ao objecüoÌ otheÌ
seotetrce
msteÌiaÌ,the f,oaÌba usuaüy(but by no means
invariabìy)occursat the end of the sentence.An important exceptiooto this rule is tbe word tüküna íaori a,r
get, wüçh regularly comesafter the 6.nal üa. TLe fust
negâtive woral bÀ must never be Êepârat€dfrom its p_a
PÌOnOuD.
b ò+ p - ap Ì o Dou+n ve r b+ ... +
kò
rõ
Dè
Sialõ
you
troü
came home
You diil not oornehome.
bt
sü
zõ
ba
not
they
came uot
They haveDot corneyet.
bo
Da
not
tühtrl
(not) as yot
VOCÀ3ULÂÌY
Nanvinals
Àbilci
ibõki
daré
lìfiIà (í)
sõ!õ (Í)
kõmë
mière Lf.)
fttúì
!õEã (/.)
übõ
uwô (/.)
yeB
food
friend
night
lantern, lamp
farrn, garilen
anything
stóol. cúir
book
farming
father
motheÌ
toilay
Particles
VeúdlÃ
dàzu
follow
Di'
]rrsf now
2
tükütr&,
ci
eat
ji s
tüLü! (not) yet
hear, unilerstancl,feeÌ
tõwõ bring
shã ilrinÌ
yr,
rlo, rnake
,ó
come
r ìÍorcsvtrÀbic aerbs enditrs itr -i (bi. oi f. ii ft" yi) hsvo s tors -i
bofore r p'nruouo direct or i;dilscl, object, snd s rôo" -i bsfom I
sn obiooi fonovirS.
noun objicl, o. dhon th€y stÂod rithort
Tho vorhsl nouí hss a loús -i silh fclling totre.
40
Importan* Phrq,ses
.êi
bE kõmé
theÌe 18lottrilg (wrong), it iloes not natter,
never rnÌn(l
lxEecISEg
Translate into Engliú :
I. BÀ rü lòô bs.
2- BòD ct Àbilci bs tlúü!s.
3. Bè rü Lõwô littõii br.
4- Yãúryò bò tò rtiTõ 08.
5. Auilü bòi tõ m8krr.ntà br.
TÌanslate into Eausa :
t . The man ilid noú make a farm.
, Ee djd not come this momús.
The giÌl did not qo io 3 the fa'rm,
I have oot yet dãne the workThe ohair was not brousht.
Di"Wru
Eò&o
Crrbà
3Èto
Gorbà
BàEo
Garbt
BÈ&o
Lesson8
Genitival r.ink
1. In unilentanding the possessive constructiou in
Hausa, it is helpful to rephrase the Br.glish the clúef's
hottseas thehouseof thechief. Of ìs expressedby na if the
noulr possessedis mascuÌioe,or ta if it is feminine. The
genderof the possessingnoun is immaterial .
2. Usually tÌris genitival Ìinl< is shortened and suffixed
to the noun. I{ô contÌacts to -n and t& becomes-t
(exoeDtafteÌ the ferv feminine nouas which ilo not enil
in -a, when the ta becomes-D). Note that the flnal vow€l
of the possessednoun is ahvays shoú before the -l/-r
sufrx.r
giilá tra satH : giilaú ssiki
lnã wud ?
lJalyo,
Ìtrã sàiivà ?
Bõbüsàjiyà.
Tò mãitÀllõ.
Kã zõ lõÊyà ?
Lãfyò, bâ kõmë.
Offbà
6iilã üiflyò ?
Bà&o LeffyÈ talsu.
Oarbà Ìnô Bellò ?
BÈ&o Ys tàÊ Nsnò.
Carbà Tò dè kyÂu. yã tòfl kàruwã ?
Bõlo
Ã'à, bài tàl kàsuwõba.
CarbÀ rò bâ tâiti. sai 8r iieà.
Bà&o Yâuwasai an iimÈ.
! tàt : eo (ro).
kÀrë ra Dautlà : kàretr
DatrilÀ
Àbitrci[s kyâItwà : Àbilcitr
kyâtrwõ
the chief's
house
David's dog
cat's food
sãtrÌyãta Auilü: sã ya.
Áudu's t:ow
audü
noun
âgõ ta Csrbà: úgar Garbà Garba's
posses.seil
gown
3. Thc shoúeÌ, sulfrxcd Íorms (-n/-r) are far morc írequent than úhelonger forms. Na/ta, àon ever, is preferred
(or requiretì.):
! Thì6 is bec&usê Harea does noi Âdmit ô Ìong aoivel íor ô
diphthong) in ò cÌoÊcdElllabl€.
42
IIAUSI.
(o) ìYith an;- nou-oto jndicate possession
of something
preliously referrcd to but not re-speoified ís€õ
ksson 9, section 5, {or tho use of ràbted forms
before pronouns) :
!ô Audü në
it (masouünething) is Auilu'o
t8 Be||ò cé
it (fenúnine thing) is Bello'o
bÀ rÈ kõwõ rs
(,heydid not bring Daüd,e
D8nilàba
yõ
yi
rs EÀEde
Lyiu Kande'sis nice
(ò) lVhen iìe na/tr pbrase is tììe oomplementof !õ/cõ :
airlã m ÂultÈ !ë
the housobelongsto Au<lu/is
Âudu's
tìsi ts Auilü cè
the gown belongsto Áudu/is
Àuilu's
(c) -{s a sutrsiitute for a possessedworil alreaily mentioned ío avoid the neoessityof repeating it : "
Ìnõ gittstr BeUòità ta \{here is Bello's home
Audü ?
and that of Auilu ?
Au kôwõ rigst carbà, Garba's and Dauda,s
ilÀ tr DsuilÀ.
gorms were brought
(d) \\rhen one or rnore words intervene betweenthe word
modified and the Ìnodifying noutr oÌ noun phnse
ìn!Ìoduced bv n{, :
ilõtìr rÂn na Sellò
this horse of Bello's
kèkë üiyu Ls C&rbÀ Garba's two bicyoles
(e) With numbers to fou ordinal numbers :
ra biyu uà
it is the secondíone)
uakatstrtãts huducà iI is the Íourth scbooÌ
4. There is no gender distinction in Hausa pluraÌs. The
form of the referential usedin the plural is alíays
-u (ao):
môtan Autiü
Âuilu's $ives
EutÈ[eD S..kin Kstrò thc Emir of Kano's oeoole
5. Nouns eading in diphthongs -ai anil -au usually drop
the seconilvowel before the referential, and affix tÌre -u
iothe- a:2
oil
!rôi
butteÌ
(lir. oil of the cow)
E6tt shãDú
(visual)goodness
kyÂu
its goodness
kyã!EÀ
6. Many nouu'r (ohiefly Arabic ancl nngüú loals)
eniling ú a consonantadd -i before tÀe referential.
teacher
BõlàItr
mtlÀoinmeksÍantã echoolteacher
!ütüm
Eütumh
sarki
m&n
the chicf's nan
lIOCABULARY
Nowimls
sili ciki!
dõrì
oa
úÃhì
ivõlì
iylyë
tÀró
LèKê
lryStrtrã(/.)
úôi
inside,in. ..
horse
son
hut, Ìoom
one's family (rvife and children)
pa,.enfs
dog
bicycÌe
oat
oil
DõlòEi!
bslsrsrtã
Eô! shãtri
nôn/aan/nàn
rigi ("f.)
tÀim8kõ
Tiranci
schoolteapher
butter, oÌeam
here, this
gonn, ooat
help, aid
Engüsh language
Íootnote on Gecíion 2 0boÍe.
' Sې
44
a llsa
Vetbals
cà
8õrtà3
tariatõ
rrbàtõ
tòmbsyòa
hereis/are, th ereis/are (pointing to object)
úhank
read
write
ack, ask for
TTE GENTTIVÁ!
Translate into Hausa :
l. Is this the ohief's houee?
, The boy's father has gone tc Kano.
3. The schooÌteacherilid not eat fooil.
4. Where is the horse'sfood ?
5 . There is Auilu's cow.
EXEACISSS
Dilt@tte
TrausÌate into Enclish :
t. Ìan giitao ssrlii
2. IüÌò! sarti nè.
3. I{õ kãwõ ntüàs Oübò,
4. Àbilcin kyâDwãnè,
ã. Yõrinyü lô tòfl gõDst mãlòmitr matsr8trta.
ümaú
I Ody Dow a.e scbolarspêying Lho closoattenr,ion ro iho
ooltoo!
length of firrl voe€ls in üÂuÁa ühsr tbe pbeoomenon d6so!vo6.
Tbem isstill some eêy togo bêforê ê dêfitriti* Êrr of ruleô govornhg
nnar vowei tengrh cân bé rormula!,e4 but w6 aro cratoful to
P.ofeúoÌ AÌEott end his collêrgüeÂst S.O.A.S. foÍ stìoiwio{ uÊ ro
quoüo thh proÌiaionâl stromsry oÍ th6 roles fo! potyryttabic-vorba.
Ìn brief it mev be seid thst :
A. Traftitiv€ and intrâDsitivo verbr vith hrgh-lov end highìorhigh tone psitêÌn :
Ì. Thos6 ending in.o oud {
(a) h3ve thê ffnsÌ vowol lons lehôn
(i) thoy aÌe not followod by on objoot
(ü) thoy
?.rê loÌlopêd by a di.€oÈ object proroua or by
(á) hs,v€ the âlol ÍoÍeÌ short whon they sre fotlowed by I
noün ooJeor.
2. Tho!ô ônding ìn -i and -u (LighloÍ' pâttem)
(o) havs tho finêl voweÌ EhoÌt rhên th€ yorb is intronÊitivo
(à) havo tho fiD8l vowel loDg ìrLen tho v6!b is rran6iúiye.
ts. Tútrsn8itive verbô sil.h loe-hish and loe-hiqh.low iooê pâfl,om
eìvsyô bsve t he ÂÍlal vow€l Êhorr,excep! wheDrhev âro fõÌlowôd
by Àtr iDdir€ci objecl. Tbê vèrbsl norì bs s ioú ff!ét vorsl.
Thê
vowêì iength of motro8yllubioverbs oDding in
C.
-i h5õ b€,6ú
d@lt with st pase 39, noto 2.
. Tbê Êüod€DtBhouìdnot êtl€mpü to u6e this Ford
sn obiecr
'iüh
unril hê hs covêr€d tho nêtêÍiâl in Lesson Ì5.
I,INK
Àri ;
ümorü
üènõ lè süuanwsulir ?
,ieEê ne.
Na wòuë Dè?
Wstrtrò! kèketr d8tr sorti trè.
üuarü Tô, 1[õ kèkeDaurtü ?
À i:
Cà shi câtr cikin dõLi.
ümarÈ 'Ìo ca llyatr' lra gooe.
Àti :
rò bA lâifi.
Àri :
45
47
POSSESSI\'EPRONOUNS
Lesson9
PosgessivePl9s6rns
l. There.are two foÌms of the possessrve
pronoun:
inseparableancl separable.
2. The hueparablz, which correspondsto the Engtiú
my, hb,.etn. ie-form4 in all peisons,except the "Êrst
personsiagular, by adding the g;nitival link
-r or -r plus
a protrominel eufix to the object possessed.
Tbe À!oÌ
vowel of the noun is úorteneil as in Lossong.
y&ò + -u+s ò:y ãÍòrrà
yltõ + -r+ tI: yIròDtÀ
Sõoõ+-t * sÀ: g5..rra
8õrI + -Í f tò: g6rslta
his boy
her boy
his farm
her farm
3. Jbe,formation of the ioseparablepu$sessrve
pÌonoun
ilifrers in thefrs, íìâro7üsirgttor. He;e íbe srrffi
-u o,
ie
eu.frxed
directly
to
the
thiag
possessed
(-[ô
-tr
to s
rnasculrDonoun, -t8 to o femiDine_the gender (sex) of
tüe speakeris irrelevant). The final vowã of ths nôun
remains or becomeslong.
yftò +r s:yõ rò l s
ttuô+tr:gõrits
òbirci+Ds:àbirchs
my boy (said by male or
female)
rny farur (saiil by maÌe or
female)
my food {said by male or
Masatline noun
ytuòEa I
my boy
your (m.) boy yõròakÀ
youÌ (/.) boy yãtòlkl
yôròtrsÀ
his boy
ytuòtrtà
her boy
yaròmmü
our boy
your (pl.) boy yõrükü
yaròtrsü
their boy
tr'enininerwtot
gõDÁt&1 my fâÌÌrÌ
gõnarkò your (n.) farm
sõuarLt your (/.) fâÌm
gõlarrà his farm
gõlartÀ Àe. fâ,ÌÌn
gõlstmü our faÌm
sõrarkü your (pr.) íeÌm
gõDerrü tÌÌeiÌ fâün
Note thot, except for ihe flrst person singular, all the
inseparablepossessivepronouns have a low tone and a
shoú vowel, Note âlso that where the qenitival Ìink -n
precedes-m (fust person plural) it bicomes -m for
euphony. Especially in the rvesteÌn dialects of Sokoto
an<lKatsina, the feminine -r may al6oassimilaie in tÌús
way to auy following consonant (e.9. sõlstkò, gõtrlssÀ,
cô!rnmü). This assimilation is not âIrrâys Ìepresentêil
in written Hausa (thus the spelling sônormü is orclinarily
pronounceilgõreEEü). (geefootnote to secúion? Ìrelow.)
5. To form the sqpcraólepoçessive pronouns,eitlìer nõis
or tü, ilepending on the genderof the thing possessed,
prefixed to the iueparable pronouns.
IÍõsò në.
ciilÀ nãkÀ rë.
tryârwõ tôkÀ cê.
NyÂtrwãtõkt cõ.
It is his.
The houseis yours (zr.),
The cat is youn (ac.).
The cat is yours (/.).
6. As Írith the inseparable forlrls, aD exception to tho
general pettern is fouril in the first person singular.
Iemate,
4, The. oompletetable of inseparable possessivepronoung ls :
I Thê lencth of lhe yowel of th6 frst peEon linsul.r ãu6!
(-ui-tr) is;horr only shên uttersDcê fioÀl (e.s. bà ni òbinch.,
siae M ny Jood). when &nothêr qord folloss, ihe Ìowel of thê
-trs/-t! becomeÊÌone (e.s. òbinclnd üê, t & ,tg /oodl
48
EAUAA
Here nà- or ti- is prefxeil to -wa, This -wa suffx is
invariable and disregardsthe genderof the possessoÌ.
Giili nàwa nè. The house is mine (said by male or
femaÌe).
Gõaôtàwa cè. The farm is mine (s.eidby rnaÌe or
female).
Note that the toÌresof theseforms are low-high, just the
opposiie of the rest of the separableforms (and of the
simiÌar soundingword tawà, íow many ?, aeelesson l l).
?. The. complete table of the separablepossessivepronouns Ìs :
Singul,a,r
Plarul,
nàna, tàwa
nimü, tõEü
!ãkÀ, tãkà
rõkü, tikü
trëkì, tãId
nãsÀ,tõsà
nãsü,tôsü
uãtà, tãtà
Á shoÌt-vowel form of the feminìres is usual when the
separabÌe
possessìves
arc usedto modif1,otheÌ nouns,e.g.
cõÍ,d taíà', hislarm I rrvã, tal(à',louÌ nather.z
8. _The plural possessivepÌonoun is generally used in
referrúg to a towrr or househokl. Onli the oúief of the
nowÌroÍ headof tbe housewould usethã personal, my , :
gàtiD4orgiilõns. Otherswouldsaysàrimmüor 6dammü,
VOCABUI,À&Y
Nomhnls
àbüí+ -n
: àbiu)
49
?OSSESSI!'E ?RONOIINS
ch/c8lr/cttr there; that
first
tsrLõ
gõrò
kolanut
path, road, way
hanvà(/.)
jivò
yeúerilay
soap
ràburìi
planting, sowing
rhükà
togetheÌ
tàre
yàrzu
now
yàu8hè'
yàushe
when ?
Verbalsx
b"gio
lãrà
go out (of)
Ítts
come out
ftõ
samà únish
go
ië
put, place
sâ
shigõ oomein
shúkà sow (seed)
Particl,cs
à
at, in
dàDi!, ilolr
beoaure,in oriler to
Irr',po ant Phrases
on (ìop of)
à kâ!
in the morning
dÀ s6lë
why !
rlom mò
I'm going (now)
rõ tú
together with
tòre ilt
EXDRCTSES
thing
. SoÌne Hêus soholrrs orrlsin lhe us6 of the sboÉ.voe€t
forns,
nGtÌy in th6 tbj.d persotr silgülsr, aÊ s subsr,itu[efor r,beimporjorm
ôble poÈe8siee
in orilo.lo svoid Lh6 non.faeourêd combir,.
tions Ìike {st -rt.
TransìaÍe into English :
1. Ytuìi yã tàí Kmõ tàte rlò uwafsà.
2. MdlàmiDkü yã ië sõlarsÀ yÂu dà sãfë.
footnote 3, p&gs 44, coDooEing ihe ffn5l vowel length of
'See
Í€rb8 before objects.
50
EÂuaÁ
3. Dom úè ks sâ littãdnkè à ktu Lujèrõts?
4. Dõkìlt yã shìsô sàri! èüõkirkü.
5. Yã k6wõ kòLõDa.BÀi kelsô !õkò bs.
Translate into Hausa :
1. IÍy mother and my father went to vour house
yesr€Ìqay.
2. Wtrereis my soap ? I put it ír ury room. Here is yours.
3. Our homeis in Kano. Whereis yours ?
4. Her father rventout of town ou ihe Kano road.
õ. lVhen did rny friend eat his íood ? In the moming.
Dío,logue
ÃitÀmú:
ltrotrlàtr gidõ trõkà !rë ?
ÀbÊbskàr l. nàwaaÈ.
Àdèmt:
ltrã sõlartÀ ?
Àbübrkàr CÈsõlõtã ci!r.
ÀdÀmt :
Tò rtÀkyôu,
Àbúbakà! Nã ssBò shúkòiiyà.
Àdàmü :
tô, yòtrshèka ltuà ?
Àbüb&kàr: À farko[ wstàn trâlr.
Àdàmt :
fi, bÀtrgsmÀ tòwa bs tàtüns.
ÀbübakÀr rà bô |âif. Ità tàú yà!zu.
Àdima :
Tò sai wNDilõkàcI.
ÀbqbatÀr Yâuwã, ÁIlò yÀ k8i mü.
ÀdÀmu:
Ànir
Lessonl0
t
SDecifiers-'Ihis t, 'That ', ' Iboso t, ' lhose
l. Snezifr'ewats a qroup of noung whioh oodify other
tle- mõre spe.cificor less rpeci.fic' Thìe
oorrig ti
-nk" incluiles the worils ofteu I'exmedd'enwn'
claes of *ords
gtÌol@eg.
Ptrural.
tüis, these
wadòrlln
that, those
f,8dèrcôl
w!da!!u, waau a. a cerüain,
some (ptr.)
ytuò
thie boy radÀlJtôD
wslaòn
úeso PeoPle
mtrtà!õ
wrncòD gônõ that farm wani qüto.
" i*-
$í,nwlar
wainln 1ar.enil /.)
rslrcì,r (or.), waócòa(/.)
waúf (m.), wsts (/.)
2. The specifrers llfu, ihis, tÃae, ar.d cí!' tha, those,
follow the nouns they modify. The -n/-r Ìeferentisl is
noun. The tones on nâo and côn
su.frxeil to the precedinq
-or low, with or without slight
fallüg
may be higb,difr"."ncu" ú .er,niog. Tle followirg are the mo6t typical ways in whioh ühesespecifeÌs ooonÌ :
following a low-toDesyllsble
ía)
' ' A fallirg-tone rôn/cÂnro[owi"g- a high-tonesyltable
or a lowltoneaòrlian
is the mosúgonmonway in whiohtheseworilsocour.
The meaning is typically non-emphatic, e.g. :
d6Htr trâú
Àbircir [à!
tÀis hut
this food
Eütumh cen that man
gõtr8r cllr
that farm
(b) A high-tone !&r/can may be employed to inilicate
62
nausÀ
pÌevious refeÌenoe. If the tone of the syllable
preceilingthe speciferis high, it becomes
falÌing,e.g.:
1
rigân aou
this gowa (previously referreil to)
sih-! !8D
ôhis work (preüously refeneil to)
kqiërir csD
that chair (previously referreil to)
3. The speci6erlÂn cen opüooally precedeúbe noun it
modifieswbea the r.ferenci of suõh-anour iô locative:
ô gar 3ht [etr aà!i.
I saw him (here) (in) this town.
4, Nâlr &nalcôtr may also occuÌ alone (i.e. not as modifiers), meaningiae and thztercspeatively. Only high- anil
f-aUingtong fo-rms occüÌ in thiì usagá tle UlU-tone
forms tlaically üücate a grearr áishnce dm the
speakerthan do the falling-toìe forms.e.g. :
Cò Auilü !râ,D.
IÌere's Audu here (nearby).
Cl Ândü trsl.
Eere'e Auilu here iin tle viclnitv).
Gò Auilü côn.
There's Auilu over the-ÌeGà Auilt ca!.
There's Âuilu in the distance.
5. Á.rr-{-r sufix may be useil without a foìlowins noun
to_ specr$ that refereuce is úo somcúhitrg preúously
referreclto or impüed fiom the context, e.g. :
Oi rìgã, àmnõ hõ wàrrtôr ? There i8 â/the coat, brt
rrhere are tbe tmuseÌs (tbat go with it) ?
. If the _fin4 syllable of ttre sufixed noun is high, it
becomesfalling before -{-r in thie usage.' The súxed
t n*ors n&,/Drdnqa the femiribo
,
-r Âomr rsus y b6oono3 -Â,
oÌú.ucÌr aaarmlerror dos úoü. ês e Ìute.
tsk6 ptece boforc côn/co/
ca,!".üoEgh ú d6 in l,ho conpouDd wscoòtr (R sboeo).
I We hsvo soughr to svoid the tôchDic*t
isme oÍ \,hethêr confo.
eú,
ceo Plop€rly carry robe. Buü in this cmj the ÍslliDq torc
m8y bê €r_pleinedby thó fsot thaü tbjs
su6r haa a to;tone,
strd theÉfoÌe o high Gnsl-voFel + toe-n/-I giver e Ís ìrg toDó
-D/-r
oeer th€ sholo eytlable Gin/CÍr, whemss e loF fDDt rowel J low
slEqü'rEas-. TErs
, TEÀT,, raEEsS".TEOSE,
53
" transleteil by the EnglÈh rlefuite
íorm may usuallybe
articlethe,e.g,:
Ânilü yõ tõwõ Àbilci. Auilu broughtsomefooil.
ÀbiEcil bâ kyôq.
The food was not good.
Cà tuièrer.
HeÌe is tüe chair (ahat we talkeil
about previously).
6. The woril rÍtr, usually meaning ,fr4 one previ,ousl'y
rcfared, to, is usâble in plaoe of the -!Ê! ilescribeil in
section 5 above anil with essentially the same meaning.
It is paúioularly useil with borrowecl rvorils, especially
those ending in ô consonaat.
Itrl 3ôr ÍolsL diu.
I \rânt the Dencil.
Note that l8tr mey aacompanydì!.
Yerò di! DsL bÀi dÃwõba. That bov has noi ÌetuÌned.
A possessivepronoun may also be sufrxed to di!r. Ìn the
úrot personsiugular the fomr is dlna.
I brought your bioycle (the one
I{Ã Lõwô kÈkèdiukÀ.
we werc discussing).
Ìrâ letrsìr fina ?
lrylele is my penciÌ ?
7. Rules for the employment of the English ilefiuite (úãe)
anil indefirrite (a, an) attioles ú translating Hausa are
not â,ssimple âsthey appearat fust sight. ?he rendering
of the. Hausa nomúal without either the referential
suffx -n/-r (see section 5, above) or úhe qualifying
w8li/rsts (6eesection l, above) is a complex quesiion
that is, uníortuaately, not so cut anil dried as lhe thela
dichotomy in English. Of the three grammatical
sentenceg
{rt yaÍo ya zo
(ii) yõrònyõ zô
(ìü) wari yãrò y6 zô
EAUSÁ
(ü) and (ü) are quite oleâr, yõ!òD yõ zõ is best trsostÈted
9y y." -yy hds cotnz, a, ÌefeÌence tÁ some specifled or
impüed
b.oybeingunaebiguousÌyundeÌstôod.'SinilaÌÌ;.
wali yõ!ô yô ,ô is bestÌeodered by a (ce*ínl bw hii
cona..,t\ut vhet of (i) -? Standard llausa gr*mmrrs".harre
ngtrEly tÌar6Ìêted yõrõ yA zõ as lhc boy has arnúe,Eirrce,
though Engli*h speâÌers ÌrrigÌ1texp€ct"tbe nore specúì
yõròr yõ rõ to indicaíe this meaning every timà
it is
ht€nded, Eaüsa ruÌes do not coneÀpouil" to Enelish
rules, and in IIausa. where tbere is no' doubt of, oï-nã
*gortÍcanceaüt-acàed
to, which . boy , is meaÌìt, ytuìj yõ zõ
ooescerryÌtrucboftbe spocificitywhichEnqlisheap.esses
by mears oÍ the defirite article. Thrs ãefiaiteness is
pÌainly ilJustrated by suoh acceptableseotercesa6 sarti
y--ro, u.n chleJ haa conì,ei búÍè Êõll, open thc daot;
Büsurhê yõ zô, tha Hdu.saman ha comc-ìn note of
.I"l
9"3gp1""._t_"there aoy questionof choice over
wlrtcà chrzlld.txÍlHawo ,rútn iE rcfeÍeÀ to.
the area of unoertainty and the
,.IU.:
ry-g"-qg
ortroru[y ot tormìiêtrng waleúrght rules for this issue,
we do not go es far as Ábraham, who iô content to
Ì-ecognizeno difrerence iu lIauss betweêtr the Dnglish
tl,b.
tbe
. Au _basicrules of thumb, we recommendlouowrng Ìehen íranslaíing into Eauss :
(o) \{trere tho nou.rrclearly rofers back to a previous
reÍèrent (ststail or impüed), úe should ordi@rilv be
renderedby meansof the -l/-r sufix deacribedaüove
(seoüionõ) : veún yl zõ, thc bq (ge, loerc@peding)
n4acorìlê.
(ó) ÌrVherethe sensereguües a cerÍoin, sstri/wata sLoulil
Deused : wani yõrõ y-szõ, a,wtlrin bo! has cdnê.
(c) l{here lhe specúcity is immaterial or unmisíakable.
the unquaÌified nou.nshould be used : ytuò yã,,õ, thp
boylas unz Wtren in iloubt, this is the consürucíion
most ükely to be úght since it is the moat frequent.
spf,crrÌlDRs-' aErs
YOCÁ3UI,ÁRY
Notninals
àkwlli
àlmÀiìri
bàbba
cõkilli
bakà
kõSr
&àraai
úôtà(1.)/
úâtõ
tëbür
waucàn(pr.
wadàrcâu)
wats (/.) (pl.
waíelsu)
wuÊd(/.)
yarõ
Veúdls
àkwai
lndì
Lsu
sali 3
TEAT
"'
TEESE
"'
TEOSE'
"'
bor
pupil, student
big (tüing)
spoon
thus, so
river
small (thing)
car, lorry
table
that (pr. those)
a aeúaín, a (p1,.some,oeúain)
knife
much!ìesa,quântitr, number
there is, there are
faü
mou:rt, climb
lúow
Paúì.cl,cs
òmmd but
from
iligè
di!
that previously
referÌed to
Lumt also, further, auil
Inportant Phroses
bÀr .strì ba I clon't how
much, many
rlÀ yawò
it is so, indeecl
h8kÀ !ë
I know (it)
[õ ssú
drinking water
ruwan shâ
I The student should not
to use this wod with a! object
'ttempt iD L6son r5.
until hê haÊ covered the metelisl
66
IXEÊCITIES
TransÌate into English :
l . Itaai yãrà yõ tidt cikin ruwe.
Xôgin uàn, KwârÀce-
.Kõ sâ cõküin !àn ciki! èkwàtt! rlâ,!.
Itrã kuiêÍó ? Gà kujèrôr.
Wadàlrân mutànë sua tàn wani gòn-.
Tranelate into lfausa :
l This boy is my fricnd.
2. Lou U.j (have) pur rlar chair hero.
Ihese boys. Thoseboys.
I don't knou.yet.
o. I went to thai towrl.
Dia,logue
trànde :
Wadalsu E[tàtë sun zõ gittamúü.
üaryamÈ UÂtlÀüõ,!ã kEwõ àbi.ucirtàgàkisuwõ yâu.
XÀlile :
Dà kyÂu. Àtwai ruwan châ dÀyawò tumi.
DÍaryamÌi SaÍkitl gÀri trè ys zõ.
KàDde I
.E8kàDê. Yã zõ tàre dà wstri bÀbbotrmütôD.
üaryamÈ Uütlmln, rsrH rè kuDã ?
Eànile :
Eakò.!è, yãròtrsàyê tãwõ wsni bôbbstr
òkwÀti.
üaryamì
Tô, mÈncnè citin òtwÈtì ?
EÀnd€ :
Bàn sanì ba.
Lesson I I
Quantúers
s, l r l 'c l l t;of r 'or r n'r r hi c l 'i r r 'l r r 'ìn
s
L The quonlifurarp.r
úe numiers ind a forvot hcr rvolds. Qu.rnti6cn tl picaìly
follo\r the nouÌÌthey rnodify, but rvithoui cmpìovitg tlre
-tr/-Í suflìx.
ten houses
gitlã gõmà
hov manY boYs?
?
trowà
vâr6
all the PeoPle
mutàtrë dukà
t*'o girls
yãúnyà biYu
Wiih numbersit is not alwaYsnecessaÌyto useihe pluraÌ
form of the noun.
2. The numbers 1-22 (see l,esson 32 fo! a conÌÌtete
listing) :
10 eõmÈ
11 (gõmà)shâdava
12 (Bômò)rhâ bivu
l8 üshìrinbúu bóbüI or sõítÀ shôt&kwÀs
19 àshtrindovô bãbü' or gõmòshâtarl
20 àshtrin
2l àshlúú ili dsye
22 àshÌrindà biYu
etc.
Note that shâ, azd, is only used with numbers11-19'
*".d lo, drl. dÃ,is usêd\ itb numbersabole
ìU"
"úutr.
tuiu reasonl,heword gõmi^isfÌequenilyoolitted
io.-noï
f"om the ou-bers 1l -lg sinceshâ daya can ooly mean
11, shâbiyu 12, eto.
I dôya
2 biyu
3 ukü
4 hüdu
5 bìyar
6 shiilÈ
7 beksü
8 tskwàs
I tsrà
I Literallv, ' 20, two/one l'hôre is noi ''
58
EAusa
1:.-ll-g"Tt"*.*tt*
qüanüfier_
mütôm tr8wÀp
8áuDawà?
:ü yrè I Èldl
nawà?
a:
191&n,.
o,awà,?,
tow ttturhlnwny
i. is alsoa
how rnan1,persons.f
bow nani,iiures ?
how many of r,üem(erc there)?
hoÌv mucË(doesit cost) ?
aJJ,may alsobeomployed
asa quantifer.
liT,xï*
iÌ:lïf"Tu*"
;t*Í m:ffi_
sufrx -u
l_ PA{iU"*, tg"""UraawÀ)maysomerimea
ll* j^*:-1or.A.,r'r,r,;.i^*"ïiãy*pi"iâïtri
ji:
Í:ff
:j::l _f=:.1'"_p*;;";,;-;;;;ii,íi;ï
dependent
nìminat. Tüe*"Àiü lri"t"u.
dayêtrrü
üiyuuü or biyu ditrsü
blyer ditrsü
du&ÀnEutiÈ
one of them
twrce their number
five times their number
all the people
the
i:,3ffi^3\#r#ï,"ffi;* emproving
nrst(idr'orbegiDning)
"lf
Ïli: iï-J/t"t
tra/ta gõmè
!8/tô a8sÀ ?
kÀrë!s biyu
rÍgã ta takwà!
Iiltëti !s lawà ?
teuth
which (of a series)? (trú. the how
manlth)
thu súnd dos
tbe eighth eo;n
book?,
-tï1"0tï";uiït",
""veral)
Note tlât farkõ o.rIôrì is substituted
,j,#";::ïïïifi Í#ftli:J.."-_ï
fil;Ë"lïfjff
r"i"*ïïr1o*t""t$".ilrh
tonedin is s ditreÌentÌvordrromdin
59
euÁìTrrrERs
7. The word gíli,, u writ o/, is frequenilv used with
numbers, as in the following examples \Then eüilê
occursalone it moansoriz.
yâr6 gàilã biyu
mulôDê güilã hudu
Dõtà 8üilô
two Ìroys
four persons
one caÌ
VOCÁBI'I,ARY
|lorninals
Numbers 1-22 :
banana(s)
èyòDà
mouth; edge
bò!Í
coÌÌect, Ìight
dsiitsi
all
ilok
rlukè,
beginning
tõri/iarkõ
a unit of, one
süda
gwêbl
guava
mistake, error
koglurè
tàEõfiànú citrus fruit, citÌtìs tÌee
sÌithmetio
lìrsifi
manclçòrò mango
how many ?, how tnloh ?
rswò ?
timeg
sÀ!
ilifrculty
wüyõ (Í)
neck
wüyò
Patticl*s
Veúals
what âbout ?
sãnè understand Ià?
kei ! Gooil Heôvens! vorv !, oh
mâütâ forget
boy !, gee! (general
zaulò sit down
excÌamation)
onÌy (seealso Le.sson4)
rai
zuwÈ toward, to (seeaÌao
Lesson4)
60
Inryorktnt l,hrases
that'x not suod
il kveo
blkia honyÈ edgcof tÌrirorrJ
P
EXtR('tsEs
Lesson12
TransÌateirrto Ulglisìr :
SubjunctiveAspectanil Commands
nnnfr
io,: Íi,-*";A:*.'li
f
lï;,",.
sa
syâbt
ò
biki[sÀ,
yã
,ra
ci.
À-ï$rìp Beuô
yctrio
nasD!üdòshi.
l. õ,8.l.awõ
11",_blll"1
u.
gwêbi trawl ? Güdã
aõeà.
o. õ.ar j, Âuilü yÀ EôltÀ rünõDs,
WÀolran bâ kyÂu.
Trnrslate inío ÌIausa :
Ì.
L
Thc girl sat dowu on tle chair.
#;i,*ïï:ï;"
lïtd,.ïiïiïi,ï,
ò:""i'ilï::,,i',ïllJ
i",1'l,llï:
ïï;,"",,
^ll,llï,ï
Dialogue
[õlàmÍ
Biyu ilÀ ukü lswà nõ ?
Dõlibi : Bìvar aè.
MãIèúi
shiilÀdòbskwàitÀ?
Dõlìüi : #ïiu'.
üãlàmi Di kyâu. Uudu siu
biyu rawà ?
DõIìbi :
üõlàali
Bõbü ! trô yi kuslurè.
DE|lbi : Eokò üè, Sai takwòs.
Uõlàmi Tõ. IÍ&wà nê shirlà sàu
ukü p
Dõttbi : Ashtdn biyü bõbü.
Itrilàei
Dõübi :
Itrãlòlri
fillu;#i."u"
Tõ dà kyâu.
t'sirãtì
dàwüvã
!à?
1. The subjunctive aspect hâs a wicle variety of uses,
though only a few of ihem wiü be treated here (seealso
Lesson 27), Subjunctive constÍuctioís nay usually be
ììterally translated let oned,osuchand,woh.
2. The subjunctive aspect peÌson-aspecúpÌonouns aÌe
characteúzedby low tone and a shoú vowel Using the
vetb zõ, come,as a model, the p-a pÌonouns in the subjunctive are :
let me come
l\ zõ
mü rõ let us come
come! (m.)
kà zõ
kü zõ oome! (?r.)
come! (/.)
Ill zõ
yÀ !õ
let him come
sü rõ
let them come
let her come
ll tõ)
let someonecome À z õ
3. The uegative of the subjunotive aspect is fomred by
employing the negative paúicle kailà (this is often
short€úeil to kô! in Ìapiil speech):
ksilà kÀ zõ
ilo not oome
yerò
yà
krdà
tà,ô don'tlet (or, im contea. lest) the boy
go away
Lâ! kà yi hekà
don't do that
4. The secondpersonforms of the subjunotive aspeotare
commonly used to expÍess both positive 1 and negativo
oorÌìmanos,
rÁ p@itive coúDsrd úay be Bl.rengthêÂeal
bJ the uge of sri,
e.g. rei tà úìgl ! Dsy DoNn yos müli.n!er (lhough it hrs â
eeâker Deâning âs well). See Lesson 29. .ection 2, for r fuller
SVBJI,'NC1'[!TA Â8PECÌ AIID COMüÀNDS
tà gblgs
tü Lõwõ yõ!ò
tsili H si ònilrci
enter! (rm.)
bring (ptr.)the bov
iloÀ't(/.) est (the)fooil
employeno p-E pronouÌ. ïheÌe is,
1.^!!; j^n*"Ut",
a.sneciel
tone-paütem
?ortie verbir this-tJj
1;r1-oye;,
or
oopÁtruttion: all syllaõlesexcepúth"
6"d;vlbbüï;
more
oyllabtee
musr
below r;; ih"
Io]l::1 lyo.oÌ
nÌìar'sylabtetypicalÌy is Àìgb,occasionally
i^,"..
i;;
àïfrlH;;ìl"ff:*utus€d tosddÌËss
'.o'"tii,
(o) One-syllable verÌrs may be either
high (unchenged)
ot low :
zô7zo
aea
come here !
êat (youÌ) food !
ct/ci Àbinci
(ó) Vcús wiih a basic low-high
tôtre pattern wilt Dot
ch&Ìrge:
tà gtde
go home !
rlrlga
enter !
(c)
gtf
ary other
tooe paftern will staÌt
j".";;.
;;
Hii,,ifrï
â
ffil*tr;r""*1,#:
(tawõ)* küwõèbirci
\fs
-basic
brüg tle food!
(bsd)* bèri
(it
.l"uuË
"looui:
r?*l*Dtra-ôfbetweer
,hebasicformsof tle
P:,,I".1]h
rorowÌag.veÌbs (as
employedwith the subjuJiue pla
?. In complex senteucesit is often appropriate to translate a verb in a subjunctiveaspeol,coDstructionas a socalledEnelisb'iDÍoitive' (erpressingpurpose). Sucha
clause,
constructionformsthe pÌedicateoI the depeodenc
e.g.:
(a) The verb of the flrst olausemay be in a completive or
subiunctive aspectconstructron :
l'se coÚ]\eto grceÍ yoltItõ zõ tn gsirhë kà.
yÀ
went home to bri'ng wstet
giitã
IÍe
LtÍõ ruÍE.
Yõ ió
Qomeanãln ilo your work.
fü rõ h yi aiHrkü .
(ó) The verb ofthe fust clôusemey te in the imperative :
Comeand/úodo your work.
Zõ kü yi sifhkü,
Sit dov! andlta d'ti'nk waiel.
zèurs Lò rhõ ruwa.
YOCÀBUL/IBY
Nonínals
oall
larli
iõrò (/.)
mtra (jr.,
3A'l
gAUd
shèk4raniiyÀ
tõsà("f.)
,ult
' bush ' oountry (i.e. uninhabiteal,
unoultivated area)
stÌength
iloor (way)
sun, ilay
tiúe (: lõtÀcl)
qúchess
d.aybefore yesterday
window
hotness
Veúals
barì t let, allow, leave (a
thi"g)
.
budë open
Partì;ries
ts i l À,ti r ...
i,{'d,Hlïïi;1"#,"ï*","tll[J"""m",1"Jffi],'*ïH
tà zsünà
kò shigõ
kè Latàutã
sit dow]l
come ln
reail (it)
zòütra
shlso
kòràtrta
'
rntil
i l onot..
The ÊtudeÃt should not àít€mpí to ús6 those veÍbs with objects
he has oov€rôd the metorisl in Lesson 16.
64
EUBJUNCTIVÉ ÀS?ECI ÀIID CO}I.![ÂNDS
gsishõ greet (before pronoun
objectsonly)
.
IüIè
close
sõDü 3 get, obtâú
get up, leave(fÌom â
plaoe)
tsayõ st:lnd (up), stop
tãshÌ
Imwlrtant Phrases
dà sairl
quiokly
rã!ã tô yi zãfi
the sunis hot
EXERCÌSES
TÌansÌate into English :
1. Xôilà kÀ yi aikÌú Dôn.
2. Kailà yãrinyò tà ci àbitrcitr trètr.
3. Zõ trel tt zaunà.
4. üaitò kü ú hakà.
5. Ftts kà lutè &õrò.
Translâte into ÌIausa :
1. Doa't ope[ the window.
2. Stop ! Enter ! Sit down !
3. Bring (/.) the food here.
4. Let him do his work.
5. Come(pl.) and eat your food ú our home.
Di"loS*
EE!ü[à
Yàtubà, sÀlõmüÀlsitàn.
YÈnubü Yârwã, àlÀikà rÈ.tâmü.
EãrtuÀ Ìyõtlnkà lõâyò ?
Yà&ubü LãffyÈ&d8u. Nâ zõ lõôyà?
Eãrúnà Lãíyà. Bô kõhõYò&ubü Uârlà[ã. ghtgõ mü ,sunÈ.
3 See footDots 2 oD pago
63.
ïò itÀ kyÂu. trôi, rõtrõ tü vi rãf vôr.
Ëskà rê. Yãtò, kàvõ rtrwsD !hâ t
nó rõ ln gaishètè aê.
ltrõilÀtlã. Ìíõ gôitè. trõ zõ ità8Àkisuwõ üà ?
Eõtrr!ò Ã,à, [ó zõ rtàaàgidó dütu.
YèÊtrbü Tò bâ lâif. Gà ruwõ, kÀ 8hd.
Eãrú!À !ò a6 gõdè. I{õ tÀ8 yà,trzu.
Yò8trbü Tò bâ Éifi. 8ai woDi sãÌ.
Yâuwã, sri teDi sô'Ì.
Eõ!úlri
Eõrútrà
Yi&rbü
EArúnÀ
Yà&ubü
NOt{-ÁSPEgr VEABÁ],S;
Gi ni 1 lôn.
0l rìgeta.
LessonÌ3
Non-aspecf
Verbals; .Yes'and (No'
Here I am,
Ilero is my gown.
by the useof the particlet.
6. Íes is ordinarilyexpressecl
The expressioruh;kn;ã, úrus;, ó, sòskiyãDèi dúds,À
,flrrã, o; gòskúarkà,gdtt tntíh, are frequently useil as
are a sma
,1.^ï1"_::";r.Oïr"fÌequeÌÌr
"erbalsoccuÌÌêoce group of very
rrhich rnay be
ï^"f::j^,.1-y"_91
oy a nouD.a nounpüraseor a personol.proioun.
luroweo
enopìoyed
are the, djÌect object pro_
_r^1-"_
_p.ï1o*"
poulDg.
I heseverbsÌsarenot precedeil
by person_aspect
well io údicetc agreement.
2. Akwai,t]teìeülare, statesihe existeDce
of something.
ÀkEsi yÊÈì gidõ.
Tlere arechililrenot home.
sitiitÀ
vswà.
There
is muchwork.
+Iwli
Irawa!tutl ô wuriDLò? Do yox hsveôny
money? (,l,?.
is there moneyin your
6. 1[o is orünarily expeseed by the lse of úhe paúicle
l'ò. n'or emphasis,the veÌbal blbü may be useil.s
.
akwai (sü).
place?)
There orJ s,roe.
3.__Bãbü
or bâ, thoe,islarerclnor, Ìneâo! the opposite
of
:Ï:lii
b:,
emplovedaJterbÊ
*"'f; ;rh
PÌ:nou's
.;r oblect
lEw8l,|fie
pronouns. Bibü, however,is iollowed
Ddepeodentpronotms(e.g.hãnnsw"rhzre
ú none
;j;rüe
ïi'Hïil""'.. ïl:::iï3ïïl*u,ïi,::'"."
? No!(lü'
Alwri túi
p Bõbü t
Is tbere any
t4""" i" ioËJ""Y
a. Gà,hzrelthercislare, is used rhen poinüing
something
gff,ËËfi,ï"d,,".
ff:trì:,ï".
ffiff"ï",ï",*\ï
Er tàÁiivè? l.
trôi, róDõtEyi zããyôu!
Qàskiysrlò !
ÀLwsi yâ!õ dò yarl à úü.
E8tÀ trê.
Did you goyesterday?Yes.
Gooilaess,the sün is hot
toilay I You're right I
There are many children
here. You're right,
rl tüwõ òbirci? Ã'ü,
Diil you bringanyfootl ?
No.
trsi àbõkilrÀ tlé ? Bõbü !
Áre you a friend ofhis ?
(Emphatically) not !
?. In answerúg a negative qu.ell'iort.rhnsn"t he ame?,
in Hausa, it is necessaryto note the tlifferenoe in the
choiceof gesot rw. The Íollowing exanple ilÌuetrates this
ilifrerence :
Dnelish: I{asn'úhe come?
No (he hasn't oome).
1 S€e Lessoú Ì6, Êection 3, fo. the Emaining
forms of ihe diEct
i AltÀoush sfter the feÍnininó nouo stubyõ oío vould expeot rÈ,
heard
nè is reguiarly employed iD lhjs stJlized
-and.f.equêntly
pbr$ê ws òbin
e:pr"se;op. .Om explsnstioD is thst the origiDal
gâslrya tro' Ú Ú o rfue,arug.
ã This ussse, however. sppeaÉ to be & rê.ol drv6lopmênü in
Èauss {Drobable due 1,o tbe iÍduencê oI Ëuropoen and/or other
non-natìie soeeLers of Hsusâ). trõ hAú!I.,..: l^otJ ctcn 4 tittlc,
ot ràataa,li|: utteús \,út), arc muoh moro oommonly usd by nativo
Hawô.
aFor a Íuller treatnìent of eskiDe questions, see LessoE 2r,
68
NOÌí-ÁSPECT YERaA!S;
BÀi zõ ba ? Hasn't he come ?
L
Yes (whaí you say is Ìigbt:
Ã,à.
come).
No (what you say is
come),
he ha^snot
he has
Misúakescanòe ar oidedin interpretúg the answeÌlo
a
negatÌveq ue6tronby mentaUyreÌatingI he or no
U) the
les
oÍ the statementmadein tbe quesuon,oot as a
lccÌIacy
dlÌect
reply lo the question; or by tbe use of the
,l.menoaÌrÌesponse. right ,.
Examplcs:
Eàqde bà tà ilãÌvõ ba ?
I (bôtà rrswôbs).
À'à (tõdãwõ).
Isn't Kande baoL ?
Yes (ehehas not come back).
No (shehascomeback).
inexpensiveness
sveetpotato(es),,European,potaio(es)
,'
aovÀ("f.)
(lareefvamísì
'
sà5kiyõ("f.) trutir
krdi
kwabò
twsi
Eadsrô (/.)
mônyô
nsiIò
nõoà
stri
sulè
tarõ
tsiilõ
wuri
yurríò
Particl,es
Yerbals
kõ ? (question Paúiole), or
cook
ilatà
guilà Ìlrn away
në ? (questionparticle) (see
Lesson5)
(ihere),
kõmà return
go to another
plâce intend ing to stâY
there
rhüyà prepare
trúla
çt old
Irìrp(Ítani Phrases
né ii yurwi I am hungry
yn ú lsidà it is expensive
yõ ylà!Àhõ it is cheap,inexPensive
EXEBCISES
YOCABULARY
NorainaLs
Àràhã
gf"IS
'
price, money (seeLesso46)
I<obo
egg(s)
milk
big ones(pl. of Ditbe, lesoon t0)
I nârra
meat, wild animal
5 kobos
l0 kobos
2! kobos
exlleÌraiyeneÊa
place
hurger
Transla,teinto Elglish :
1. õ ii yurwò. Àtwai àbilci ?
2. fõ kiìíõ Eüt[mt{ rë P I' gà shi.
3. Bebü côkàli trâD? I.
4. Yârã sur tÀfi makarôntã, kõ I Tükü!a.
5. Bà kü shityà ba ? Â'à.
6. eà littõür üõlòE GrtbÀ. Ìn5 !òvs ?
Translaie into Hausa :
l. Has my mother retumed ? No, shehas not retuÌneil.
2. Didn't Bello go to Kano yesterday? Yes. he wení.
3. lsth-re workl Yes,thereis much work but nomoney.
4. Are there eggsand miÌk here? Thereis milk, but there
are no eÃqs.
5. I am húgry. What about You ?
Dialaqw
uúLsõ: Àkwai dòtrkaÈò tòsure Yâu?
GòEbo | Ã'à, èDmd Àkwai ilõvü ilò v8wü.
70
llüsõ :
GàEbo
DlüsÈ:
6à!rbo
Músã :
CÀEbo
Uúsõ i
GÀmbo
Tòdt kyôu. Itawl !ë tuditr ilõvÀ p
Sulè dü rtsì zrvà sdè tiy!.
trei, sur yi tsÈrlõ!
Bõbü-! D*àurü Dâlyã nè.
Tô bÀ lâifr. Àkwai Àyôbòkueã ?
I àknai, immã bâ yawò.
14 srèbà lÀ ?
Dà yawà, Àtwgi malrgwàrò rlò lèmõ rtà ygwò
kumõ.
DÀtyôo. Bòli mü jO mü sõmü.
Iò niü jè,
Lesson14
Inhansitive Verbs
1. Intransitive verbs are verbs whioh oannot take a
ilireot object.l
Yõ shlgô.
Kõ tssyà,
Yõ lòtu.
He hae gonein.
You (have) stoppeil/stooil up.
It (has) happenetl.
2. Intransitive verbs may be followeil by expressionsof
place.time, mannerand the üke. Thesesre not to be
ãonfusedwith objects o{ trausitive verbs (seeLessonI5).
Yã tèfl siilõ.
trõ zô iiyi.
Ye $,ff ili wuri.
Ee went/has gone home.
I came yeôteÌday.
He went early.
3. Intransiüivc verbs of motion typically imply the
coDceptof to oÌ ,oúdrda place. Thus no specialwonilis
rir,edÍot tnltoumrd,1f the foÌlowing word inilioates a place.
Ye ié Lòsuwõ.
S!! tnô Zirivô.
He hes been to rnarkei.2
They have goneto Zaria.z
4. If one wishes to expressmotion towaril a peÌson oÌ
other non-placenoun.tbe wortlswurin or waie! aÌe used.
I }latrv ìnLrsGiLiee! may, however, ÍÂko indircc( objèctô (e.g.
S@ l-€lson
I ;Pntlstood ,t'ely /@ ,'iu)
nõ tssJÈits.yoú m&,
15. seéion 2, for ôn iatrodúcrion [o indirocf objecLÊ.eection a and
Lesson37. mtion 4 (c), for funheÍ illustÉtions of inlísnsii,ieo lorb
ÍomÊ bofor indir"ct obFcts Sêe l*sloDs 25 and 37 for an oreÉll
3 Ã seDorsfdisriÍcrion Dsv be mDde bôrçeen tìIfi, so (au!vl. go
to d plú. \and rct hN. f.tutn7d yet). Lnd iê, so to and tdvÌn !rcn.
72
EAÜAA
Yã tà,l rlrit !rsh-.
IIe has gone to tüe ohief.
Yõ rõ wurir mutòDemmü. ÌIe Dagcome to our
DeoDle.
Yã ttn wriell itücõ.
Ee hae gone to tho úoiitv
of (towards) the tree.
VOCÀ3UI,Aì'Y
Nowinals
brfi (/. baeã)
dàbnrà(/.)
lari (/. t8rã)
hailui
iuuwà (/.)
ül (?r. itì-tuì)
it (n. ot f.)
klyÀ
EÀi gldõ
tevò(,f.)
uwôlgiilõ
rôjê
FEtn (/.)
btack (thiu)
schome,plin, deviec
white (thir*)
súorm
shade
kind, sorr: seed
red (thins)
load, imp'iãnents
'man of-the houee,, house_otaer,
husbând
tyre
' womanof úhehouse'. (senior)wife
prace, Ìegron, en}1lÌoru!
IÌ'ê
VeÍbq,l,s
Partíclps
dourà tje (up), jmprison ai
welÌ, why (a mild
Iàru
happeì
exclmation)
sÀvi" buy
mài possessor
of. . ,,
wEcè pass(byfon)
chatacterized
b y...
Impútant Phwses
dÀ wuri
early, ia sood time
kãyaq ri.kì
impiemeu:ts
ofwork. tools
mài tèbür
small market trader
|rawà lawÀ P horr much each ?
'The süodenrshoutd Dor stü€mpü to usé rb Ysrb witì rD objêc!
unlu ne rras coçered rhe maroriar in L€€son
-
rNlÍtÀNsfxrvE vE&Bs
EXERCIaES
TÌsnslatê into English :
1. üè yô làru à snbu YÈtubà ?
2. EailsrÈ yã sucè vàúz[. BÀd mü vi wÈsõ.
3. trÈ tssyò kÀ d8!rè kõYatrkà.
4. DõLhsà yó gtrilü ilÀ ssrri zuwÈciÍi.
5. Yá tÀl wuritr àbõti!8à.
Transla,t€iúto Hausa :
bv the door.
1. Shepassed.
2. Tbev went t,osit in tbe shadeof tbe tÍec.
3. It happenedhere YesteldaY.
+. Audu ioturnedhomethe day beforeyesterday.
5. $he rvent to market earlY.
Dialoguz
BeUò :
üòi têDür
Bellò :
Uü tébür
Bellò :
Uài tébüÍ
BolIò :
ÌIài tëbüÍ
Bollò :
Mãi tèbü.
Bellò :
l{ôli,À në kudin tsvÀt kòkë ?
Ai irì ükü cê. Àkwsi lsÌã ü bôeãdà iê.
Tô, nswà nôÍÀ kudiDsü?
Farã. trairà dsva ttà sulè shiilÀ cê.
Eâi, tõ yi tsÈde!
Ànmá ita cà mài kvâu.
BrÊõ là !
lfôirà dôya ilà sulê hudu'
JõfàI
Jã cè mÈi àÍàhs à naiÍà dava dà sulé bivu.
Tò daidai nà.
(l'his Diaiogucis corttiuucdin Le*or lõ')
lu
TRÁNSITrVAYERBõ; OBJEú! ?&O\ouNs
(b) Ìüouninilireot objectswith tÌsnÉitiveveÌbs:
'!Vedid work for tÌre chief'
Uutr yi wò sstH.ikì.
I búught (it) to the ieache!'
Ì{õ kdsõ wà nãlàúi'
Lesson 15
ftensifiyg Verbs ; Object h,ororrns
pronounor o nonlinal
3. -4.direcíobjectmaybeanoun.a
ohrase. The úrre of ; dircclobieclfronoun is. in general,
Àigb following a low'lone syllcbìc-andlorv foüowinga
hiãh-tonesyliablc, like uê/cë (seeLexon 6)' The pro'
nJunsused'asdirectobiectsate as lolìots:s
I. TÌan€itiveverbs may be followed hy
indjrect âDd/or
quecr oblects,or by no
object at aÌÌ.
[üiïfi
Ë--;'S,*t'*ii{+ir:fï:n*"+X
Ìne
you (rx.)
you ("f.)
Liher
possessrve
pÌonouÌur
|ory, ií is the insepaÌsble
:nSlqÍ
treatediD
lesson 9. sectioì +, to' which 1Ài;;ï
prcu^ru.
_rne proDoun tndirecí obiects are written as
show
onËormore
rlr€Ìnarivc
;:ïfl: -ix1ïïï: ï^otimes
iofor me
Eo[ì/DriEt,
ei.D
msuò/msBü
m|tÈ, mõ
nakü/mukÈ tofor yorr (ptr.)
matÌ/lriki,
tofor Ìrirn
to/for ìcr
masà,mâr Ilrasü/Eusü tofor thern
matè
(f.)
Eõ
Ixa.n4rÌes of indirect ol)jects (seealso seotion g
below) :
(a) Pronoun indircct objects with tÌâosltrve
veÌbs:
Yã shiryà lostrà.
I{e prepared (it) for us.
Tõ rlalà mid.
Shccooked(it) for nre_
üs
You (Pl.)
so/sü
thenì
5, The verb hí, ghx, giw t'o'is lhe comdooest of e ÌeÌy
limitril number õf veús wbich require no indirect obieot
indicator (ma.irà/mÀ) before an iniliÌect o!lect-' If the
indiÌecLoÈiectis a proDoun,tbe formsemployedare the
direct objeãtpronoúns.5If (asinfrequentlyhappens)the
:;$r;l*lift*a+'r.'i'ír,*irtits;l'.nr
kn"J
ItË*,ï:;,*h*rïf i,".::;1;:,
^tï,::,ïï
mu/mü
kdkÈ
4. When both indjrect and direct objects arc prescnt,
lh.eind.irectobjed i nuarìablyptec'eiu the cl;rccrúicct'a and,
ìI Lhedired;bienr is a peióoal pÌoDoun.it assumesthe
ind"oenileutfor- (seeLesson6, section6. and example
three below).
He Lroughü tu foorl'
Yã kõwõ ms!ò àbilqi.
I ditl work for the chief'
Itõ vi wÀ ssrLi 8ikì.
Take it (n'/r) to him'
Kò Lsi mrsÀshr/it&.
ío/for us
tofor you
(rn-)
toÊoÌ yon
ú/trì
k;/kÀ
ki/kÌ
ghi/rht
t8/tò
ì
i
sNote that the.ê is no indêfinit€ dircct (or indirect) object
orotron coFe6ponding to the an/à (eto ) p'3 pron
' . t.'nld tho l€€Á common {for erpFsing
iDdir€ct obJecuvrry Ì
S€ol4so-n l7' dootion2'
gàlgàrìoà"*Íuoti." iÊ
".ploved
--6-thb fsci lesds soD6
ro sugSeâtthst bè s.tuslly sov{ns tço
d;r.d! objócts rsiher ih6n onê indirecl and oue d'Fcl {uke oEoer
TBÁNSIITVE ratBBS ; OBJEqX ?&ONOUNS
düect object is a pronoun, the iuc
rornsareemployed,
u" io urunptettÏ#"f;.;ll.n*no*
Yi bõ mü tudr.
I{õ ìõ sht si&i.
IÍõ li rht its.
He gave uo monev.
f gave him work.'
I gavo her/it to him.
If the bdirecü object is a noua, bê becomes
bã.
Yô bô müiüm h(n.
ttã üô âudü 8ili.
Ee gave the man monevf gave Áudu work.
Bn/bê must take.ot least one object.
W-henonly one
o"":Ì",
it is.mostükely to'Uuu" iuA'i"ci-jiJii
,o,ol-:",1
rt oDtya directobjectis empioyed,
it _*iì"1"*"ìü
It6 g8L !hl.
I{i ss Âuilü.
Kò sa!è oid kèkêÂa!
7. Onegroup of verbs (often termed chongi,ngor oariable
rowel,oerbsl3 chargetheir terminal vowel (ancltheir tones
ifthey have tbÌee oÌ more syllables)beforea direct object.
Transitive verbs with an initial lorv tone are of this type.
Before a noun direct object the teÍrninaÌ vowel becomes
-i. Before a Dronoün it beoomes-è. ÁlÌ tones are loÌí
except for a final high-tone syllable.
(snvô)
Yõ bã nt.
Y6 bõ rtòhdf,
He gâve (it) to me.
,le gave money.
tulri, (set krcw, bc.i, permü,teaue,olld.
9:ft,:^l-"Ì"
.to)
gau,.pet@tve,
see,arc abbreviated
betoreau
gaú
and DaÌineverdÌ,opmoretÌran theü finaÌ objeot.
vowiìIt s$r ibt.
Yõ bsl sidn.
Yã bar mstrà aikì.
8un ssD Auitü.
I laow 6 him,
He (hae)left home.
e (has) lefï us work.
They know Áuilu.
CrüI dropEits 6nel vowel beforea pronoun
object and ite
sylìsbte
before
a.nouìobjecr.'d;foã;;
Ii9l:
uduectlTl
oblect it becomesgs!è.
pr**r
üïP;,ïà::f,*iJi*x':*ï:"j.:"j3i"pjt*l"_!e.!h".
l,"r#ii";ilï:'lÍ.'*:lT,::'ll^"É^'iïi!
i*ra"J"r":#"",',T-;lí,*Hii:Fir
"lllt"'tl,".t
S::,-"
mentl
fiÌing úÀ€ .iDdi;ect
J[:
:irl":lá{i.,itï'iiriiïi"l"ffii:T""ï
*ïill,"ËË.',Jã,;"-#ïi"&"jd;f
orbõsÊ
*r"*::';".1t,',._=1":ïti':
t*;
soeo.oing
tn
;l ifËira_Ëiï;;iï l."rüjtr_k
. Seotootnot€ 7, p. ?7.
""i "új""ãi
I saflsee him.?
I sa{see Áuclu.
Keep an eye on my bike (for
me) !
[ã, sàyã.
Ì{õ sÀyi àbinci.
õ sàyëshì.
(tòEbsyà) sa tàEbayà.
Íã tàmbÀyi BeUò.
Ì{ã tàmbàyêsht.
I
I
I
I
I
I
(have)bought (it).
(bave) bought food.
(have) bought it.
asked.
(have) asked Bello.
(have) askedhim.
A very few verbs wiih iniiial high tones belong to this
group of verbs. Two common ones are sèmü, ger, and
{tv.kìi, takc, 1ti,chupuu! sàúõ shl.
Yã dòu&i kõyõ.
We sot it o/ we foüÌal him.
IIe (has) pioked up/carrieil the load.
Yariable vowel verbs will be indioateil in the vocabularies
by the pÌeseúceof (i/ë) following the verb thus : sdmü
(v0r.
7 Notê that thê EDgìish t!êDslatioD of the üâusâ conpÌeiivê
asp€ci in contêitÊ euch âs theÊo iÊ present (noü ps6t) tênBe. ID the
cssê ol nã srtr úi the literâl glo8s vould be sonèthing Ìike 1 lÌare
sot to kÌ.oú hin, íherctote I latiul kn"i" k;n. Nô e8n shì literally
g perê.iae,] h;'n, theeforê m@üing eitheÍ
úeà.'a I haïêlhon
',tsuiviÁuâlly percêived him) I (stiÌl) se, àtu.
1 ,o1, áin or (hovins
a lhi! oÌB ofve.b is Pa.sN' Gra.doII. Tho PaNoDs' clâssificâtion
h htroducéd in l,son 25.
78
lrÁusa
1'RÀÀISI|I\-E VEBBS ; OBJECT PAONOUNS
8. Before.aprooounindirectobjecí rariable vor_r,el
verbs
(anc low-hrgbrntransitives)operateas folÌows:
ìIõ kõEò wà Uusãkili
trõ ksrÀrtõ.
Íô laràDtõ shi.'g
f,õ kslÀntÀ liftõfì.
Suú karàltõ Eruè shi.
(c) They may either becomehigh_high(-high)
ancìsuffix
-t (wntcnassÌmllatesto _Dr),e.g.:
(nèmê) + Yõ nõmam minì aiki.
Ife sought work
($mü) -> M samammasÀkèkê.
trã Lãwõ.
à kõwõ rht/tà.
Nã kãwõ kuú.
AD küõwõ 3hì.
An tirõwõ mtuã.
for nre.
I got a bicyole
(vÀrrta-intransitive)
+ uoov"ra". wloirf,#"a rri*
m&tà.
,-+yô raubeyam
(rÀeba,yè)
EiDi.
"Jt;'"f:utlÌ".
Na nõnals
àddõ(/.)
oauu
IaúaÁyò (/.)
sàrBô (/.)
sÈtali
kõmë
I (have)caught(it).
I (have)cauÀhtií.
I (have) caúhr a fish.
Ìnâtchet
Ìeason
hoe
Ìarge hoe, plough
axe, hatchet
everything, whatever
Port'iclês
grve
àlbsrkè no sale! (said by
(i/õ)
pick
up,
carry
scller)
dôuLò
habà
coÌne,comenow!,
I.aa (r/e.l speak
gari
nonsense!
see
increase,raise u'a,-leà,|
&dlà
(pÌice)
mà
to, for
rage
reiluce (prioe)
agreeto sell
s&llÀmã
raya
male an offer
(in buyúg)
Verbals
0a (DaJ
9. O_ther
trâDsilive veÌbs.eÌcepttho6ecndüg in _õ,also
sxortenfbeÌr teÌminal voweÌbeforea direct iouo obiecl
lDÌÌ not belorea direct pÌonounobje,,t. nor befoÌ; on
lDduectoblect). 'l heseverbslikewiôe.if thêy consist
of
nìg,T.th.an-two syllabÌes.drop the tone oÍ th"
6n.l
sytlatìlebelbÌea noun direct obiectIÍÀ kõ!!È shi/tâ.
IÍõ kãmÀ kifi.
I have oaugÌrt Musa a fish.
I (have)read (it).
I (have)read iì.
I (have)read the book.
They Ìeâd it to us.
I (have)brought (it).
I (have)brought it.
I (hâve)bÌought money.
He halsbeensummoned.
llusa hasbeensunrmoned.
YOCÂBUÌÁ3Y
(ó) Or they may becornehighìow(high), e.g.
:
(sàye)+ IÍã ssyà masà àgõsô.
I boughthim a
watch.
(làdn) -+ Sun l8dà mauò làbÀÍì.
They told us the
news.
(yÀrtla-intransitive),+ tre yarrtò I alìow you (io
erkÀ.
do ií).
(tò!rbaüÀ)* sutr tsmbÈyã ma!à They askeil
Áudu
.â.nilü.
for us.
(kwÀikwsyÀ)+ g!tr kwaikwòya
They imitated a
naoÀ biÍì.
monkey for us.
trõkõeÈ.
?9
1
0 Note thât âfteÌ â high-ìow-high verb a proqoun objeci does not
íollow the tonâl polsrity Ìulo given in secíion 3 âbovo; but, rrihe.,
is hish toDed.
IIÀUSâ
ItupútÃ,rlt Phra.ses
DôsÀyõ
I (agreeio) buy (ii)
elrl nin-J
give rne somemoÌê. increateyour offer
ràgë miqi
take someawa].. reducethe price for me
Lesson 16
the FutureAspectsanrl Zâ
EXrRCtg[S
1. There are two futüÌe aspects in llausa. The most
usoil construction, \erc letmed. Júu,re 1, employs the
speciolüedverbal zà plus the subjuactive aspectpe$onaspectpronouÌrs. Eüsion (incluiliug tonal) takes place in
the 6Ìst ânil third (masouline) persons singulaÌ (cf.
L€€son?, section 8 (c)),
Translate into EngÌish :
Ì. Bellò yã kãwõ manònãmà.
2. KÀi masü littãIìr trÂ4 kà rtõwõ tlà wui3. tfò ya bõ kà &wai ? ÌÍài tëbtu à bàki! haryò.
4. Tã jé kàsEwõ,tã sÀyiilõyà mài hÈitô.
5. KiD dàukõ Eü. Kitr kai sü giils! EÀi giilalkü.
I will oome
.enzõ
you (,l.) lrill come ze kÀ zõ
you (/.) wiü oome zóld zó
he wiìl come
zü rõ
shewill oome
zl tà 16
onewill come
,tràzô
Translate into Hausa :
1. Diil he seeme ? Yes, but he iloesn,úÌcrow vou,
2. He got meat. Shecookedit. They at€ it ií a hurrv3. We left thÌe,e
Insggoesin his car. Go and get theú.
4. Sìe.prep-ared
food for us in the shadeof the-big tree.
5. He bought tools. I don't know úhereason.
Dfu,lnque
(Oontinuation^ofDialogue in Lesson 14,)
Bellò :
Tô, !rã sàyi t&IÂr latuà uaya iè suè nudu aè.
Mài tëbüÍ : ÀlbaÌkÀ, Shi trÈkudi! baÊâr.
Bellò :
Iô, na$à në tudirtÀ trr sàskiyã ?
Uài tébür Itõ lacè &wabòütü.
Bellò :
IÍã Êtuàstuì.
MÀi tèbür gabà mãlàE !
Bellò :
fàdi stukiyê.
Uài tëbÈÍ XÀwõnairà ilò sutèbtyet ttÀsisi.
Bellò :
Tõ, ú tayàmüà ilà sulèbtyar.
Uài têbür I{ã eeuàeãmtuà ità sulèbtyaÌ ità tarõ.
Bellò :
MãittltÃ, gÈ ktr|Íi!.
,õ nü uõ rre üill oome
zõ Lü zô you wiÌl come
zõsüzõ they will come
2. "Ihefuture II aspnotis lessuseilthan tho fuiure f.r Use
of this asDectsomotimestends to lenil an aiÌ of irdefdtenessto that is gaiil, The use of the future I does Dot.
though, necessarily imply more deúniten€sdtÀan iloeg
the üse of the futuÌo II. The future II forms are :
í
u
t
f shaü come
you (2.) úll
come
you (/.) will
come
he will come
nÊ zõ
lâ zõ
úe will come
one will come
tâ uõ
â,z6
oâ/mwô zõ weúall oome
you (?1.)will
kwâ zõ
oome
kyâ rõ
yô zõ
sâ/swâzõ
they will
come
I Some IIauÊ3 disÌôcts do not uso it et ell.
82
rrÂusÂ
TEE TUTURE ÂSPECIS ÁïD ZE
3. Tìre Degative <.rfboth future aspects employs the
bÀ. .. be aegativepâÌticÌes.
Bà zôi zõ ba.
Bà tllâ tÀfl ba.
Bà zõ sü ci àbitrci bs.
They are going/will go to the dance/
gômes.
Zfr camot be foüorvedürectly by a nominal.
Zâ construotions are negaúivedby the use of either the
bò . . . ba or the bò . . . ba negative sets :
ZÊ su !swõ.
He wiÌÌ not come.
'Wewill
not go (away).
Tüey are not goingto eât food.
Bòiüà tâ !i
Làsuwã bs.
Bò/bÈzÊ ku
kàn6 bs ?
4. In sentenoesof a narrative type, when a string of verbs
occursall of which require the future aspect,the 6Ìst veÍb
is preoedeilbv a,futurc I or II p-a pronour and the Ìesú
by the appropriate subjunctive âspect p-a pronouü.r
GòboÌIõlèDr AuitÈ zâi tòí ,YôlÀ, yÀ budè Bakalartõ,
yô tlõwõ,yà ci àbhci, yà hútà. Tomorrow M. Auclu will
go to Yola, open the sohool,retum, eaüand rest,
zA ki rarò.
Zâ a eÀri.
Zâ mu aikì,
zô ku kàJrfi.
syrdõ(/.)
,rbi
groundauts, peanuts
ilay after tomorrow
store
kèDff
very muoh
&wa,fsi
r!Àsa,lÈ ("f.) woÌd, talk, matter
!3vt (rk.lf-) ilanoe, game
new (thing)
8ôìõ
exactÌy, really, for suÌe, that's right I
r&ai
(/.)
tÌaveÌling, jouÌney
tèfl.và
tolu
conveÌsation
kõhõ/tsõtõ old (thing oÌ person)
yõwò
awalk, a stroll
woman's bodY oloth
zaúè
I am going/will go home.
Wìere areyou (m.)going/willyou go ?
You (/.) are going/will go to Kano.
Sheis going/wiÌl go to the farm.
They (im,persm.al,)
arc going/üll go to
town.
We are going /will go to work.
You (pl) arã goirg/'will go to the
store.
This use oÍ rbe subiunotive Esv slso bê enDÌoved if [hô BDêot
'
orrhê 6r& clsuse is co;rinustive o;habirust {s€; t ãsao" sr. *iio"
I {e)).
.
Notê thot in theÊe examples the time oï the sotjon (proÊênt or
IutuÌ€) is morc depeodeDt ihìrn usual on ths @rçxr.
Aren't you (pl.) going to the sto.e ?
Noniruls
Y6Ìòlr ü8tr zâ shi
!lakarrntõ.
This boy is going /will go to sohool.
zA6 sõ\ã,.
I em not going to úhemerket.
VOCABIILARY
5. Â ddely used, specialized verbaÌ reÌatetl to zã is zâ,
will, go to, am bound,/or. The specialset of p-a prcnouns
employedby lhis wtbal lollow rsthcÍ thao precedeit.
Thãy are thi sameformslwitb the âddition oÌ a) as the
diect object pronouns given in Lesson 15, section 3.3
Zô rti siúõ.
Ìnà zô ks ?
83
VqbolÂ
sàii
gaya
tlurt
I
I
Í
,l
(ve)
D^eEa
r5
ssyat (ilÀ)
zâ,
becometired
teÌl (requiresan indiÌeot object)
rest, relax
seek,look for
wear, put (clothing) on (seeLesson9,
VooabularY)
seÌÌ
wiü go (to), am going (to)
84
Imputant Phrosa
t!õ zÊks ? whereare you going?
Lesson I7
EXIBCTSES
Relatersanil R'elationall{ounr
Translate into EngLish:
I. Itd ii yuuwà Âwarai. Dòmin haki zâDci àbinci yòuzu.
2. Bà zõ Eü ci ÀDinsinân ba,
uè rã H yi ? Zâr kõüò gtui sD ji!tò.
zõ kò g8yÈeint lÀbãth tÀâyòrtò ?
o. zA ku kòstrrô yôu P À'ò, zâ mu sirlan àbõkiDa.
1. Hausa employoseveralparticles (here tefitr.edÌehkrs)
atrd nouna to iniroiluce (or relet€) phrases,cÌausesar<l
gentencesin much the w&y F'ngliRhaloeswith prepolitions
and cooiuncüoDs. Some-oftüe more impoúant of theso
are lieteâ bobw. (Seel,esson29 for further tr€âtment of
sei and ilèJ
TransÌaie into Eausa :
l. We will eo to the danoein the rnarkeütomorrow.
2. You wot't eo tó school.
3. They wilÌ aÃk you to give them moley.
4, Wtrere are you going ? I'm going for a walk.
5. lomorrow Malam Bello will so to Kano, He wilÌ
brine his fether's horse.
2. Nottirrl phmse dnttoútcos (relater-head nominal
pìrases).
à,'at, in' arr :
I saw him at/in Kaoo
!tõ gsú sht À K!'Âò.
He did his work io the bul'
Yõ vi sildnrt È diti.
i; ;ô tõsò ò LÃq tëbür. Fe put the ilish on the table'
dlà,wiíh :
Yõ tòô ifò rhi.
He hes goue away with it/him
m he has teken it/hin awaY'
quitü
Ìan faú (liú. wiih speed)'
IIe
ilà ssBÌi.
Yõ
üu; ci òbirci tòr€ dÀshi. We âíe food with him'
Dialngl4
anìhõ
tròrile
ADìDõ
NÀDile
^Dibô
trànilo
ÁDìlrã
Kà lo
AEìrõ
hõ râ ki, EÀndo?
Zâ ni fÀng ta sàyi sibon zanè.
Dom mè ?
DòEin tr râ, b tàfl rrtrã ilÀ shi jibi.
Dà !lãtr. Kâi, ,âtrèút na yànztr bâ kyer I
Càskiya,lkt. Yõ tsúts ròssi.
uòi siilaoh yã bã kt kndtu ?
Bóbü ! I{õ saysr itò cyÀdõuÈ.
rò bâ lâifi.
dàsà"fron :
Nã diwõ dÀgÀKsiluÈ. I have returned ftom Katluna.
IIe sot (it) fÌom }ome.
Yõ stmü dàsÀSiilõ.
Yô zõ itàcÀw!Ìir larki. Ee Àascome from the chief.
Eüciu:ëtn, Íü, i'n the ptuence of' etc' (gà befoÌe nouns,
gÀrëbefore PÌonouqs)1 :
i
I
I
I ln úêov cootett€ &ctroDperform€d fo. tbe beDê61'of sooìeoDo
bv ;n indiíeot obj€ct coosLmciion or bv
óf erp*sÊing oranpÌês
aúrnatiro
;Ï'sòici È;
tiiïoã
-.;';.-;';"."*t;iú;;
";.8owouÌl be : -w-a.ve.
trõ kri oarà 3ú,ând sun Lõwõ
onoar<l thrão'oìpage
wò mÈ'bmeimvã.
86
IÍõ ksi sü girë sht.
Yõ rrèni sitì gà Ài.
stra kõwõ rtrwõ gà
mitÀmai,
Strtrüsàré siJ.
Ya sõmà ilàgà gÀrõtrì.
EAvaa
I took/havetalen them to him.
Ife sousht work from Ali.
They bioueht water to the
teachers-They are with him/at his home.
He got it fÌom me.
sci, unÍi,l,,e@ept,onl,y(aoi also has usesoúherthân as a
phraseintroilucet-see below) :
8ri sòbe.
Until tomorrow.
Bàú gr walli Àbü bs ssi I ilidn'ü see ânything except
tikòlef.
shoes.
8ai dsyslsÈ ys tàff.,
Only one of them wenú.
8..Conneaorc(cotirnctions). DÀ is used (as a connectôr)
withil serial nomúal phrases only. Kõ may connect
wordo, phrases,cla,uses-orsentenoós.
d í , a ú ; d à , . . . d à ... a n d ,b o tk... a n i l ... :
trõ sr yõròrtt übs[sÀ.
I saw tÀe boy and his
fathor.
Ssrki ill Eutôuêluà ru tl,i. The chiefand his mea hove
gone away.
Dò d ilà rhi rõ eü yi.
Ee anil I s rl.ill do (it).
tô, o. ; tõ... kõ ...,
('. . o r . . ) :
ú, e;,thã.. .or , . ., ukdhzr
Bn !ôú ci itÀ!L8ü kõ rtôyò
ìa.
fõ s{sti &õ wòtili zôi ië.
I won't ea,tôweet-potatoes
or yalÌls.
Either the chief or tÀe
ileputy will go.
I The üÂô of the úoÉ vowoled p-ô pronoun (ya) will be ôxptsined
in léson 20' Lit€Íâlly, ' I &nd hs '. Tho Hsus* custoú id oonÂtuuctioÀs lik€
Lhis oDo iô jusl l,hó.op-po6iteoI tbe EngliÂh convooúioD. In HêuÂs
REI,I\TERS Aì{D BEL]\TTONIJ, IíOUNS
Kõ zôi yi, tõ bò !ôi yi L8,
òhô.
4, Clau,se,ú*odureteàsm4 bttt :
I{õ tàf, falii òBmt bà!
dodàctu bõ.
Yf yi âikì ÀnEõ bÀi sàBi
kudï ba.
dà, uhën, os soorì'as :
Dà yõ kômò ya { gôni.
Dà yõ kõmò zÀi gõ!i,
87
whether he will ilo (it) or
not, I ilon'í know (or
oarer,
I went to Kano but I
diila't staY there long.
He worketl but diih't get
(any) moneY.
Wïen he returnetl homehe
saw (it).
Ás soon as he retums ho
wiÌI see(it).
io or tilau, 'f, ofun (followeil by oompletive aspect) ;
\{hen/If I get (some) I
Itr !õ sãmü zâu bõ kÀ.
will give (it to) you.
gsyà
gê!
zôtr
trõ
shì
lilan
ff I seehim I will tell him.
EasÀ.
soi, t|ìnn :
Dà yõ zõ sai h tÀfl.
trwsbò yõ fãdt. Ssi tra I gsn
sbì, ua a daukà.
Á-ssoonashe comes(then)
I will go.
The kobo fell. Then I salq
it and picked (it) up.
5- Relatianal noúns aÌe not a speoial subcategory of
nouns. They a,re,rather, !ryical nouns which âre Ìegularly used in contexts in which English-speakersexpect
a pieposition or conjunction Someare frequently useil
with relaters.
. Thê .eâson for thê short vowèl itr the p-a pronoune is eiplsined
in Leéson 20.
88
TIAUS.â.
blya! (ftom bõyi, óar&|, behúvtr,aÍter :
Ys Âtõ dÀgàbõyar dnÈ.
Eo came out from bohinil
ühehut.
BôyôDrreaoà! lõkÀcl ya 5
b8r Bü.
Àfter this time he left us.
BÃyôlrilà ya ã tÈff bÀtrsao A{ter he left f dida't gee
sDìba.
him.
cikiE (fÌom ciút, iasiàe i ct. citri, stomank),in (sii[,el,
a,mong:
Yt rhtgo ciki! dõti.
Ife went úto the hut.
üult aô! shl ciki! mutàaë. W'esaw him amons the
people,
8Àbau(fÌom 8àbã,Jrtont),in front of, beJue:
Yã tãdl gÀbsD s8rki.
He postrateil (hiuselÍ)
before úhechief.
Ya s[llü gòban môtà.
He ran ahead of the oar.
kàmar (from kàmõ, srrro-toríty),l,í;ke,alnuf , aa iJ ; kàm,[
};s,kà: thus, üke this :
Âuilü tÀmar Bellò !tõ.
Áuilu is like Bello.
Yiyi kèEaú shÈLslàgõmò. Ife was about teD yeerõ
íold).
I{à yi kàmsr zâl wucè.
I made as if I'd pass by.
ktu (fuomkü, hnad\,on, on top oí :
ta sa a aan teDüÌ-
Yã ,âtr[à à kôn kujèrõ.
He put (iú) on the table.
IIe sat on the chair.
ÊòÌlashi[ (from Êàr&2sfr,unÃemeaüt),under :
Ì{õ !A EàtÊsshitrtêbür.
I puú (it) utrder the table.
5 See footDote on pege 87.
BbÌ,ATERS ÂND &EI,ÂTIO!{ÀL
NOI'IiS
89
wai€D(fÌoÌn Íeiê, pk ce,tlituti ott),trbout,to.y' orrr,(secaÌso
Lesson14) :
IIe got about seven.
Yõ ràEi tf,oi€tr ba,kwài.
jë
I went to the chief.
trõ wsiea 8erki,
gàri.
We hearil (it) from thc
Itt!! ii wsietrmutàDe!
lownspeoPìe.
zuwà (from zuwÈ,cpúit1ql Io. lntaad .
I rvill run to/tol-ald home.
ZÂ! guilü ruwà giilã
Yê kâEò hsryi zusi
He took the roail to K*uo.
Kalà.
6. Two reÌational words ilon/ilòmin, óecazseoÍ, irl' ordcr ta,
and tÈitE/kòmÌB befor, mw' be treated separateì1.
Tbese woids, thoug-hthey Ìook likc nouru. hate no
extant foÌms vithorit the -tr suffix, and function entüely
ss Ìelat€Is.
dor,ld.ômíl.,becauseof, ín ortlcr la :
Do it please (rir. for God's
Kò yi shl dotr AtlÈ.
sake).
gau
I will go in order to see
sü.
Zâr i6 dònir ln
!trem.
this Ìèâson he will go
For
zôi
tàfl'
Dor hakÀ
(aìray).
\ry'hy (tit. besauseof $hat)
Dom aè bò kÀ iè Dr ?
didn't you go ?
Làüri kàEir/kàan/ti lc.in, b{ot (when introducing a
clausôkifln, etc,,is foÌlowedby the subjunotiveaspoct):
Comebefore I leave.
Nà zô kÈflD ln t6sht.
guilü.
yò
Before he saw him he had
tràEìtr
catr sbi vE
Ìun awèy.
By tomorrow I will cone.
trldn còbezer tõ.
90
BE JATEAS AND RELÀïIONÂL
7. Chart of positional relaters.
Veúals
LõmÈ oatch,seize
Partícles
i& lila[
kàrh/kàlntn
kolai
kawòi
ollo
ra.&rlin
9I
NOUNA
d wLren
before
only, alone
only, ruerely
rvhat do I care ?
I neither
knorv nor oare
lrn\ortqnt Phrdscs
lavatory, toileí (lil. behinrl the
btian gidã
comPound)
' please'
ilon Allò
toke the Path/roa<Ì
kõmÀ hrnyò
wetà mài tuwà,
[ext ÌìÌonth
watÀn gòbe
uiletÂeoih
EXERCISES
vocâBU!ÁÀY
Notuinals
barkà
bõyÈ
cüì
gÀbõ
L'àm, (Í.1m.,
&òr&a8hi
rõtrõ
rhèkarà (/.)
lÀkàlmi
(?r. tãkalEà)
gleetmgõ (: rànnu)
back
ôtomaoh
guinea corn
front
similarity
unilerneath, uadersiile
sun, ilay, heat of sun
year
shoe, sandaÌ (or, more frequentÌy,
pair Lhercof)
taB() TU'
wallul
(metal) bowl, (china) dish
ileputy, represontative
dewif.)
tasÈ(/.) (pI.
Verbals
Partìnles
itadè spencla long time rtè
when
Translate into Engìislr :
1. Y6 lt|ü ciki! ruwõ.
2. Bõysll wàsâtr!A mü iê wuÍin sarki.
3. ÌilsD'yõ itõrõ, ssi ì! tòf.
4. Yt yi aildngÀkàmar Yitõ.
õ. Xüfn ìn tòff, zôi zô.
6. Bleõ yA ra tàkòlnirsà Êtu&ashinkuièteh.
Translate into Hausa :
l. I saw Yusufu anil his fetheÌ in theiÌ hoÍre'
Either she or I will comc to the school tortonow
morluug.
3. I lookeã for the soat uniler the table but dida't secit'
4. When I retum next rnonth, then I wiü buv it.
5. ff you work for mc you wiÌl get monev from me.
Dialagu,e
M8EEÀ! : Bstkt ilà âiki, Dôgo.
Yâuìrã, b&rkà dà zulÍÕ.
Dõgo :
UammÀtr
Dõgo :
[sEmàtr
Dôgo :
Usbmòn
Dõao :
üÂmEàtr
Dõgo i
üaDmÀtr
Dõgo :
üamDôü
Dôco :
[&!t!!Àu
Dõgo :
DIaEUütr
Dõgo :
üamBàtr
Dõgo :
üammàn
Dõgo :
[aemòr
Dõco:
Ìne rrud I
I,e6yi, bAkõÚlë.
[õilàllã.
zô ka sòti Là P
Ã'à, zâ ni yôwòtawái.
Tà bA EiIi. Bòti uü zaunà, mü yi tódì.
Iò dÀ tyô!. cl inuvà úài kyâ! i nâ!r.
Kii, òkrsi Ìõ!ã yeu I
GàsLiystkÀ,lõkàcinsÀné.
E8LÀ 16.
IÍõ ji rã kà iè Ksuò sòbe.
H8kà rc. Zt! tii citi! nõtô rlÀ sãlê
Iô, mè zã kÀ yi À würin ?
Zô! sayer ilÀ ilõwàte ò kàsuwõ,
Tò dÀ kyâu. zô kò d&dèà r(rnò ?
L zÂu nèmi aitì À rudo.
Tò bâ Eifr. gai yÀushèzã kà dãwõ ?
Sai watò mài zuwà.
Tò dà kyôu. zt! tÀfi yàltzu.
Tà bâ lâin. sai nõ itõwõ ilàsÀ Ka!ò.
Yôuwô, kà rlõwõ lãíyà.
Ãmin.
Lesson 18
ContinuativeAspect
1. The conlinuar'inedspecti\üautes action regarded as
occurrirÂas a prmessì rather than at a singlepoini in
time. TÍis proàessmay occurin present,past oÌ futuÌe
time as inúcated by ihe context. In the absenceof
cont€xtüal eüdence to the contrary, however, it is
usuallv oossible to assìrmethat the reference is to a
proceú involving preeent (retheÍ than past or future)
time,
verbal nà, óe'in
2. This aspecLemplovsthe speoialized
qt:
sbort-vowel
high-tone,
piereded
by
a
yocess'oÍ,
be
thp
perÂon-esPoot
pronouns.
Thee€
set of Derson-aspect
prooo,li" u"" tr;ditio;elv
wÌitten ss pre6tes to nò
Ltàer thou as seoÈÌate words. A modifier (usuaÌly a
noua) murt follow nà'
I a,mworking/
do worÇ
wona
you (ar.) are
workinc
you (/-) a:re
norKmq
he is worúng
bà aili
muni aiÈ
we are .
woÌalng
tonl aiÈ
tunò aiÊ
you (pÌ.) are
voÌÀrrlg
gunl aili
they 8:e
woüartìg
úe is vorkiuc
one isworkin!
tsul &iÈ
ari aiÉ
lirrò 8iÊ
vanÈ sili
r OÌ, frequentÌy, âs à habit. S6ôLossoú 26, foottrot€ l'end Lo6Ún
27, section 2 (d).
94
ÍÁuaa
3. The aegatdrrof thie-aspectemploysa speoialüeilverbsl
Depru8e speoralB€tof loÌí-tone, loqg_vowolp_aprououoa
which follow tüo verh
I iloa't work
{dc.)
you (m.) clon't
work
you (/.) don't
work
he doesn't
work
she doesn't
rnork
no one worke
bô d sifì ! bõ mü aiÈ r we clon't
work
bõ Lô tifi
bã Là rüì " you (?t )
'
doi,t work
btrì8üir
bãyl 8ità, bõsìidÊ,
theI. don,t
iork
Dõfò sitì
bõ È aikì
4..f...large number of nounr indicating ôn action,
sctiüiy,. stôte, plaoe, etc., may occnÌ wiil nt iu tUó
conlrnuâave.
yani màgoni
yaúi sidõ
vani lctvà
ys!à Ka!ô
ya,rü nal
yani zàune
he is talkins
he is at hoÃe
he ie \rell
ho is at Kano
he is here
he is sitting dowa/seateils
5,. ãaw inilicatüg possession
is expressed
by r,heuseof
!tre cootinuÊ-tlveffpect construction plue tlÀ plus the
poseessed
objmt,
-
I Oth6. foros not in-ftêqueDrty
heêrd sre: bô ni...,
I . . . ; tõ
ry8. -, vo!{/ì... r bõshi,.- fu.,.; bn,niinwà. . ., ,,?. . . ;
bètFi.,... vo&-!/.)
. . . ; ardbãdisteÈ...,rá?,...
' see la$oú 19. s€ction 7.
CONTINUÀTIVE
95
ÂSPECT
irÈ dÀ sht a
mulà dè aüì
ys!à dà Ltrdì dÀ yswè
Ì have it
we have work
he has a loi of money
6. Eaoe nat is exprcsseclin either of two ways :
(o) Employing the speciaÌizedverbal Dõ pÌus the set of
person-aspectpÌonoung listecl in section 3 above.
bã d dè kudÍ
bã yò ità mõtà
I haven't any money
he iloesn't have a ca.
(ò) Enploying the specialized-verbalbâ plus the set of
p-s pronouns tisteil with zÊ in hsson 16.
I dorii heve iv
bô !i dò shi r
it's no good (rdr.has no goodaess)
bâ rhi ifà bôu
bô k! dò ha[kòli you furtr.)ilou't have (any) sense
7. The forms arl ilil aDil bõ ü dÀ/bâa ità are rarely, ü ever,
use(I.
l/OCÀ3ULÂIY
Noniml,s
barci, boccl
bükãrà(/.)
ilõsô
don'uwè6
(d.'yar'uwa)
tusbi
sòiêr€
sloep(ing)
ne,eil(ntg)
tall, long, high (thúg)
pl.
broíher (ldr.son-of-mother),
meaussiblings (d.e.without
referenceto sex)
aÌrgeÌ
úoú
. Notê thôt it iÊ the indepeadent pÍonou.rõ (seo Leffion I, sectioD
6) which ôrc enploted aff,€r ilò in these coDshuotioDs. This iB t.uó
qheneeer tho direct obj€ct of the verb(êl) tB intÌoducèd by dè (seo
LeÊÊon25. Êection 4-6ì.
5 Noto that the Clottal oeiob vtrioh occus (but i! not vdttên)
befoÌe evorv word bociNiDc with a voEel muÊt be srirt€n wheE
dan'uwd is ïritten s-o ringÌe ood.
96
ha!kÀli
iticè
iilSi
ÊasÃ(/.)
sa!rà
80,
EAUSA
consoiousness,
serue,savoir-faire,
cúqrmspection, caution, slowness,
caÌe
tree, wootl
canoe,boaú
' eaúh, gound, lâ,nil, country
sky
wanting, desire,liking, love
Veúals
dõkntã wait (for)
í
surpass,be more/
better than
rrlUtü
alie
shâiilõ iDform, teÊtify
yòlil8
agaee,consen!,accept
ylrÍu
be possible
Pdtt'ú:les
kô ?
maybe?
perhaps ?
wòtÀkilà, pobably,
rataknò
perlaps 6
Ilrrpoúnna Phruses
Ìailway haiÌl
iirgrn Êast
ssmà
aeroplane
iirdu
k6 vàrils, (Lô) ?
do you agree?
mrn jimò itÀ yawÈ (anotherreply to aai an iinò)
yã yiwu, yã ylvu,
ya,tròytruwõ
it is possibleô
yt tushi
get/becomeangÌy
EXXRCISES
Tranrlate into Engüsh :
1. Bê ri dÀkõystruõEã.
2. überrÀ ysnl zutrü yÀnzu.
. The óim6 lefoÌ€DG of tüosô orpossionÊ iÊ detoÌmined by wLich
aspeol, iÊ oopÌoJ€d iÀ tho followiog otause. e.g. yõ rtwu zti !õ
: it is pqtíbl1 he uiü cow t yârã yìwtreõ yo rigõ J's aõ
- ü i.
poeêibla lthdJ h2 hds alreddy aftirêd.
CONTTNÜÂTTlIEASPECT
3.
4.
õ.
6.
97
ÌÍàtõtõ tsoà aiLì ilà hyeu à gõ!õ.
SarH yani sô yÀ zõ yà yi trÀsanà ilÀ mú gòbo.
uwalsiitõ tarà dà àbitrcinBÈ ctki! úôkÌjrtà.
ltutàrc! càti! bõ sìi mlrõ.
Trauslate hto Ilausa :
1. They are talking together.
2. It is possiblehe is now st Lagos.
3. He hae a bis tree in front of his home.
4. He has ihrãe brothers and sisterg (d.e. siblings) at
home5. I ilon't have it, Pleasedon't get angry !
6. If he is here I won't go by tÌain.
Dí"logIu
Jòtau Inl sô h yi nÀganà rlà mài Biil5.
GÀiõto MÀi side bi yò Dâtryôu.
JÀtau Tô yÀushè,ôi ilãwõ nè ?
GÀière ai, bàIr 88!ì bs. Yõ tàl lkko.
JÈtsu Yõ tàfl cikin jirgin rset trõ ?
Gài&e Ã,ò, cikir iilgi! Êôst.
Jàtaa KÍãnã trswà zei yi I wuti! ?
OÀiëro Ai bÀ zôi n rãti güdõ ba.
Jàtsu Iô, zâi ràú kõyõ côn !è ?
Gàiére WÀtàHÈ. ÀmEã yõ tÀÊ ilòmir dar'rwamò yõ
mutü.
Jàtsu Tô, kõ zôi d5wô sãtl Eü zuwl ?
OÀiõro Eskà në.
Jàtau Ìilatr y6 iltwô kà gayà masà i!È bükõiàt
tÀim0korsà.
Càiére tô, ztlr sheidõ Da,sÀ.
Jütau DÀ kyôu. Sai an jimà.
CÀjërô Tô, mua iimà tlÀ yawà.
99
IrORBAL NOüNS
he is Puttiug (it)
on the table
gô
yaai
ahi À tõbür he is Putting it
on the table
y8!à
ig cetohing (it/
he
kõEòwi
(Laoi, catcn)
tüem)
vs[à kõmòwô ò dõiì ho catches (tÀom)
ia the blgh
yr,ri tüBi su
he ig catrching
Ítrem
(hõwô,ór;Ìq) ysDòkãwôrõ'
he is bringing (it)
'
yaul tiwõ EaLò
he is brirging us
loails
hãyõ
y8!à savâ'rsõ{
he is selling
(saytr, serr)
(things)
ys!à ssyar itò kõvô he is sellúg tÌrings
ya,ni sawõ ò tõbür
Lesson l9
Verbal Norns r
| . Irequenily, the noun employeila.fteríhe continuative
nà is a nominalizedÍorrr of a verb, commonlytermed â
aerbal,naun. Most verbs have oqe or more verbal noune
oorrespondingto them.
2. Verbal nouas of transitive ole-syìLableverbs almost
always 2 have a falÌing tone.
(sõ, rr@?,r) i!à sôn kodì
yanò yi/yirsò
(yt, dol
(ii, sern€) Eull iln zAfi
(ci' eat\
I waut..(some)money.
he is doingiinaking (it)
we are warm (lrÍ- we feel
Leatì
bA yò citr nãmà he doesn't eat meat
3. A large number of transitive verbs I employ a verbal
noun endúg in -ìrô in the continuative. If, however,
there is an obje.ct (ilirect or inilirect) the basic verb ie
epployed followed by the regutar indirect and/or direct
oDle4ÌconalÌuc[rons.
@í púl
yanÈ sâwõ
he iÊ puttiDg (it)
on (r'.e.aúicle of
clothing)
r The íofm&tion of verbsl nouns ând th€ir funcrionirc is
ono of
th6 moÁt complex aspec(s of lÍauÂa *.!úmar.
Tho- foflonins
shoold, lhereforê. bo ressrded ss 'helpÍãt hints' rath$ r,ban as i
cônDlête treâtment.
! iìè- onJy erc6ption is b!n,
si,jnS, úutíns lo!). whoaê u66 ts
! ThoÊe of Pa'rsonÊ' clades I, IY, V, VÌ and VÌI.
S€e L€ÊÊons
25 aEd 37,
4. Many intransiìive verbs 5employ this same-we su6x'
they, are coming
sü!ü ôtôwll
(fit6, wne our)
(drã;wõ,rcturnh$e\ vs!ò {tõwôwõ4
oÌlE
he-is reúurning
trele
5. Someooomon intra,nsitivesemploy a süghtly álifrerent
sufrx or no sufrx at a,ll.
yanü zuwò
(rõ, @ne\
be is comirg
he
is íraveÌling
itàf,, oo owav''. vanà tÀffvò
he is getting olil
Ìtsttú N olÀ) ys!ò tsürõ
6. the usual form of the vetbal nourr of a oariableouael'
tronsí,tíoeoetb3 islhe sameshapeasthat of tLe verb when
no object follows.
I Notê thât before the sufixed -wã â high-tore syllablo becomes
fâÌliDc.
õ EiúeciâìlY of PaMns' Grade ÌII
. Paìsns' Grade II eerbs.
f00
Í usÁ
(k t6ã,,recsi.oe) ysuò kàr6õ
he is (regularly)
receiving (it/them)
yari sõmü
(sãmü, gd)
he is getting (it)
(tÀnbayò, as&) ysd tàmbayÈ he is asì<ing(about iü)
(a) Many variable vowel verbs (inclualing many of the
commonestof them), however, have inegular verbal
nouns of various tj4)es, e.g, :
Veú
Verbal Narn
borrow (other àrõ
srõ
borrowing, a loan
than money)
marDy
beat, thrash
beât, thÌash
shoot at
èutô
bücõ
dòLõ
hòlbõ
anÌõ
bucì
itütü
hsÌbì
marrJnng,marnage
beating, tlrashing
beating, thrashing
shooting at,
throw at
seek
till a fam
Ìequ€st,
beseech
tèIô
trà!!ó
tròeõ
ròte
jüi .
!õm5
nõmi
rò&õ
st€al
sütn
sãtü
throwing at
seeking,looking for
faming, tining
requestrngra
request
steaÌing, theft
b"Èg
butchering
boy
3òye ròyé
cut ofia piece yà,rkõ yart6
of
(ó) lVtrat might (becausoof its Engüú traDslatioo)be
regardedasa direct objectconstruolionwitb variable
vowel verbal nouls is actualy a noun plus noun/
pÌonoun possessiveconstÌuctioD, e.g. :
sõmü -+ ysnü simüD
he is gotting money (hl,
hd
he fu in the processof Ízle
gening oÍ útotwy)
ttmbayÈ -+ sunò
they are asking me
tàDbaüòts 7
? Not€ thaó tàüüoüà (the v€rb&l nouÌr) is feminine ând, !hoÉío!ê,
Ìequirc! ths feminine po!ê€ssiyspÌonoun BüffiÍ.
101
vEBBÁLNouNs
hatbì + Eurà hôÌbt!
nãoà
sÀyê+ itrà sèye! àbilci
we are hunting úld
anirnaÌs
I am buying food
(c) If an indirect object ({ a direct otrject) is expressed
the verb form rather than the verbal noun i8 employed (as in section 3 above).3Somespeakorsprefer
the vexbconstÌuction to ihe verbeì noun ooüstrruotion
(ilescribed in (ó) above) \dith dircot objects as welÌ.
Eaarnplns:
I.0.+ D.o.:
ysrl s8yò m8!À
àbilci
sunü Dëmamminì
D.O. only :
yad tÀmbàyêrhì
aúò büsi yÃrò
he is buying us food
they are seeking(it) for me
he is a^skiughim (: vanÈ
tÀmbsyàlsò)
the boy was/is being-beaton
(: anÀ bugü! vôrõ)
7. There ie b lIausa. in aildition to the verbal nouls, *
group of nominalüetl verbs sometimes*rmed rwns o!
o."ur with lè. Tbes€indicateâstat€
Ío.a *hich
""gulorly
resulìine from the aotion of the verb.
(zatl;l,6l
d,atm)
yani zèune
Itsrrü, stald\
(tÍeaÃ, tie up)
ystrl tsàve
y8!à úÀure
(búúè,o?err)
(tàfr, prcce"À)
yaui Düde
sà lhi !ts!
tàle
he is sested
he is standing
it is tieil up ; he is in
pÌuron
it ib open
here he comes(lú.
there he is
proceeding)
t S€ô i-ë6on 16, section 8, for s diÊcü!Áion oí indhect obiects of
vôrièbìê voï/€Ì vôÌbs.
102
YÃBBÁI,Nouìrs
.I'OCÂBUI,ARY
EXERCISES
Nonhnl,s
ô6dt
kà!àtú
kõwònè (/.
. kõwÀcè)
ftôÊeri
pleâsaltDess
readiry (seeks!àJrtõ,L€s6on8)
every, any
worthy efroú (ueuaüy successfirl),gooil
tr5r, ìard work
calabash(gouil bowÌ)
automobiles (ptr.of nõtò, seeLesson 10)
noavtneas
'rrÌitirg (seerubàta, Lesson8)
eaauleSs
fable
tmubÌe, clifrculty
trwôrvõ(/.)
eõtõci
rauyl
tübÈrú
rauli
lÈtsluye (/.)
wòlatt (/.)
TransÌôte into English :
l. Tô!È Ehân!urõ.
2. Ys!ò búdè tôlà ? I, ystrà b,[dÈiwã.
3. surè ssysr iIÀ mõtõçi ? l, s[!d sayôrwõ.
4. Àtwiitr trôn yatrò ilò !súyi.
5. AiktD !ô! bâ shi rül wÈyõ.
Traoslateinto Hausa:
1. The door is ooen, Closeit.
2. Sheis b nging a calabash.
3. Is he buying fooil ? Yes, he is.
4. ütln't she light a fire ? Yes, she did.
5. IIe is stauiling with a heavy loed on his heacl.
Didagv.e
Vqbals
cisèbs
húli/lüti
út
shõÈ
woúè
103
Parti,clcs
continue, make progress mitÀ ildeeil
(ci + sòbs)
üght (a 6re), blow
b e a b le to ...
sweeD
çaeL
Impodaht Phra,se,s
yes údeeil !
I EàDò
iuàsôr...
kõwà,rèlõLtci
sar+ suDju.nctive
yõ fr Bskà...
Iwanú...
all tÀe time. evow time
oneoughtto . . -, onemuat . . ,
it is the most... for you
'Ses Lesson 29, Êêction2, for ê füllèr treatmênt of.this
coBtruction.
UâlàEi
ïrõlibi :
üôlèErD I DI :
üãIòDi
Dõttli :
[ãIòDi
DõDbT:
MètàEi
liubr :
üõlàni
citi! sild! Eakerr õ Eè y& fl mtkt wüvõ ?
Ai ltss6lÈt8rü y&!ü bã nl wàbalò.
À!hã P Inrsnci lÀ ?
Iô, Ttuerci ysni dà wüyó ròsai, òmmõ ll$õlÌ
yó í thì.
ttultú bâ yà dà süyõ ?
I. Yrrl dò s8ú1. Ki,ràtü yrqà ilè ilãdi tumi.
Tò dè kyôu. trüi kàràtú ilà yswò Dè?
I mò!à ! trõwÀ!è lôkàci.
ÀúBa bò kl úà l|ssãÌ bs ?
Ã'ò, l8 ivÈ EÀnà. Àmmii ysnl ilà wüvã.
Tò bâ lôifr. ssi kò cicòbr dÀ tò&srinkt.
TEE '&EúÂTIÌ:E ' ASPE('TS; BÊLÀTIVE COIISTRUCTIOÌ{S 105
The negative of the relative completive aspecf is
from the neg&tive of the oompletive
indistinguishable
-See
fusson 7, seotions6 anal7, for tle forms.
asoeot.
Lesson 20
The ' Relative' Aspects; Belative
ConrtÍuctions
l. One completive auil one oontinuatriveaspectin Ilausa
are knoïn as rclalioe asrrex*Bbeoauseof -tàe faoú that
-couaterpartq
these aepects,not their
ere employeil in
rcl,qtúx con*rwüorrs (eeeseotiobs4-7 belov fo-r úushaüioasof the contexts in which theseaspectsare employed).
Ï[e meaningsof tbê Ìelotive aspectca,reessentia[y the
saoe astheiÌ non-relative counterpartt (sseLeesons7 and
l8) and ühey share the oegetive constructions described
Íor íheir counterparts (lessons 7 and I8).
2. TÀe rekúiaecomptlctbeaspaa peÌson-asp€otpronouns
rre_cbaracterüed by a hìgh-rooe, ehort-vowel syllable
wrth, rn Bomecases,a -kl su.ffx.l Witb, for example,
the YeÌb tãwõ the forEs are :
. . , ne kõwõ 2 . . , mukÀ kõwõ
...r
brought'
.. -you\nì,.)
brought
. . . you ( " f.)
brought
.. . he
brought
. . . she
brought
...one
. . . tô kõçõ . . . kukà klwõ
bÌought
...you(ptr.)
brought
. . . k i kà kã w ô
. . , ya kõwõ . . . sukÀkãwõ
brought
. . . t akõ w õ
. . . a tà ká w ô
bÌought
I x-ote th&t Lbê
-kè ôuffix is employcd çirh uho ssúr€ persoÁsâÊ
h!!€ the -n sumr in rhê non.releüiv; cdmptetive âspecr(se;lésson ?).
! Se€ footnote 3 on Dsee 105.
3. The rekdhtecrtntíwaúh'vaspecÍemploysihe sameìrighmne. úort-vorsel peÍsonaspêctpÌonoun (minusthe -krl
verbal lè, óei n theVtotcssof,
su-ffix)plus tbe spcciatized
beoí.
...r r - e
. . . trak è r ô 3 . . . m u k è s ô
...IwaÌÌtB
1\-ànt
. . . you(nr.)
... ka kà sô ... ku kò sô
you(ptr)
1vànt
\vâlrt
.. . ar f,eso
. .. you {"/.)
ìvant
...be
wants
.. úe
...Y9 Èe3o .'.s uKes o
1vantg
..,oDe
Ifanas
-. . 4 &ê s o
. tìrey
$'ant
. . . t a kè sô
The negative of thc relative continuative aspect is
fÌom the negative of the contúuative
indistinsúúable
-See
Lesson18, section 3, for the forms.
aspect.
4, Iìelati,oeconstnlotionsaÌe usua,lly modifioational oonstructions which tpically oonsistof an entire clause bui
are empÌoyedwithin nominal pbrasesas rnodiÊers.
are eoÌn-monin EngÜsb. Eacb oÍ
Such co'ostructions
the followineEoslisl rrorniriaìphrasesis divisibÌeinto a
and a modificational
head nomin"al(t t.n"õ n*i\
oonstÌuction (lahelled Mod,if'et\. Note that each of tÀc
these form occur iu contetí! t@ Ìoüg to coúvenÍentìy list
' Since
here, the âtrdont is âsked to suppìy in place of the thÌee doiÊ ÊomÕ
such coniêx, as àlbis dà ... - the thirl that . . or mütãúên ali, . .
: ll'. Tteoolellnt . . .
r06
FÀU8A
modifiers introiluced. by rclative wordo suoh as Jãoú,
wfui,ch,wha, when, etc,, iqcludes a whole cÌouse. These
cÌausesare the relative constÌuctions.
N oú-relat:h)
e ConsÍr"udions:
Hed,
Mod,;,f.er
the home
of the chief
the boy
of MalamYahaya
Relati te Construdiorns:
HeoÀ
Modífur
the home
that the chief búlt
the boy
lhat Malam Yahaya gave tbe money to
the knife
that I droppeil by úheroail
the man
\Ího comeôto seeus
the tinìe
when ve had no work
5. Relative constÌuotioÌìô in llausa are usually intÌoduced by dà or wandò/wânrlà (/. waitdÀ, wôililÀ; pl.
wadà lÀ) meaning tho.t,uhi,ch, who, the ene whichlwln,
etc. The final syllable of the nominal prcceding ità tskes
the -r/-r referential suffix (seeLesson 8).a If the 6.nal
sllable of this nominal is on a high tone, it becomes
falling before iü|. Neither the refereutiaì nor the tone
chalge is necessarybefore wotrlÀ.
N on-rclatú:e consbuctions :
Hmtl
Mod,if,er
giilar
rarki
the home of the chiel
yiÍò!
Auilü
Audu's boy
a Conaiderotion iÊ herc confin€d to the comDoncst tvDe of relative
claüsê,oflên lermed l?st ricli\ o rclsr i\ o clouses . i.e. ìirose io sbich
the oÌ.uso seÍv6 to defino or lÌrticuladze
one of a clasÊ of obj@t3.
ActMìly thor6 ere in ÌIsuss, rs in English, À ìrumber of other types
of r6lative cÌâtrss Às wêÌi.
TEE 'RET,ÀTÍ!'E
' ÁS?EqTS I RELÀTIYE CONSTRUCIIONS
ÌO?
:
nelúiÚe corrstrudjíonÁ
Moiliiét
EeaÃ
giilô!
ilÀ sstkl ya sirò (: siiti v&nilò. . .)
the home that the chief buiÌt
yEròr
dò Auitü ye sikl (: võrò warilò...)
the boy thât Audu sent
ilò ts lEdì è bàki! hsnyà (wuRn wêitrtÀ. . .)
ruÊôr
the knife that felÌ by the siile of the road
DütuElD dÀ ys kè 6 zurò yÀ gsl úü (: nütüm
wstrilò . , .)
the ma,nxrho oomesto seeus
ilÀ mukà tà,fl taúà
fõkòcin
(the time) when we lcen-tto Kano
Íônità ra kà hswõ (: dõkìn dò . . .)
ifôLì
the horse whioh I ricle
mutlnë
radàrilÀ bà mü ssd ba (: aotrlouo *...,
people whom we clon't know
sutfu
ilà sukò tàÂ
úheplace where they werú
Àbl[
ilò yr bõ [t
the tÀúg that (: what) he gave me
6. Wan- occasion*lly seryes by its€lÍ as íhe heail of a
nominel phrase containing a relative construction. fn
each erompÌe the ws!-, wsdò!t-, wril- paú of the 6Ìst
word is the hesd, the relaúiveconstruction introilucecl by
lÊ is úhemoilifier :
the one which he obteited
wsnili yr rõmü
gsni
those that te saw
rrdtúilò mütò
the one (/.) úhat you (/.) wont
waitilò ki tà sô
7. The relative âspects are employed in the following
conÌ€xÌs :
I ln tho thild per€on tho perÊôn.indicatoÍ
fÌ€quortly odittéd : mütuoln dÀ tà mwà . . .
(tr,
ta, !ub)
ii
EAus
108
(a\ In relaüoeamatrurdions. Seeabove (rections 5 and 6)
for illustrations.
(ó) lVhen a construction that châ,ractedsticouyoccuÌ6
efteÌ the preilicâte in a olause is shiftecl to prepreilioate position fot emphací,s.Commoningtances
of inversion for emphasisare ;
(i) Afuqbial, nomirwls indìcaling time, plaoe,
uìanner, et . :
iiyò múè ti,ff
à siilõ m[ kÈ sikì
citin Eõtò rukò zõ
rslr TÀlEtÈyârõ s[&à jõ
\,reset\t a\ray yeMa,y
we wotk oÍ lntne
íhev camein a qr
the clililren went on
lôôyò su kè
Tunalag
Lheyarc weV
(ii'1 Inlanogutioes, whether ailverbial or not, whenever they precedethe verb :
what did tbey clo ?
mè sukÀ ú?
what do you want ?
mètgtàsôa
ys
yàushèsarki
ilõwô ? Ì3'hendiil the chief
wà yr sonì?
t!õ Ls Lè ?
return ?
who knows?
whereare you ?
(iü) Objents(t*allly a ilireot object, oc,casiouallyan
TEE . BELATT\IE ' ÂSpEqIS ; RELAITyE COìISTRUCTIONS 109
{iv) Emphasisconstructionsúvolving oë whioh have
been moved back into the emphasis position
from either the post or the pÌe-pÌedicâtepoôitiou.
VirtualÌy all the examples uÍder (i) and (iii)
above may altematively involve a nê.
sotkr nè ye tàÂ
it is the ciiel(who) went
âwây
it was yesterd,aythey
iiyÀ trë sukà ilãwõ
came
aiË uè mu kÈ yi
it is a'orÈ (that we aÌe
iloinc
cikilr mõtàrë mukò zõ it ìs óy mr (thab) we
oame
(a) In narroliae- The relative completive aspeotis useclin
prcference to the compÌetive aspect thÌoÌrghout a
narrative or extentled 'cbronologioal' aooount. See
the fablo at the enil of this lessonfor an illustraúion.
Typical introtlucers of ndnative or ' chronological'
accounts (and, therefore, of these aspects) are rân
(justl then,so . . .; â,ndsi'òt tratl'
rla;n,onzday i sttiL,
thetu(rJ) The relative aôpectsaÌe always useclaftr'r dà, wh,cn
(referring to a single act in tho past): Dãyân ilà,
afo; kõ dà,,whzn, thouqh; saì dà, ontryuhsú, (nníl
until,; ard ltt dà, únce-
indüect object) :
s8!H mukò bi
ai*ì mu kè ú
shl ta gsyà wÀ 6
it is íhe câdy' (tüat) we
followeil
we are doing uorÈ (not
somethúg eìse)
la dsthe onoI told (it to)
6 Noto th.t vhên sn indir€ct objeot is novêd into th6 êdptrasis
positiou tho indirecl objeot InÂrkoÌ (sÌwsys teè) is lêfü bêhind.
VOCÂBULá.RY
NotrinÃls
dâ
ilüEVà (/.)
küã (/.)
&àrtalsaÈ
màmãtì
(in) the past, formerìy
world
hyena
tizard
su4)rise,aÍrazemont
ËF
5
Fã.r"3
s ËÉ'Éã
ò !É
33.ÊE:
É. ' E
tr F
E
x iOP. ï:
gÈ .
FË
Ëo ÍEi F
õ"
"-3flE ã
e:g-$l:
ïË s.í
E.rãg"
Ér,
* ." ì"
ã ..ÊÊ .*.._.;
ãeãs
5
:'Ès"rei-F H
i esÌr EãE
' É.esvrraF" ;+
$AA*+ ; *i ã :
X s .C $ É
i :1 9 r .5 $arãr. *
E
e4ãÉ1pËb
igriE."Ëc,FE
È Ë ãsãFt
;
Ê
eq;
Í
Ë
ãÉ+
É
!
'=a*59i1õ
íi
i
Ë
gg33l.:rn
tã ÈËï
iE s tÈ
E í s *- l; r3 F Éã í l F Ë; g iã e
iiírÉ
íi
ËiFËF
ãliãËF
l
'ãiiï
í;3i
*ÈËFËiË
iËËilg
ãç i
ã i';
Ë5 Ë €
E.
Ë 's-?
.u
z
q ã .i .E
ã , tÊ .É "
?
3
^
=
ií
iËiËF
ã
í
Ë
Ë
3
ã
*
r
Ê
g
o
i Í F =ãã; q" ã e Ë ;
ã
Ë'F
ã i
E EF g
; E,F;"
IÌ{TEBROGÂTIVEÂIÌDÌNDEFINÍfANOI'IINALS
lna na rsd ?
Y t t à í l[ ã r è ? ' z
Lesson2l
InterrogativeanalInalefrniteNominals
i. The variousHau6aint€rrogatives(and tLe indeÊniue
nominals formed from them) belong to several of the
subolassesof nomüals. The majoÍity of them âÌe
adverbial nominals, three are indepenileut nominals, one
is a quantifer and one is a speciÂer.
2. The indefinite nominals are formed by prefrxing kõ
to any of the intenogative nominals. tn Uiusa priited
literature. someof the indefinite nominals are written as
single words (e.g. kõBã, uhda,$, a,rrqthinq, }:6v-a,
tahoecer.aLiergona)-Oühersare ofrcially Ì written as two
woÌds (e.g. kõ /íe, ühercúer, eoetgwherc,kõ yàuhè,
whenwu). lí seemspreferable to be coosistent and to
write them all as single words. This wiü be the practice
thtoughout tbis book. Iuilefi:rite nominaJs, when (as
frequently) useil to inMuce
relative clauses, are
followed by the ' relative ' aspects. Note that they
do not (as do regular nouns) require a following iIÀ
to introduoe the reÌative clause. e.g. tõeë ka samü,
whateter yott 9d, as opposed to àbin ilà La sõEü,
yw get.
Nchoì(euet)
3. Ad,aeú/iali*errogelive a,nil iailefrite nominals.
il:d,uhere?, Áau? (seealsoLesson4):
Ì!ã ya kè ?
Ìuã mutàuoEmü?
Where is he ?
'Where
are our people ?
I Br decisionoI rbe Hausâ Lân8lago Board. But ihis onsêútion
is subjecüto changsÍrom üime to üimo.
Il3
How should I lalow ?
'ffiere
diil he go ?
:
kifÌúe,s uheteDet,et:erytohere
Eõ'lú ka tÀfi cütã rã tÀ
Whereveryou go illnesswill
befall vou.
sàBê tà.
Yârõ sutràcôn kõ'Ìtrõ.
Children'are theÌe everywhere.
Eìi&à,hott ? (uoóas wiileÌy used as yÈyàbelow) : {
Kàlà zã kt yi ?
How wiü you tlo (it) ! lYhat
rà&à strkÀss!ì ?
wiÌl you do ?
How do they know ?
kõÊ.i&à,,houel)er,any tay poseiblc:
.Ani sãmürr kuín kõÊà&à. ?eople get (their) monev
any rvay possible.
yi
À sht kõ&È&à.
Do it any way possitrle,
yÀu!hè, yàwbq ?l,r?r?í .'
Yòushètrê ys zõ ?
Sai yÀushè,ã sü ilãrõ ?
When was it he came ?
(By) when will they return ?
kõyàwhè, kõyèushe,whcrwer, all tlw time :
They're here all the time.
Sunàartr kõyàüshè.
KôyÀushèmu kà trsIrò ssi ffiõnever we're in Kano we
oü zlyÀrcõshl.6
visit him.
, Noto thât th6 regul&r (not ih€ roìstive) completivê aspoot
F-s
pronoun ;s uÊed hêre Bincê l,bê rcgüìsr (i.ê. troú-êmphatio) çoÍd
phìch
pl8@s thé intsrrogstivê word iD th6
order iâ êúIìloyed
regÌrìanobjecu position aILff üh€ eerb.
3 Note that thê glotiâl cêich vhich occu. (büt is not vrittên)
b€fore eÌÌy wod beainninq qith ê voFel Dust bê mitr,ên whe!
tõ'ìn6 is ;ritten s! ; êinslã word (seeôlso dsÃ'uwã, LeÊÊonl8).
l Indeeíl in Êome diâÌects (e.s. Zâriâ) itÊ üê is eonÊiddêd
i mpoÌi te:
õ S6o LossoD 29, s€ction t, for a disom€ion of thi! u€rge of rai pÌus
EÂusÁ
114
yiyìt, hou ?, what ? (referring, for example, to actions) :
Yàyè mu kÈ ?
YòyÈ zõ t yi ilÀ sht ?
How are you ? (l'ü. how are
we ?)
What shoulil be done with
i t?
aky uay possí,ble
:
kôylyls, h.owdoer,
xôyÈyÈ zã à syõrÈ shi bÀ
zâi yi 8ikì ba.
fõvÈvÈ akè sõDÈ zôtr
tiyõ.
However it is fxed it (still)
won't work.
No mâtter how it was obtained I'Ìì buy it.
4. Ind,epenÃ,ent
irdenogat'ioeanìÌ inl,ef,ni* nuninnls.
g.ii, uhat ? (introduced in lesson 5, VocabuÌary) :
'What happeneil ?
üè yo làru ?
Wïatilo you want ?
uèkskèsô?
6
y8
yi
yi
ffiat diil he do ! or He did
üà
? oÍ Yô mè P
what ?
uÈ[õ rè p or uècecè?
wtrat is it ('lr. or/.) ?
komàlia !.à, wh,ota,vrit is :
zô! sòyã kõEèrè tlè
mòcaoòrkà.
romÈno rÈ ya tÈ ú lô úi
itÀ kyôtr,
I'lI buy (it) ri'hotever you
say (Iú. whatever your
woÍl isì.
Whatever he do€s is not
good.
t:6mê1atuythirq, @ergú|vq, whaÍ@q :
8Ài kõwõ LõEã üa,
AI|à yõ 8sr kõEõ.
He rliila't briug anything.
Godhows everythiog,
. See footnotê 2 oÌ! plgo ll3,
? Noto thât in tho€€ oompourd.q, whic\ êIê rlçojl5 rritt€D r!
sinslo vo!dÊ, tho int€nogaüvos (Eê Àüd ti) chrúge io high tons,
rÌÍrEaBocarrvD ÁÀlDÌNDExrNrtENourìrÀr/s
Iõ lhirTò LõDõ ilò kõmõ.
ll5
She (has) -prepaÌeil everytLiag (necessary).
\{hatever you get is youÌ lot.
trõmõ ts stDà ròtolrLà lõ.
vü (pl. m wl), uho ? (introtluced in Lesson 6, Vocabu-
lary):
W lysyi?
WÈDê|rà ? or Wàcõ cè ?
8r wünõ nè !!tò zõ ?
lô'l!È. Í.È,whonq 'it it :
Xõwlrã nè ys zõ kò
kà!6ë sht.
Who ilid it ?
Who is it (m. or/.) ?
Wìo (pl.) oarhei
Ì{hoever comesaccepíhim,
h.õvã.eo,ngone,eoeryoúe,whoëüet:
Eõçõ yl tÀÂsidã.
Everyone has gone home.
Bü g8 kõvE ba.
He dida't seeanyone.
Bõw[ dÀ kõrt s[tò rõ.
Dvelyone come.
wàürã (/. wòacõ; pl. wM.àtl,ô), wluichone? :
'\{hich
Wà!!õ akò kôwõ P
one wao brought ?
'\{hich
WÀccë ts il&fà ranlrÀtr
one (/.) cookeil this
rõm! ?
meat ?
Lõwàuõ (/. kõwòocë; pr. :rõvwürtâ\, whícleoo, er,wyo\e, an!@Le:
KôwÀDDëy8 bõ kà kt
WÀichever he gives you
deukÈ.
teLe (it).
NõrÀdÀDlrer!ü suLÀbsr !rü. EveÌvone of them left us5. InteÌÌ,ogative and i-odefinite qunnli,frers (een alat
rtzwà,how nwh ?, lwt nany ? :
Kudilià lawò trë ?
IIow much does it oost ?
tra sàyi sõrò n8wà?
IIow many kolanute diil
you buy ?
3 seo footnot€ 7 on psge ll4.
Ì16
EAUAA
kõ\t'/à, har0evernuch, hnweuermang :
Nõrarà ys bi Dl, yaDàilÀ Howeve.r much/many he
gives me it's okay (witü
Lyôu.
mer.
trà sÀyõkõrawà kudiisà.
Buy it whatever its price.
6. Interrogative a,ndirldeôúte specif,ers.
wÀuè(/. ,wÈcèi pr. wüàúè),whÃí (otwl ?, whük (one)?:
Wòuè aúì zâi yi P
l{lat work will he (or is he
to) ilo ?
Wòcè hsryà !n mü bi P
Which path shall we follow?
WàdÀmè Dutànõ sukÀzõ ? Wìioh people oame?
hõwònè (í kõwòcè; pl. kõwàdÀ,Drè),eoery @ne),any
(one\,wfuúÊter:
Everyone hag a car ú our
Kõrrà,!è mütüE ys!ò ilò
nótò À &8r8rDü.
country.
Àkss,i Eaf,òÊa À kõwÀcò There are beggarsin every
market.
kÀsuwã.
7. The inteÌrogative ancl údeúnite speoiflersore often
foüoweclby irì, &r'nd,sorr. In this oontext the genile.raoil
number of the speoiúeris deteiuined not by üì but by
the nomina,l following irì, Iri retains its masouline
singular form.
Wànè üt! sú zã mü yi ? Wlat kind of work will v'e
do?
Wtrat kintl of lantem ilid
you buy ?
'WIat
kind of people âre
WàdàrDè itìn mutôuë nè
these!
w8dàu!ôn P
Zõi LõwõLõçàcèirìDrÈge. Ee ì,Íill brirg everykind of
Wòcè irìr âtilò hs sàyõ?
ÀLwai kõwàuè irt! àDiosi
À wuti!.
gown'
Th-ersie every kinil of fooil
in that pla&.
rÌ{rERtoeaTrltEAÌ{DTNDETINITEtIoldrNÁr,e
117
Ioúe: Ibis rule applies also with the specifiers waúi,
wanail ancl waloòa introduced in Lesson10.
WsDi irto tEü[t!ü !è.
Itã gr w8t8 i!t! ügi ò côr.
'
Irìn sadÀrrrôlr c mrtl!ê
bâ kyâu.
It's a oeúaitr kind of bint.
I saw a (ilifferent) kinil of
govtr ther€,
These kinds of oeoole aro
no good.
8, Tberc are several wsys oI @shi,ng
d qu.esÍd,ez
in ilausâ :
(a) By ttsing an interrogative nominal (plus interrogaÍive
inton*tion) ;
lnã còrÌ ?
üèuê nà wannàn?
'mêre
is the tolrl ?
'Wìat
is this ?
(ó) By usúg the partioles kõ 10or në, or the expressionkô
tà halò be ?, o sn', ,', so?, at ihe end of a ôentence
(plus interrogative intonation) :
talrè ilò }!dl kõ ? 10
II&ve you a,nvmonev ?
yó
Yõrò zauà nè ?
Has tËe boy Lt down ?
Ydrò yn iM küsowa aÈ ? IIae tÀo Loy gone to
market ?
Gôskiyô nè, Lô (bà hstÀ
It is truo, isn't it ?
ba) ? ro
(c) The parÍicle shú lsltu,@üli í,be 2 (plus úterrogative
intonstion) iB also common ia interrogative conterts
such as the foüowing : 1Ì
'gE&usi p|efeÉ to rêyôls€ tLe troÌmÀl orde! "f "e"otfr- +iri
çN!!Àn snd çr,!d& âlthough wddà,D!âDidn Eutihê çoutd
'ilÀ
âÌÊob€ ündêEtood.
ú fõ üs€d a! a quesfion vold ìs sotusÌly eD Àbbrêvi&todfoÌm of
tõ bô húà bo. Note thô pâÉllêì erp.essiotr in EDglish, lr€ yod
comanqot . . . ? Ior ,_.. or atêí't gou ?
1rTho usè of thb prrtiolo iE simil&r to thât of rcy ot kok lhüel
aÊ quêÊtion intÌodúcoÉ in Engli€h, e.g. Beg, Me loú aomíns?,
LooL, .atu !:ot píoïe that ?
EAvsÂ
Ì18
thir ke ss! rbi P
thir ilà siki ò worilkÀ ?
Do you (by any ohance)
know hirn ?
San ilo you have a job
(for me) ?
(d) A changeof ihe intonation pattem of the utterance
es desoribed in Lesson 3, eection 6, is frequently
enployeii by itself to chaD€ean utterance from a
stat€ment to a question anil, in acldition, is regulor\
employed with eaohof the above questioa worclsby
most speakers. À paúial excepiion to tlis rule is
thêt some speakers wi.[ noi employ interrogative
intonatioD at all times with interrosative nomina.ls
(category (a) above).
VOCÂBULARY
Nowinal,t
üürf (/.)
büdi (/.)
bsÊs(/.)
biro (/.)
eíçò
tatõ
kõ'hõ
tõwô
Lõràú!ë
Lõyàurhè,
kõyiushe
kõvlvÈ
tititÈ
DõgÀrll
Bsròfr (?r.
msròtã)
nuryà ("f.)
needÌe,inoculation
nexf year
this yeaÌ
last year
illness, újury
hope, hopúg thot
everywhefe,anywhere
eveÌyone, anyone
whichever, everyone,anyone
'wheneveÌ
however, iu whatevet way
ilootor
meilioine
beggar
voloe
rr{rERRoGÂTryE
ÁìD rìrDErlllÍrD No!{rrÍÁrs
119
wàDr6 (/.
wàccë; ,rr.
wàdàuê)
yÈyà
,à..à6i
whioh one ?
how ?
fever, malaria
Verbals
Partiales
(wheu
bi ilà give
no indüect shin/shitr couÌd it be !
object folÌows)
ilúbÈ look at, look arou:rd
awsilà measure,test, try to do
kashà kill
Irnportant Phroses
headache
clwò! kôi
yã
you have becomeill (ldr. sickneas(has)
cisò
tõeà kr
caught you)
shi Eãaàni
take medicine
(yanè)dè
sauE or yõ
yi ssufÍ
it (illness) is (a bit) better
ròzrà6i yó
f have a fever (ldÍ.a fevor hascaught me)
kãEà !i
DXERCISIES
Translate into Englieh :
1 . Ìnõ kudiD ilÀ ns bõ kò iiyÀ ?
2 Wòcè mõtà zã hà tàâ ò ciki ?
lõ gs wsni irt! sirâ,D ilt bàtt saul bs ilâ.
KõyÀúhè râi ,ô bô !ò eô ìD gar slt.
Yer bè ,âr sàyi kômë À kàruwõ bs.
Translate into Hausa :
1 . Do you how him ? He's got malaria.
2. Wtrere diil you go with ouÌ caÌ ?
t20
3. 'lVtratkinil of gowndiil you bring from the store?
o.
I haveo lot of work everjrwhereú this town,
ThereI sêwthe chiefwho cameto tovn vesterdav,
Diawì/z
8ulè :
Búbò
Sulè
BÊbà
8ufè
Bübò
sulè
BüDÀ
8dè
Búbò
8olè
Búbò
uwsrgiilõ tõ g8yà Dtut bâ ta dò lãâyà.
Ea,kÀnõ.
üè ys itìmô 1, kò ?
' Crlròn tli ré.
Nâi, sòn[ú ! trã sha migàli nè ?
l. Likftô yõ yi úilt
lüri.
Iò dà tyttr. Àkwsi rà',rÀ6i kuDA ?
Àtwoi ú, àmme yÀnz! yõ yi saútL
üõrlÈ,|lõ. Yàlshè ys kõmò ks ?
Ai, iiyÀ rë, lõLÀch itò na tè nõmE,
Iô, inà rftõ AUi zei bõ ilÀ sauti.
Ành.
n From rfin6 {Vë), óotÀ?r.
Lesson22
IttounPlurals
1. Noun pluralizaiion is a highly complex feature of
Ilausa grammar. It is usually advisable simpÌy to
mernorizethe most commonplural form of a given noun.
ft is, however, possibleto classify Hausa noun plurals,
anal to âÍÌônge them in four major and severâl minoÌ
olâ,sses.Som€nouns employ moÌe tha4 one plural, but
usually a single plural form will be more pÌominent in a
given area than any of the other {orms, SeeLesson 38
for furtber treatmentof noun plurals.
2. Clossl plurals are characterizedby aìl high tones anil
an -õ . . . i ending, The -õ . . . i Ìeplaoesthe flna,lvorvelof
the eingularforrn, with the final consonantof the singular
form reappearingbetweenthe ô anil the i.1 ClassI is the
laÌgeet cÌassof plurals and includes most of the Ìecent
I HeÌe, i3 a rúo (noté two eÌceptions b€low-both
Ìêc€nt bo.rowiDgô from English), $ throughout th6 lengúge, ího following
consonents ocouFing bêfore r, o or u ch&nge beforc o frn&l i oÍ a
t
bêcomês
c,
e.g.:
,nõtà
4 r becoÍnei,
r
w
e.s-. cldÂ
ooa
6.C.: ftÈ
ÌÈcomosrh
olen beconesy e.g.: t$tuwf,
bome
order
bowl
narket
EiilÀlõ (Clatu III)
õdõii or õilõdi (ClasÊI)
tãsõshl (CbÊsI)
ttuusõtl (Êonêtines
tàtuwôwi) (cl33s I)
IllustrêtioÉ of the€êchânces
- in verbe aro :
rã ràaà he srole(ir)
yõ sÈcitic6h
ri cirü iü (r.e.sneke)bit (it)
yã lì,tr5ã heÌcd€orÌcd(it)
yõ ciiõ nr
yõ lòtrúë rbt
it bit mo
ye enn:it
ct rie (úi)
he chsnsed (it)
craji
(s nou) chensê
122
uausA
Ioannordsfronr English. The singularfrrrrrrsof most (but
b-vno rneansaü) of ClassI nounsend in -ã.
hanvà (/.)
tõbür
tànbayò (/.)
tsltsnyü ("f.)
path, road
tabÌe
question
hoe
halyôyi
t6burõri
tsEbryõyr
lartsuyõyi
3. Clqss II plurals are chaÌacteÍ;ed by a -u... ò
endiug wiúb âU tones high except the firlal -à., The
-u. . . ò replaoes the final vowel of the singular, the
cotrsonants n, w or k being the rnosi common ones
appearingbetweenthe u and the È. ClassII is trhesecond
ÌaÌgeBt cla,ssof pÌurals anil iaoludes many reoetrt loanwords. Most of the disflabic nouns with a Ìow-high tone
pattern in the singular anil rrlany with a high-low pattern
(endiug in a vowel other than a) belong to this cla6s.
Some nouns reiluplioate their fiaal syllable before the
pìural suffix, hke the thircl and fourth examplesbelow.
kì,kê
dâkì
Àbü
sulè
bicyole
hut, room
thins
shiÌling
këkuut
dãhnò
sbúbuwà
sutúlutrà3
4- Class III pluÌals ere characterizedby a -È...e
ending with a high-low-high tone pattern. The consonant
êppeaÌing betweenthe È and the ë is typicaÌly either y or,
where the frrst syllabÌe of the root consists simpÌy of a
consonantplus a shoú vowel, the consonantintrocluoing
the final syllabÌe of the singular form. Many of the oldest
? \o re lh8t lhe: p c lN T T
l ìl u rè l sà ,c ri rru a l l ) rh e o nl y pl ursl s i n
the lsnsuase wjth a low finsl tone.
tSo e e r êl s hillinÍ ( luk ) c o i n s : i n c o mD u l i n r mo n ev th.6i D qul â.
Íorn' is.used wiÌh . numbe.. c.g. sovnn ehiÌli-ngs(70ir) is strIà (no,
sulúlutÂ) bskwài.
]IOÚN ?LURAI,S
I23
and oommonestnouns ü úhelanguage-especülly those
*ith a highJrigh tone pattern -belong to ClassIIl.
name
sútrã
sútròyê
biril
tsortsi
tsunlgàyè
(walled)
birli
city
btuàaê
l'ueõ (/.)
knife
wu&È&ê
plaoc
wüti
wuròrè
Ìrorne
siilã
sidòjê
í, Ckrss IV plurals are charaoteÌized by a -ai (infrequently -au), -i or -ú sulfix \yith all tones but thât of
the sufix low. Many nouls whosesingularscoDsistof Ìnore
ì-,elong
thon two sylÌa,bles
to ClassIV. Somenounsreduplicate their final syllal.rÌe before this plural sufrx. Note
thot deúved nouns of place and implement introduced
in Lesson30, sections4 (ô) and (c), belong in this class.
àbõH
friend
òbòksi
làbtuì
newÊ
llbÈrsi o/ làbàtü
Eãlòlo(l)
teacher
mÈlàm8i
penny
kwebô
kwòbbsi (seeÌÌoic 3
.on pa.ge122)
trõhô/tsôÍõ
oLl (thing)
tiôlÀfii
guest
bòRõ
DÈfi
farm
8õnõ
sò!à'ki
kothõ (/.)
chair
tüjèrü
màcorò("f.)
Eakalsrtt (í)
word
school
6. Àmong the minor cla,ssesof noul
ClassI/ thoservith terminal -È...
saildle
sirú
Êarfè
metal
rock. stone
ilübè
rúo
eye
("f.)
esrà
l"g
mògà!gà!ü
Eàkàràrtü
plurals are :
Ã/ú :
stuàilã
&a,ròli
iluwàtrü
iilünú
EslàÍú
124
II uaa
Ctassyl-those with termúÈl -ô oÌ -ò ir tho plural from
singulõrs with terminal -l or -ã :
(o) ?lurals of mó . . . i derived nou:rs signt:fymgagent,
etrc.(seeLesson30, section 4 (c)) '
lqadbH
tailor
m{dtDtõ
maEêia
EsÊàrl
blacksmith
msrò&i
beggar
Itratoaa
(ó) ?luals ending in -l with high-highìorv tonee (úth,
on occasion,a changoof ponultimate vowel) :
cõkòli
sDoon
cõtdi
tòúanè
smaUltlingl
isnõri
shoe(s)
tÈkttBl
tõkslEi
(c) Pluols ending in -õ with high-high tones:
EÀcè
woman, wi{e
mõt[
marõ
nitì
male, husband
ClassYII other pìuralsendingú õ :
(o) Those with falliry-high pluals :
big (thing)
eônyÃ
bàbbo
yaro
boy
va$
zõbÈ
rug
,ôbbõ
(ó) õwõ pluÌalô (usually plural;ni.g othnio designations
whosesingrrlarsinvolve a bÀ- pre6x-see Lexson 30,.
Êection2) ;
European
rìiriwõ
Bòttuè
pe&Bant
t8fòLi
tslstAwã
Kano person
k8Lõwõ
BÀtrúè
leather worker
dikàwõ
btilúkÈ
Class 7l1l-rh/nki
àLwivÈ
dõtì
kõyã
turkvõ
plurals :
goat
horee
loads
sheep
aseH
dawãJd
kãyÀyyali
iumlH
ìrornr PúuBÂús
L2jt
Cfuss/X-those with teÌmiusl -ú
mãrhì
speaÌ
róEà
animâl (wild)
rô, sõtrtyâ
bull, cow
yôtrà
finger
Cla*s X =-ted,uplíco,tive
p\sals : 4
lfl
6n'ê
kind
Native
Admúi-
anil all high tones i
E6sú
oõllü
shõtrü
yõtsú
tui-irì
e.u,ìien'ì;
alÌauon
7. Á.mong the common plurals not olassúable as
' regular ' in terms of the above olassesare the followlng :
(o) The specifiers(seeLessons10 ancl 21, section6) e.g. :
wsDDà!
w8[i
tbis
a (certain)
wsdà!!âD
wodalsu
tõwòDè
every(one)
tõwàdòDrè
(ó) King[ip tenns 1Êe.alsoLesson3õ):
úõ
'yn (mòcè)
'yt'yô
aon
iloughter
childreu, offspring
'y5'yõ n8rõ
sons
'yõ'yõ Dõtã
deughters
übn
use
iyòyë
psreüts
fatheÌ
mother
tyr,t'[si
tya,rtusõ
daL'trwi
brother
sister
brothers and sisters,
drtr'übõ
half-brother
'y{,t'übõ
half-ei.ster
siblings
'yan'übs
half-bmthersanil
half-úters
. Sês L€€soì 28, s€ctiod t, ío. sDothor ÌodüplicÊtive conÊtruction
sometime6 Ì€g&rd€Íl âs phrôlizÊtion.
126
wâ
elilerbrother
Êa!à
young€r
brothor
yâ
eldersister
t8owl
youDger
sister
v&yyõ
eliler siblúss
tâolrè
youngersibliD€s
rãnì
risõ (.f.)
sarH
ruÈ
'yrE BIt6 (employeal
ss a pluÌel of
yãsiryü, g!rr, or of
hìrduasá,uwnarrid, yrung úqrnerrl
Clas III
Plurals of previous vocabulary worils not listed. a.s
exomplesobove.
ClassI
Lfurwó (/.)
Êõlò (/.)
lôiE
market
door(way)
fallt
UfftÈ
nurvò (/.)
rimà
doctor
voioe
animal (wiÌil)
tõcò("f.)
úndow
fable
üFe
kãsuwôyi/kõEüwõwi
&ffõfi
lrilõí (or ClassII
fsilufiELt)
likiiõci
mlryôyl
úmõml (or Class VÌf
nãmü)
fiisõgI
tõküriyõyi
tiyõyl
metchet
work
towa
wooal,tree
donkey
store
dog
nver
meilicine
silduri
syyukÈ
gariruwà or asrurukà
itâtuwè
iôLu!à
ta,ntonl
kstDukü
kôguai
Eõgutrgull
tÀtstotyl (/.)
trvò(/.)
CtkwsII
àdìã(/J
alal
gòrl
itàcõ
iàE
tàntt
kÀrë
kòsr
Bõgò!i
127
NOUN ?LURALS
hole
go.wn
chief
boily cloth
rõE'rnò or rômumeuLÈ
rig[ll
sarÍkuli
zanauwl
bs&È&ê
Ê83õ
black (thiag)
mouse,rat
long (thing)
white (thing)
boat
couühy
müt0m
üwl ("f.)
mêD
mother
mqtl!õ
Cla,l,s
IV
òLwüd
box
irkwàtai(or ClassII
stwltrtrô)
neeillo
ueecl
reason
lamp
úort (thing)
mietBke
book
new (thing)
year
represetrtatiYe
àllüt8i
D8!t
6ëti
dõcô
lrri
iilcr
àutut(/.)
(/.)
bürÃrà
itÀtÍì
16rà(/.)
gÀiéró
kukurè
tittóÈ
sibõ
rbèkeÌÈ(/.)
sà.L ì
6õtÀyé
dõcòyë/ilõsròyé
lsrirõ
iiràsë
&usòshõ
rwàtê, iyÈyé
bükütsi or bükòtú
dàlí8i
flt[ü (or ClassI f,t õA)
gÀtàrúor gòièiiõrü
kürküni or Lülàkülci
UttàttÈlsi or llttllei
sàbòbbi
shèkòrü
wàtìlsi
EXERCISES
Traoslate into Engüsh :
1 . Uõtõci sutr kashè mutòuõ ilà yawà bòra.
2 anò sô tikitõcl BÈyi aikt$ü ità kyôu.
Uazó Éu! ff mótõ &arfr.
ÌlB giilüih itò Eutò bsr kõysmmü è citi jiyà ?
128
IAUõA
5. Yã àikë DÌ surin E,ônyan Eutàoe! gàÌi ilònin guaÈ sô
b yi musü EÀg8!à.
I
Translate into Hausa :
Ailiectival Nomirals; Comparisou
l . There are nrany schoolsin Álrican oountries.
2. Hausa have many ohairs in their homes.
1. Ad,jeaioal nomìmls are distinguishable ae a suboless
of nominals primariÌy by the fact that, when they are
employed as modifiers, they ordilarily preceile rather
thôn foüoÌí what they moiüfy. Ailjeoüival nominaÌs(with
úe exoeption of the quantifrers-soe Lesson ll) also
have both mascuÌine anil feminine as welÌ as
tgica\
plural forms.
Certain books have fableg in them.
4. TheÌe aÌe not many cars in somecountries.
The beggars that rreÌe heÍe yeste lay are not here
today.
Dialagw
8ülëeãnü
Ishã&ü :
õurcmanu
Ishõ&ü :
DUlematru
IshõÊü :
8üÊmõnü
I8hÃÉü:
Süàmõrü
Ishã&à :
Ëluetlatrü
I8hâÊü :
Ìrè a kè yi à sÀrir ?
Ai sulà wàeõ wàsanran kàsurã.
Tò dà kyôtr. wànè irìr 8òsõ sr kè ú ?
Eõwòqè itì. BÊ irh dÀ bà rõ rü yi bs.
Mutànè ità yawò sürò würb ué ?
sôsai ! Àkwsi mszè ifà mëtõ, yfuõ ilt
tràtÀfii.
Ze sü yòlds ìn iê l[ grlt ?
Ai zõ 8ü yàÌil8 mònÀ ! BÀri DÈ iê tÈre.
Tà dt kyôu. zõ tò yi rew6 nè ?
K&i ! I{t, ba rò Íawõ yÀnzu. I{õ tsútô
&war8i !
2. It is importônt to.ecognize that ailjectival nominals
aÌe tru€ noninals, not simply ailjectives called by a more
technicaì name, There is no sepaute category oÍ worils
in Hausa oonespondiogto what are termeil ' adjeotives '
in European lahguages, Ân ailjectival nominal in Eawa
is a noun !.hich design&tesbasically o pqson ot tINtÌW
charad,erízcd.fu the paaioular qml,ity ônflimtd,-rct
meÌely the quality itself.
Adjectives in European languagesbannot stanil elone
(with an aúiole) &s sent€nce subjeots or objeois.
Ssnienceslike the following are not correct in English :
The hie wenühome
rò bâlôitr.
Ksi lò ? Zi kò swrilÀ wisôD ?
8ülèmtuü Ã'ò. !ri. bòn ivÀ irì! trõkü rsrôtr bs.
Ishõ&ü:
Iô, bÀri Dü ksyÈ mü ilúbò kõwÀi.
8ülòmãnü Tò ilò kyôrL
Lesson23
I
I
I
Ìte mt ÌÌìe Ìed_
In Hawa, however, since the worils which tranelate
Ergüsh ailjeoúives are nouns ancl cen stând oìone as
senteücesubjectsor objecis, it is pedectly propeÌ to say :
The big (one) weat home.
aÀbbay6 tòô gtulõ.
Yõ büsi iô!.
IIe hit the red (one).
The olcl(woman)hosreturned.
Tsõhuwi tã riôwõ.
Uôlyõ süL zõ gdriDmü. Importaut (people)have oome
to our t,owrl.
I
130
sausl
3, The refereniial -D/-r, rvhen employeil to join two
nominals, is always sufixed to the frst. When the fint
nominâÌ is an âdjeotival nominal, this means that the
referential is suffxed to the modifler (the odiectival
nominal)rather thân to the beadnominaiof the phrase,
'
Modif,et Head
bàbban
the large home
Srde
dõguwar ha[yò the long road
I
I
Í
ï
Noie that this is a slightly diferent usageof the referential in llausa ; oilinarily the -n/-r is sufrxed to the heail
nominal rather than to the noilifier, e.g. :
Eead,
Mod,ífz.r
giilsn
sarki
the home of the ohief
màtar
Bellò
Bello's wife
The reason for this is úhat orilinary nouns (technically
-wher,
known as inì,epentant noninals)
employed as
modifiers folÌow the noun (the head of the phrase) úhat
they rrodify. Àdjectival nominals ordinarily prececle
the nourr tòat they modiff. The referential is iu either
casesuffxeil to the frrst nominal.
llJECl1Vâr
NOìúrNÂr,S; COIIPÀìrSOÌ{
Masatldw
iB
b8Íl
lârl
l&è
shndi
ràweyà
Eemin&le
iõ
bs8n
IsrI
kütyõ
lhúrÍlrõ
rlwayà
Platratr
tüèyë
búlÊë
lalòrë
lwôIrõ
rhüddõ
ròwòyú
l3l
Mu,nútg
a red ihing
a bìack thing
a white thing
a (tight) greenthing
â (light) blue thing
a yeÌlow thing
õ. Adjeotival nominals may also be employed appositionally de modi6ers. The referential -{-r is not wed in
appositioD.alconstructioús.
cidl bòbb8 a large house (lü. e house,a big one)
This type ofoonttruction is, however, le.ssoommonthen
that de,scribedin s€rtion 3 above for nearly ell the adjec:
tival nominals e.rceptthe quantiÊeÌs ênd &à,n&8nÈ
Á emall boy has come.
Ytuò tèrta,Dè yõ rõ,
Two chiefs aÌe here.
btyu
su!à
!â,!.
Sarld
6. Â more common tjrye of appositional modiÊcation
of...,
involves iho paúicle mÀi (pl. raòsu), posaessor
cham.deriz.d,lg . . . (seeLesson l4). Many intlepenclent
nominals, anil even nominal and verbal phras€s,may be
conveúed into modi6ers by adcling nÀi as s pÌefx oÌ
inïroducer.
YE bü mü Àbúci EÀi dõdr. He gave us (very) gooil
fooil.
Yarl ilò kudi EÀi yswi (or
He has a lot of money.
dÀyswÈ).
Yõ yi mrnò silì nÀi kyêu. Ee diil gooil work for us.
Àkwsi rtawÃkrmàrtr girmõ r There ãre (very) large
horsesthere.
À Furil.
The worcl msràs (?r. mlatis,ãr,lacbhg, is employed to
i.ntroiluco appositional oonsiÌuctions as the negative of
mòi :
4, The nrosúoommonailjectival uominals are :
Mascuüne Femúuine Plutal
Meaning
bàbbô
bòbba
Dâryõ
a big thing
&ÀrsBi
Êàrrme
&anõnà a smell thine
&àrÊsnè [àn&a!üwó ÊenôrÈ a small thinc
a sbort thitrã
sÀiëré
cii€rtyõ
sòièrn
itõsõ
rlõsuwã
tlôe!òyë a ta[/loug t[ing
sãbõ
sãburíô
sibàbbf a new thins
tsõhõitsõÍõ tsõhuwõ/
bõhwã
tsòfèft
an old thias
mügìr
úrügüwõl
niyrsúl
nugulyà
müggõ an evil thús
I Only gÍn!ã (Dêvd ÌÀbbo) csú be used with úài, ErÌÀí, or in
sompsúson, to mesn àislrat |,.
il
tc
132
tÂüaa
Weüi yõrò msÌàs , hstrküU
yõ zõ.
Ân bõ mÈ 8büburò Esràsâ
àefÈni.
ÂDJEqTI\'À!
7. Doubling o{ the oolour terms inilioates less intensity
úhan the original foros. The úlral vowel of the colour
term úoúens in both occllrrences.
Eslrltú[ó yõ kõmü baÊi- My hand has beeome
b8&i.
bìa.okiú.
WòDdolrò sh,Edt-shúdl!ã.
His trousen are bluish.
fõtàrsò tõ zema ròwayi"
ròwayò.
His skin wasyellowish,
8. Conparison inEausa involves the use of the verbs â,
sürpdrs, aod k:ti, reo,oh,arrioe ot, e:g. :
A s u rp a s s e s Bi n . ..
Be[ò yõ I üúsA shmõ.3
Bello is bigger than Musa.
gulò y6 fi rü dntò &srí.
il
I\
Se6 í@tnoté I on p
€ l3l.
Á doesnot reach B in . . .
BeUòbòi kei [ürõ girnã a
ba,
Beüo is not asbig asMusa.
Tslikô bòi t8i ralH arzlli
ba.
 peasantis not as rioh as
a ohief.
AisthessmeasB i n..,
AudÈ ya Lri übaú!À tsrwõ,
Autlu is as tall es lús
father.
Fire is as hot as sunslÌine.
WEtõ tt kai !ã,Dõzã,f.
n
:
Àsur passesalÌú ...
'YaFÀ tõ Â ilúà kyôrr.
Jilgi! ssmi yn ff dulà guôà.
I
AiH! lébtuà yõ fl dukò
w.àyõ.
His ilaughter is the most
beautifuÌ of all.
-4.naeroplaneis the fastesü
of all.
'Working
as e ìabourer is
the most difroult (work)
of all.
VOCABUIÁBY
I
Nominal*
àmlÈlt
srztki
rnti (r) (?r.ãtõc{orlitú)
gxrma
sudìi
hàÊuÌi
i
t
t3l!
The boy is cleverer thau
his faúher.
-4.gown is more exponsivo
ihan úrousere,
Sule is stronger thân aü of
then.
Rigõ tõ ú wàuiló tsòilõ.
Iú i5 common for tle âÍst consonânt oí the followins úord to
'
Bplsce tbè < of mrtàs in pÍonanciâíioo tthough th6 -€ isórdiDsrily
mittôr).
Thus the plonunciotions herê would be n ràh bs[bÌi,
Erràk Mü.
3
coüPâr60lr
Yõrò yõ n übsrsè wlyõ.
A oertain senseless
boy has
come.
They have given us useless
things.
ConstÌuctions introduoed by mÈi aud Earàs are frcquently empÌoyetì inrlependently (not as modifiers) as
rvell :
Itrài sidã bÀiilõwõ ba tükütr. The heail of the house has
not returned yet.
Ìtrõ mài mõtà ?
Wïere is the owaer/driver
of the lorry ?
Bõ ò sôtrmüàs, Lyâü.
No one wants a poor
(quality) one.
Uòsu ilswóLi sutr itãvõ.
The horsemenhave
retumed.
NOUINA'"fI ;
usefulness
wealth
skin, hide
bigness
run:rúg, speed
paüence
. Soé footnoü€ I on l[ge l3l.
t34
itki
kàdao
kibiyÈ("f.) (p,. kibiyôyiot
ktbru)
LõrÈ(/. hõttyã; pr.
kwtuÉ)
kútõ
Sàresnà(/. Êò!&aoüwõ;
pl. talõnò)
rëbürà(?r. lêbrrõti)
mshàrbi(pr. mrh&be)
nügìi 1/. E,ústwr ; pi.
niyÈsú)
ràwayà(pl. ràwàyú)
lhõhò (?i. shõhu!òi
shüdì(/. shúdtyõ; pl.
rhüddõ)
tstàkÈ(?I. tslsLõwõ)
tsswõ
bútrÈ (/.) (?,. hútsôtrD
wüyõ
'vl
ADJEqTIVÂL
boily
a small amoult
aÌrow
a (üght) $e€n úhing
aory
a õmallthing
labourer
huntor
au evil tling
a yellolvthing
hawk
a (Ìight) bluething
peaseDt,commoner
leDgih,height
worm,gmb
clevemesg
ilaughter
VqbalÂ
Partídcs
ua,rÀr(pÍ- laoking,
sÀBr (dÀ) meet (\riúh)
lt
refw€, b,a,te
matÀsõ) vithout
(íc)
sètg
Ìelease
müsu
poss€Fsors
sikë
oÀangg rcpeat
of . . ., doeÌs
getofr,
sòtrks
of...
descentl,lancl,
(plural of
arrive, loilge
nài)
,aúa
become
Im.portatt, Pbrees
su jioà kàda,D(or ilm
kàdln)
a üttle whiÌe later
NOMINALS ; CO},IPÁBISON
r3ã
EXARCISES
Translate úto English :
i. Ítadêlsu môryatr iiràgen samò sul sÀuka ò Ksnò.
2. uÈsú trêmatrÀDitleisun sàEi kàden.
ìtrsunàD &Àrsei! littãÊ vâ ô wencò! bòbbs daditr
kàrÀtú.
4. Ka[ã!àn yfui sorà wàsãà siiita[ trõhõ.
Yõ sÊ bòbbar!ìgõ òmnõ bÀi yi t&wõ bs.
Túnslâte into Hâusa :
t. Kano is not as big as Lagos.
2. Eie eowu iô reililish.
3. IIis horse is as fast as mine.
4. Many úoú people ars seatedin the lìut.
5. The white onesaÌe Drettie. thaÌlihe bleck ones,
Ío.ble
Kôsõ Ya!È DÀ WsortÀYs tri ght K&rã 5
Ivsts rô!ô trsui t&ami! ts[!bú ya kõEà tsútsÈ, zôi ci
tà, rsi trúki ts yi kú&ã, ts cÈ,. rÀkè !ì mÀ!À ! '
Ísunteün ya cò, ' Ã'à, si zâtr ci kt, ilon ri fi tt Êsrfi.'
Ssi ys úòrki &ÀrsEar tsütsò, ys cI tò.
Dè yõ gsmò cltrtà sri wa,!i rhõhò ys ga,tr sht. 88i
shãhò[ ya kômÀ &òrsEi! tsültsú. Zâ.icl rbi, 8ei tsunb0!
ys yi kúk5, ya cÈ, , re Í miu lÀ&!rü &à 8òkêd ! ,
Shõhònys ti, ys cè, ' Ai ksi Dèàbircinõ yâu, iloq !õ f
kt sirEô.'
ssi shehôtrys ci tsuntsiú ilô ys ci &èrsBü tsút8à,
Kòlür shihòD yà g.mà cl! tsuntsttr ssi gò wgts
miHyô 6 ta lõdl ò kônsÀ. sai shãhò! ya Iõrà kúke, àEmd
mthyâr üò tò sèkê rhi bs itòmitr tã fi shì Êsrfr.
Ka Ka
KaÌata. wga Ì8. atrd Àbrahem. È. C.. HauÃa
'Sêe
veNion ot l,his si,orv.
ILikrdnle. Dss.643. Ïot
. A loree bird of p.ey
"nolhor
úhose ornitholosical nêie is Ruppcll's
cúfron.
136
A! jiEà tàds! lriEyêr to tlsht !sEl. aÀ tI dadàbs
r8i te ii tibiyÈ ò itkintò. Àshõwaúi ushÀlbt yõ 8ao tò, y8
lsshè tr.
Ettyâ! tã gòmu iti wrodò yt i rü drkò &arã &è rrrl.
Lesson24
f,ilysftial Ì{sminals analIdeophones
l. Ailverbial nomiDals.thougb tbêv regularly occur in
positions occupieil by nominaÌs (and, therefore, must be
classifieil as norninaìsì. difrer from other subclassesof
nominals in several ways :
\a) They do not have plural forms.
(ó) They rarely occur as subjects or objeots.l
(c) They rarely end in a Ìong vowel.
(d.\ Many ailverbial nominals âÌe deriveil from ilde-
pendent nominâls (seesection 2 (ó) below).
\e) They oannot be precededby mài/mÈru.
çl They do not ordinarily take the referential (-n/-r)
suffx,e Modifrers of these nominals are, therefore,
typioally introduced by a relateÌ (usually ilà).
2. -{dverbial norninals are diüsible into two major
subelasses:
(a) Those whioh are not derivable from inilependent
nominals. Some of the more inpoÌtant of these
ÍroralsâÌe :
bàdi
bana
benzô
bÈra
dâ
next yeâÌ
this ]'eâÌ
woúhlessly
last year
previorsly
ilÀbsn
ilaidsi
ilõlè
dÈzu
S8bÀs
alifferent
exactly
of necessit5'
iust now
esst
1 When ôhoy do occur ãs subieots ihey suslÌy tskc
*,rirti€
con@Ìds (eê th6 nèxi to lssú oxsnple ude! 2 (d) bolow).
2 Dxcept when followeíl by
e.g. bsDr|r sò:r : ,Ìis (' ery)
'làn/nÂn,
138
HAT-ISÁ
sàbe
hakà
iibi
irvà
kàdan
kawài
ktrlltrE
kuia
tomorÌo$'
thus
day aftcr
tomoÌlo$
yesterday
a smau aÌnount
only
always
close
Bõ vòrô yà yi .üì à
barzõ.
I{i tôwõ wari àbü
ilàb&n.
Ltssã.lhsÀbà rtôidai
ba lè.
zôi yàrila rè ? Ai, tilàs
uõ.
Ys!È ,uwà tYurimmü
kullum.
Dà ya zõ kusa Enkà
gatr 8hÌ.
Lallé zâi rõ.
SànDubã tà hâúà
zuwã.
Tilàs Dë à yi sht.
&wer|i
lsllë
tèrÀ
8ànDu
rôçai
tllàs
yòlzu
yôu
veÌy muoh
certainly
far arva!
slowly
really
of necessit5
perforcc
noiv
today
He doesn't rvant to ilo work
that is not woúhwhile or
work for noúhing
I have brought somethiug
difrerent.
IIis aritbnretic is not
coÌÌect.
'Will
he agree? \{[v, of
ueoessity(:he'1 6svg16;.
He regularll comesto (see)
Ìrs.
When hc carnecìoseÍ'e sarv
him.
He will come for sure/he is
suÌe to oonìe.
(Goúg) slowly doesn'tpreveni (one's)arriving.
It must be done.
(ó) Tìrosewhich are derivablefrorn indepenelent
norninaÌs. The majority of the nominâlÌclâterslistedanrì
illustrateclin Lesson17,section5, âÌe sumxealfoÌms
of many of the same indeoendentnominals. The
aclverbiãÌ nominal form is tl'1lioally thc same âs the
independent nominal form except thât thc finâl
lowel is short. Sometimesthere is a chanqcof tonc
AI'VERBIAL
NOMINÀLS ÀI\ÌD IDEOPEONXS
T39
as welì. lJ,omeof the moÌe jmportant of this t)-pe of
adverbioì nominal are :
arèrra
b6ya
ciki
ilãEs
gÀbs
hagtr/h&guD
northwards
backvards
inside
to the rigÌrt
in front (of)
to the left
kuilü
tasà
dsa
sartrò
wòie
yâmma
soullìwaÌds
doçlr,ç'aril
far away
upward
ouiside
west$'a,Ìil
Yã tà aÈsa ilà.
Krlò.
utrn bi haryàr ilôms,
He has gonenorth of Kano,
We followeil tÀe rcad to úhe
rieht.
He iell ilown to the ground.
Yõ lãdt &asÀ.
IsE[trú yõ tishì raDà. The bird took wing.
They have gone outside.
8u! flts wòie,
be intensifieil or rnade
3. Certain arìverbial norninalsmay
'
more ilefinite by iloubliug,e.g.:
Dô dAôkÀgüràwauaòn
ìrr8õ.
A!ò y&yysf kàda'! ktdotr.
.L Ìong long time ago ihis
wall was buiÌt.
It's drüzling a (very) little
bir.
üu! yi Lusr kEEa(or
lurkuss) ilò shi.
Kültutü yrúà tàffyà sòlrru
sÀlnu.
Zôi yi 3hì yÀlzu yÈlrtl.
Zâi yl shì yetr yeu.
'We got very close
to Ìriu.
The tortoise is walking
very slowly.
He will do it right nov.
He wiìl ilo it today (for
sure).
yõ
yi
tasà
&asà.
The
aeroplane began to
Jilgir ramà
ilescenil.
It went right up.
Yã yi 5aeà samà,
'1. A lâÌgenumbeÌof relaterphrasesand stylizedphrases
140
riÁus
of other typesfuúction adveÌbiallyin llausâ.
-Uost,but
b;' uo meansall, of theseare iniroducedby úherelaterdò.
A fen: of the more common expressionso?this type are :
(à hslkòli)
(an jini)
0A üb6ì)
(bâ shakkò)
(ilò rtÈEu!õ)
(ilÀ kyar)
Ssi kà ri.Êàshi À hartÈti.
You must hokl it carefully.
Zei zõ aõ iimi.
He wilÌ come after a rvhile.
Bã làbõri y8 kõEà thi.
\Yithout \yamirg he câusht it,
BÊ shakki zã &Àsan sb.Ìl
Witüout a doubt you will i<aon hirrr.
Anâ ruwõ rlà yawà ilò illmunõ.
Iú rains a lot in the rainy season.
DÀ kya! ra ôil ilÀ rhi.
With difficulty I got (: I hanlty got)
1Í OUt.
(dà ea!E)
Yõ yi Lú&õ ile &arf.
Ee cried louilly (lil. stronslt-).
(itàtõrD
DÀ fõd rõ eü !èmi tashÈ.X'irst of all we q'ill look for the gtation
(ilò rtul)
Dò rãtr! ba ò ruwõ.
It doesr't rain clurins the dry seasor
(ilà sauri)
Yã iyÀ sldà rtÀ8auti.
He can run fast.
(dò lruli)
Zõ trô! ilò ìrud.
Comehere in gootl time I
(Bàbsdays)
sulr tõrhl gàbs days.
They left all together (end aü one
lrmel.
(har yàuzu)
Bèi zô bs hsr yè!r!.
He still hasnÌ come,
(r8u ilà [a!)
I{o4 ilÀ lan sukÀ guilü.
At oncethey Ìatr (â\say).
(tll dò dadèwõ) Yaqi ns! tr; ae aacàwÉIIe has beenhere for a lonq time.
ÁI}IEBBIáI-
NOI4INÁIS
(tün dà wüti)
(tun itâ)
ÁÌ[D IDEOPEONES
Itõ zô tu[ ilà wüi.
I cameearly/in goodtime.
A[à yllsÀ hskà tutr dô.
It has beendone this way from olden
tÌmes.
5. Id,aryhoncs axe a Ìarge group of very speciaìizetl
paÍtioles vaÌying witlely from each other ând, very
often, from aU otheÌ woÌds in the language. A given
iileophone is, typically, restriotecl in its usâgeto occüÌrence ú quiie a ìinited number of contexts (oftên as a
rnoilifier of but a singÌeword) :
(o) Ideophonesmoilifying nomúals.
Each colour term (and rnany other nominals) has
one or more ideophoneswhich ocour rvith the term to
inteneify what it indicates :
ià 3 wul; ià 3jtu; i È3 real as real can be, soarlet,
blood-red
zllt
bsti &iritr ; ba&t siilú;
jet-black, black as pitch
ba&i sil
kel
snow-white
lart Írt ; ia,ri
búght green
kõÌè shsr
ilue noúh
arèwa rak
ilue south
kuilü sak
peoplebeyond number,
Eúàú thiin
people galore
compÌet€Ìywell
lõÊyà lar
branil new
5Ãbõtul
one and only one
daya tak
exaotly ten o'olook
Êsrfè gômà cil
(ó)
Ideophonesmodifying verbals.
Á numÌrer of ideophones are empÌoyeil as verb
:
modriers. Someof üheseaÌe ono@atopoeic.
I Note tLot ìÁ'itL wüdii.kút
tho toüe of iâ drops ro low.
.{DYET,IJIÁL \OìTINÀLS
tõ rÀrka iiril
it (e.9.a vulture) tanded
' kerplun-k ,
yô clks ist
it's choìckfull
yÈ 8õ!Ìi Aürmus
it's completely burnt up, brrmt
T/oasnea
yi mars !
be quick !
yã yi tsit
he Èept siÌence,kept mum
yõ n but
heeuddenly.poppãdout . (from
hiiliaq)
yõ itõ 6rtuk
be emeúed etark naked
8r tdlõ t8E
it lras lõked securelv
mD yi-iüÌum
they stood despondeotÌy
lÀ yi lsrat
ilo (it) at once
ysri ròulre !lülüü. he's sitting despondently
run ülrü çõhò wõhòthey folloied tiem. bo6ing
Iò yi shirü
be qúet !, shut up !
6. Three perticles of frequeÌrt occrurence which are
usually Ìabeüed'adverbs. aÌe wàtÀklò/wstakitÀ/kilÀ,
ptobabl,g,_perhnps,fiüüD(a), rxo, ya,
frsl, and aiuü(n),
very tuuat.
WàtÀÈilò,ôi zõ còbe.
Bài ilôwõ ba tükü!,
Bàri-ttr sbiryò kõyõtre
tàkütrs.
Ystrà gürtà itò ssül ainü.
ProbabÌy he will come
tomorrow.
IIc hasn,t returned vei.
Let me pÌepare my ioads
firsi.
I{e is running very fast.
Vetbals
clk&
citÈ
Itsr (dà)/
flit ità
hryè
Íltê
to.the Ìight
ràÌny s€ason
of necessiúy,perforce
east
to the left
southwards
ahvoys
close
oertâinly
far away
dry season
iloubt
(railway) station
of necessity,perforce
outsiile
ÌrccomefuÌÌ
flll, complete,fúfrI
Parti,cl,es
8iDü(n) very much
ilà kyoÌ with difrouÌty
to the extent
har
put out, take out
crossover (e.9.a
river)
hold (on to), keep
ttraaa
tuD
that, uutil
q}ickÌY
stnce
EXERC]SES
TransÌate into English :
VOCABULn.RY
N,yminals
arèws
bsDsõ(?t.
baag(w)àvë)
bôrzõ
rlàbslr
dõma
itiDrlnõ (/.)
ilõlè
gebàs
hagu/haguu
kuilü
kdhm/Lalltrtr
kwa
lsllè
[èsè
rEni
shakti (/.)
tsshà(/.)
tllàs
wàje
AND IDEOPIIONES
weüÀD kògÍ y8 clks l8l tlà ruçõ.
2 . Dukàmmü mukà tõrhì gÀbadsy8, Eukà fftat dà shi
wàis.
3 . Dà ra sotr sht ssi bâ Êbãrì yr hau itôLì, va guilü.
4 . Dâ dâ àkwai waDi tsõhõ wsDilà ya shtuyÀgõuarsò À
bàaitr rsrDàn hsryô.
D . tilÀs nè sü sàmi aikì dè wuri. zõ kÀ bõ sü ?
l. DÀ ilioulô
noúhward
wall, book cover
wortlúessÌy, uselesÂthing, etc.
ilifrerent
L44
TÌanslâteinto Hausa:
t. The tyre that I saw was bÌatrd neÌv.
2. Run quiokly and bring wateÍ.
Shewill prepare the food today for sure.
I \rânt to go to my home frrst.
Áfïer a little while we will return to our homes.
Di"WW
Lawàl Kâi, ilÈEuqEtõ yi rìisai !
IIasÀtr CàskiysÌkà. Nã iè kòsi dÀ sãIe. Bàn iyà ìú
hayàba.
LawÀl Tô, yâ cìk& trÈ?
gosà! Yõ clks lal I Esr &8|ín guilülrà yã bd d tsòrô.
Lawàl Lollé àbin tsòrõ È. Ystrò gudìi ttà sauri sitrütr.
gasàu sòsai ! Ear wali sõÌ ,ei â0 ilÀ Düttm.
LaÌràl EekÀ në. Ìiletr watri yã lõdl à ciki sai yà mutü.a
Easàtr Sòõai! Idtr wsnuòtr kògi múeütr àbü rë.
Lawàl Iô, yòyò zn mü ri ?
Easàu Ai, 8ai mü bi wetô ha[yò itàbsn.l
LawÀl Àmmõ wata hanyi zõ tà yi trtsõ. Eõ bà h.kà ba ?
Essàn EakÀ rê. Àmmõ bâ watô ilòbõrÈ.
úawàl oÀrldyarkÀ. Âi itõlè !ë mü bi itôeÏwar hanyl kà
tatl.
Ersòn
Tô. mü tÀfl.
' SeeL$son 29, sôction 2, for üÊâgesof rsi plüs ÂubjuDctivê.
Lesson25
VorbForms
1. The iniricacy of the lfausa verb system is one of the
more fascinating aspectsof Hausâ gramÌnar. The most
adequateoverall classiâoationof verbs to clate ig that of
X'. ú. Parsons.' The major features of this systen anil
the va6t majoÌity of Ileusa, verbs are organüable into
sevencategories(oalled ' Grades' by X', W. Pareons)on
the basis of theú teminal vowels anil tone pattems.
Of these seven grades, the 6rst thlee rnay be termeil
'basic', whiÌe the remaining four may be termeil
' deriveil '. That is, though there are severâlverbs which
have derivative forms io more than one of ihe fust thÌee
gledes, the basic form of the majority of Hausa verbs
will be either a GracleI, a Graile II or a Oraile IIl form.
I'rom this basicform, however,may be deriveil up to four
aclditional forms distinotive in both shape anil neaning
from the basio form, These derived forrns are labelleil
GradesIV-VII, e.g. :
Basic &oì,es
I g8mà , tõrü II sÀyõ kàr6n III Ehlg8 sòús
Dêriad Gfldês
IV gamè tarà
V gsmsr ttuar
VI csEõ
lõtõ
VII eòmu tiro
revà tuoè
layar sayô Larõõ
sÀyu LÀI6u
shicè saukè
úigar sankar
shigõ s&Ekõ
shlgiu sàlrtu
1 S6ê his ?á" terbd Syste,,t in Eawú ltutèd in the BibliogÌêphy
of rÍhich the lollowitrg i! e sunnary. W6 aF dê6pÌy $&têfDì to MÌ.
PsMns both for tLs privilegE of inooryontiDg his &mly8iõ heE ând
in IÉMD 3?, ênd loÍ hb detsiled ampliâortioDs ônd oolrôotioD! of
. Soe ection 2 below fo! tho mooDingô oí úhe€ê forms.
146
uausÂ
YTA,B TORMS
With rnany veÌbs ceÌtâin oÍ the fonnÉ do not ocour.
This is usually either because such forrns wouÌd be
meaningless or because the meaning tÌrat rvoulil be
oonveyedis alreadycoveredby sonreother word. making
sucn a IoÌm unneceôsary,
Termí
rwl
Ione
Grole Voutel Poaun
GelleraÌ,Meaníng
V
high-high(-iúgh)
Derived: úraneitive
-ar
2. The oharacteristio pâtterns of the grades are as
follows. IrreguÌar forms and patterns oflow frequeooy
âÌe noi. dealt with :
Terminnl
Ione
Grol,e Vuoel, Pattern
Gewral,Meawíng
I
highìow(-high/
Basic : most Glade I
-ã
lorv)
verbs transitive, a
few futransitive
(gamà, joi.n togeth.er,
vI
-õ
VII
-u
frnisht ttuí, gathaÍ
IU
-aB
togetherl
low-high(-low)/
Basia:. afuiaç tuanei(low-)low-high
tivo (sàyõ, óuy ;
kàtíã,, recaiae)
3
low-high(-low)
llasic : intransitive
(8hlca, enlpr (tinrel i
sò,u,hs,
dzscend,
high-low(-high/ Derived : moet transilow)
tive, someintransitive. Signifying
more oomplete or
thorough action than
baaic(lãtà, qathzraü :
ózy dt, ; karôè,
sa_yè,
take aua,yf shjgë,go
throu4h; stukè, p"t
d,wn a l,oal,)
c r6w hsrc a
'A fêv CradeIrI vôrbseod itr -i ro.s.tjl0, gòji)
'nd
hishJow tone pattem (e.s.tã5hì"iÂdÌ),
(requiring iti bofore
diÌect obi€ot). Ofteu
a cau8ativemeaning,
SometimesmoÌe
specialized(grmar,
@rtseto be@rnpatm.pld.e i swl , sal,l,(lit.
catne to hql ;
Ebigrl',Inir inaid,et
s&ulrr, lorror)
high-high(hieh) Deúved : most transitive, some intransitive. Typically
signifying action
compleìeclin vicinity
of speúer (g8mõ,
fmish and,cornc;lã,tó,
gatheth.ere; awó, kty
anl üring ; k*66,
rccoúae
anl, brin4 ;
sbig6, snterh,síe;
gaakõ,@tì.cdoún,
(low-)low-high
Deriveil : intransitive.
Usually passive
mqaning (gÀmu,
haoemPJ; tltu,, fune
gathpredrogethert
sàrn" has been(welLl,
bqüght; kàt6v' has
beenal,l.cdedin Jul,l,;
sbls\ be ennÃd, i
tàaku, bcconjaìtiÃU
148
EÁUSA
Note that, in general, monosyllabic verbs (e.g. ci" bi,
etc.), Ligh-high toneil verbs eniling in -õ (e.g. Lirõ, iüõ,
biyã) ând ceÌtain other vorbs (e.9.gnilü, mutü, ssDì,gaúi),
including someof úhecommonestin the language,ilo not
fall within this system and may, therefore, be termed
iregular, though even most of these have several
ileriveil grade forms,
3. The Grud,eIV or -õ form has, in addition to its -ê
temiúation, a highìow or falling-high tone pattern for
two-syllabÌe verbs and a higì-low-high pattem for threesyllable verbs.. If (rorely) the verb hâs more than tbÌee
syllabìes, the 6rral two sÈebles are Ìow-high anil all
preceiling syllablesìigà. The -ë fonus frequently úilioate
more oomplete, extensive or thoÌough âotion than the
basicform of ihe verb.5 With many verbs, however, the
-ã form has úúually replaceil the basic forrn in common
usageso tìat very libtle, if any, differenoein meaning
Ìemaús beüweenthe -ë form anil the basic form ol those
verbs. With a great rnany verbs, fufiher, the -õ foÌm is
treDsitiveand the -ë form intransitive.
open
beat
blow
eat
fiu
búdà
lugi/
büs6
búsò
ci
cikl
dadÈ
dautà
urcÌeaae
pick up
tie up,
tie on
úourò
sew,make
by sewing dirkò
b,üdè
open (and leave open)
busà hook over/out
bnshè get dÌy
cI[yõ
eat aÌl of
6ll oompletely
dadè spenil a long time
daukè remove (completely)
clf,e
daurè
tie up, imprison
di!rè
sew up (completely)
'3 Subject to ühe chsúS6s notód in LeÊson 15, !êciion S.
Álso oft€n connotinc sxcesÊivê or dertructivê âstioÌr.
r49
VERiB TOBIíS
gq out
ftl
guoè/
cè
cb,ot(coaúdentially)
rub (on)
go aÌontrd
ilip out
incease
Btepover
gEnò
cõcl
Lõwòtõ
kw6sò
ÊôÌà
tõtìré
stuà
sõcÈ
reduce
(píce)
coveÌ
buy
eúter
r8gÈ
rulÈ
ròyõ
rasè
rlrè
ravê
shisè
lhlg8
(basicform
POUÌ
untlersíand (oompletely)
rub (completely),rub of
Iêwàüõ go arourl, surrormil
Lwãshè collect ânalremove all
iale
fnish
&ãtitë cross(e.9.river, mad)
vartè
eppaÌertly lost)
yo,Dtò
cut up
zubò
passby
vaatÈ
zubà
reduce (enything)
cover, oloae
buy all of
pass by, (ovont) come
antl go
Ì€cover comPletelY
(from ilhess)
cui of, seveÌ
spin
4- Tbe GradeV or -a,rform (often termed causalioe)also
hag,in ailütiou to its -at terminoúion,all high toaes. The
meening of the -ar form of a givon verb typìcolly úilicates that tàê Derlormer of the acüioncauseil the action
ofthe verb to oome ôbout.? The ÌelÈt€r ilò i8 ÍequiÌeil to
introduce a ilireot object following an -ar verb. 'When a
direot object follows, thereforp, the únal -r of tàe veÌÌ)
often.beoomee -il, e,g. Êtsd ilÀ. Some ilialects anil
údividuaÌ epeakersregularly employ -s in place of the
final -r, especiaÌly in gentence-final positioÂ, e.g. vE
EAyeE.
. Noto the chengo fron
5o6
-}. (boforo -s) to -c- {b€fore ì).
footDotô I, LeÊâon 22.
? Büt thôrê s!ô other mosninss És weu, and thosê csÂnot .ls'eys
bê Eâdily deduced froú thêt õf thô bssic form of the vorb (6.g.
SrFr).
150
eât
go out
teü
tetuÌn
IIÀUSA
ciyar (ilà)
fftôr (dà)
sayar (ilÀ)
kõmar (rlà)
feed (anirrral)
ta,ke out, remove
gÌeet
take baok
(something)
kwôutõ ktrôrtaÌ (dà) put down. lay ilown
ct
lÌte
gayã
kõmü
lie down
take the
pLaoeof màvõ
dismoünt.
descend sàuka
boy
sàyã
üink
shô
be sure
tsbbòtâ
stând, stop tseyü
get welÌ
wsrkè
sit ilown, zaunà
live
ponr,
zubò
tlrow
(away) 3
mayar(dà)
put back. restore
ssukar (rlÀ)
ssysr (ilà)
thôyar (dÀ)
úotb8Íar (ilà)
tsa,ysr(dà)
set alot'rì, lower
sell
water (an animal)
confum (a fact)
oauseto sta,nd,8tôp,
iletain
heal
seat(someone),settle
(peoplein a place)
tLrow away,8 pour/
spiÌÌ out
rú&rkar (ilÀ)
zaunar (ilà)
rubar (dÀ)
5. If an inilirect objeot is employed, it follows the -ar
form immecliately, e.g. :
Yë f,tü mi!t.
I[õ ssyaüDg,sò.
IIe removed (it) for me.
I sold (it) to (or for) him.
If a <lireot objecüfollows aÀ -ar fo|m (wheúheror not
there ie an indirect objeot), it is introiluceil by dà. If a
p:onoun object is employed.it takes tÀe indepebdeDt
form (just as it wouìd elsewhereafter a relaier).
Srn mrysr dô kêkrqÈDrü.
They returneil their
bioyoles.
3 Ì.e. a number o{things simuÌtoneously.
YE&B FORUS
AD zs[!a,r dl Bú,
Tõ kwatrtsr ilè yãrò.
l5r
\{e were (caused to) sit
down/settle.
Shelaid the boy down.
If both indirect anil düect obj€ots occuÌ, the orilor is
verb f indireot object f ilò f ilirect obiect,0 e.g. :
He sold me a oar.
Yõ ssyer Eid ilà mõtò.
Iõ ssúôt nagÀ dò kãyatrsò. I set his loails dova for
him.
gun shõyst manà ilÀ sbõlrü. They watered tÀe oatile
for ur.
Greet him for me.
Eà gay&Í mild ilÀ shi.
6. Several -a,r forms have a shortened forur which is
commonly employed v.'hen a direct object, but no
lnrlirect óbiecr,, fúows. A -rhë form may aÌso be ernpÌoyeil before a pronominal diÌect obiect with no
ioUãwing al, The ilirect object pronouns are used with
this form.
(oiya,r) Ya ci ilÀ sbl.
Yõ clshõ thl.
(nhr)
ìtõ ad dàytuò.
I{õ ôsshësht.
(8syar) üu! g&i ilè r8rH.
Uutr gsirhë 8ht.
(mayor) Yõ mei ilÀ thi!r,E.
Yô m8ÈbêEü.
(sayar) Yô sri itÀ jòkiüè.
Yõ ssishësht.
(shaysr) Yã ihó dà dõki,
Yõ shãshõsht.
IIe feil it.
He feil it.
I expelled/extricated the
boy.
I expelleil/eriricateil him.
We greeteil the ohief.
'W'egreeteil him,
IIe returneil the cattle.
IIe retuÌned them,
He has soÌil his donkey.
lle has solil it.
IIe wateled the Lorse,
IIe watereclit.
, \ühóm the indiftct object ìs e noün, Kúo spêskeÍsÍrequ4tlv
omit the dà, o.s. yõ ssy4t eò Aütü môtà (Éther th&n . . . dò môtô)'
t52
EAUSÂ
(tEeyrt) Uü trai itÀ mótò. We stoppedthe car,
tr8dà tà lsailhë nt. Do not iletaú me.
(zuba!) 8En zub ilÀ tàLàrilü. They threw the papers
away.
7. The longer-ar forìnsmay oeouÌwith no object at all.
In this casethe ilà do€snot oocuÍ.ro
lltatrcàtr mÈtúE yã kôller.
Thât man returred (ií).
Walci! eütüm yõ ftor.
That man íook íit) out.
Ì!ô oõtÀrkÈ? Âi, !õ saysr. Where's your car? Oh.
I've
"olâ titt'
8. The Grad,e71 or -õ fomr hss, in addiiion to its -õ
termination (whatêveÍ the tonal pattern of the basicform
of the verb), all hlh tones. ThJmeaning oí the -ô form
of a given verb typically indicates that the aciion
performeil had reference to, or \üas compleied in. the
vicinìíy of the sceneofthe converqation
or (in a síory)tbe
oentÌe of intercst at the time.
send (out)
pick up, take
aikò
sikõ
send here
daukà dautò pick up and bring here,
fetch
(basicfolm apparcntly itãwõ ÌetüÌn (heÌe)
lost)
go out
frta
ltõ
oomeout
go (anil retuÌn) iê
zõ 11 coDÌe
caÌry, convey,
reaoh (there) kai
kõwõ bÌú9, reaohhere
oatch
k6mÈ kãmõ catch and brinE here
return (there) kõEà kõmõ Ìeturn (heÌe) seek
uènõ nëmõ seekand bring
ro NoÍ doe€ üherlÀ occu when, as in a relsrivê ctause.rhe obi€cr
pre.êdê6th€ verb. e.g. jôldn dà nr sxysr, rn. donkeutho! I sotÀ.rlNo1F tbê cboÌge ÍÍon j- rbêfoíe
-ê) ro z- {before -o). See
l,eson 22- íminôtê ì.
153
VERB IORMS
get
arrivc (thcre),
get down
enteÌ (theÌe)
go (â\Yay.l
leave(on
jotrney Ielce)
sõmü sãúõ gci ald bring
sàtrka saukõ arive (hero). corÌe
down
shigô cÌÌter (hcre)
shlga
tàff
talô/
toho ãrïrve. qolìÌc
tâsõ
le:lve (and arrive iroru
iõshì
journe-v hìther)
9.'lhe GratleÌ41 or -u form !a,8.in addition to its -u
ternination, a lorr-high tone pâtteÌn (all toneslow except
the final syÌlable which is high). The meaning of the -u
forrn of a verb is úypioally passive,often with the addecl
connotatioú of thoÌoughìr€ssor p<.rtentiaÌity.
fall in, collapse aukÈ
ilslà
cook
àuku
ilÀIo
bother
begin
join, finish
rub
repair (thing)
ilòmã
16rà
gamò
sõcÈ
gyôrà
rlòmu
liru
gòmu
còs!
syòru
pui on, wcaÌ
iúÈ
iÌtu
estabìish
increase(thirg)
squeeze
wind, oppoint
causeÍ,o meel;
get, obtâin
kà!tr
ksli
Êõrà tàru
Eatsü mÀtsu
uadà trÀdu
sõdô sàilu
sàmâ/ sÈmu
sõmü
galher (tran9.)
ttuà
tàru
do, make
y!
Ylcau
Ìrappen,befall
he cooked
(thoroughli-)
be worried
happen
(people)rueet
be experienced
be repairecÌ
(completely)
(people)get along
well
be estâbÌished
be increaseil
be untler pressure
be wouril, appointed,
(people)meet
be obtainable/
available,occur
(group)gather (?iú.),
âssemble
be possible
Ì54
ÌIÂUSA
VOCABULARY
Nomi,tnls
àslri (pl. àsiiai) secÌet
bàtutr
concerning(from íhe noun bàtú -- coraersatdon, ma;lte\ aÍa ir],
hÀsãtà/àsõrô
Ìoss due to sorneunlucky incident,
misfortune
kwõnò(pl.
basi-n.
headpan.corrugatediron
.bowl,
kçõ[õnÌ)
sneerrng
earlè
üon
tgànnõrì
thinking, thought
wltÈ (/.) (2i.
wã&õti)
song, poem, hylìrD
zíctxá (f.l (pl.
!üciyôyi or
zúkàtõ)
heaú
Vubala
Àuku
bogÈ
búshà
rlòmu
gõgò
gyõrà
itta
ketò
kõwÀyë
Lsâtrtõ
kwãshè
sõ!è
Êëtà!ë
matsÈ
DadÈ
shisè
happen
beat
get dÌy
bo worried
rub
repair, 6x
(people)get along well
set up, estabÌish,ereot
go around, go roundabout
Ìie dowlr
colÌeot and remove
Ênish
crossover
squeeze,press
appoint (e.9.a chief), rvúd (e.g.ã +,ttÍban), {old (a cloth}
Pessby (: wucà)
155
VDIìB TOBìIS
bbbàtn
tlrl
wartÈ
rubÈ
rula,r/zub(dà)
mbò
be ôure
gather together (rrdns.)
get well (from ilÌness)
pour, throw (a numbeÌ of things)
pout (out), thro$r'a\Íây
(something)
spilled
ImportuntPhrases
thcy don't get along with eacÌrother/
bò ![ itt[ ba
'hi ti toff'
(lò) ssi dè shi ! greet him !
(!À) ssyar DiDt give him my greeiings,ÌemembeÌnrcto
hirn
dò rhl
kÈ
LrilÀ
don't bother me !
dòEë tri I
Llt kò ilàmü ! don't n orry (about it) !
what has happeneil ?
mè ya liru ?
er! sòilu dò Ehi I (rdr.rve) Ìnet him
dutril ilà shl ! let it clown!lay it dovn!
they (a group) have gathered
|u[ Blu
thÌoÌc it away !
zub
dà
shi
!
kò
f,xnBcrsEs
Translote into English :
l. A! ôrrhë tò dàg+8iH!.
2. Kà lsyar mint ilà shi rlor Atlà,
3. KeitÀ tü itàD!, bA Àbürdò ya Àüku tüküDs.
4. zübÀ shi cikitr krõuò. Btyôtr húò h shõyor ilà rlõÉ.
5. Doe mè bÀzô kà íil itè àsirirkÀ ilÀsÀ ciLi! ,úclyarkÀ
ba?
Translate into Hausa :
l. Dou'i tìrorr it away ! Clatohiü and go inside.
2. They bought somewood and brought it back.
3. Áre you sure she drank ii all up ! Yes, çhc did.
t56
}IAUSd
4 . Ptrl,it rlorrt herc. Norvla1'ìt dorvu(6at).
5. 'l\-etook it oüt snd storxlit lìp.
Dful.oguo
ümarü
BàIã :
ümsrü
Bàlã :
,
ümarü
BÀlâ I
ümarü
BàIã :
üourü
EàIõ :
ümaú
8Àlô :
ümarìr
BàIã :
ümsrü
BàIã :
Ümarü
BàIã :
Kô ilôwo rlàgà bhtli ?
I. Nô dãÌíõ shëksBtriiyÀrlà sãI€.
Tô. Àmmã ú ii wàhalàts àuku à euÍitr.
Sòsai! Kâi ! Wutã tã kãmÀnadans! giilàiõ,tã
&ôtrè8u &ürmus !
Eâi ! llutôtrë su! yi hò8ãÌà &werai I Kai tà ?
Ai, lõiyà Da kè. Àbi! bòi zõ küsa dò wuú! dÈ
aa kè zamaba.
üõrtÕllê ! Dâ nâ yi tsòoeõnì kõ wÀiÀkilà ti rõ
wutirkü úë.
Ã'à. BÀ tà rlàmëDÀüba kô kÀdaD. ÀBmõ
wsdsrsu sutrshãwàhalÈrlò yawò,
Lallê.
Ai, !âE uan tra gàmu rlà àbõkioõ, Dô tÀEbàyé
shì bàtutr wutâr. Ya cê, giilousü iluk yõ Êõnè.
Isbdì ! üèkayi?
Ai, dõlèDëtn rhtuyàmssàwuri à dõLira.
Tô, àmme mè ya iàru gÀ lyõlitrsÀ?
Ai sur sàuka À giils! watri,
Mõilàll6 ! Sai yàushè kàEtn sü kalà sõbotr
sitlõ ?
Bè rõ sü d8dè bs. z5 rü tõrà keyõ sü Íãrà ilà
wuri.
Tò dà kyâu. Âltò yà tài!!àkë sü.
Àmia !
Lesson26
The HabitualAspect; ( Auxiüary'VeÍbs;
Excla,nations
1. The habitual aspeot is employed to indioate action
tbat occuÌs ioteÌmittently, customaÌily or habitually.r
pronouns are formeil
The habitual âspeci person-â,spect
from a high-tone, shoú-voweÌ setofp-a pronounsprefixed
to the paúicle -kàn. Since, however, these forms are
tmditionaüy written as two woÌds (e,9, ue kÀ& etc.)
ìhe verb zô the
lhey will be so representedhere. With
rorms aÌe :
I reguÌarly
ra kàtr zõ mu kÀtr zõ we reguÌar\
come
you (rr.)
ks kòn zô ku kà! zõ yor (?r.)
regdarly come
regularly oome
oome
you ("f.)
ki kàr rõ
reguÌarly oome
ys kàr zõ su kòa zô
he regularly
comes
sheregula.rly
comes
ta kàtr zõ
one regularly
oomes
s kòu zó
they reguìatly
come
1 It müt, however, t'€ pointeil out ihât customary or hsbituaÌ
soüivity in Hause is moro frequênily expre8sed by empÌoying th6
oltinuotive
âspectÊthon by the uÊo of the h&bituel (BeoaÌso LeÊ8ôn
27, B.chion 2 (a)J. ror €ÍâmpÌe, if s ÌIsws pêrson w&nted. to sa{
he @mzÁ eúery ddg, he vould be moro likêÌy to sy laüd ,rnwõ
hõwàcò rõnã lhan lo s'J y8 kàD zõ Lõwà4è rõn4 lbough either
would be @rrecü. SomelineÁ, howovor, s distincl,ion b indicated by
th6 coütrâât betweer eontinustivo ud hsbitual aspect8, e.g.
yúà ehl
tu ;s a &onüuÃL) ihìtuLet i ya,ltut rhô : ne ,aI6 a
drìnk Jron tine to tine-
158
r{ausÁ
2. This aspeot,even moÌe than the others, must often be
.einforcealby the useofan ailverbial nominaì to indicate
the time of úheaction.
Dâ su kàn zô kõwÀnèmâkò. They
to come every
_useal
wee|<.
Su kttr zÌyàrci Ka!ò lõtò- They üsit Kano from time
lõtô.
to time.
IIABITUAL ÁSPECT; YEBBS;
8si kò riÂà shân wsmÀn
DÃgtri.
Yi ilhgà ztrwà giilaDmü.
tr8ilà kÀ d&À ch bôshì.
EXCLÀMA?IONA
I59
You must reguÌarly drink
this medioine.
He kept on coming to our
oome.
Don't alwavg boÌrow (ci
bxtìt'- irwur a dúì\.
3. 'l'henegativeof the babitualaspectemploysbò . . . ba.
BÀ lra kÀr rõ Da.
I dou't reguÌarly come.
BÀiu &À! ci ÀbilciúEü bô. They don't eat ouÌ (kinil
of) food (very often).
?. The verb to,6à,tolrch, followeil by ceriain tpes of
nouns or verbal nouns haueeuer. . . :
Eeve youever beento Keno ?
tri t8ôà luwò Ks!ò ?
gsDilrè
I
have never geenhim.
Bò[ tsoò
br.
I have eaien iü (at sometime
f,õ tstò oi.
iu the past/once or twice).
4. There are in llausa a number of verbs whioh are often
tetmed. arnil,i.atg verbs because the meaning of the
uttera,ncein whioh suohverbs ocouÌ is determined not so
much by the verb itself as by that whioh immeiliately
follows ihe verb, Seveml of these are treateil below.
8. The verbs Êõrà, dadò a\d sí]{:à: repedt. . ., ìlo . . .
ana'rm:
I ilidn'ú seehim again.
BÀn rõkè cslitlsò ba.
Ee came again.
Yõ &õrÀzuwà.
5. tlhe velb !igã/rt8õyò : ,rarle al,readydonn - . . (ge*
eralÌy in the reguÌar completive aspecú): ,
Yõ ricã yã tÀn.
IIe has already gone.
I{õ tlgõyô trõ tÀmbòyõghl. I have already asked him.
Sur rigõ su[ lãf,ô.
They hail alreacly begun.
6. The verbs ri-&àand ili4à followed by a noun oÌ veÌbal
novt : rwl,arly dn . . -, heelton d,oi,ng. . :3
: Ullüê the oúe. vorb€ here iÌlÌrst.st6d, ris6 is followed oot bv o
yerbsl or other nouD, bul by snotheruerá c;rrrz{tion iD thê súe
ô8pecüar itself- The€€ rwo verbs {Íe closely co-ordiìotêd---€vên
to the €xtent thot in the negetivo the fnal br slesy! oone! êItêr
tho record
nÈo
rerord verb coDsiructioD
constructioD which ordúerilv
ordherilv tekoÊ a Do8itive. ,r, s
Dogstivo,
b6-gstivo.
pÌonoun,
pronouE. €.g.
yô tÀí'ts,
o.g. bN ri8õ
rigõ yõ
i,e tzaã
ã
tut gct goie
tÀí'te, ire
-p,e
-p-&
(tbough hài
(thougL
lÈi
tái
ri8È lÀt
ri8É
risE
tàô bs
tàl
iB aho
ste posibÌe).
de
ìôt
tòt tàâ
b3 is
I They dìtro.
diror slighiÌy
sliqhtly in moên
Doâniirq iD thsr ditrrà ususllv inDlio.
thar thê tbiEs bêiú oõnriDuedis aì-resdybeing aone. qh;@sï&i
nay oe sppr|oa ì,o somêrorng not yeu Êtrrred.
Xõ Èõrümasòkudi.
Yõ itsdà&ò&ad.
I increaseilhis pay.
Ee túeil hariler.
10. The verbs eikÈ anil loyè:
te r í2 e tfu ...:
óe/ull of. .., be charac-
He's extÌemeÌy meildlesome,a
big nuisauce.
yn
layè BiDÌ wüyõ. The ihiúg \ras too difficult for
Àbin
me.
I iloa't really üke (it).
BàDcikà rô bs.
Yã citò tÀràmbàni.
Yõ úà Eausã,
Yrlè iyÀ oiklL
Bò rôtr iyè ruwà bs.
Ee can speakllausa well.
He can do the work.
I ìron't be ÂbÌeto oome.
160
EÁusÁ
12. The verb i, do, llnzy be translated in a variety of
ways acoordingto what follows (or precedes)it, e.g. :
Yã yi aikì mài kyôu.
I{e did good work
yi
A!
ruwõ.
It (has)rained.
yi
giÌmõ.
Yã
He's big. Or IIe grew up.
üun yi yôwò.
We wanderedabout.
The food is ready.
Àbirci yõ yi.
yi
Yã ,&ÂÍyã.
He lieil.
Yã yi barci,
He slepí,
Nõ yi Darà Eàgatri.a I taÌked to him (about a specific
topic).
13. IÌausa, lìke other languages,has its shareof exolamatoÌy utteÍances. These expressions ere usually
specialüed paÌticles, though certain nonrinaÌs, verbaÌs
and stylizecl phrasesmay also be employed as exclnmations. The foÌlowing exclamations har-e aìreaily been
introiluced :
Partiales:
a'g
Ìlo
Lesson13
al
why !, well !
Lesson18
no sale !
Lesson15
àlba!kò
lesson 4
àuin
may it be so, amen
well !, is that so ?
Lesson20
àshé
Lesson15
hobô
nonsensercorÌÌenow !
I
yes
Lesson13
Eãdèllã
fine, praise God !
Lesson4
indeeil
Lesson19
mÈDÀ
(utt€Ì âmazement)
t.Mt
Lesson25
(Dialogue)
welÌ, okay
Lesson4
ro/ro
yôuwã/yâu!ea fine, okay
Lesson4
Naninafe :
KâI
wow ! Good Heavens I Lesson1l
greetinç !
Iresson4
sàtrnu
. Not€ that the of yi doês not lerythen beforc â,n ibdireot object.
-i
EABITqAI, ASPE T : VERBS:
OXCLÂMÀTÍONS
161
Vetbo,l,:
btbü
no ! (emphatically)
Lessons4, 13
Phrases:
rlon Allà
sU kè nan
please
that's that !
Lesson2õ
Lesson6
Ì4. Several additionâl exclamations to listen íor and
learn to use are listed beÌow. There are many more.
Though it is very diítoult adequately t,o illustÌate in
writing the us&geof exclamations, it is hopeclthat the
eramplesbelowwilì be foundhelpÍul.
a,ô
s'òh6
8t/sp
allÈ ?
sllü
m'ò
tre'àm
trfam
wôyyô
wôyyô Âllà
wôyyô
exclamation of (real or feigned)amazement
expÌession of concern at heaúng of mtsfortrne
expressionof surpriseil reoognition
really ?
it.is íÌue (Ìeply to sUò?)
expressionof sympathetic concern
erpressionof inlerestor agreement(e.g.lo
a story or account which is being
narrated)
yes ? (in reply to one's name being calleil)
(exclamationof despair),alas!
aÌâs !
woe is me !
Ewmples :
(o'!)
AfteÌ the toÌtôise has made the statement to
the hare that he can outÌun him in â race, the
hare might reply :
A'a ! Kai, zõ kÀ ct nÌ dà sudà ? Eôbi ! The
thougbl-of it! You. you will beal,me in
!
â Ìaoe? Non8ense
162
EÂUSA
(a'àhÀ) In the dialogue in Lesson 25 where ümarü
(ar/op)
(allè)
useil the compa,Ìatively neutnl tsbdl to
expresshis amazementhe might alternatively
have used dàhE, sinoe the- subiect of the
iliscussionwas a misforiune.
When two visitore come to the home of someone who knows one of the visitors welÌ aud
the secondof them ìesswell, the householder
anil the visitor he knows weìì will comrnonly
exchangegreetingsbetweenthemselvesonly,
at fust. Then the householderwiü typicalìv
tum to the spcondvisitor (whom we ç l cú
Bello) with feigned surprise (as if he hail uot
seen him standing there until this moment)
seJnng:
(m'òm)
(llau)
(rtyyô)
Âl Betlò ! trõ zô trÈ? Earkà dÀzuwÈ.wlrv.
Bello ! -Eave you corne (too) ? GreetingÁ
at (your) ooming.
If a personrelates a remarkable incident, it is
veÌy coÌÌtnon foÌ either of the two following
exchangesto take place :
Person A
Person B
Or
Person A
(E'ò )
EABTTUÁI, ASPDCI; VERBS ; EXCLÂìÍATIOÌ{S
Állà ?
Did that really
happen ?
Allà (ktwõ) EveÍy word of it is
tiue.
IIskÀ në ? Or Ctukiyã rè ? Is
it a fact ?
PersonB: AJIÈ. It ceúainÌy is.
If o story is being reÌated in which someone
gets inio difficuÌiy (usually, though not
necessarily,minor), it woulil be oommoq for
a list€ner to expÌesshis concernby the use of
this paúicle.
163
As a longish story (such as a fable) is being
nerrated by one person, it is appropriate for
the listeneÌ(s)fairly ÍrequentÌyto inteÍject a
casuaÌtu'òm (a/ tô) to signal to the nsÍretor
oontinueil interest in and/or agreement with
what he is saying,
ff a personis caüeil by name,he will commonly
euswerby using this porticle, e.g. :
üammàtr! Mamuran!
Audü:
What?,Yes?
Mammàn : ItÀ'sd ?
Z õ!tu!
Comehere!
Audü:
This cry of utter despair is reserved for real
€meÌgeocies. One Hausa fable relates the
story of a carelessfisherman casting his hook
too neeÌ to otheÌ people end before.long
hooking the eaÌ of one of the others. This
situation seemealâppropÌiatê for the sioryteller to put the excÌ-a-maiion
wôyyô AUÀin t[o
mouth of the unfoúunate person who hacl
beenhookeil. Seethe fable at l,heend of this
lessonfor another illustratron.
YOCÁBUI.ÀRY
NortuinaLs
slli
btuhì
cüI
i.kõ (/.)
(pr.iskuikurà)
LòrÀubànl
it is true, is it true ?
debt, loan
seeing(verbalnoun of srnÍ, see)
earrã(/.)
tõtô
(small) bag, ì*200
nuisance/putting one'suogein someone eÌse'sbusiness
a lie
time (: lôkÀcO
DslàsbI
(?1.núàsã)
highway robber
Ì64
mnkò
sô'ò(pr.sô'õ'l)
s8bò ilà/sobòrlà
8ôu
zìyõ!i
llAUsÂ
week(: sõti)
luck, good foúune ; tinÌe, houÌ
beoauseof
week(: môkò)
visiting, a visit
Veúal;
dadà ,
Pa'fticlcs
(exclanútionof
Ìepeâ,t...,
a'a
a,mazement)
do... again
keep on
a'àhã (exclamation of
ilingà
doing...
concemoveÌ
Iãdà
fall upon, fall
misfoúune)
into (d. tõdt) &ísp
(excìamaüiotr
of
ÍayÈ
becharacterized
surprised
by.. .
recognition)
(emphasis
ligô/dgõyà have already
dai
parbicle),
tlone...
on
rieò
keep on
the otheÌ haDil,
doing. . ., clo
for my paú
(exclamation of
regularly and rr'È
sympathetic
repeatedly
taôÈ
touch; have
ooncern)
ne'àm (exclâmationof
ever. . .
ztysttà (i/ê) visit
interest or
"n'". r""ïï"ïÏ'i""tlul,
yes ?, what ?
wâyyô (exclarnation of
despair),alas!
Irnpoúant Phrasu
 Uà y à b ã ! ì ü . . .
Altà yà sô
DAÀttr OAlt
ci bãshì
iluk dÀ hokà
may God give us . . .
rnay God bring (it) about
forest (lo'ú.da,rk bushÌand)
incur a ilebt
in spite of this, ncvertheless,yet
IIÂBITUTIL ÀS?ECT I ÌERBS:
lõtòJõtô
rúrÈ rlÀ glttà
EXCLAMATIONS
165
from tinre to tine
break into a run
EXERCISES
Translate into EngÌish :
l. AIÉ và râ oü yi sã'è cikin clnikimmü. Ir bi h8kà b.
dorc llê tnu cl oastu.
2. BÀ.i h ifqdÀnòÉaÍIrè cikin ailt! rôr. At, bà kà sÀji
bB? BÀ zõ kà barì ba tütüDa ?
3. Bàtr ta6À gsnitr irLo wa!!à[ rawÂr ba. BÀÌi ltr gwailii
yitrtè. A'8 ! Kâi, bò zã kà iyã bô I
{. IÍõ yi úàsanô ilò shl EãLòtr rtà ys rucè àmmõ bÀi &õrè
flwò ritir tràtr b8.
õ. Dô s LÀ! hsu ilõLì ònnõ yÀlzu a! f, tôtr mõtà. A]là ?
Âllà tüsë.
Translate into Hausa :
1. I visited the chief's home but he had already gone
away.
2. Gosh!, that nan is a terrible lia,r (rrat sk te. is full of
lying) ! Becauseof this I ilon't like him.
3. It rains a lot cluring the rainy season. That's so.
4. He hasn't been in Nigeria Ìoug but he speaksHausa
flneúIy (transktte,like a Kano donkey).
5. I wsnt to take out a loan in order to buv a new car.
Xabl.e
Âudü rlÀ Àu 5
Âurlü ilÀ Àu suaà cikia tònyà. zâ su kàsuwõ ilè kõy6.
sai si vatri òbü à DàLir h8!yà. Àü va daukÈ,va rtúbà.
Àghõjàkar kudi cè.
Sai Âudü ys cô, ' trâi, yôu mtrn yi sé'à.'
3see Ka Kdru Na,du, rase 12, â,Írd Abrab"m. R ( , Ea6o
LitQtdtúrp. ps8a 41. rot dnoihe; (ersioh of this stoÍy
166
rrauaa
Àtr y. cê, , A,a ! I|[ü ltlrkà yi sõ'à Dê? Xô it8i !i ns
y is d È? '
Âuilü ya cê, ,Iò ghi kè aan, ÂllÈ và bõ mü lãfiyà.,
8ukà cigàba ilÀ tòÂyàr8Èhar sutÀ shìge wsli baÊi!
diiì. sai wadÃlsu EaÍèrõ sqkÀIãdÈ E!sü. Auilü itè Àlt
sutÀ ztuò ilà cüilà. 8u malàrõ rukà bl sü.
Ân iimò 8si Àlr ys sàii ssbòrtàtrouyitr kõy&!sò. Ya cê,
I Wôyyô. YÂu mun yi hàsõrà.'
Auilü ya cè, . A's ! üü mukà yi hÀr6rà !ë P Kõ ifai
ksi, ka í [Àsõrà ? '
Lesson27
Itsesol Aspects
1. The sxtÚjurlctú)e
dsppzÍhasa wider variety of usesthau
aÌry otheÌ aspect in Hausa. Ìn aildition t,o its üÁe to
exptess commanils (see Lesson 12), the sutrjunctive is
oommonly employeil :
(a) In a large number of contexts that may in English be
translated by the infinitive, notably in subordüate
cÌauses(seealso Lesson 12. section ?) :
I went to seehim.
Zã sü iê sü htubi nilrÈ.
They will go to/snd
shoot (some)meat.
I!È 8ô LÀ rõ Dâtr.
I want you to comebere.
Atr c6 Dasü sü ,õ.
Tbev weretold to come.
Yõ yòlda yÀ yi rhì.
He agreedto do it.
yõ n Lyâu ò it5Hte kMeE. It wouÌd be bett€Ì to
wait a little.
ytwu
gòbo
Yõ
È biyõ kà
? Is it possibleto pay you
tomoÉow ?
I'm waiting for him to
I!ò jtuàlsÀ yà ilõwô.
Ìetum.
I{6 tÀl ÌD s8! shi.
(ó)
Iú many contêxts that may be translated by 'in
oriler to ' (seealso some of the examples aÌrove) ot,
negâiively (Í'ith kadà), ' lest ' :
Yãrõ (doD)yòtÀimàkëmü. IIe came (in order) to
heìous
Sutr gtrilü (ifoD) k8ilò à They ran ôo that they
kõmà sn.
would not be caught.
Ì69
EÁVS4
(o) In some contexts thet may be traoslated by etrar
(whicì does not in Hausâ ãlways require a speciaÌ
vvoÌd):
üunò
lãtõ kà tlõwõ Wehope (that) you wiU
lã[yü.
comè baok safely.
Au cà marà (wai) mü We were toÌd (that) we
ilõkÀtrã.
should wait.
(d) In clontextsrelating to seeking,ilenying or assuming
peÌmÌssloÌI:
'W'ell,
let's go !
Iô Eü ië !
Ìr shtsô kõ ?
May/úall I (am I to)
enier ?
KorlÀ Lõwã yà õhi
wao!à!.
Noboily is to ilrinÌ this.
(e) ïollowing certain relaters :
kÈoì{kÈfin, óelore.'
trÈmh tlr tãshl sun ígã
lnn zõ.
zã !1ü hútò kàds! tànìtr
Eü ci àbinci,
Before I left they had already come.
We will rest a littÌe before
we eat.
dòmin/don(seealso above,section(ó)), in oÃer tol
that :
Yõ keÍõ sH ilòÉi! t! goÍ1. He brcught it so Ì could
8eert.
har, {r?rrd,(futuÌe) :
BÀri mü dõtàtõ nan har Let's .rvaithere until they
6ü isõ.
come.
-Yor, : har, in coÌriexts indicating aotion in the pâst,
requiresthe relative completiveor thã regulor cornplãdve
P-ApronouÌs :
Uur tlõkàtã har sukà isõ. We waited till they oame.
USES OF ÀS?EC'TS
169
sõrs/ctf,àmmà, it is l)ett?.rthnt :
It is betteÌ that \\e do
Gôta mü yi hakÀ.
thus.
It is better to stay honìe
Dà úàflyà batr,d gwàtimè
than to tÌâvel \YitÌìout
à zautrà à girlã.
pu rpose
salltã, tlìerercruti n, (onl,yr,&ll b'ìtt:
Seurõúild sõnràsü isõ, They will be here iu ten
mÌnutes,
He nearly felÌ.
Saurâ kàds! yà fãdì.
(/) Ìú ji -. - (üI. let Le/iear) is a styììzed cxpression
or
employing the subjunctive N'hiclÌ means , . . a@.ínaccor dinqto....L
zâi tô Eóbe,ttr ii Aüilü.
t! ii wò P
Katlà kà sãkèzuwà,Ìn ti
sarH.
He rvill come toÌÌoÌro\Í,
:r,ücorilinsto .A.udu.
Who sa-vsõ ?
The chiefsavsrlon't conte
agein,
(y) In an utterance desoribing future (oÌ ìabitreÌ)
action and involving severalprddicatc constÌuctioÌrs,
only the flrst verb rreerlbe preoededby the future (or
habitual) p-a pronouns-the remaining predicates
are typicalÌv subjunctive(seealsoLesson16,section
-r):
Gòbe m Àe üsmôtr tlà MÌtristà na nmì zã sü tàí
SaktÌrato, sü búdè maksÌa[taÍ 'yam Ír5tõ, sü
zlyàrci asìbitì, sü tlà$õ çürau, sü bõ dà lacci ilàl
yâmmã.
, i h j i rsrts" u* ,-l w he. ct èr r he Í . r bsn/ s/ sd; d cor oes4rI he. n. l ot
ur rr the mr' l dl ê ot, â ,tuoÌ aiion. Cõ sol. @r r ol b" u{od in such
tnsitjon$. See.p5.âgrâph4,line l..fth. íhbkì a{ rhc en,l ofthis t.csson
Ì70
EAUSÀ
Tomotro,n llr. Usman and the MinisteÌ of Eilucation
sill go to Sokoto. (wiÌl) open a girls' schooÌ, (wiü)
visit e hospitaÌ, (rriÌl) return to Gusau,(antl will) give
a (political)speech
in íhe evening.
(c) Intent:
DÀ zuwòlrà zâi yi
EàganÈsai...
Dtwâzõ.
2. The contintntiue aspacÍ, in addition to expressing
sirnple continuative action (see Lesson 18), has thã
foÌlo*ing more speoializeiluses:
(a) The oontinuaìive is empÌoyed to expresscustomalv
or habituel action, natural abiüties or disabilities,
and the lüe :
Yalà zuqi tõwàcô rânô. IIe oomesevery day.
Bõ yà sitì ròrsi.
(It iecharacteristicãf b inr
thai) he doesn't work
ÂaÌo
Àlsdè bõ yò tãshì.
Pigs can't fly.
(ü) The coniinuotive is ofton employeil in a suborilinate
claueeafter a maür.cÌauseempìoying a completive or
continuâtivo aspect to indicate an âction occurÌiDg
simultaneously
with the actionofthe rnainclause: Xõ gan shl ysrò &iÈ.
I saw him working.
Yõ ttuhl i!ô barci.
He got up (while) I rvas
(stiÌl) aeleep.
ltruaò zrwà yauà gsúmmü. (As) we wero coming he
watohedus.
(Àe) I worked he
roà aitì yanà ta ràrttìi.
chattered fooÌishly.
Yâ dâdèyrlà sitì.
He has beenworkinefor
a longtime.
3, lhe Íuture aspectsand the specializedverbal zâ, in
a ildition to expressingsimple future aotion (Lesson 16),
aÌe frequeníly employedto express:
171
ÜSES OF ASPECTS
ua ,À Dl giloa . . .
Dâ mã zân kõmà, . . ,
When he arrived he
intended to s&y somethi ngbut...
We intend to coÌne.
I had originaÌly plarrneil
to go horne.. .. I rcas
going Ììome(but . . .).
I was planning all rlorrg
tor etuÌn...
(ó) To be aboutto:
ZA shi Ingllà sai àbstrsò He was about to leave
ya rnutü,
for Dngland u'het his
father died.
DÀ !ô shiryà, zâB hou lVhen I rvas ready, (and)
was about to cliurb on
kèkè!ã, sà shi bãbü
to my bicyole. rúy !
iskè.
there rvasno oir (in the
t-vÌe).
((1) Couditional action :
BÀu süoi w8!ilà zâi yi Ì rlidn't find anyone who
would do it/to do it.t
shl b8.
Dà yi uü!à Diat iti zâtr Hail he shol-ed (it) to me
I would have bougLt
ràyô.
( ).
1. Tbe aompteüoeaspe.a tÍtã,y be employed within a
sequeoceof relaíive completive clausesto expÍesso
moÌe remote past (ihe English pÌupeÌfect) than that
indicated by the rclative cornpletive predicates:
DÀ 8ukÀ shiryà sukÀ tM. MÀkãliki yõ gytuà Dssü
Dõtàrsü.
I Another meanins could be ' I didr't
sho wss goine to do it '.
ffnd thê (perticulao
lnan
fiz
sÂusÁ
\üheu they had got ready they Ìeft. The mechanic had
(previously) repaired their lorry for them.
gõ'Àr ilÀ Eõtõ sukÀditwõ dògòLòs!rõ, ya tômbÀyëtò, yr
c;, ' Yàyà ctniH ? Yõ yi kyâu ? , gsi ta aDsà, í yõ yi
Lyâu.'
lYhen the women returueil frorn market. he asked hor.
he said'Hov waothe trading ? Diil (cornpletive)ií go
r,çell? ' Then sheanswerecl,
'Ìt went lcompletivejweÍ.,
ÍO('ÁBULAIiY
Noninals
ryÌb,itì(tl. aribitõct)
cõwõ
dabbÀ(/.) (2,. dobbõbi)
dàrúõ (/.)
rõdl
ímaè (pJ.tüàfltai)
hatôri (pl. hatòrã)
hsDnú (pr. hsDdyõ)
hlrãji
ll!u,
Iulu
irki (/. oÌ m.)3
!ënõ-sà(?1.iènàgú)
kè5hësàd
laccò
!!òLõlrkì (pr. nàkònìk8i)
miEõ
oìlistÀ (?r. oi|ristõci)
õlrr/õfirbr (pl. õôsõshr)
rôi (?r.róvutà)
saute
sìirntü
hospital
saying (verbal noun of cô)
animal
laughter
chief's residence
wiÌrg
tooth
arm (incluiling hand), hand
tax
hrowÌedqe. book-learnins
wlno, au
fruitbat
on the foÌlowing ilay
political speech,lecturc
mechsnio
breast, mother, mother's
miÌk
minister (of governrnent)
ofrce
Ìemainder
(senseÌess)
chatter
' Ths pfur$l ishõLÍ mesns (eïil) spnírs.
USES OT ASPEqTS
tünÈtrt
tsakÈ/tsakiyò(/.)
tsàkâni
Itajgtl
Veúal,s
amsà
hailü (ii€)
reflecting, thinking
centre
between
ÌepÌesentative
answeÌ
give biúh to
shoot
arrive (Ìrere)
hàtbã(vé)
isõ
kà!ôõ (Vë)
Irhã
ry&le
sau!õ
lecelve, acoepl,
câll, summon
not bother with, ignore
be left over. renain
Pattülas
it i,sbetteÌ thât
ií is better that
(emphasispaúicle), evet.
too, actually
quote, they say
sõra
gwàmEà
n!õ
wai
Implvtrrnt Phtdses
|lt
ma
lDii. . .
kuditr Ê88ã
lar ilà !o!
râlkà yà itâdè {
tÍaLÀr-kàkõ!i
yã ff kyôu (plus subjunctive)
yanòta...
it has been planneil thât.
it is well knowr that,
aJready
to...
... says,a,ccording
taxes (rr'r. money for the
land)
immediateÌy
may you live long ! (saiil to
a ohief or other social
superior)
bet rixt and between
it is better/best (ihat . . .)
hecontiDuously...
a OfteDhêed ss rtnkài dsdè,
174
rrAusÁ
EXEROISE6
Translate into English :
Ì. Di me zâ d giitaDrÀìn gsishë shì, ssi üa ti làDôrì,!g
cô, yE fl Lyôu lD aayò msrÀ.
2. trÈEln yÀ lõrÀ ,uwà Dãitsdè irà aikì è ú[.
DÀ uô sòmê!hl, trstr ilà [sD ssi ya zürà dà gudà.
ÀbiDciEmü yd tirè Dõ? Â'È, rlÀs rau!õ kàdatr, Narà
!ô h ilslò wani ? 6
5. UlDirtàD MòLÀròDtúzâ,iyi laccà à Cüssu ? I. bàli mü
3hiryÈ,mÈ ië.
Translate into lfauss :
l, Ceriain highway robbers wanted me to telì them the
nelrs of the town.
2. I oarne upon him while he was working. I{e is a
mecbanic. He has beenrepairing automol,ilesfor a
long tlme.
3. Originalty he had agreedto wait bere until I came,
but now I don t know what 7 he rryilldo.
4. The chief saysdon't ever oometo his homeêgain. It is
betteÍ that Ìou meet him at his office.
5. IIe can speak lÌsusa. but it is very difrcuÌt for him,
Iablz
fèEãsè Bõ Yà Biyà! Eàrãjì 3
Wata !õtrõ satkin tlabbõbiya &iÍõ çàkilìtrsà, ya cô masÀ,
'kÀ kësòyè cikir Êarãtekò jè giilÈjeurtabbõbiitukÀ tò
kàr6i tudi! .&asãà hallun kõwàtrtretrsü.'
wèHì ys cè, , Rôtrkà yÀ itadè, nô yi nao itÀ aon.'
5In thk context dÀ : à'kwsi (sêe Le€son 37, section 3).
6 In contexis such ss this waíi mèsns someztr€.
1 TtuNlLte úlat s6 the tÀt,g rcÀt., (àbin dÈ . .
.).
3 See Littaf Na Kardntaa'd, pase 8, for &norher version of rhi!
fslrs ()r,ÀsPDcrs
115
S&i $àk ì ya kèwàyècikitr *âsâÍ, y kàÍôi htuõiì à
kõwÀÀèsiitã. ÀlBDoõrlà ya isõ siita! jëmãcè,iõmãgèya
&i biyò! kudir.
.Âi, Ei bà dabbÈba cè,' itr ji jëÉãsè. . Kõ cititr
talakãwâ,n
sarkitrdôbbõbiàkçai eü lÌtàiÌkai kàmar !i ?
Àkwei wtúilÀ yB iyà tãshÌ samÀkàEÂl Df ? Âi, bã trÈ
biyàn hà"rãiisà sarki! dabbõbiI '
Shi kè mn. WÀkilh serkitr it|bbõbf yo bar shl, yô
kõeà fõdà, ya shâidã wò saÍkinsü. Sarki ilâi, ya yi
tüEàni,ya cè, . Lslle, sÀstúeÌsÀ. Jëmãcèbi irìnmü bs
!è, à &yõlèshi.,
trà8hèsàrl sarlitr tsuntsòyê ya Liri nãBà wÀknì, y8
àikë sht yÀ kàrbi kuditr &ssõ À h&u!u[ kõwÀtròtsutrtsü.
DÀ l'àkilh ya isõ girlaú iëmãeè, ye tàEbÀyë shì kudirl
tasã,sai !êEãgàys yi ÍlasÀ ilòriyã,yaÁàcêwã,' Nt, bn nò
tiyò!3À hÀrãjì.'
Wai, i Kõ kã,ta6à canin tstrtrtsúEài hetòÉ ?' 'Xõ
walttà ya kà! hài 'yõ'ya!rà ilÀ Íãi, yÀ bã 8ü Eúmà P
KÂi ! M bò tslÀkàtrsarkitrtsurtsàyëba trèI'
Dà *àk t! ya kõmà ttilà ya shâirlãwà sarkir tsutsàyê,
sai slkÀ ytuila cêwãièEõgèbà tsuDtsúba !è.
s8bòrlàhakà iêmãsèyaaà tsskÀr-tsàkãtri,
bô yà cikia
yò,
dabbõbl,bõ
küwã, ciki! tsurtsòyë.
L77
BEDUP'ICA'IION
look for
boy
Lesson28
Rerluplicatiou
l Hausa employs vârious tJ4res of reduplication for
various purposes.SometimesonJya syÌlableis redupücated,sÀeìimesíhe wholeword."-Examples
of the most
fÌêquent I ypesof reduplicationÍollow.
2. Reduplication of the fust syllable of a trerógives it an
intensiu?ìnc(ln;ng(e.g.kecpott . . .. da . . . tiniaier tíme,
do -. . in successionJ.T)-pically, ihe fust stll&ble is
reduplicated with accompanyingdupücer,ionof tbe
ioitial consonantof the original verb (which bas now
becomethe first consouant of the seconil svllable). If
the original Êrst syllablehas a fi-rralconsonãnt,it may
Ìemain or ma,y be assimilateil as a iloubÌeil consonant.r
l'he great majority of reilupücated verbs have at least
three syüabìesanil their tones follow the reguÌar patterns
for three- and four-syllable verbs. Thus :
(a) Highìow verbo becomehighìow-high :
beât
buc!
bubbüsã
keep on beating
oook
dúô
itsdilüIõ
keep on cooking
Ìook
tlübi
dudilübà look evervwhere
(ó) Low-high verbs, becomelow-high-low :
go out
llts
ltfrtÀ
keep going out
I Whcn. Íor esaEple,lhe ffBt sylÌable endsin s nast, Njnitstion
docs ôor take plso". ê.s. atutÀnbryi (tror tàttàmbf,yi). and ir i.
optiooaì wheF thê ffrsl syllsblê ênds in eDê orhe! consoDsDts,e.g.
flmtà or tìútÀ sà$ayãor lràissyâ,kslkõwõ or esn}ãwõ.
' Irtho ba8o verb is a va sble vovel (cBde II) verb, rhe de.ivod
intensive verb Ìdll also be s !.,. ve.b. Thus thê ruÌes for fiDat vowet
ând tone change befoE diÌect objects (ss Fell &s sll othe. ,.,. veÍb
rul4) spply, e.g. son nÀlaèrni úênurcü, suü nenirèmarq úey
tookêd dil ot.r Jú the* .4lttelthen.
nèmã
sòyõ
lÀlnêmà 3 look aÌl over for
buy a variety of
sÀsrayà
ihings
(c) Verbs with aJÌtones high remain aÌl high :
bring
kõwô
kskkõwõ
keep on briuging
calÌ
kirë
kikkirõ
call various people
seü
sayar
salsaya!
keep on selling
4
(d,)Three-syllable veÌbs rDeÌely Ìeduplicate the fust
syllable (tone and all) 5 while retaining the original
tone pattem on the original tLree syllables :
read
k8rÀtrtã ksktatàltÃ
reâd in succes$otr
ask
tàmbayÈ tàrtÀEbsyà keep on askúg
3. ht oljeAì,oal, roniral, may be formeil from most
tÌansitive and certail intraruiúive verbs by reduplicaiüg
and doubüng the final cousonant of the original word,
while replacing the final vowel with an -aCCë sufix
(CG: iloubleil flnal consonant of the original word).
The meaning of such a form is typicaüy soacething
wfui,ch
has been. - -, stttruthinqcfuttontet'ized.
ìike
.
.
,
These,
fur.
other adjeotival nomirals, have feminine as vell as
plural forms (the examples below list the foÍms in the
order : mascuÌine,feminine, pÌural).
(a) lhese forms d,erì,oed,
fton uto-syllal e word,shave lho
initial syìlable low toned, with all foüowing syllableÁ
3 ìryhen the o!ìgilll
yerb has en
-ë- oÌ an -õ. in thê root, thiã
becomos -r- in ühe redupìic{t€ ÊyllsbÌe, if this -ê- or + iÊ precedêd
by â et r consonrnt (k,-9, [), ii bêcones -yr- and -iyr- Esp€ctively,
e.s. hôtâ,, tcar, kyslúõtã" ,cat to shrcìa t sõEã!, rub (aaaitustl,
gwàLaga{:â,iub
lagainst).
t S€ê íootnot€"igo"oaÂIv
9 on pege Ì?8.
5 Somo verbs, in êddition to a form which shows ffEt lylÌsblê
reduptication, hav6 ar elterDativè íorm (Fith ihe ssne mesning) ir
which it is thó sêcond ÊyÌlabÌ6 thst iõ ledupliost€d, e.g. silyã, ?rJ
doMlBídeo! .iiitye, pút dounlaride o nunúel
st'üEõlt,oivô
HAUSA
178
high except for the plural fonn, in which aÌl syÌlables
are low except lhe fi-oaÌone. e.g. .
(cikò,
lll)
(da!à,
aok)
ctkakkè cÌkkakkiyã,6 ctkàkkú
(something) filled, oomplete
dàIafrë, rlàiafÊyã, rlÀlàfrü
(somcthing) cooked
(rdrà,
sta,rt].
fàrarrè,làrauiyõ,tôrÀrrú
(something)
st!ìÌted
(gani,
see)
(môtrtõ,
.[*Nl
(Dõúa.
loohJor)
(sad,
hnow)
gàúatr!è,gàtaaúiyã,sàaàÍÁú
(something)seen
màntaccè,Eàniacciyë,Eàtrtàttú
l'orgol,Len.
. (something.)
úêlraEmë.trèEammiyõ.trëmàmEü
(somethingsought)
sàDaraë.sÀDarliyõ, sàDà![ü
(sornething)known
(ô) Theseforms derroerü
umtdsha,vethe
Jrotn three-sgl,lnble
first two syllables low, with all followúg syllables
high except for the plural form, in which all syllables
are low exceptthe flnal one,e.g..
(siìyê,
ülyeyyè,àitysyyiyõ,oÀilyÀyyÈ
(somethiug) set esiile
sd asid,e)
(tÀhi!rtÈ,
IèhtEteccë,iòhtútacciyõ,fàhlEtlttú
(something)untlerstood
unlarsnnà)
làfly8yyõ,Iòltyayyúõ,Iòflyôvyú
0õffyò,7
healthy (personor thing)
h*oll,h\
(tabbàtô,
tèbbÀtaccô,tôbbòtscciyÈ,tÀbbàtòttú
(someìhing)ceúaiu
be sute)
(tàfo5ü,
tàfÀs&sshê,tàlàsssshiye,tÀlàsòssi
(something) boiÌeil
boil,\
. There is en streÍnêtive feúiniìs forE in
-oCCõ. rhich is not
with tho Ìotreervor&. s.g.ÉòtÀ$ssà.
unoobbon. €Êpêcielly
'This forú is deíiyed Èoo a noun rsthEr ühen ê verb. It ìe
&ppsEntly the onÌy suoh er@ption in the wholê longuêg€-
REDUPLICATION
179
Erãrnples :
ÌIúityõ sàmtrtriy6 cè à
The owl is rrcll-known in
EasarEü.
Dòiafrer àbiuci rè mu kò sô. We warl't aolcedfood.
ZÍ!ãtlyõ trëtrsmmiyar
Gold is a sought after (i.e.
àbã cè.3
valuablething).
üu kÀu shõ tàtÀssasshen
rurã kawài.
We drinÌ onÌy boiled water.
Tòbbàtaccé
It is ceÌtain.
Irè.
4. Ceúain nuans ind,icating a yal,'ity have a ilerivative
adjeotival nominal which is formed by red.upücaúingthe
first syllable and changingthe fnal vowel to -õ, The tone
pattem of the new form is low-hìgh-high in the singular.
The plural fomr (which duplioates the finaÌ oonsonantin
an -ÀCôsufix) has a highìow-high pattern. The meaning
is usually útensive.e
(kErli, sbength\
&ÀtÊ&úã,
very stroDgthing/
person
esÌlàÍõ (pr.)
(kyíu,goodnus) kyàkkyãwã,
excellent(looking)
kvãwàwõ(pJ.)
thing/person
Eaarnples:
Màcèkyàkkvõwõ cÈ. The woman is beautifirl.
gu tsrlàlõ nÈ.
They aÌe very stÌong.
tryãqÈwâ na sàyã.
I bought very good looking ones.
5. Aúterbial, naninals and,üeopthowes
may be intensúecl
by reduplicating the whoÌe woril (see also Lesson 24,
seotion3).
3 Wherc the noun bo !Íh;€h it rcfers is lominine ÀbÈ ,À;nr, hss s
fmininê forÌn.òbô. Mèny Hausâ, hoqeeer. would say ZÍnõrlyã
,l6mammêÍ aDí n6.
0 I.e. úorc so tbsD s sibple DlÀi corÂpound.ê.g. mài zudi. dcep :
uertj il..p.
t^trulÃ,
Ì80
HÁUSA
(úaza,
qL!.;ckltJ) Kü zõ maza-maza
! Oomevcr1.quickly !
(shirú,
Âüdü shiÌu-shirú Aucluis very solt
De.
(sànou,
Yatrà tàÊyã sànnu,9lo?,rI,ess) s:ltxtru.
spoken.
IJc is rvaÌkirrgslowly.
6. (-'orrrpÌeteredupÌicrìíion ol uliectiuLl, non,inals o.f
colonr a]I,r]sorneoihcrs Ìessenstheir intensity (seeaÌso
Lesson23, sectioo7). Notc tÌrat tÌre final vorçcÌbccomes
-qhortin botÌr the seconrìand (rvith ferv erceptions,lìke
jã-ja beÌow) the first occurrcnceof the ÌedupÌicated
word.to
(la'i, túite)
l{o sàyi Isri-Iari.
I boughtthe rvhitish
one.
(bâ[i, ókcÀ) Ba&i-beÊiye ô kyâü. The bÌackish one is
\18, red )
(tsõiô,oftl)
best.
Wannà!, iã-ia trè. This is rcddish/pink.
Wadàtr!âúiajàye- Theseare reddish/
pink.
iõjàve uè.
Tsõlu\i,e-tsõtuwa
cè, Sheis rather elderly.
7. CoÌììpleteredupÌicationof rluantifiersand monetary
termsìs employedto give the senseof, for exâÌÌìple,' two
each'.Ìr
They arq 5 koboseach.
gõmà
gõúà.
Bà sr
Give them eachtcn.
Ì{awàlawÀ oè wadànnâa? How rnuchapieceare these?
ÌUòsuÊefòhüdu hudu.
Quadrupeds.
I81
REDUPLICAI'TON
8. The plursls of certain nouns are formeil by reiluplioation (seealso Lesson22, section 6).
Native Âdministration
ea'è,pl. en'è-et'È
Àklw,ü,?r. Àkàç"ü-àkàrn cbrk (other pluraìs aìsooccur)
9. Complete redupìication plus final -e and a low-high
tone pattem is employeil úth mâ,\y nouhs denÃt'ingan
aatiai,tgto indioàte (frequently) somethirg like oorzdres
of . . ., oariou,skínl,s oJ. - - ot simply amnnber oJ'instanus
oJtlaishtud,oJot*iv g, e.g.:
guilìi, Ìunning + eÈie-gÈie, running (vaúouô t)?es of)
râces
trÀllo-tsülle, (various kings of) jumptralté, jumping
ins '
tÁdì,chatting ' tàde-tòde,(various)chattings
rhõwarà, advising shàwÈrce-shàwÀrce,adtisings (of
variouskinds). 10. Complete reilupìioaiion of certain now,s may be
empÌoyed to indicate . . - like. Note thât the final
vowels aÌe short.
ruwa-ruwa
sèri-sàri
gi$hiri-gishiÍi
rvatery, liquid (ri.e.water-üke)
powtlery (i.e. flourìike)
salíy (in taste)
ülsl slst ne.
VOCÂBULÁBY
'o ID e f . ç . A s c s th c !o { e l rc n Ìri rs l o rt rn d the nìeâD nìgi s
ìúersíú, ..g. 8ü mânyã-mânyâ nè, 'l'n"y.," utlt lúts.líh1pa uüt
Nonim,ts
àkÈwu(pl. &kãsu!à or
clerk
àtàwú-Àkàwn)
(/.
dslyé
datryã,?r. dànyü) raw, uncooked,ulrripe
primary school
ír6mÀrà
tr lf the {lurntifio is x coÌnpôuDdonly thc ìâ6t nord iÉ rèpedtcd,
e.s yâ bâ sü nairã shã dayr dà si-slsi, n. lta|. thoh ìtll.ti ea.lll
Ludinsü suÈ ba twabò kpaSi;. r1,,y."r t.'L t',út, rpt,,,.
1r Thus the term for tnck and lìeld, coúpetítio1t ts güs-gÈjo
killo-tsàdle.
dò
182
sryÈ(/.)
bt rasi
beer (localbrew)
gwalgwàYê)
(?1.
Swltrg^wslr
titr can
i8rrÀbõwõ(/.)
test, examinâtion
kwslabd/kwalbê (/.) (?r.
kwalèbé)
glassbottÌe
Lyàklyãwõ (?r. kyawàw-) excellent (lookúg), handsome,beautiful
tàtõ (/.)
a oomplaint (e.9. in oouú),
cÍy, noÌse
ragì
Ìedüction(âsin tmding)
8ak8udàrè
secondaryschool
simintÌ/sumuuti
cement
tÀbbàtaccë
(something)ceúain
t&kÀlilõ (/.) (pl. tàkàrdú)
paper, lett€r
Tüsi
Ourope
ysifì
Euopean cloth. a yard
(measuÌement)
d!tutyã (.f.)
golil
Verbd,s
8üvë
làhintò (i/è)
tàfist
Particlzs
cô
bÀbbs[ òkòwú
b6 dÀ.8à6õkì
cô ne kè
ct jsrtÀbAwõ
DaD&asõ
yi ia,rrÀbâwõ
úirü
In?ortant Phrases
òbú mònõli
Àbin ghi
èbin rhô !r twalabô
an amazingthúg
somethúg to drink, o drink
bottled ilrink
no reduction (of price-iu
trading)
head clerk
causeeÌna,zement,Ìvoniler
I thought (tir. thiuking I
was)
passan examination
(in) this country
take an exarnination
EXE&CISES
Translate into English :
l. Ai. E6 môDtõ ìtr kÃÌDõÀbitrci ilàlofré.
a Lõwõ shì
d8!yê,
2. Cwàmmà kÀ dãkÀtõ treD tükün. fÈfilr kÀ sõkè
dówôwi lõkÀciú àbilci yã yi.
3. Mtra tàn{Àmbeyàkõ'hõ ciki! cÀd àEúõ bl mü sõmi
làbãÍhsÀbs.
4. trôi ! Waúi àbir tIlòEãkì yã tàru iiyÀ-&õrar iirgiu
ssmütõ b6 d tsòÌõ hm ssurô kòdor ln gudü!
õ. ZÊ tri kàúti Ìtr sÀyi àbitrcin gwatrgwatr ilÀ giyà t8
kr'slsbõ ilò r.urstr 8búbtrwÀndÀ !8 kà bükõtà.
put (thing) down. set
(aside), give (thi"C to
someoneelgeto keep for
you)
unilerstand
boil (intpnsitive)
thinking (from cêwe; s€e
I mputant P hrase*b elow)
silence(ideophone)
i83
BEDUPLÌCÀTION
EÁUSÀ
Translate iúo Hausa :
l. Horr rnuoh epiece aÌe guavas? A penny apiece, no
reduction.
2. I thought you woulil come tomoÌrorÍ but you caÌue
vesleÌClâv,
3. Thprearemcny wonderfullhingsin tbe rvorìdioday.
4. You shoulil eat cookeil food and boiled wâteÌ lest you
Eetill.
5. if I don't tâke tÌÌe examinationI won't passit.
Dìatague
Tsllo : DsudÀ!
DsudÀ: trò'am.
.À
184
Tallo :
Dauilà
IsUe :
Daurlò
ft,llo :
DsualÀ
Islle :
DaudÀ
Tallo :
Dsuilò
Tslle :
DrudÀ
TrUo :
Ilr|l|lò
faUo :
flAUSÂ
I[õ zâ ts ?
ZÊ !i gidõ. Yàlzu nè !s tErõrtàcà8itì.
Iò bAlÂiff. À ttra !à tr kà aikì ?
Lesson29
Ai, Di òkòwú !è è kàDd.
Àrhê ? CÊtra kà h8!à mskarsntõ.
À'È. Bàra uà na flta tirôEôrè. Bü1sòmi shìgsr
s8tstliltuà bs.
Bè kt ci iasràbêweb8 rè ?
I, tõ yi mill rüyõ 8inül. Àueõ bâ kõEó, tu!
tlà na gimi ritì.
Iò dÀ kyôú. wànè irt! ritì !ë k8 kè yi p
Ai i!à dè awull iri-irì: waui gõÌ ra kÀr
shi8lhitTè Etyã, v.üf sãÌ D8kòr loüfl1 itÀ kõyõ,
r8li !i'i uõ, bòìDs! lüirn yrrl Dõ !t liìdtl
t*Àrdt h yi.
Tô. Yswslsi! hõys[tü rltgò tagLher !Érri nã
s kè tõwõ .ü ?
I Àmmà yòuu al ttrò yi! wrdtulr sbibrwl
|r8n furã_LiE{ú
!r rit rtnl, itò virtì, dò
riEinlì. dò àbin rhÊ [s Lwrtrbã"
UÃitòllÉ! Ctrtiyt !È |si itò tòtÀ!8$ho!r lqrõ
I LÈ rtr òbi! úi !s LwsfsDõ?
Ilrc RelatersSai aúil Dà
l. The reÌaterssei and ilÀ (the spellingof rvhiclractually
repÌesentsseveral difrerent rrortls) are among the most
frôquently occurringn ordsin the Hausalanguage.Tbey
the moÌe Ínportant
eachhave e vÍidevariety of usages,
Lesson
17, seotion2. are
noied
in
of wÌrich, not already
t eat€il beÌow.
2.Ssi as a cÌauseintroducer is often follo*-ed Lry the
oubjunctive aspect. There are two kinils of meatring
indioateil by this constmotion :
(a) The weaker (and more common) meaning is to
indicate a regular contingent habit or an inevitable
coútingent consequence,e.g. : r
When I get up irr the
rnoming I (aÌwaYs)
have a oup of teo.
ganyôn
you don't eÍâteÌ that
If
trs!
I! bi kÀ bô
yÀ
pìant, it will surely clie'
etrtü
ruwõ bs, sei
Ìda[ ye zõ, sai mü geirhê Wìen(ever) he oomeswe
will (certablY) greet
shl.
him.
I! nõ ttuhl rtà silõ 88i ln
shô ti
8&ri ! Bì tòEsr tub ttmü svòr br !
Abircin gwrngTs! ft--irkiü!À
düriõ nÈ P
D&!ilò Ertà !õ. Wsi, rô'àn dÀ r LÈ rlirìui
aai
riailitltâwú.rg
Iallo : Tstd. Àbh oimIlì aè ysititÀ yò ytru ò rtslò
Àbilci ilò yôwi À flrlè shi ciki! gwaú8Ìwst À
NjVë shi h8r 3hèL8rÈblyü !
DsuilÀ GòskiyuLò. Ai, hekò llè itúriyl yànzu-clte
ts tè rtÀabúbuwòmàru bar ramimõkì.
Talle : L8Uë,hskà tré.
(ò) The stronger meanúg, often limited to shorter
contexts, is as a strcng courmand,t;ryically meaning
rMst, ou4lú ta or lhe like, e.g. ,
You ought to go, or Geí
8&ikÀnn.
away !
rs verbâl noun fronì dsdilàtã.
u SeeLesson19.footnote2.
I See Losson 24, diâloCro (footnoted phr&ss), foÌ two ailditiotr&l
,i
186
nÂusÁ
Bü zõ ba tükü!.. gai rqü
kitõ shì.
He hasn'tconÌeyet.lve'll
havc to calÌ him.
3. Styli"fd utteranc€s such as sai kà c6, os cf and (leos
f.equ€ntly_)r&i kò g-8t1,lyouougltt to secit are frequertly
interiecteil for emohasis.
y"oi OA"È, r"i kò
sarki. He goes around as if he
"ê
erc a chief.
rtitt!!À, rsi kà câ bài iyà ba. His work (is) as if he
doesn,t know how.
WaluÀtr lbü, ssi kâ gs4i, This thing-you'll have to
àbitr Eòmõkì trë.
6eeit (to believe it)-is
really amazing.
4. Ssi oftan introduces a norninal pbrasewhich indicates
an excepíion to lhe preceiling statenrent, (See also
Lesson17, section2.)
Bô Eài iyiwõ s8i ksi.
There is none able to do it
exceptyou.
86 È simün ilui sei ilò Onedoesn't get knowledge
iòe&ri.
without (;tot of) effo;.
Ii kÀm, s8i òbitrdÀ ta c6. As for me (l lJ do) only
what you say.
5, 9ai meê,o,nguúil, often iníroduces claus€sin the completive, sometimesin the oontinuative.z
Bt rô! tà[ ba sai uõ gamà. I won't go until I finish.
Bò zô! tÀl ba rli iaÈ sô! I won't go uatil I want to
tàriyt.
sai tÊ ilõwõ.
go.
Seeyou when(trtit.untiÌ) you
Ìetum.
'Quit6 oftên, fhough not invariobly, the ssi-iniroduced cìauso i!
s dêpend?nt c|!úF folìowing an indepêndon! clêus6 iD üho Dègstiv6
(8eerne nrsr two exânpre8).
'ffB
RSI,ÀAERS Sâi ANI) Dà
8si nõ shilyi tüküra.
8ei ye zõ zô mü ci.
187
(Don't bother ne,) Let ure
get ready first.
1Vewon't eoi until he
oomes(lil OnìYrúen he
hascomel'ill ve eaì).
6. Sai and har each oÍten, nean unííI' Wheu, as often, a
oontÌast is iníended. har focuses on the completion or
fulfllment of the action at the end of the presoribedtime,
wheÌeâssai may sinìply refer to the aotion in geneÍâl oÌ
foouson the starì of it, e.g.:
I won't go üntil tomorrow.BÀ zâtrtà be ssi 8òbo.
I von't go (at ìeast) uniil
Bò zôn tòfl ba hst sòbe,
tonìorow (hascoúe).
BÀn yi borci bs r&i dè gàti I didn't get to sleep unüil
y8 võYè.
tÌawn.
Bò[ yi borci bs hôr aÀri ya I didn't get a rvink of sleep
all night.
wõyò,
7.8ei is frequent in narrative as a clause (senteuce)
intÌoducer indicating sequenceând translatable as ,âez
or so. (SeeaÌsoLesson 17, section 4 )
Muu sar Bhttrstr ilà [an. 88i Buhò seishê shÌ.
We saw hirn imrnediately. Then/sowe greetedhim.
gur zõ. 8si sukÀzsrd." ssi suki hútà;òssi.
They oame. (Then)they sat down. (Then)they resteil
well.
8. Dt. ..8ôi is comnonly used for zoáea.. - then, wilh
ÌefeÌenceto eventsin the past.
Dò ns ga! sbt (ssi) ú ië When I saw hirn (ìhen) I
went to him.
wuÌinsà,
3
When he comes(then)
DÀ zuwÀngò ssi sikì.
(there'sa Ìot of) work.
ãtì .oniry. A vetbal noun mey usuelly bo
'Dò urslìnsi\ lit. on
sÌrbstituteilfo. e finite aerb in ihis construction.
trAusÀ
TEE RELATER,SSAi AND Dò
189
When ho cntcnd (then) urc
stôpped.
òlmakÀsbr(pl. òlmàLàssi)
swÈ(/.)
buLkò (/.) (pl. buklõki)
cbõwà (Í) (pl. ctvàyi)
(pair of) scissors
hour
grasshut ; market stall
gTa,ss
sewmg
vâcation,iest
khaki cloth
excellence of ohâÌaoter ol
quaÌity
tailor
traile, occupatiou, profeesiol
gaÌments, clothes
trouble, difrculty
trcüseÌs
.t88
DÀ ye shlgo (Esi) Eukò
tsayü.
9. Dò ueaning rzlá or awl is an4iy iliustratedin Lesson
[7, sections2 and 3. The useof di a" introducerof the
clirect object after the -ar forrn of a verb is treatecl in
25_,section 4 end foüowing. Ilò meaning tuian is
L:.esson
illustmteil above, Dà ss itrtroduce-rof the tLing
fiosseseeil
ofter the continuative is illustntcd in Ìâson lg.
geotions5 and 6.
lO. Dò (or wurlò) is employed to introduco rêletivê
clauses.It ÍÌrsy meanthat, úlún, eta,.l$eealso Lesson20,
eections5 and 6.ì
aüin ilò ú csnl
tÌre thing that I see
lôtich ü zti tàô
wheD (: th€ time tÌraü) he
will go
r'l tôri mütumt|r itl skò úhey chasedaway the man
8itõ
tlÌet wôs ,J€nt
ttrò wr,!dò bÂlhi itò
bsDtÀll
a boy who bas no eenle
lla DÀ is employod as an auxiüary with certain other
Ìel&teÌa.
ntr ilò bii bà uü br bi
Lô!ê.
trô dàìèi c8Dmü b8 muni
mllltl.
trlnÃl
hútü
kàki
kirLi
Eadloki (pr. D8dìrkô)
ròna'ò (/.) (pl. rarr'dr)
hrõrì (6dn9.túà)
l'òhelò (/.)
wòtrdõ(?r. waniluDà)
Verbals
ditrtò
haDìi a
ituõ
kao/kswad (ilà)
aúnò 6
tàinakà (i/ê)
ygtrkà
sew,mâke bY sewing
prevent, hinder, keep from,
refuse,forbid
wait {or
move to another place, alíer
position of
point out. show
help, assist
cut (up), slaughter
Sincehe didn't give it to us
it iloesn,t maiter.
(Even) though he didn,t see
Us, \üe rÍeÌe there.
Partínl,es
kim
Nomíno,ls
òsõgõ(pJ. acõguni)
watch, olock
àlàmú,Âldnõlrl)
ÀlkslÀmi (/,1.slkstuDoà)
indicatiol.srgrr
pen
. Typical olsmptes of the way henà io enployed rre : ya hstri lli/
Dúi;iki - ,'?*,ti n" hon uo,Linsot hPk?pÍn. JrcL sains a iob :
krdÀ kÀ bAnÀma|ò òbinci - dor't rcJú. hin Jood. rn htttü shôn
grrà : bed dr;atina is prosÚìbed
! An indiro,r objêct is vêrv líequent wrth nÍmà" e.g. yd nüDâ
miín - he shoú"d a.; nõ nü!à mrsà hatrti - I showedhin the
ro.,r; tã ntui wà ytuÈiàbincinllà,: sheshõúed.theho! htstood ; but
his str.nqtk.
yã nünà tsrôúà : ,ta shÕ1oeìl
\.OCÁBULÂRY
eni/ln'uni (/.) (pt.
(emphasispaúiole) at Ìeast,
at s,nyÌat€, as foÌ. .
190
rltò
Inportnnt Phmses
lõkân diÁld
rai tl cê
loi kà Saúl
rhõ wòhslà
TEE RELATERs gSi ÂND Dò
EÁUSÁ
that is, . . . (the preceilirg
stet€ment is then Ìephrssoal to cLarify it),
DaÍaely,ü2.
D;n@ue
ElrüLtrÀ
OòDbo
EõÍútrà
Còúbo
EIrúúÀ
sewingmachine
lüe, as if
you have to seeit (to believe
rt)
have (ldl. drinÌ) difrouÌty,
OÀDbo :
Efrú!À
OIBDo
Etr!i!ò
sufreÌ
OòEDo
EltüúÀ
EXEÊCIAES
Oòmbo
EIúúrl
Tronslate into Engüsh :
l. YÍ kòmãtò lD ya,!kò w&[lòn yõdì. Dòlti Àlmsl&ht
kè tòimòk6 !ì.
2. tht bü Eütüml! kirtì ba nà. Yant sôyò had ÀbõHtri
8iLi.
3. Ilò ys rhtgs brttÀt8ò r8i ys r8url, yr lnrò di!rÊ.
4. Zôu iirl !hl. Wltò, rôr dnLòtõ !ô[ ssi yõ ilõwó.
ó. Àtwai }|lõnÈ zã tô 8hAwòhelò !ôu tilstr bÀ kà lswsd
rtò kÉysrkò ilò wEri bs.
GÀEDO
Eftú!ò
Olmbo
E súrÀ
OÀEbo
EótnDi
OÀDDo
Translate into Eeura :
l. Sew me a good (looking) gowa. I arr going to the
danoetomotrow.
2 I ìtaut you to help me to move my sewingma,chiueto
onother stall.
Ae for mo I will wait for him here-perhaps he rrill
come ofter a while.
1. I diiln't show him your watoh. They say ho saw it on
your FÌist (a,m).
D . He hasn't eaten yet, Why ? BeoauseI refused him
food until you arrived.
Etuú|lò
CòEbo
191
8ÀDru madhH !
At EõrüL!è! Brrkò ilò YôBEã.
Brrhò tòilsi. Ìrt sikì Yâu?
ailí ôi bõ vò &õrèwõ.
uúitòllõ. EsLò s kÈ sô.
GòskivarkÀ. trs!à váwò À klluwÍ EìJP
Â'à. Dô Eã irü rãDar bu&LÀrkò.'
Iô. B[! !s! !s k8! ilò tlYclõ trwl nÂ!.
Dò Lytu. DÊ Ls!à citiD brktà ts clvrtl
?
òDEê wsl[l! te twôrô c6.
Eatò rõ. x[ vi sô'ò tà n&[.
Zó tò ivÀ kÀ diDll EiEl rade!|u
üõrtüli.
tEtõd trõ P
Ai rlm'ltõ cà. wÀ!ò irÌ nõ Ls kà !ô ?
rtrÈ bütótò! còiõton wÀlitõ güdl ìtvr ilÀ
DÀbbsrd8õ tu.mõ.
rò DÊlôtã. trÉ rõ dò vódì nõ ?
l. Al kltf ns yin wslrilu[i ilÀ lrri! vll Dr
ytr ü8ó. f,8wò trë tudtl diltì ?
leirÈ
í"nili
t"i rorà ulò'ür dÀbtvst-tltò'
hrdu ilÀ !dà btvsr tà !sD.
Kôi, yãn yawi I r!bòLlvòtils ilò rsirà hudr
bs, ssi tB !ãmi ws[i.
Iò nn yÀrdr. Àilvè vndì! ct'u.
Dò kyeu. sri vÀu8hòzô! zõ h Lòtôó f
Ssi 8àbo si. Eò tg! ivÀ 8rmò dirh!!ü ilúÀ
ylu be.
tô, rai gòte kà ru.
Yôuwõ, sri gòbe.
. The lddition ofúô to d conpÌotolv alters tho mosDing ïÌom
;n ans
f*^";{y 1b,, * kúscrl ro Íúnuív too; i a anvúa!,
'a3e'
*,11;,u"
iron or oÌuminiur roofins mst Íisls'
., *"-r*od
,^
l
193
PRNI'IXIS ÀND SI'TTBEA
veúes. X'eminiDeforms are not oommon (nor ere
womon who hove these ocoupations)'
leotherworker
bòitúlà, dìitirõ 1
a
büãitt/bòtõdà'
chiaf'
$tdì,,
'
couúier
wtgea ;ütítl ,ìdbvl
ofice-holileÌ
bòrarõtà' ra'rtkunì/
(fttl
cliü
"'
undera chief
aÀrÈLai'
Lesson30
Prefixesanil Srrfrtes
1. Fausa employsa number of pre6xesaud sufrxes to
cbange basic forms of words into words witb more
specialiáedmeanings. Ceúain prefixes and sufrres havs
alreaily been ilescribed (see lessoÌrs 25 anil 28), but
several others aÌe common enough to warrant mention
nete.
3. The nou! dõ, sot?,is wiilely useil (in the íorm dra; /'
is written as a
'yrr; pl. 'vrn) as a prefix (olthough it
serargtê woÌd) i-othe followüg senees:
@1fo ioar"rtu pt o* o7*igi^ ,
2. Bf- : pürceof orígin, yofesúon.
drn Íroò, 'vr'r taoò,
Kono pergon
'vro troò
(a) Cortain nouns may be prefixetl with bl- in the singular with the resultant foÍm indicaúing f,\e pltuc of
or{fia of the personreferreil to. The masoulineforms
usually enil in -à with inilial and ânal low tones (all
other tones high), These words have feminino and
plural forms as well, as illustrateil below.
(ra!ò)
d!ú tr!l,
locsl inhabitant(s) of a
country, son(B) of the
80il
(b\ lo rl.dioalz-ooarpatüm:
úü tlÍrrl,
'yrl
Lituw& 'v!ü Lirusõ
dr8 taüü, eto.
BÀka,nè/BÀkouà,
lòkanüwl,
Nanõrõ
(Eausô) BÀhsurhè,Bòhsulhtyi,
EòwÈwõ
(Turai) BòtúrÈ,Bòtürbr, Tìiròwã/
Túrõwõ
BÀÍtu&rì, BòlòrsDsVõ,
Fòròn5ei
BònEcà,BÀfltãtü,r Ètrr
'Y!ú tlll
Kano person
Ilauoa person
European
peÌsoD
(a\ As a iliminulú;e :
úll yürò
'yor tlsuwi
'yaú kõyõ
sikin ús[ lõkòci
l'renchman
Fulani person
(ó) Other nou:rsmay be prefixeil with bÀ- in the singular
to form nouns úilioatitg the o@upationof the person
refereil to. The tone rules are usuolly the ssme as
tboseabove,but the final voweloÍtbe mascÌrìine
foÍm
market trader
Detty maÌket trailer (who
- ,hËpby" his goodr on a
table)
üttle boy
small market
small belongings
in a short time
I Thesomsv bÀveoriaintted fÌon a plúo€csllôdDüh'
for iartl, btritbereis seìdonanr'
or'áú.Á
'in-Ãã ãi
't"ã "mployêd
inv givon town or region har olrv on6
"inco
""rtìïi.,i
!arH.
-..r;"e
rl
t94
?BEFIXES ÂND SUFFIXES
gâUSA
(sô, l,o/rt, ma5ò3/mrsòvt, 4ssõvvl, Esròvõ
'
ooe who likes or loves,e.g.:
late\
'
Your ologefriend
ursòvintl la Yì
doesn't see Your
gsni! 8ibü!}à.
faulis.
who loveBSaÌeh
one
na€òyin Sõrstü
likes Íice
who
mssòYi! shhkôIã one
gi,h.ear naiìi moiivi, Eoiivìvõ' Baiìvõ
hearer, feeler, e.g. :
feÁ,\
haPPYPerson
Eaiì ilãdl
(rarl,
marlr/maràshi,ma'rsshlyã'Be!Àsü
lackiogin. ... e.g.:
k êk'ì
Earò8hitrhstrkàll' senseless
(Seealso Lesson 23, section 6')
(Àikõ,
ms'Àiki'm&'Àikô
messenger4
serLd]
(8ikòtõ' m8'àikòct,ú8'sikacìvõ'ms'Àikòtõ
ilo uorlc\ wolket
(ditrtô,
madtrokl,maditrkivi'm0dhk6
tailor
sao\
(lâLúâ,aul Eshàüci, m&hàutÃ
?r1,tt?,€dú)butoheÌ, meaíseller
(hsiÍü
mabòif, meheiltYi, mrhÀilÂ
qõae
PaÌent
bidh\
(hrukòcë, mehÀukàcl' mshsukscìvõ' mahòükÀtõ
mailman
oo mol,\
(&órÈ,
matèri, maÊÈrô
blaoksmith
forge)
(d) ln ceÍttrÍ\ s\l,izadwptestíons:
dor sòDilõ,'ystr sòud[
ds! dòk,,'ysr dôkõ
ds! Adim,'yan ÀrlÀm
tsr citi
195
Government policeman
1lü. sonof a siick)
N.À. (: Native or'Looal
AutÈoúty) poìicemon
(lü. son of ou orilor)
humau being (lir. son of
Adam)
iype of gown
(e) ïtan (never ,yar or 'yaa) is used with verbs (with or
without tàdon) signifying a línle (bdtl :
Iõ don r|ekòtõ (kÀdôn). I waited a bit.
Y6 den tirà rhi.
IIe Dushedit e ìittle.
8si kò dsl lsgè kudirrÀ. You shoulil lower the prioe
a bit.
4. Vt'rious tpes oí nouns may be forureil from verbs by
employing a ua- pre$x with or without an -i suffix: (o) No
slgnXting lhe ageút ú ilaer oJ an acti,(n $e
-s
formed by prefi-Eingthe ma- and (usualty)sufiring
an -i. Ttretoneson l,hemasculineform aie hieh-low
for l,wo-syllable
words.highìow-(tow-)highfor-threeand four-syllablewonds. Femirine (som;[imes)and
pìural (usually) forms oÍ üheeewords also occur,
Forms having the -i (high tone) suffix take a , referentiaÌ' -n beforea modifoiognoun oÌ pronoun.e.g.
Ea!õyin 8õratü,easõyintÀ; ihe othêrsdo not. e.g.
mqil ilôdi.
t thê short íoÌIn ús5ò is Ìegul6rly enployed Íjìh the meaning
cg
l.ndìno IoMt.I Lo derotà the intê.mediÀte poinLsoft'he cornpast
sdth'wett'eír'
a!àwã-m8!ò ssbàs aotin_?d,l'kuilü úasòvá'mma' . Tho Deonins horo is passive ie one eho i3 sent (comp3r6
Tbo.woÌd i3
Esct!'I - (i) duton. (ir) dep.nde,jtli e on'ledbg 90ü)ì
Àlìô' aod'r
Uo'àikin
in
th€
erpÌession
r"ophot
àr
tlu
u""a
-aioìy
(&
m{d/meftyl, ?r. erltyã,
srrrjoass) surpassing.
exceeding,e.g.:
WanlÀr mali kyôu
!rõ.
This is the best one.
merìküdõ
moÌe expensive
,l
196
EAUsa
(ó) Nouns signifying a pkne wb*e lhe actlvity indioated
by ihe oúginal verb is performeil are also formed by
preflring ma-. The ending may be either -ã or -t.
The tones on the singular form are aÌl high.
(a[Dü,
ma'suDõ, Ddòtrnsi
,ttc,oaúre,
,twh)
(8itYê,,?,
as;ìal Eô'sii,mdàjlysi
(dofò,
maitatã/Eadafi,
cook\
mÀilàlai
(leütõ, o&, Dshsuti, màhàltai
up rn@r)
(karòrti, msksraúlõ.
req.d,\
mÌúòròtrtü
(sÀtlÃB, masallõci,
putun
màstültri
o salll)
pÌace where com is
sold
storehouse
kitchen, cookingplaoe
place where meat is
sold
school
mosque,pLaceof
Muslim prayers
(o) Nouns signifying a tool,oÍ i,m,pl,enant
úrvol.ved,in the
action inilicated by the original verb are formeil by
pefixing mo- anil eufrxing -i. The tones on the
maoculineform are aÌl high.
(auni,
weigh) malarltl, mÈàutsi ony meãsure,scaleg
(büúë,
opek) msbúdi, màbàdsi key
(ghbõ,
megirbf, màgtrbsi t]'Ìre of haÌvesting
rcap)
tool
(gwarll,
rnaaaurelÃagwuil, úÀgwÀilai mea$lring rcd
(tadü,
beata
tlrum) mekadl mtúÀdsi ilrum stiok
PRtrrÌxEsâND suE!'IxEs
197
õ. A -anci (someüines-ct) suffir is-employ4 wjtì ethtli,:
teEfs to indicat€ the hn$lage (dnd custlms) o/ ' ' ' ' Arr
tones are high.
EuIoPeaDlânguage-{m
{Itr8i. EuÍope) Túr8nci
Nigeria this usuallY
meansEnglish)
(dialect) of
lenguage
trsrsnci
(tr8!ò, Kano)
llano
language(dialect) of
(Zrtd|l, Zs|r|sl
'
Zana
',aan{raaí,i
language
Arabio
(Bòlõrsbè,ArÊb) Irõrrboi
A rathor humorous (but acceptable) term-to d91qrste the mixture of llauÊa anil EugÌú tn whrcn
many bilinguals conveËe has Ì€cent'y come rnÍô
GuIleDCy.
Itis;
EllsDa'rc[
(ftom m/âllD' ducqrd' Petsanl
Dtbrsrcr
(fton B'B'C', tlu Eausa oJ tlrc
B. B.C. E ausabroqnas*\'
So,too :
6. Certoin sbstraci loüns moy be formed Irom more
clefaite nouns by usirg tÀe foüowing suffxes :
tones
ía) -lJcüò, -r,rtskò : the Pal'ity of being ' ' ' The
ere low-low-high-low :
deaf-muieness
IbáÌlê.doaf n t4\
bèbÀlttstò
uilelz*s
(ewourõ,
'
Mtn)
Ìrailties)
stat'e
of
8wòurÀatakà
wifelessness
mütÈrrrrü o"-,"ïioi|""*
inütôn,berson)
198
PEETN(ES AND AUI.FIXÉS
(sbêcè,baskrÍdl6 shègütrLò impudence,
rascalitv
yàrÀntakà childishndss
Q*ï boyl
(ó) -atò, -ncì, -tÈ, -1t6 : thaí possessed,
bg . . . :
gwÀnintà skill
(cvà!,i, eapeú)
(Êstr-&üà,o ,nrrt€) t&n&srtò
smallness
(Bàt0E, r?za)
mutunci
manliness,selfrespeot,int€grity
(b6wà,slaoe)
bàrtõ
slavery
gsisttà
(eüêÉ, a thnrt
shoúneBs
VOCABUIJÀÌÏ
rhYsl
.
(an8o,
Noturwls
ô r (pr. dilõIi)
shdi
aÊgwolrci
7. Nouns mây be foÌmed from certain verbs by using the
following sufrxes :
(a\ -xyyà : rcpd;16onardfot reoipr<nity,sefllad,attítud,e:
(büsô,Àrr)
büseyyò erohangingblows
gòyayyà
(sõ,l.@el
mutual love
(ie,yul,tl
oontroversy,dispute
iÈyayyò
(ii, hear.\
being on gooil terms,
iìyeyyà
mutuâl tÌust
(ànrí,nnng\
ÀuròtayyÈ intermarÌiage
(E,hdte\
Ìnutual lÌatreil
&tytyyÈ
(hi, fol,kw, obey) btyayyà
obedience,loyalty
(b) -tr : personor tlving charactei,zedby :
(úeúâ.Íoryet)
Eàntttr
forgetfuÌperson
(mòkôrà, óerde) DÀkàrsu dilatoÌy peÌson
6 This torm is us€d iD Hâus& i$ in EngliÂh) âs a têrm of ebuso.
Note that tho noâning ofthe doriled form is tâken from th€ iìguÌative (rother thtn the literel) meening of the originâl noun.
' Note the Êhortanins of the firct -ú- he.e.
iackal
Lase,Ìrotton, buttooks,
foundstion
hawest
8irDì
tlrtú (/. gtlrtúwõ, ?r.
gultàvë)
grÀlr (/. swàtrõ,Pr.
gr&dvê)
{
state of being s
ltrúlcgrooml
bridegroom
(õdàli,r'?Á,
õddcÈ
Justness,
pe6on)
righteousness
(síeí, eÌ)il, thing) EüsüEtã 6 wiokeilness
199
]
shorü(thing)
8wìDiltÈ
lòntÃkò (na.)(Pl. hÀntütl)
tsltõ
Èô!nõ (pÍ. kuDrrwò)
matúÍt (pl. nÀbüú8i)
nachi (?7. nlcìz*) "
múluoi (?1. mshòtrtõ)
nrhòulòcf (Pl. Esbò[kltõ)
mümrtoI
mrtàdi (Ptr.no'Lüó)
rooÊÈd
6r. DstÈrã)
ròndõ@7.srndunà)
úìúdtõ
(/.)
V6balt
su!i
dirõ(i/ã)
dìrlô (?.4. iliúò)
lâdõ
cLbõ (i/é)
Lasò
Dòtârò
expeú
skill, expertise
cÌor{
watohing, looküg at
esr(s)
kov
(rit.' bit"" ')
"úr"
butcher, meat-seller
msdma,rl
ústeail of, in return for
(from mÀimskõ,9tlôsúd,u'?)
drummer
blaoksmith
stick, force
rice
measure,weigh
bite
beat, strüe, thrash
fall ilown (here)
reao. harvest
arránge in heoPs, disPose
(wiih küunê : tds,e,!)
Ìre late
r Thi6 DlúÌsl, Dote' iB irregulsr {it should he Droìzi)'
*.i.-J"ï"
L*"ì''iog
ii oru*llvdrã' not'cizõ'
Also th6
200
rari
rãrÈ
lack, be shoú of, loee
(wil,h. vlíf:l : wnpose anl.
gin4)
chop down (a tree), (sna,ke)
bit€
pueh, knock over
rira (i/c)
rtuÈ
Po,rtüles
Ladai
ody
the story is over !
damn it ! (veÌy stÌong
swear-woril, trdú.
' bastard )
türü!LÊu8
3héSè!
Inoütt'ní
201
PR.rFrxEsaND surT IxEs
Translât€ into Haüsa :
1. Ee's a forgetful person. Don't tall him to do anything
for vou.
t irn" utt the rvorlershad ìeft l didn'tknow
z. in J
"lo"t
rhâ,t to do.
3. Brins the kev here. Let me openthe door'
pa'y
l. i *nï"a a'rit uotil ihe tlrummers began to
aìteÌrtion.
if his rvife sings a song the chief I'ill be
6. i';ti"Ì
surprised.
sauSÂ
Iable
Wets rã,!õ rsli hòlkãkò valà võwò' Y'Dà úõmstr Àbi!
gs ssni gurrtü! nõmà ò fasÈ kura ilÀ
.1. s"i
illff
"" sÀuka,va sâ tili v8 dsutà' Yo tãshÌ
ãJ at*a. va
I llkitrsò va sàúts bi!À w8!i iticê'
r"-ì ae
*ú;dtú
"ú1"vatrò kaltorsL vô sa iluk Àbiu ilà hònhõki
vaaà iir Yunwà' YanÈ sô Yà sàmi
;:- ;ú, ;;;;
gai vs vr ilàbãtòÌ ilà zâi sãeü'e
""
nõúÀtr.
*ilï-o]roï""teí*tatD
itàcë, v8 sai ilÀ hôDkôkà' Ya cà
rôr nan ra ii katrà tërò wõ&à' MurvàrkÀ'
.*à.
PlvoÃes
rrÈir -a.ò yôume
drn rtndl (1.'yrú
Ir€i lüD!è
!àEtlt)
ú larà yrililè !ân yi
16Ìò wõ&È
'yr,! trctr
3
Diló Sarki! Dòbõrò
nortò-west
Gove.rnmenüpoüoeman
pric.k up one's ean, ilispose
one's esrs to listen
I iloft know whst to alo
(composeaud) sing o song
'soDs of the soil'
iiíË. al Gn i" *
iÌltr tõkò
-ú,Èumõ? ' "i"ün.
tx5RcISES
zâtr8ãkèiitr !Íã&È
ssi vàushè
trònkõkà, illi va kasàküDDê.Àüitr ilà dilã vl-tyõ-{".t
ôbrn üa f,e
úasà ilãdi. Dà y8 ii hakÀ Ê.i is môtrtõ
'lÈ
kèmn'
wdÊà
iiui"J r'ï lïae üHnse.zfi raà
Tranelate into Engìish :
1. üaclir yô sàri es'òiH òmnõ likità yã bn sH qÃsòd
hst yõ wsrLÈ.
2. ghi bà Bòheurhè ba nè, aà ãcè Dê. ÀúEt rtuk rtò
bskÀ yõ iyÀ Ksnsrci.
3. Zõriyà kurlü masà yimmõ t8 kè dÀ fmò. fòbitrà,
arèwãmasòyâmmi ta Lè dà ita.
4. Dâ zõ mü yi siktmmü tàre ènmõ shi yõ D!àtsrÀ.
sabòdÀhakà nã msà àbio ilà zân sayar à kàsuwõ.
5. Uúsó gwàui trè, Bâ wanilà ya iyà üìr wsLtràDaikì sai
shi kodai. Yã kàmdtàmü rèmë shì mèimekonAuilü.
ãil"
-ìË;iìïì
sai
vo tato. Dili ve daukà'vs cè'
"e-eo
shi. KütÈtrÊls !
' Mõitàllã ', Ys tàff {tà
See Kd líoui Kúdha pâge 9, forunother
' He nade;
'
Plân to cet it.'
'
rA
versioD of this stort
LeÊson3r
Clt€firgl tr
l- Itr Í,esD 4 s nnbd of thë ndü eoluotr g$hbg!
Ìt is tLê sinì of thü Ìwm to prcúilo
vere üduced.
the strddü çitl d huch lolgë (üào!gì Bti[ hy no nêm
oon et€) lisi of cwi@Ì gr€eiilgs tÀô! w8 !€.€@ry
(6€fu aplio6 * for !òu!)
ev@l)
ra!ftúh
lúÂyi ?
G.ne .epli6 ós fo. ,è!!u)
hêlo (io a
(snë rerliG d for duú)
romú)
vêlt
3['s wel
do lou
? lÂúrl
liôyò ra{
lalyà ÂtL!
ttÂrl dd
Ì€Dr çell
Ìert wêlì
sü's çoU
lÃÂyt,tê
IrôEë
tli aàjiyà ? hoç'8 }!úr
bAsa,iri
íüerlÌ6s ? !õbü güirÀ
áll's sêIl
alÌ rigàt
ãÌÌ ígLt
3!úr
it's betüer
ÀrürEd ìÌlõhi âlì's welÌ
wl
?.t6
l.jt t la Di
getings ú (you) €ffoÉ (me É!üés N for .aún)
lrÂrt
(d €trt*ins ! @n!Õud)
lúl Bn&i ? Fìst's tÀe
(üD&i) $i
(roplY)
È1ô
(rcPly) .
lõiyÀ
à|nenòüIlitì
re t[d]
{tuë
rcllie
H
(eDê r€ i6 a fo! ürt! ?)
(fd it)
(sn€ BpÌi6 er fo. iÀu!)
(sh€ rpÌi6
(me epü6 s fd lÃnti t)
cs foÌ rau!)
N lor !aus)
}t t3nt ll{tt P
ilid you glt trPrêll ?
(@ê EpÌies * t@ uÂn ?)
(smê r€pÌi* s fo. rÀu!)
(sbs rô!ü6 ss lor nltl
(3ee Ìê?Ìi6 N fô! rau!)
; ÍEqqlorlÌ dh@hd
ÍoÍ aDlu b rhË;{úd
oihd)
qâroÌ h oqniis,
bu! ü.rtò
b e
h $;
d d;Do bi!Ér
iÍ*
rnèii!
"d- b r
-d"aon ;.h brrÀ j! ii j8 r&ü üj.
r$l
epÌy
3Éd4
rÀá
?)
(ãme rclli@ a fo! Lírr t)
e&etiry! in {r@r) êíoú (snê r6pli@ôsfor rü$)
t BÍ|t
{sm€ rcpliB N Ior Lôri t)
g@ti!g. (ú bt€ P.n.)
204
209
r.?U
ad!
mrit
@yMÌigÀt@(yoü)
(ane Epli6 osfor lúrl
bês
P)
(sme F![e€ Âsíor bôrt r)
ut
God tÁve nenr o
Dyiúbos
(sre rplis N ld lÀôyrP)
(9Mê B!üa s fd ltúyt ?)
n"d!
(sne rc!ü6 âsfoÌ lrúyr t)
lyahtò Lrlyt I
it'8 tÀ6ti@ fc it
lJdhrl
!a
it'r liheMr
for iü
(8Mo rôdis ró for l.aúrr ?)
(sn€ rerlid I fo. lÀÂrl ?)
utntittaI
th@'r s lot I
nor N (yoúr) c!üd@ (sqn6Èpüe s fd bnri ?)
v&i liÂrl P
ìov sr€ (you) oìrlilftn ? Gane rcpliN s fd lõtya ?)
rlvi eirõ P
hoe .E (rou) cliÌ,È€tr ? (snê spü6 s foÌ BqÊ P)
{sneEpü6Nfdliôrl
iü's€âóoilof
{l!@ Fdi6 * rd br
aüal ?)
õra ta atarl
tlo Éia't ìs h6Ì!od
(E@ rqlis6 s Id tlI
rlü ? bnt mhitút
6ra fd rlu iD nEt
?)
ÉPlv)
tiyò ,lri t '
'
(sne Fpüe s foi hr
gÈatin$ (ü nisfoÌtúo)
tìârl3
nay tu mks (lou) w[
uy it bêso
' lihuy
: ioul (s)
,d, ,
(súo Epü@ *
gsetin€!(duiúsLoüdtF)
. G, l€r óMdrr,
gMtiDgs
.!tilã.
.!!p| q!drl hÉ 6Íe ébôdo. dFlu.
for hr
tl t
zto
o:!r$ióE
rôlrÈ Du jiDÀ da ,.Íi
o!át, sê you tohorcv
4o/ GodbrjDgiú eboüt
my qd bÌDg it sòoul
oljy, Áe yotr snôüin€
o}s', seeyd smetiho
oksy, se lou ôohotine
üy yotr sEive saf€ly
(ra) g.i dÀ3'rdl
lò ÀrÈ tò ú
tòt6i i "
ròyâü.
@on .s.D .[o d€ àiüor;Íúó.m
| !ú!m 2 (Èr;g0
16rüiDvdbi,
D€sdiu FdoE.ü!d Eúì ro@ut.
oft€! m!ÌoIed in gsti4
6n€, splodid, tbrlk yon (ril. pBirc
God)
lÉdy) olÁ_r.6ne
(I'U $re
(É!ìy to" òihúúlta)
yo!) s rol4lut (if you idì re)
(fom!ìs sirÌ boforo be{ipriìg u
aciioD, ,,9. BüiÍg, süúíi!8 wdktí. h t!ê !Á@ of G.d)
go êhoiì anil ôt$ü ({Àaú6vd is to be
ú Gld rill!
iú .!. Ànã{üü} if ClodÍilì!
213
Ì 000000 Dilrb, lstü
3 0{X, núô !tò
L€son 32
Wìd
m@ iòd
@6 tdm ú li.tãÌ
ihnn
ôboft, üIe fEt
iô
ü @dúdiìy
Ifümbêls
l. In Lsotr 1l tLê rüòds 1-22 ed sveral r6Ìli€il
6I,EioB
ç@ iqtFduc€il. It is lihe túpoe of tLiB
l€@r i<j list Hâls rúb€B in gMte. iletril úhaÌ iD
I
2
3
ihê most @tr@À. Tho têú lutar
r€swed fo. r* iÁ Dúb6 3boí6 9(x)0.
Nìimtd bêtwm iloe ìist€d sbovo@ f(úed i! o
regd' lrl@d with dl êú baDd! ü liF (62),úÈt ú
da. na(20ô),rLd bltü ò saEa(õ10),
dadt|Èt.r. ü
dba'b ila db (873),drtú b.lril ila dad tut! ü
drr,tú dr í.r. (?49r),dnúã d|'. (d aòna)ò Dlr!
(r00t), úur|! rüdr da drbn Drr iÈ dld rd ill aõúa
.ül r.rrü, êüc.(Ì00õ,918).
Th. t@ t9t3 j! ihlú ú.r. iL dadtea iL dnò't! iü
r5 (sôoÀ).ü: hlrd
5
6
7
I
I
l0
3. ÍÌe ieh fd ã
18 à!bti. birq baDüor (sÕDa)
!. 8e ler
is r&1.
rl @úiotr 6, foÌ üìe fonstio! of otddrdl
19 ÀiàÈin&r. bnìü d (sòúl)
5. 8e ÌNÌ
ÁÌl Dnnhm sbov€ 20 €npÌoI dò, st!€r íhú rhg, ú
comloüd lunì*lij
c.g. Àúlri! ilÀ ú8yr, &!ìtiú ill
êtc,
btyú, itJàtú ilò dsyo,
6. -dddúbn èn oys dl e.g.:
20
30
!rü dalrd ú.ra (!a)t
SnidÀúõ.
3L&birüdtübltüd8y.brDü
!.ça{!c) t Txlti! ittd.r..
40
60
70
80
U, &tio
?, íd t!€ @ of aòita çith
u
400 dòti à!ór/&bàDúyÀ
500 {òn üyu/LltEdDitryÀ
Ì000 dubú/atü/,.nbòr
I $rr'id, tL'iq ônúnin iÀ sõbÀ .rir únd i sòDn ôú sre ued
8úd96àmmy?6.
12plurg.Fìorruy?
31,
?. 8flÌúra.dd mplorE . . . ìibò, dÀsÀr dëüè/ôt.d ili . . .
Cónr, ìtrd! hihÈ trtsà (!a) P 10nús
shìda,
6.
4 tu Àov nâlX .?
2t4
3itü úrsa úial n.rr iúã) P 2 fmn 6 (l6vd) hot
Eud!.
mmy ! 4.
Á daba blru dka cild! Tr!€ 5 frob (ir) 34, àoy
taüdô ilò !úd!, urò (!ë)
mDy rcnain ! ,9.
rr ú3ô I tÀ|lfE úôt
I$€on 33
TiDe
l. Tbe d!y8 oftl€ w€ek(w sbo IësD 20) src:
a. Mú,?liariot èbplot\ taí, üM, eA.
Ittòd0r$úrÀ(úõ)?Iôrò.
3x 3: I L
lbÊ ltrs .l[ Llnr ntiú !à. 16x4-60.
9, ,aiüilirì .ú oI. !ibìg. ud .a!, o.g,:
6 gG úto'1làôç|my
8úiitÀdiahü!aúì.iúdò[!dú
!À! úrÀ P EúnL
tiúa? 4,
r8i
!bì!.
IIow
I@y tiaes doesl0
t|[ !.rl
íôDl
gÕúto200?
20.
úÈL! ? À!bltú.
10. ,arazrífu EF apF6sld s íouow;
* i3 Ì.tL I i! rç.l! or úbü I.
Otnd i&tiom re usu.UydMib€d *, eA. :
d.'3 hid uh d úyr itarÀ oibú úrü
*úerìdd
ü
tiyú
bltò
Dlrü d brF itacadri! ìtrú
;
is
üh
üitÀ
titreòr
d úli ilò8adrjú túrü
t
rt is EúÈd d d.rú bi'ò a@t @ ú.rt ilisò drin rôú1,
s follom:
ll, Por@tôg4 @ d!!@ì
10./o: 3õna hira úlÍi (It. Ì0 on/ovd 1m), eta
Lüü!!ndì
4üa|l
F iilit
üo çorÈ íor wek e
DaLô Mil d{.
Otàd etul
Moiby (ú
trt Dü nd
d Eltò!
i! optiú.L
!ôh.
DaLòú itl r. rnd d úaLò!
2. Oôbd q?@iou
!.bti!g to ilaF e
duy
rl!
y@totdly jiya
rôb.
dsy befoÍé !!úr.mjua 1 iúi'
y*úeÌdsy
saL
ciitlr
tharxa!
cÍaa r
b rr!
írInÚbIPìrqth*'üd.!'eÌliapl'b.vs.tsúEd
:
tmorç
tço aL'8 b@@
tbeeil8FL@cô
fm ibys [o@
ÊvêiLdF ìo@
dey w€k
i ìï
2t6
rúÈ lsrt (!ë) ?
tdlÈ dsy.
tdtè !tü dÀ úiliì gõbò
rirhir4.t/
L sü n i l h t
ì,.
lidt úfôr€ h6t
TÈ'rÍrdly úìi
*
-,
lYàen òy3 Né @@t€dtrrat (not !a) ú uad, è&
,e4 ddy. rculd b. lrírúa sõnl tir@ ddyr, trtúa !tü.
xralr hir!, thougü üteÌslt nmilg Í@ d,ys, ú
nG6 fÉqumtly ür€d iitimiiorly
rà Ã3 a la 4 iw,
:
..9, íí lr.!abir!add&..
t?6r,aw titu ar
^!
l@; 6i ú M!. blrú: @ r@
^. .@ &tu I ra lraúr
td'ü (f dnúrr): Ã"', tu ("'iry) d.ú16i, Ms ,úd a
Nlìn| ú!e ií ú
one o'clôck
'
tên past ìhroe (Di!d
- nÌinrtls)
siÌ ôftêeÌ
r&tà rúiilÀ ila tatl
iütà üúúú yt Ílci dr Eillì
four ü\reníY
alhlri!
Ê.dÈ {cõDl) úi d.tá itÀ
êlÈvenini.il
!.bì
rsdë rìi lirn r.ua Eilrì
blr*
l.!tà góEl nÂúriúti &ìrriD
ila hlrü
t.Ilà blys !t rÀDDi
tuGrhn.ilsa
ft.iã |IÀ 4 titõ
Á.rlÈ d.y. n. !t!À
6ve Dinüt€eto nÍô
twenty ivê to ttr
âÌe !.nì
thêô Á DÌ
oD€P.n
L,sttt".
1'à€i.@ r&b.ra neu-.. d, aÀ.M t w ü @.
..9. jira raltúla:
aôh.
lst rday d tLit t;tut
d
Íii' ,iz;
tnnúa:tM
r&ì.Ll
dd bü
84.t.
drl - at t^h òN
^at
l. Cl@Ì.t'oô is ot?r€s€d hy tüo B of tb. ton b.tl,
o'a]od&
aüt 'm€tal'sì úd eveÉÌ Íord. boM€d from
Dngüsn:
I Tb6 (x6êÉíôú hdi-r !iú ánd trali .b :
Én ü uréd li) toÍ r lpo.iôc .insl. d.y
rxÍú
b urd
(i) foqì48rü oIeF G.6 Ìstli ad rr ri I
ti6?
Eav M! da!' d'd eh 4íd d
xMa
(ü) ro . !!3@ iio! G8. trlu
. or, Èú e @o4onlÍ rt Lrl4
btú t ditir.
labúÌà
Âsúla
[tuì!
Áhìl/ÀlÍ1d
Uayà
8Àt!úhÀ
OÌlõüÀ
!ò'ehò
Íú!ì, ru
Dk.nbr
ntl úÀi rura
rúàtrsòü.
rôlaa jVÀ
rôiÀú ilà yr ncà
r.tòD júi
nêí motrih
next nonih
b4t noún
bs, oontlì
two nronihslìêlce
!a!, ,rã! dag,
iübu!ô/
dòNÀ/diúiúõ
Búy sâen houshry MàYsêlt€mtìer)
2 Ì8
rlLa
heftlt
$sú
(OctobeFÌ{ov.nbd)
ilty ssn (D@mbe.-I€òuly)
hot, n gey 3€M (úrcì-A!Ìil)
r rLô @r4 h!@,ibo
ie
bom
tsd oÍ .hê dry
a iÍid {: dry @rd@ì q
'
Lesson34
üonsy arÌdMôrkefng
l- Th€cuúcmJin Nigcria,nriil JãÌn.ry Ì9?3,folìosèÌ
tle forDÌerEnglislì li€lling s) si€D of lontrds, chilirgs
ond Fúe, btrt lRd it\ o\Ìí nôiêsúil coiìs, Ií JstrutÍy
l9?3. Nicerú coryeried to d decirol cu@ncy bâsd oD
rhe Ri; {t*). \Íhich êquâlôi[e tonÌe! t0/ ;otê. one
út" is dividqì ini. Ì00 10ò6 (k) c\Ìfttrcy ìôícs sro
isu€d in denonimtiors of liro, *õ. i*l ôrd 50k, Cbins
isued áre 25k, rok, ãk, lk ând lk.
an€ re@ncyof ülìb clÌangem€Ìs ttut tlìe nrDìcsof
Ìreviôús]yi\suel unitr rÌc siiìÌ vidêìy ênlloyeì, For
€xsmDl€Ìi2 ú knosn.e liú ípound).lok 3s rúõ
(shiü;s rhôtrghnos onÌy dir;€d i;to ro Lyr!ò
,nsièd ol 12) 5k r5 tr.i (fom€dy 6 rmbò).
U! tó 1960a À of !(b0, @il ÌÌlosn ac Àrhi s*
úDt€d. Tnonshtìis "@in Ììasìonsbeenout olüÊ tüe
t nD is siill hédd in !rcveÌbi.Ì ud othê. sFlizlil
2. T[e follo\ring chaúsün Enres the oìstrgcaãnil tlEi.
drdt (19?3)ôritisl znd Ándien vâÌes :
Btítítí
laflM
Akúhar
-\'€r.
Nisíian
Volú6
YallB
xiseriaü
(dpt@)
vntu6
l ottú
lo"pmr)
!6.30
{10
Í6.0,0
$5.20
,3.1õ
t2,t0.0
ì5
s? 60
,r.0.0
tt 26
t3,04
ìtr
50k
r0/-(:120d)
5/ (- 60d)
63p
32P
, r! it 8ls u.J h ntu rúr
tr,62
or &dÁa,
2n
22\
(r[diur) rúlè daúì (!.)
ló,r
l0k
2/6(: 30d)
ì/ (: r2d)
6d
3d
ld
;
lk
15!
6p
B&
.dè úrd ì6 t!!õ
l6t
it€ pri@ ú (À1. give ne)
20k
7r.
??
(Lt !) ya ri
ìP
td
(t!d:úà)
t"
3. fÌ€ t tu for Do.€y, Lútl i! ü!e oÌusÌ oí sEtI @dr
ú!ü. Thoush rEdr {tiüL it4 more ;od6m ref€fuG) ;
loe Íi€qüdw ÌEsrrd€ds sirsdsr ic is !üiUotun u!.il
s . !lq8l, e,g.E&l dl tldl f Ã,1, bl !i dt .n. ,o ,@
h@ (envl M.yt
No,I.Ior't hú.l@r ú) th6.
I ofie (yd) rok
redüe (rìe Pn@)íd Eô
I Filúê (tLe ?ricè) by 5k
4. U.rs cutucy terN (&mê t€tus.efd to @mlioti@ of @im BthÈ ii.! to lirgle @iM) :
r indêse (nt otrd) !y 5k
?lk
ant/atà
tlk
di
:lk
Lhtl,
jara
itli
l0k
N.
ì11
I Bsm to sêll (!t you! !Ìiee)
liz
lax (youÌ) norcy | (i.a the
ì200
hóv @nr/Deh
do yoú
6. Tbe aouówibgüohs snd €rp@ioG cr€ ihl'o!ts!! in
.ì"td l: turtd, ?Fclw6, hrgainrn?). See els iìo
vocabularis efit diaÌoÈuesoI IffiB
13 16
pú ! !Ìicê on this (item)
rldln|À
ra (ú) t
ÈEúú dõdú ú.rl
(!ã) r
or
d|(
[oF nuch dos tìb cct !
!ú Í; . rirÃ. clFcnr y
(ètscisry irr hu4hE
uìs bsi
'r
rúr ú; blrü hs sd rh! b(d oailo
Dn€ Í inl eÉ Í001s
r iÍohÀbl]16rúrb 3is À sr&i.
tisìn[sr
223
vÈl ra
L€$on 35
laEily
adl |.i'lhip
youig6ú !útìd
oÌ sister
lalf brcrhd (: &r of !eô
fetDs
r, Esus fMüy Md Ìrnújp t3nns do ooí D@tily
@ftsloDrl ekily
Fjú E!Âü!ì Iânity úd LiEhó
t€m.
1!€ r€m ü!üeil b€loì áF r[d; mDloeì t;
p€ME sod Élaúbsl$s
o;úd€Ì€d
4*ig@t€ úN
ri úougÀ bt íle Ea@ s!€âkì!g cffiuiüy
'dpoÌt
to
r.'üt
.!@úo ilsigBiio.
8€ê I,êeu 22, wüim
? (ó),.fd a üstì.9 of eoe of ih*ô têds r Mulinê,
rú
(- DÂlêüdividul)
ì8ü+iÁt€! (: il4úght€r oI
ìrcúheB uiÌ sútds'
mother, matêÌnal aut
pntdsì Âut, fsíà€t's wifê
(noto!€'s mother), nateúd
IM
oÍ andat (shae
Ietìer, p8t€maÌ uaclé
motìôr, n8têmal ruút
ylú
erÌ
dúd
Irl|i
Èba
rar& ii
fúily
(nm's NiIe or wiva
laMt8 (n8y âbo jncÌüde
oúhd sâniorreLtiye)
eldeÌ brotüe! r
I S@ro.hd r ú r|g. 2!r.
!|.
Itr Í!d, hE trds
o*i D,r b. rPpìnd b ó,rr
r
d&'ur.-
liúhEi
ud
221
Fug6t
sn d dãughter
youús ns! (ae€Ì !!!4tY)
tüd@n (!4. 'yú Dà4.) yoüìs wonan (eÍier !ubeú/)
5. GmdpóFots sd srudcìililú:
g.aúdfÕtlei, gnnd4orLêr
irh
JÍôld
g|uiboD, gEÌdibüght€.
Le$on 36
Psr3@-ÁEEcthotrounssúd PloÀoül [ablor
r. 4Ìthougà th€ wioú *t€ of HêB pêrM$lec
!loúo@.8 intrcdnc€di! iLe 8l.rmd stior of tLn
o{)]ltr (FÌ,.Mm 7,12,16,18,20úd26),ir b nèbful
to bê rì1. to lofú to tÌÌe *t€ in ohsÉ foh * r.[.
2. ft*
rÉ tm beic *t€ of I€MI4E4ü prcnous:
8d I- 1úzhútL-te ut ú\d sd II-lL la'-btú ..t. The
cd!Ì€tiye, relf,tiv€ @npÌ€iiv€, oltinnstire, rcìrtivc
@ntüútivê, ìebitu.l rúil fúturc II es@t€ e hút otr
ilo Lügh-toleei-Set I. Tìe sübjüctivê úd fute I
aIEü8 N búlt oDthê lov-tonê s{,t--SetII.
l$a<:lún m Frgt 226dnìl 227.)
3. Tvo mshlEtiÕM DlLe ue of diÉü olj*t ptuoutrs
(plN tL. inpor3@Ì r) e letutr-s5!@t lmúoüs G4
mtiú 4 h.lor fG the diÉt obi€aÌmmm liltl - t[ê
ti @ruilucrion (F l*mtr | 61ina he regsiive ir ch€
rea ill lDwivê @frucíio! (@ ú€en Ì8).
(Se clúls m ?ogd 22atrhd229,)
4. 1Ìê mn-p-i preÀolE hsy !lú b€ @rvoiotìr
cìÁÌtlil, DjsrsioN of Jhw psnoum sE fÕuil iD thê
gúnhúsfoÌlÕws: inilêpaddt,Iisn
6 ; i@paÉblc
Md *laBhle lossivê, IasD 9; dn*t and indnaô
(Se.ahartn ra4e 230.)
b. En-. nèdt$ãìM pt@h' !rc fomed in HNsa wirh
(utrrlìy) ità pltrs iLé sonÌ fd lÌ&rd,5e,/-kni, and thc
jnsporãÌ,Ìe
lo$çsive prenon$ su,fixêd to it. TÀêsc
o !r - r .ã !e
rÊ:
al:ã
i Ë; r v r Ë :
l
E!rí,r.Ê!É
':ç Fç:-iÏr:
2
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â
â
e
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:-Sigç$"
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t Àâçz È
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z
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?RoNowrs@s
lomB .rc oÌdi@nlt pr€c.dtil ly s nomiÌal, olt n u
ilitêprdent ?renoun,€-9.:
I nwll
ôúdlranoü No ourd dÀlrh.
selves
you your
Ì.i dÀra!&À yotr yôüeu kà ilà tlnlrò
sìv€s
Ìa dÀLô!Ìl you (Í)
Ë
fu+ã,ããa
Ë
€
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E
+g*Ë;Ëã+
I
3
3
a
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6
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ã.
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6
i
^!ttrt
iìêyih@selÌeg
.údÀlâuü
tiú8,
s/ir
lâE À, etc.
^ali. era.).
Oír.thot oJryteï, that o! hira.lÍ,
TL ihiA pmtr fons n.r be pleeiled bI noN, e.g.:
Audq hiús]f
Â!óü ila lL.a
ôúiiúc6úü dÀttusü oür pmpÌethemwlG
Foiloüìg sÉ s few tt?ioâÌ *npleô
òa! gu
of tìô $y thes
rht ila Âs foÌ ne, I didn'í sêôil
( n d a r & k È L lr $ ,
You youEêlÌs hov (it).
ji
di (ill) ltila !. abh dÀyt I n)nêÌf b@rd wààt Àe
TÀ6Xìâve comiit€il si
cido (r'l- Liled tLem
É
a .t 4 â
.Ê
r l p ã :ã !E
h;ìimsu
sIê Ldslf
A! oM, ài6 d@, er... e
€
+iErïE1ã !
voü!seü
.br dò !t!rò
it ilò Llútl
m $D,
a
231
.{ noÌn, iú!á, iô uÉd ro n€âtr ea.h odw, e-8,.
Do yotr loo{ €acb oiher -1
ru !a! júli ?
gú g. iú!eü.
TheX s* €roh other,
r33
Vdìob
L I drrN nle l)r ïÀ. iLc Ìllge subcdüèg.ry oí verldt.':
! rroduct.ol b !1,.d.ÌJsri6.Jr'on, ,e L.son 2t,
lô'
'Ihc '.x
.lu!,dr, sìuJo al.o Ffcr üo rì,. clô$iicú:oL
tìsfrüc'l l y B. I . ALr,hâ ' rn tn^ lÌont !f his Ìic.
r '. ;j À' r 'm ' ( l 'or hÌi r k d i r .l ,be
.Ì. l,úk
,i"n^r l
"f
"r ,J
1. 1Ìê dldt@ôid
of vebs|s pr€@tld iÀ úhm lesm
üviìl@ tLo gÌdr i!úo chru @t3güê | whs, spaAtatd
wú o M - ú p a w ,
ôf !1" f.rlh
Thcre fóllo'ç' r fan,A oí ri.
'idroíty
lusns
sr.ân4d
eooÌdiu
to P* ubs
ucsrt€n n the*
,rtigorê5 à.ü
r4'v'ng qDâr
"rth
LeÊson37
2. m. sptc,d*a wôak n llsm @ Iieited to r srde
4peü. They @ divisiì16 üto úo soups :
íol TÀoe vhìiì & !@ded br Ècn pffi-epeu
pMou (iÀd ôE @rr i@) :
ú! (*e IÁsm r8)
rô (*e Irsn 20)
(ó) Th@e ehi.[ M foìlosêd üt rl€jr rmn-qe6
pmu.
Tì4e:
rl (sê IéeÀ 16)
ú (se I&oD 16)
ü. {m Ia&r l8)
It (@ Iés! r8)
,a (ÀotpÊÍiotuly üt du@d)
rr (úò pÉviouly úteducéil)
3. I\eM -a.Fawbatc tÉ a grclp of fou rdib pbicL
füotiotr ü clâu@ $ rdbsb but tâtê Ìo D*so! sD*t
psúoìft. Tbey ror goym iti@t (buô;oì ìDdfút)
ôbj€cíô(€e lson Ì3). Thêy Ère:
ilÀ (: ÀÌsri ú D.ding $il fhction) r
, ïi!
dà ü probâbry . lhôrennìg oi úi
.ìÀ . . ., oi. Àd . . _.
l,|J r ,.uJ. I r oú.- - óu!.g'v d
@ ni i i n8 ut r r 'u..i r i v ê
sb,ú do noLclbbsê
r
n.lm'bv6r
t€q
'qls tplü 1ur'uì
íor
iis ìengtn) befoB !
thcir finsl
G!@!i
'li'À{ objdr. TI'F* soLs msy sov4n dird rÍì/or
'ndiBú oblèú or. rn úNr M6, ì'ú folÌowâdhr tro
obj@t !t !n (ddroDgh rn oüj€ct mnst f.€qú4tÌX ba
{up!üeü ,n LheEosüsLi,rrbqlarion).Gmde I \aÌ,s
h'g\r bú.naÌFmqsnd.rd
"rdrM'lv lJv. n'gh lo\,
CruJ Í vfr'/ 'ofl, vprl d orur enüinSn -sÕ
,\hi"l' ú emrlo).n in rì' @h inmrivp r'.Fl
c n !Ìi .c i )
v hn. i , Le
"La' noL f"lìos pübr
úrrinuriÌp Npqa. .,n ot.je t foÌoq . üe ba c Ìfl,
l ' €l .oI'- \u,
r *lf ir Í1ploy.J r u' ( ;'- l êIv
' .sx!.1Âr \ ç- r l"
ôf u1fl i ng fofl 1 r l ,i 'L
1 1 \" r ì i r p{l k
,14' ,!É .' kô \r nal l',or
e \o\"
{i 'aÌ
(*o
(í,)).
ronisi
hson 19.w.tioÌ 6
ry I:\v.l
.abi
b,4ra
{B I r& r'4'ds4an4
i{d;tr L!"1;8iúo
''
beors !.nú t[o dnd iiÂ[ bE d{.[rce!nr,L'L Íq l,
úvL Íu,oúi 0Llior,j.cf
Í r.' düÃ. Lnrntn
Lrtu
dtÁ
'i '.
úili lnlr rhiflí). v!úÃ lfor' roÌ6i. dú
íÍreu dünã).
23.{
il35
le is €ú.húA thc ìoric
eul LõDl úirii dõú
ì€ @nghi n'c thc ìosô
hei6câtchingthehors
!õsì
wiion s. ïor tlp form tìrey tâÌe hefole nxliEt
lie fôlloçcíl b] no obje.t
objatr) or, ir nìoú {*i
at sll. GBd€ IÌ veÌbs ordiúrily lavô low-ìish(-lov)
iDne DsttenN Md é in -è' (*e belo*).
Th; Ì{sl Íom of iLê rcrbèl noün oI G.|de Il
vdbs h the srm€ shsps !È the v*h vher no obj@t
llrtry Grade II vabn ho$e!€r, lÌ.ve
lbìlo{s.
vanuN t)ÌA (Lur nc!úof
\*l,slnôun.ot
rFgulsr
ih. -sô r'fiìr ty!ê, êx@Ì,i vith hÁilü shich Lrs À
spdisl ìisÌory). T[iE v*]tl troutr DÌãt bc 6x€d
hy thc -r/-r g€nitiva.Ìlink, plls â loun or lrolou in
th€ rc@Ìo. f$ìiôn for nouN to fornr o coí6irnotiôtr
tl,àt cõftÌon& to tsrd trânslstêsinto -Ergli\hs)
r v*b plu{ d'Éot objeú con{d.iion. Ilâ0 iDdú4t
objcct o@un iì€ vdb íorn (sLich in tìú gl8de ú 3
rn*isÌlonn t) irêm!ìoyed- iJe Le$on 19 laüiÕn 6-
'E
ìe ü Àekinatìê i€mìôr
y.úl a.EbÀr5/ttbbty.B
iÕ) Grsd€ II (or Ìsjsú1ê vosêl) vêrnÊ-Â òdejr Irdd,
consisii.g of fr@iíivê sbs vìicü cÀogê th@
tminal vowelto .ë b€forcr trcmu direct úject
andto -i b3forca nou düeotobj€oí. Th€s vdbsrot
8!vm diMr ud/or iìtliEcr object6(sê r,*Eon 15,
t wtru r {i
rvbhrn toÌ r
'ro
!übrÌ boh n forhôd Í
8rrÌ.bro ïdr, wilh I fÂÌrins6!ô do th. fd.rn*L)
helsÌ{eil tìô tdchôr lor
r ri{oDúg (Ìor )ìry'hisL ilnh
rúd -.t irÉ ô pturouoobjet.
heiEdkin€ tÌc ímh€r
23i
29ü
tadr, hdi
ìaitt
1&6a
(.) GrsdeIÌI vdbs - 3 e4à trde coúisriry m.iÌIr of
lor-bgüClov) to!ê intÉtuiiive vdüs çitú t€núrÌ
Tàô vorl,Àl
-. dlr cqtoü iF€gds. útlMitiy6,
n@n @rmÌty, úìougl nót üeúüült, my üc
Iomed by dnply Ì€Dgtà€lilg tho 6üÌ { of the hsio
fdn. Tho -ra sufEr is trot üsed íêrcêú vitl th.
i.FgüÌ.. ndl).
GBdè üI eebs uuÀlly .'nplô, hiAhtonodfo!n]
ú -*/ú
çbú foÌlosod br .n ürli@t objet, e.s.
xú !aú tnlúì rarü.t,9d @, o/
atm ! $D6 âtn
Iâve lom in { o. ì {with ",!
GBde Il-tE
tôle
ehdse if rté h*ic toro i. Iow Ngh{ ÌmÍ_o€. !n
(Íiob laxEa) úsa, Ì úttd pib'11ltJ Jn
ì.ftd
lir ; ta {6ã úi!ì dt, t @ Jüeì üpí rc.
(d) Grde Iv vedx s d"n*.l rrdde of rerììs üiü s ldrìc
hrlh lo\l hiú) tone rdtt€rn rLLl " tÉÌninai _ë
thÉ fofl ' ôf il,e vdb oftên
" thc
'oìrl
-c,nina;f
ìndicât€s ÍroÌc oonpldt€. êxtemive or tüorôn.sL
rctiôn ihà! t]ìe bNio fo. of tLc v€rb. Gnde IV
ÍeÌbd &c Noàllt ühnsitive, tlolgL tlÌúe .rc nìaÌy
connÌor núrâííxn'.s itÌ tÌìis cÌÀssrs \Í.ll
T[o prim.rj Ìerbdl dôh is lonied Ììke tl'ai of
Gloile I {i... \Ìith -ri if no objêcí lolo\a). some
conìno. Gdd. IV vorÌrs horc 'sô6nilêry Ìê ol
nôuns'âsNclì.'.$Ìüeí.intlccontinustiÍeàsPccbtn
objêcí lblÌo\s the rdb ìtÊclf is enplo)rd (as in
-ìe
it
o-rPr:i.
Iè is openinstl'e door
[e oÌ)enedcìe d@r fDr
!e iJ olenin{ ühedoo!
IÁLEüh
:üi
cÀlirt
Eighl Ei,:ú,
âjtyé
bldè
dsuè
rnvè
cí!è
sõilà
lshà
kè{dr. ro
Ìrnehà
Êrãrà
iÂà
rüli!
249
ii38
lwítiae
bü!È
rtuÈ
ü lÍìttMitaú
Íaaa.atr
neÈ
Vühs
rrtÈ
úcè
lë
(d) Gdd€ Y Eb6+ dãted gtud" of vdbs \ith [ishhiehchid) tone patt€m eld a t€müâl -a. The
moúiDg ü uülly 6usíive, úough otìer, lês !Éalicô.òl€,h@úilgs ftquotlX @ur. qt.ilê V vdbs
lre t âÌsitive but reoüir the relster ita to Dreoede
th€ diMt oòjot êxclt in the +üa íorn G.g. yi
3.yu/6t dò !ül ìux
r.ilha !nì, tu eld
'l)-GradeL
T!€ v6ìal noún 'Ib forúed lilc th8ô of
Not€ th3q ò€f@ tìe -rr snfir yhên m ohjút
follôw6,tÀ€ -& sylbbÌê i3k6  fÀliDg toìê. wld
e obi€ú folÌw8 i! tÀe conii4utive, the v6b iteif
is mDlored õs ú GÌad€L
UJ Gode VI \ crbs+ dzndÌr sÌndeof v{bs } iüà3 higt'
bigL{-üigl) íon€ patü6n sd t ttnÂilsl -õ.r: The
!Ìeônn@ *Di0âüv indicat6 ühlt túê antiotr h8it
referoi" rà m v'is oopieted ,n the vicidty ôf tlLe
$erc of tlÌ€ conversstio\ thoügi tì@ a@ cn!e!
Dìasúngss Nell. Gúilê LI vdhs deived fron
tlose
irâúitiae vdbs re ordi@Íily tmitivê,
dëriverl feh útrsnsitive Íerbs aÊ oÌdiBrny
Tìé v€rbsl NüD is forned lit€ that ol G.aile V
(inchdibg tLê faìiiry iore on tüâ syÌshìe pMediÌg
thê -xõ súmx). TLe pÃttên Ìref@ obj@is itr tà€
contúüstire i6 ÌiLêçi& th€ sâmes Gnde v (úd I
IV, t[ough {iú}out tIê chêngein 6nãÌ @Fol
'!il
lenstÀbefÒFs nouDiìirc46obj4ü).
hê is tskiq norey out
rül n.tr Ei!ì da rldl
ì€ tôo} núey ouüfor
he is t tiúg aobet out
240
I€$on 33
NoDiuab
Ì. Tà€ clÁ$iô@ìion of noniuk lHdt3il
iú th@
lssB iliviiÌ@ ih€ rreop irto 6vê csrécdi*: ird@dat, odj.ÁiMÌ, ad adÊtiút ,@iM,I;,
'patqa'ua.
ì€ hrolght me thê food
Iwsítie
2. 'I\ê g6úp tqned, ítulcp.nilantMritar! is the lÂrgsü
3!b@t€{o!- of troìÌúal!. It ilduils :
À'ole {nìmt of the m@ eDpÌoyedil th@ leru
whicbM not lilt€il in Iisd
10,2l c 24a bèl@gnla
ú liríawílíw
to @e of tlo oú€! flb@t€eqi6).
qFde VII ?elb3-8 dãitêìl gnAz .,1 \èrbs Nnn
(ÌoF )loç I'gà ione !.it3n
$d r t@üal
-ü.
Grsd€ TII verìE üe iltúitiy€
à l üsüy p*sire
ú ndìng,
thoDgì M ádrlitioÌ.I oDotstior
of
pr*Dt.
or
is
oít
n
rllo
thóiougìì*
!ôt€ntiaÌity
Ih€ vdb8l boú !!E iL€ -rã Êumr, hi (trrúikè
GÌad$ ï ãd VI) the prsedins srìlÂbl€ rcú8iíE
high and tn€ vowel sloú, ê.9. :
3ú tia üü€y s@nbled
(ih€úseÌYeE)
!üi
tie*r
âsúUìlg
tìêy
âre
Inri'osari$ úd iid.rnü; @;iMb soh s thos
list€d in I,€s! 2ì, !4tio! 4.
Not€ thtrt ôll Àê rerrrímal r@
indút€d i!
tèsn ì1ecüioú 5, excq'úsrl(çhich d6ivstoF !
ve!b) !E ilenv€d íreú üalo!€nileÀtDo@.
3. 1lrê gDup tae.d adjedrul Minz& i@Ì!de :
ttüecdelM
laest@o 23f6 s vitôuüy ofuptet€
üstingofihoeè@lloy€d iú the lêsD),
(ee Iaes
rt sDd 32 Md wtid 5 ol
Qü,rjd!
4. Tìe srcup iaÍ€rr adodò,ir.Ì@nt'z.b jnctud€s:
,rÍdÜeriúlno@ GeeINú 24),
IntenolatíDeeú índ.fuitznÒm. ôucbs thos lisü€din
5- TÀ€s.oür temed ,?ctlds iDcludú |
,Sp*'jrár GôôL*ún r0),
Iúqrosatbe \\d í,nefaút spbíjds srctt ú rhoic
Iist€d ir l;essn 21, soiion 6.
243
242
6. Tìè gm? t nÌ€il ?DMiMb
(Isn
bsin,
36, sotior 4)
lüêpüìèú 1,M
lw L*ot 6).
(w laa
I Nambb ps w sí* prw
Di'ar oújat wM
(w tM
16).
9),
Ì. Nou pluals N itivisiblê jfto fou nrjor ud
$vúd húoÌ cst4gori6 (@êJ,eson22). Thênljo.iiy or
íàe ?Ìur&lizobl€nonasvlich @uÌ i! the aocôbúÌâridof
tìeÉ lesm e€ ìiBted belo* nniler the spprotÌi6t€
plusl cìâs súd sühclrsúGtior. Sone word! mur
noft tìrn ôncê3ineênor€ thô! B siDgÌêplu$l fm is
iM
rco6lg nute.i.Ì
(e aborI (ó)(n))
ÍÕti, iúõn
f!!ìi (* oìlo II (ò) (ii))
lÍ6,liúdn
nd!!lüt{
nrÈe.n1õcl
sÀool (w rlxô rv (a) (i),
w (ü)(i))
Einúfd
(of sovo.Ínert)
(Filci ani@l (Beeqko Ix)
L Plu.l Cbs I -ólÍ 6iÌú& .Ì ìigà tô!€ (c : f!âl
@reMiof sinsuldfotu):
|liEl, diEõDI
Bietr{w sls IV (o) {i) end
Ìv (ô)(t)
..tblti, siüilod
.rr|" ôeõrl
bllla, DúttõH
itabbl, itúbõbl
dturya, dnlvõí
t út !ri, t rt6rõí
nr a, Âiilõll
ho"pri.l
tr@
gÌw hut, ]mlet sisll
(donestic)MiDõì
wo it
L@ (*e ôìs d€ltion r8)
lonp, lonter Gee els ÌV
(ú)(t)
L Piur&iClÂsU- -úci €nding, À]l but 6ül i.nàc ligh
rY (d)
rv (c)(i))
ff
(ò) (i) Âtrd
III (ü)
'ri!À,
üiwn, drtt nr
lÌrili, .teatúi
cÌock Ge€ êls IV
k) {i))
211
245
hoürà (se elsorr (z) (it)
ú!ü
aÀrEq süDur
lasElrErd
ldgo l&, plotrsh(w rle
doúey (seesrs ÌY (o){0)
body (@ !ìs u {a) (ii),
II (c)(it)
ìeed (@ sìsoIl (ó) (i), (a)(i))
hole(e de u (d)(i), Ix)
"hiü"C
(i) siqÌe:
h@n, nulra
un, húd (w sìm IIÌ {r))
hêad(e À!s tr (r) (i))
tlllra, túúra
àole(w álsoII (Õ)(ii), Ix)
cli€r (*e dso Ìv (a) (i))
tlrl üúrlrl
raúilõ, *Eilul
blh, batüllul
jòtI, icLulrEri
ÀrgÀú-,úisurud
noutì (&e ôboII (4)(i))
brg,l{200
body (w sllo rI (d) {i),
.Ìe II (a) {0,
rr (d)(ü))
Ì0. Pìu.l Clas UI-ìcõ
endiú8, üigh-lo*bigh toDê
pstt3D (c : r or 6ìsl mmnmt of sinsd.Í foF) :
n k) fi))
,õ.1 laúra
diaõ, ilõliya/dõlrira
(t sinple:
!ô, riyurì/{wntì
òody (e
ì€.d (* sr6orr(ò)0, (c)(i))
dos (sa sÌsolv (u) (i),
rY {d)
life
üsin, rco6Ìs Ììardiaì (eô
am, bdd (*
al& Il (ô))
,õ, iãjìÈ
ev'Ì (tÀing) (w âl$ v (1,)
and YII (r)
246
(ó) .lcõ eldilg (c : fnel €otÌs@nt oí singul.r fon) :
ììs.k (tÀirg)
L!!r!È,
Lühlú
Iaõãd,ütird
ainqrtdtJa
üitõÉ, ttttlfri
iüd, riÈ90
241
nbrâle (ssè,rrô rv {4) (ii))
les G4 .lso Iv (ó) (i),
IV (ó) (ü)
b@k (s* r&o Iv (a) (ü))
3ch6ì (seeèbo I, Iv (ô) (i))
11. Plusl Cls lv-ri,
-ú, .i -t!.úling,
(ü) Râdupticit€dor *rênal€il:
(i) Siúplê:
fúeÃd (eê sLo Iv (a) (ii))
mtah, cÌ@L G* ale U
(z)(t)
|Ínrl, Xlfott
ohiêí (*o 8le II (d) (i))
sü bú im1
dtútõ,lnnbi
ÈulEtê
Làl|lü!.i
lttaò ü$arillri
Êied Ge sìsorY k) (t)
hist8ke (s4 ds Iv (a) (i))
ìook (e* 3ì!o w {a) (i))
sisú{@ Ál$ I úd IY (ó)(i))
0 sinȀ:
arúÌ,drú.i
tú viLi
jlrl iird
s8n (s 3r!or !!drv {o)(i))
scloi GeoáÌ!o IY (a) (i))
ted (Fe also Iv (a) (i))
!ê@t (mè.lso Iv (ó) (i))
neéd(3èêsls Iv (ü) (i))
aaiL, tì$Iú
doDü€y(sa &ko II (o) (i))
dos (sé .ls. u (ò) (ì,
rv (d)
I Nob ò!r trr! d .r&'hÊE Ge ta.!rôr4
shoú (üìins) (ee sÌso IV
(ó) (ii))
stôôI, càln (&e also I and
Iv (c)(t)
249
244
Ìewo (@ .bo IY (o) (i),
rv {r)(D)
sb@Ì (&ê âLo I, Iv (d) (i))
(ii) R€dupli.atéd
:
arja!õ,aaiajj;!ú
(d) ..! €ndins(riiü sÌislú
dos GcerìsolI (i) (i), rv
(a) (i))
12. PlürèÌCÌ$s V -ic./n cbding(c . iinãl @r\Ìr!Ìt
sìo|ì (tLiDg) (h rlso lV
(Õ)(i))
ne$ (3e 3l$ Iv (,) (i), lv
(ó) (ì)
Dt.úf,
d!a!ra!ú
vord
(i) sibplê :
tlr4 üÀn
evn (tnins) (w lle ÍII (a)
rnd YII (ô))
r|4 rÜr
tdbl
rüràd
cllii, Eiool(@ .ls I rnd lv
{ô) (i))
(ii) Rrdupü@trd:
{ô) -ô e.dins higb'lô{-hisl toD€p.han:
old (tìúg)
(üD
ÌC. PÌüsl C'lasYI---., -i €ndiÌgsvità aitguìtrÂèndìng
260
(ò) -i @dirg, .Ìl !!i 6nl sylbbl€ hisü tôné ($ne dú
oìúge üên Fodtinâtê vo*€ì) :
251
t6. PIIEI Clâs YIll ' -.rl/!rl
all his] :
i6. PìümÌ Cla$ Di
(.) -r ddi.s, 3Utó!6 hi8À
cndúg, ton€sarc usúlìy
Bll ìigl :
-ú {ding, 1on€É
($ild) ÀniDsl (seeãlsoI)
hol6Gêêrls II (a)(i),IÌ (ô)(ii))
14-PlürõlCl&$Vu-otheÌ plÌBI! enilúgin a :
{o) -icc./Êc. ""din8 (Y: vowel of 6i!sdú fotd i
C : @nmânt oí siDenÌsrfom) :
òig (ü!irs)
Ìi. ?Ìuol Cì8s X r€ilupüeiieo plnmls:
oldk (seesllo U ({) (i))
tri*n, úlrú-üitú
cr*à..iìrÀaÈ.Èrrca ilìì€s
Nstiv€ Adúúi6rtuìion
eviÌ (tbi!s) (@ rÈo l- (t)
âEdIII (o))
südìl,sü,4nia
iÀ iì.rd
dúôl 10ú6 no! classiÂât'bnÌ 8ny
llL.rü4, EaulrÃ
!Ànúò dàtirr
büanf/ú&rnàüdttra
lsreê hoe, llousìÌ {#e aìdo II
(d) (i))
a.tüÈ, tìtltrr
côm@
Pê@!, siúll€
Pâí Fou.
Supplement.Ìy MateÍiaÌs
L€€son39
I4ttd ÌYÌitirg
l, Ìin€! nitiDg jl ÌIaE iâ bôdit'omly ddê @oÌairg
to & btüd p@ibêil oriliÁo. The tuü 0Ì@6ò3 of tlió
outìiB e @h sÈmlÌed by strúdsÌd foml&e.
2. 146 raÌddrion ü uuaÌt:
[,On B.trò hrl
t Ètút! !a! ta Âtõ ilixa luu
ra üdrD La This Ìêüü4 i! fron tìô büd ôf Mdú
Zlrl sl [aLEba
tÜi al úü ú.d.nl ütL6
í&l
To Ms]m Is
To tLê !€€!€otad
MâIaE Ssi
3. m. opè ing zatusra?L ir tlÈâ[y
tr]rd l!
Fith
ôü rrl
dr
.6
nÀ ròrü
ili
O.irltI
vdl
my
ud
,fioiion
ud
spptuÌeÌ
enil
G@tiìg8
||!Jl-_da
](ú irl
.Bi!cì, rd t.ta tui
f.i6tbbip, I !0!6 you !o hê6ìtìy-òôtì you eit
t'ünrÀ nüLl taúú r.ihl D! rÈ aú!. tli
you fsmilr rÌÌ-jü!t
s re are ì*€. Ieb
itõbe
ü
úMi teúri ila sür6 da o tlDi
vdt bucì
tbt I hveoppoÌtüity|
}8lPy
,ru
m!Ètl úúò r@a!
ròrnì dònil t! di
Eiie yoü tìis ôìdl letter iú úild to Môi?o
hoúúü.
übarl,Ìà (u) bÃru
yô!
(oq
Àftd orÌ s€lsBtiol
levs of
2ã6
26i-
U iüe Èiter is not $elÌ hom to the úadd he viìl úe
tÌre ú€rü laÌagraph .ít€Ì the ssìutÀtiôB to inthdtr@
TbE odiig is, howercr, being dilplâ.êd by iüs 116@
€qujerl@t .LI li @. d ìt mcì fomuü6 s :
Ìfl !à,...
4. T\e ôod.!oÍ iE hud i,súèn intrôiltrc.d by eh€ 6ucl
Búú
sri&ç..
. . (often !b
breviâiéd8/o)
Àit€rsreetúss...
ün.iiln dl rÈtlüLa rlú . . . I Hêiveil yoü lêtter
íÓdâl'
Ill
.{nil dÀ t i...d
t!ienõlÀ...
1
Ini
I u
infomúg you. . .
Drrú f,Iuò!.
Àff€Ì tÀis. . .
..
The hody of thê l€itèr úsI @Eo to svd4l pdsg4?ls
úd rü @ntsiÀ?ì!t€vd ih€ nitq is sekiry to eonEuicôt€. It my ad útì smetìiry like :
3.iúu!ÀDqddtLü&
UÌül Í€ n€et.
6. Tlú LNI pdorw?h *ill twicaUy qjoü thê !€@ivd
to gret mütuÂliienils md ek tu's lìsiÌg, e.g.:
6.i it! Er!t!€! riü
dllr dt ú Alitò itÀ deüt
Gr€êú(rbú)ìóuãìôld
rü md ,{.udü ud GEbs
dt [u$
idôn rúì
dl tÈ rdtLh nEll
.Ãd mt of acquútãúc$ rtro orc n@r you âÌÌ,
ÀÈ n
hi Eü httl.
tEi!.
Godn3)Ì l€ givê us h.4li!. In@.
6. Th€ tBditioDsl adtry i! tìe ÂEbic signing{Ë
follored by tü€ uitlr's sigai@ :
lìÀts tü.t (,t.... dd
Eaó tdüàú/wtdBúò.
!oee).
' or ftú.ttò
t. àü ilr d...
{it !à)!|r\...
Íl
abi,ü!r|...
ü!àÍ!tr..
I tm Fu frimil . , ,
269
ï,€€son40
Prov@branil &iddlot
1. Thê EauslMgmee is ich in pbvêrhiâl md Âlhorisüic
qlBdions
(rnom $ È!ri! D&úL
lileíaÌly ttglitd
@rd) dil tÀ* lby ã !úúiúdt
rcÌe ir Hsns ste@h.
& in ôlgÌiÊh (8nil probbÌy every oiheÌ Ìerguss€) ihe
ühoducüor of s prcv€Ìb &t th€ dght monênt cm b€
hucì noE efr€ctivê in n8kúg 3 poift rhe êtÀ!@tó
ê+llmíioÀ
-Are, $ ü X.gÌish, ibe Br€*q Fü oftd
m€rêÌÍ 6lluìlo to s llovqb to noLe bis poht (nthd thm
sting tìe ehole ployeú), iÌepodi.g n!ü tle listÀer
2. WliÌe
púydbs
mny of
ÀüLm's
pbvdhq
3 c@pÌeô€ ìóüúg of ev@ tle ndi ú!@iúi
i! úlosihle ì*,
th€ foüoFilg Ibü úolúd@
tü€ most oonnoD. Thè stüiìdt is EfeEeil to
Didnmw úd iÕ wo!ÂÌ @s[ col|cüiom of
$cÀ s xaÈt ,{drr@ (çsLil'
Corlorrtiôn,
196Ìì .Íar À. IÌ. M. Eük qÌeo Aì. ItMe Ba DaboBt N.
(1966)- Tìe moú oondëte oleation js thãt by C. J.
mittilg (1940,rpnú€il 196?). Tì8t by G. MeEiak,
r90õ,ió, uìJoúDÈtely, ont ofllint rnd !ô!t ili6cuÌt to
(6) PrcvEbs qàoúilg to prold cmduot :
(1) À ò.! lirã ciÌi! ga.bì!aa. Lesvêúhechickd ú its
íaúìê8. (i-á.IÉt Êl*ling dôgsÌiâ,)
(2) Eúòì ltif, !ôn rü!id. llf oÍe doeE)!o úong, ihúâ
(3) DÀ Eúur& t rsrã stÀnEÀ tb ttuàì, Ratler
thm (ilmcúg) d lâil il,n o (ôíê wôìnd lê !èn€r
nnsn GmLsoo !3).
sdüs€d to) rcfup to l6ve Ois plâ.e). (t.a r6ve
vêll aongh 8lmè d Dd't rtt hpt wl8t youft
ü@Debleof pêÌ{oúil!.)
(1) . Diú's!i;Êrõri
oõ: ì If IÀ.d (only)ioÌo@ ú
(ükê)ú€ l.ok ol (oe's) hqd. (rt.aNo e oryils
ovd milt nilk. Fhst s itorc iB rlorc ud moi !e
uiloÀ; d You LÀr€ro üYerith it,)
(6) Doútúm! sòbe. rà *úta tüh!r8. Idi.ho ssle
of tomófrç's fooil úe @ì6 the @kiúa Doü.
(t.a Doít sloil you oìrÌo€ tondreç ìy-Ëing
(6) oidú tiy! úsalio sòbda. (II vì'g) tvo hom6
(!Dvids) prct!4tioÀ (ogsimt) e outbrea&of 6r€.
í,.e. Doít put âUyou esg3ü oÃebeskêt)
(7) s.!ò rsi, hll Ìti. (ff ore) .efws uotü*,
(oDe)rfus o@6eu. (ia Ì{i8gdilÌús .@ú on
(8) rrlrDbiDiú lÌrirà, 3.i dÀ Lü4. {Ii rs ?ue)
nedól@nm€s (on tì€ p,.i ol) tàe soÈt (to tlirk
ìê côrrd) eret the hym (çithoú ilisste..) (t.?.
Dotr'bôii€hlt tlô nnpcsibÌe,)
!òEdtq
iD úÀ!Àn'a a llú d..rg úi.
{9) rite
IÃrb (pElued for) sú qÌy nomjn8 dú&.1,jn tàê
(ppviou) evoi.s t!€y,E tied tosetàd. (t.s.
ÌorewMed b folqned.)
00) tõúël. yi tÀúÈniòDh!!!ld, \Ììa!€vd,ruito.
l@t aftê. xouÌ otu neds. (i.d.Dopêlilo! Xousu,
dotr'i glolee ofr oih6.)
(r1) Ewàdòrr b.búdi! rú.rl.
GMd
(12) BnEìr úügtúti À stún!!i sijõó.
ôìrUov. (i.e. B€ defd aol t! !6
(Ì3) Íúd hÃal hnrà rrii. Brsking {iÌil von't bÌing s
(dom!t) 6ft to tunc. (iá. Dont ileped oD
mm@ne/&úeôIingtìal €r t iLôtìe job.)
,Gô
(à) Èove.ìs qloÌüing eiivity :
(Ì4) Ánl yô e€,' tÀthi t! erúÀeó ka.' Godsays,' Get
q, (ânit íìa) let ne ìeb yÕu.' (t.€. God Ìelps
tüôs wìo LêL themelves,)
(lõ) Àdtà!i! núrrü .iÈ dÀ rht. The v.lue of good
enF (is ir) nd.ldngNe oI it.
K@piìg
06) B.n! raeìi ò cilì tI rì nàgüin yúri.
stlmôL
den't
L*!
€:cÉmênt
in
loft'ã)
io!€'3)
(r.e.
vìo
the
SpêâÌ oui
üme
lone) fion Lünsd.
@n4 rcnsining silat Íor't slye tì€ ?rcbleD.)
(tÌ) Dò yôyr.E Ìôsi tò! cüt.' By n€âÌs ol d.i*les ã
rivêr iÌbüp. (i.e. PesÈten@!âF of.)
(Ì8) Aìsi$|ÈyIÂntuÀ!Í
À trcÌdtsôive iEbeìt3Ì ihe
o úcdìcúê. (i.,. Àn ouÌoe of peyeítiotr h bet@r
thu a poundo{ mèity-)
(19) züntuió À tuli t3 tõ, GôodrêlatioNhips(d€!eÌd
npôb)rêèt. (i.?. The msintelmcê ôÍ goôil rêlâriôh6hiprblirêo peoplerequiFsrr€queolvisitúg.)
(o) hovdb8 *ìoning ?ôtiecè :
(20) Eaild Eõsòú dúlirt. Prtiêne
(2ì ü.üúüd
E.rlillcl.
À p!ìi6i
w6ÌtìX !etM.
(22) üti ìüui yr rÀ! drti dnbá ra !Àn lõEout. À
pâii€nt peMn rìll cookt stôneMd ihink it8 broth.
(t.,. ?rtiéncê is e ürt!e.)
(23) ! iÀlN hI tì !úà Evl', t! ji rnltltú. ' ll\âvellilg) slowly docM't kep (orc) ftum aFiviíg,' syô
tì€ to.iois. (i.r, Slov ôui suE.)
(24) Yrú dl sòhetã ivü, Tôrlôyânit tonoNìv (= littl€
by liítlc) yoÌ wi[ !€ abl€. (i,s- üfüÌe by ]itile orc
on moonpÌú Â thúg-)
261
(25) Yr! dÀ Éòhcrhl yr ri aUúl sid! rij\ra. {Doing a
thing) iiiíle by littl€ thb hÀrlê it posibl€ ío. úhe
rêidlê tô ilig & çeü. lt,a. Pqseteúâ!@viu ont-)
(26) zRl ila mÌ
ô
di.
CôDilg
'iíhin
'r'i
'tl
(Ìú,
'l
d
6niê)
is
betúer
tü..
coning
son€ nÌoney
gooil timê. (í.a It is bltt3r tô âEive Itt€ tiih even
s 3ns[ gilt íìsn to MiÌ€ @ü siiL noìhing.)
(d) Pbvêús süstús lets of üfe i
(14 Dd tilI Àn!È. Nisbtb'me (i:) thê.loaÌ of êsil.
Í28, Do! [uura
ti n dõrl ba rl rútõwl tl tr.
Bè.s@ your ìurl na bMme Iour sn€Uiús,Iou
{onltu't out it 06 ed ilkclrd it, (i.?. Oúe@uot
ìüt I'sÌdoDihe fdili3 of dds dep€r&trk.)
(29) oat. dacaüEri. (Eydyorc) inlonü Àe (@6!.)
infiút of!ün. (i.a Ívm the s@ta3úba st@!.
tgo) iÌH D..r4. Tbe bodr (h) úê i.íom6. {i.a Iat
vou süÉneihhe vou suido -i@ í ov€do tliqs.)
No bstt€r hoq ìoDs
{31} irõôõ !In; dÌa;rd rl
'õrè.
(t.aE
lty cloudhs
tie íiaht, moEiDg'iU @me.
oa, Ever silenceis sPeah,
Í32) xlrün Er Elrúi
(ia Sil€r@my be gi8!iÂ4!t.)
(Ao4 thê Ìows of
(93) ,lhÀnú rnolJl a ttDbl'i lú
the À€aú ole 3ÀoìndsL the fs@. (i.t, One'r{e
úo*s wbri is in on 's he&i.)
í34) lrõho ilõrì Dü dúõ. ,{r old loM (È) a kloçjng
(35) rvÀúãúì bÃrà.ô! jrún. T[â t'tooer (,í. borbeÌ)
dom't Ìile (t be) tatooeil- (;.2 Oft $Ìo chets/
ìuÌís otÀeF d@str't like it {b@ tLô üâbl6 .rc
(.) Prondìs doãling wii! dsê
tnil efreot, rêúèdy.
262
(36)Àbürad! Lfuõ Êütes.tè y. lhr !sú tetõ,
TbúL! to ile càicko tìe ÌizrÌd rlÌ&D}rrter Êoma
b@1, . (i.e. SoD€gúìtr sdsnt €6 türdgh !o eirtue
(37) üri !iúÀ y. ri! úi!úi mti, T[e onè wbo (sL€d])
Ls mBü wü l@k fq tue. {r.?-À Dàr6ond@[
*Ì
È iìils u.l*
he ãlÌ€âdl ìsa a :el$
for
(38) . [ü tõ nü ru| Dãsüt! DúÀty&r. 'Iéúì so Eê€
(it) ' (is) tìê rmedy for è iis.
(39) Irnka! !abà, Í. an únEl.t.
TÀ€ mggoü id tüe
ú4t b itself mei, Íi.a It's,ll í!€ !@,ì
(40) Üúsün bà tl rÀúka b@,"
The nrltN
rlod'ú
d*oeld ritÀont M.
{t.,. ì. (dire) €l4t ito4
rct 6ne âòoul üthout. esM.)
(41) ia.õ nòite mil òôd ti 8tu1úi. Á chüddoesn'r
laow fs utiì it b[D hin.
ff) IdüoeìlsDou provêrb6 iDÌolvils @nlNieD :
(42) À!õLi! !ún, !úld úè. Â ohi€f's fiiad (is) s chiof.
(t.d. Th6 Êidd of È!m.
ìì hjsh pditiôb sbres the
positior.)
silYút3ge of ihsú
(a3) Àlìaì !.do! bed !È. KidnN is s hêd to úep on.
(i.r. Doúg E fsvou is s eed invêstnat )
(44) Áni sÀI ú *Ìd.
God ú tìê Cìiêf (of chiefs). (í..
(45) DÀ !rl!&ì sir. h.ti! [Àútó. Ìi&i]d libatr Ãú€dlN
òett* á Uâck ÌoilcÌoòì. (rt.. SaU a Ìoaf is hêtter
(46) Dnliyà EÀ4è itÀ ciÈ cõ. Tìê woriíl iE s pegisaü
moan. (r.e. No one loovs sL8i çir cône of rhe
presmmy{ bor a sid, ,Ìiae, alegd,
d..)
(44 cer rr  (o r5 L&i) ji. Seeinsis benérrhar (or
c[Nd .vox) !€Ìing. (i.e.Seeilsis beü€viìg.)
(48) OÀskirã lã Â LFshò. Tntò ú bêiíêr |IÀtr ooney
(i.e.Eoh6iJ útÌê L*t !ôLicy)
lln. opot).
263
(49) Ol'n À gÀrú rúi !õoÒ. Án êlêpìãÌt ir mother's
tom (ìs büt) ..&blit (t.e.A !ôen vìo is inlor
tMt in his om tom is jugt e"otìer otdi!âtv ?êMn
(õ0) seDì Àm6yl rã Á Lú!üà. shoot'ìs (snetìús)
ú the toiÌ is better ihm nìising (conpletely). (t.e.
Esü r loaf ú hettd thaú tune,)
{tl) Jlli yà ô rôlrë ii. Tìe hody is beitq oi @rEilgl
healingthsn úÀe4É. (t.e.ff orê rèíüsesto üstento
ailvioehe viu be tângbt by h&.dhÕcks.)
KinÀ
itt wã!à hi wã!è bs. üìÌe Soúd-a (is)
{ã2)
not Sconiko, (i.r. TLê sin snty of two thì!8s is
Íü ÍÌm syìls ibuL tÌêI âF the sme.)
(õ0r rõ DÀà r.dl b. lDIúi yú a bòLi! ÌltÃ. nven
is ta,!€n{oúe@Í @ôtnÂt)
iLousì !o ndumot
è òriüe is ioo bie fo! ih€ moüih oï â cìick€n. ít.,.
Snoh-ed{ucì iúooDÌetêle obviou.)
(ã4) L.qrr! iüd elrd !à. il€aú is *@hü.
(65) lsbì! !uÌ ra ô düa drhü. Laok of ÌÍowledgs h
dekd tÀe úìt tim€. (t.a. T!€rc is nothing
vore thu ignormoe,)
(56) taDà ya n
PNNins Gonetàing)È bet'ter
'ylti.
ihú e4€tie (ú trsús it). (t.,. Posesio! ú ninÒ
(s) Prevdhs foÌ norc sp&islizeil siiu&tiols l
(6?) Âi!! !u,I núrüò ita rarray.. (It is) Northles
(í.,.
FoÌk(for)eblúdú.niolü!ìisìe&iiolook.
Áì ilnstrãtion of o suprenerãsíe of efloÉ.)
(64) Ã tràEi iinl eÀli!. ? \{o d om reekblooil flon e
Ìo@ü 1 (i.,, YoÌ m't get bloodf.on a storc.)
(69) Biilaoa tësbÀÃrúò. Thê Kr!ô rriÌwsy sfotiotris
n?osibh. (i... Not s cì6r@ snrFhse.)
160ÌBNt iã tòri íòd. Á voÌtì16 orc !s! càs*d
ã'sÌ s úel€s ore. {i.e. TsÕ villêús au@redeao!
orheì's tch.)
lô4
If lmâ,k€
{6t) t!!iyiEatir.!ar.datòrir.ldilü€.
&yiigìifôr you, ilon'úyoutuÌeíishtfd
n€- (t.e.
ü I do 8@d to yon, dd'ú you Epsy n€ viüh êú1.)
3. Aiirdkj arc 3 @Ìmon fon of È3w word 4eo.
Rdill€s N t !ioÂ[y p@t€it a6 sôâtdnúí3 (i!ú!er
ibe 3s qu*üi@). IJ the âús@r ií rtnúpêd by the
ridill€IeeiìÌredyl!ìõÌÀtìtrl
I sieup lliÈ.I sru!tu
,i? rdã), Ee ú tho told tle &rd.
4. ThêfolÌoçiDgÂhoúlbt ofd.liu4 is úâ16 b|gely froD
q. U@icL, ãô@ PdËór,Ióndon, 1906:
(l) Bkr$ 3üdad.rr ü[utl
il]tl. l'l@:
Oldú
(òut
I
ì8ve
otrìy
on€
it
he)
r(l0
tld.
eon
t@ket€.
lM:
1! â!thìI.
(2) Elü. úl daü, aËEÈrr d rlji
l,|.6:
Wlaa ita
ü.rúr. I'.thd b ú ü€ hut {bür) ìjó b.úd i6 out
siil€. l'tlia : Fjr. úd aok€. (t a ÍiB *6 büiÌt
iBiilê of huiefor
& ile úoke shm out
'!mtà. d tbntrgl a gN Fof iú
thmgh s d6r, {itrdow
re*nble s vtiü. hàÍd.)
(3) Eryi d.r. ta lah biy!. l,t.@:
Waúi!ò. A
iilgÌê p.tü ilividôóiato ttu. lM:
ltoìlrc.
(4) ana!útò dr4 E.d.uútl
:
tÍrr.. ÁM
(bnt)
Its
Bttlê
ìnnbü
100
túa.
it oìly h6"òú
otr
(lt.
Fp€/strús
tyd.) l@d I A b!@b. (t.e. .L
aúgÌostriDgtt@ r{]0 oÌ norc pie@ of gN togeüheÌ
(5) X&!çt tã ci ti çittâ. ti he Litra tâlÂ. lm@ :
Eeàô. TLê mrltêt $s ìelil Àtrdlbla trp, ii lêfí
3 dog glêúing. ,4rea i Th€ úongls. (i.a ÁJtq o
!€Mn frni$h6 eatiDghis tongue g06 'ãdeÌúg
uouit ú ìis mouih picÌiDgnp iLê EúÀini.g foôil.)
(6) Oõdtynr tâd itÀctli. Bã ni basú sõdiylr, lsi ciÌì
!. Là n4{e, ;1*úr | ÌDÃkìdÀa.ilõ À ciH. My m5Ìe
!65
is pregÌànü. I ilo{'t ridc tle MÌe. (I) onÌy ridc ur€
üborn f@ì. .,ftrud : À hní sith à bcd n1 il
(7) R.wÀ!i! r&ldy tÀlLÀriladèet, ,r,sz"r: Aeyi.
The ctrief's tnrbsn Írs impossible to Fìnd êund
(hh rêdd). ,4",r4: .4.rcad.
(3) Dãlìú $!ròri ú5bì lõlÀ. lnsrd : IC$i. Tl'è ìuí
ol o Xoung Dàn !âs Do d@flây. ,Ìe@ : Ár e€9.
(9) ÌÍi r.úÌà tçryãtr,
!n jè grüà!, ún jè y6úô4 úô
dãrõ, nÀ tÀ bn i!é ba, ,4w€l:
Erúà! Lar6 cili!
hÀrdaò. I Í€shed ny calabeh. lsenütouDost,
I *€nt to ihe w€st, I r€íuhdd, iü !ôdí'i driêil.
-4mú.r : -{ dôg's tôngle in iüs nouth110) Utü-rrò, saoÀ 3üi. -,lN&yf : üurlü, Thre each,
iòê ioú (ie) @npleté. lru1d:
Thô tÀree st n*
on \ehioh Iroís èE st ôve! nle: ! locaÌ kind of
iovê. (t... \o tôsn is cohtleie \çithout coohng
261
(ò) !Í.úúò!
neet3 3úlè ieÀting in the ìÌeat ol the
LeÊson4t
Iôúrã, úe$a dt ,üRÀ.
Ailditionâl Conve$atioús
LiÂyl.
l Ii I€s LecnloÊEibl€t includeonlv a liniíêd !úrrEl
of t ?icaì diâlôglqi!tbe re!lârldsr6. À ls!!ü sl4.
tiôtr, 8@,sed bpioãlly âppêàs below, Fdl ürs$latids
úobotgiyên. Wìer€ dlloDltioü ig @esry !tr st*isk
(*) ã!!em EfôEilA the scudent t sedüioÌ 8, Àrot6, st
Kn rõ rõÁya?
Laâyàit.i.
2, Àddition.Ì 8Ìecting cotrÌdsíiotrs l
lò bi lôiG,..i Iü dõrõ Là m.
ütun
ío) ao!ò !isi|| Jil.tr (rLo h4 beensrc]) ât tìo ìaft* r
[ú!d
Ì!. sòjúÀ ?
úú!õ
Bollò
Irllò
Bdlò
xairala,tút tõtlynt
lrírt ilaì.
l{õ giilõ ?
[i!a
rô, yàrnjúi ?*
xAi iìEiìã yu! dÀnuF| * sòraiI
EeUò Esl, rlrlr ! clsò! oiti úëP
BeIò
Ì!õ dli ?
À,à,tutòcë.
YÁuEa, nü
jiDà ilt y!çi,
B.llò
Eâi, ÁÌlà yA hE itÈ r.úì.
2ô9
268
3, Con'mstiolr doling vith foodinÌe :
Àliyü : Cl blslitì * küúã,
ssÀn : !ô, íÀ gõda.
Büút.
âül
Àn:
I, lEEt hòli tl ruta lNn
ôtüú..
A !:
Iò ú l|rn' Datlirrr rüi$i da
BÀTfuè Dr H!, El b újrri t
'|çi.
À Il:
f,lna!.&Ìrl dartta dadlúlú.
Àü:
lô,
la rlllrr darata.
'l!
lta !ra!, ò ta'l irshd * !aú1,
Àü:
lô, rr!è iiì !õ r. Ll !ô ?
a&tuè I. tfur r.!i iti \iht yas! P
ttlErdaa. ralrL
^i .a la ri büôdl. lüna t
lafnú t6
AN:
Lrútì
Ìú:
Dr H!. Eli, !a rõ.üi t *
úaitl[t, bül i! tarõ tàü,.
tò datrtu.
(ò) i|lirìr lnd E!.!
,1.Con'ersationô
on tlc rôDd:
(a) l3n DìeetsCârbÀon th€ sat io úãrLêt i
lú .
lànnu ç&bà
Pi
tÀi rlsâ
uâitèu4 úà rã ÈÀyi à t&nri ?
Zi ni h g.i ilt d.!'!çã!a,
iò itÀ tyâtr. DÀsÀgÀrt ys Là P
Ã'i, ilacÀ t$yà * úõ. Ànná yrd
wliALÍÀ,
ZÂ! !è!i
rud
&õlÀ. * l$iuri.
!allë, yü LabÃta À !ÀDi tÃhüwn!.
(ó) DruilÀ takesa trip in o lorri t:
fÒr Àe pri@ \rirh íhê dÌìve.:
Dnahà,ili 3ôt! iAô (.!ò.
dnnlus tea :
Büi úü r.ul
rô. bâltit,
Eü shãai-*
On rúÀi * ilò úaile5 !,!,
tò dèbõ* Ei!ì rúàr Ìrdú Ì.wai,
Àràã, lã li !ôúà dÀ ritu * ?
Bl ciktu tyÀtlrúwa. nõià Èan*
zà hÀ birã shiiÌÀitÀ sÌ5ì!ô ?
Bnbü! I! hà 3biilÀba, ,a li nãbú
Iô. liwõ Ìurli. ShtsâiIÀ r!ri,
Ãeâ 3ô! sulrÀritÀ yèrA I
riú
ti0
,71
(n)On úe
úd, clsìtúg siih ìhe not$ boy r
Xti, rút!
Dõn t. üÀ glilú !
DsuitÀ:
rir@üõtl*:
8àaai! W.Dlatr iti!ãbÀilõloú
üõii
l. it.rÍë rei diuú ilirõtl !a P
rhëL.ra
Edrà !ô-rrj.!
Eii I waúd! Dõtl trrè ca?
I !a!i I Y.!i itÀ úõtò trÈü,
Às!5 t ÀEúÀ ri lròtú t *
OÀ*iytÍta, Ai yi yr ìrii *
EaÌa !õ, nru
E*, r.i, rui
rrEl ìã yt 6itl * t3,
tògÍ rt ctÌâ yt Ìrilhò
DmitA : A'a, úõtl t4 ilsyi !
(vi) StucÌ on 3 Blìppdy Lili, ilrê il.iver an.t nator Ls_v
Dü ë b ò .
ÈÀÈ! üõil :
DüitÀ :
tl@ üünl :
DüèbÀ:
Eüe üõtl:
"*.*'ri
.Ot,n
Í6,
úõ.â.
Ãõró rÀ !òELs r! fnÉ,*
(to p-ssêDgGl 8t!È. ! 3ÀEÈ.I
lõ. tdn l
Iô hüs. !
8bt Lô !d, ii tìta.
It @sm4!s)Xüì.u
I, Ni cã dr sbr, . Àbiì Jügh
it"-d.i*.i1ò, bìsr!
(in) Sioppingfôr À 'rest stop', teìhng *iíI fellów
I Küb.u I
5. ConrèÌsaiios âi $ork l
D.!ità : B\i ôü sà!r. BÀ lnti.
BÀ|n: Íô, ri !i dãiì ìú ri nt'rrl + tàkü!t.
Dsüdl : Íô, tin !àEi ràüë.*
Dò tyôú, n lryô ni !r adõ.
E,lt:
(iv) Stsrting ag&in.íLé dÌivd ud tle notor boy :
Tó,ò rdÌÁrõ* tsjójr."
üôtì : 16, Núl úe,
KÀÈêÂ
tÀ'!dà {ll, frrr i rr ll
,urlrúai!
oò!ÌVúrà, rlú l&à .hnta .ône.
bÀ tÀ óEl
It,tità
À rFãia in lÀ$' lltú
X!i, sllnr I üí&kI
sa'idÈ
Ã'4, !ú !õei tu iti
'üi.
Dl Ly&, bÀ sI h ii yúrì
t.
^!ài
aà yi dú laiu * hrü.
3ò'idÈ lli ditili ?
KÀr.!üõin: 8ôidár!. Íci ! zõEer!
I<üe!üõtì:
!ËI rè !a!, nüsò úii ! *
(Í) Belr ôn tlo roâ.d,DNdà sd Bàlõ .
D.litA : Íâi luyÀn ru tâ DãctI t
Ldüé. ÀL*ai süs.!i * ità vtwÀ
Br,lã:
* òÈ tüLì!
$Ìdn
fam
!à!.
la8
Nigerioa YdDs lvdtd
3
8u
úÀtdÀ
* br,
LG :
: r'" úlú r.ôò 3ilü iD irl! tlrÈ tutürl
b..
213
Àlë ? !Ãbü i!ì!tÀ n lselrò ?
l, ür! rÃún tEnl dt dôgr@! Áóii * úè,
EsÌÀ !ë. Do! úà bÀ a Lõsõ sü !tu ha ?
Ài, M Laçõ, tÈEn bÊ s ilà ònÈdl-
Dõs!*e
S.ìò ità i.[ri!
Ai, ràtÀríà
tôiÀflü ts LòÀ tE vÈ+ ilÀ
: W.id
lrLor
taüEMìa !a.
a&nra: xli, rnrl rìl! .úÌ illl tlÌã.*
Yìa!bà: Ca.L&aúè. À@r ú!úa süúüú Àúiú
ldrlaúdnúúrr
llÂ!üà : À'1, ür.i
itl r.rl, adni í.i !! süa,*
a.tútì : rò bar!in.
* Âsi tè úaú ?
À Ás.rEü
lltúbi
irt! tnDü tà À
(d) lt th€ ofrlF(taDlo
lntdô ffi E€sng6
i! s clêÌk (atirll),
(uLidò).
ldè úd
8da !
Àúnà aiÈ dÀ tuh taDn dÀ wüçn,
cÈrtiyõ !à-r.i à .àn}rlyo.*
E.Ètr !ë !& ráli Bã'ì nülüa
ItiL .
Zõ tl !d rei!
zâi li
nll tüâ! {à'b.li !
Eni, ndü.nÌü
Âi ilólè !è, l' hrbà !õEô, bdnü àbúci.
càllireÌl
Lõ À Âasnà h.ltÀ ts Lè.
ntr- tioitaiingh,rv6t:
DÀ eÀiilú lxi * húriEEn * zÂiri Ìtôu
(it oIúDo Yôdrü llrõ fttaür
Iô
l&l
z& À yi súnìrlà t r.t.l SnirDtÀkô ?
À'i, s.i úçl rr dôori * rrh!.
3ó'i d.tâ da 3é!õ,*
Ài l.!âÌ, 3âi iüÍómbÀ.
ÀnEn ft. cõ Dài leâtrtà kó P
Yleübi
eò!.i ! r&Ar tã Â itúò itúrtì.
Birlrà * lÀ-sn I !ôtri, * ilÀ iã 9
l, àEEe bÀ tA ke ldlr br,
Yauha s kih ritìë lÀ ?
(ii4 ruL .
nt.'
!!õ.*
rõ, va@ Ll ja liüfi!
yi ÍüÀ lnÈn * ,À!d.
Ss[À rõ. Â!à sübÌll}
r ür *
ol sü bir!, Ea r.yõ tls.su * ús
aüò-aüüta iirr I t!ú rlrn&.*
'l
càlkirüÀl, ra bìla sò!ôi.
Sú jll'
radrt
hút!i!
||ta$lhüt
ta
EË rrÈ da.!rà !!d!.
Íi ilarõ. Ol tlú rdu.
tô, ÍÀer Èò Ìri úuÀ!
t|llrdõ *
6sa bÀ!h& llrlrú
ì JlDn6l *-
rô,
I! !A hi tÀ câà si kÀ birõ ir LAliú
jsr
IltaÀtittsi Èa $yõ oitrì lrdhe
27í
r6.
: I! ri sr YËElà cin !a oô @à rò
il-rõ ilÒe!ú hl bìrtúrìrà.
lòúri
G) Àònhslò! ìÌs eone to the d@io. \ÍitÀ s @nplàitri :
xll
ü&itl :
6. oorve.satiDnsdcâ]ilg Fiih húlth :
(a) 8üaD.!È nèets BÀbàon tì€ P8tì :
Âi, !A úi etbità rú rbd úõsÀd.
Àrìé f aô ll dt riÂrl !õ ?
t, bÀ! yi bNcl hs yl[ t Ló tldu,
EsrI ú. Da r.!l
aúDa ra@ l.
rnrl lõtèlotò L.rü
Í Lrala urü ba!
tiúll rü bn kÀ lüún !è ?
w aHL. Errl ú tà !ã,
Bnba
úEdsid.lrì
tã yi ciÈ * !è ?
ãllra ú. Iul itè r'
rúa htrú,
Ã'ì,t ,i rúi Dirs òb!| yÃ,íbà.*
Iô òDEe leôyi t Làyl!z!?
Âiitim&itims' ÍrÁltlrõiÀÌdNrniÀü8itò
lÃÂrf.
rò À$ yÀú.
üldti :
ühtà. cúiú ysl
daeÈla *
Ãôi, rlüu ! Ílúbè úë Y3rõoi ? |
Âi rõ itarÍô ÌÀDú rali üirú,
lô. BFltrtã * ! tãhú rü En núüi.
rô.
,Iô. In !a i.óÀ úú, dI rõi * !è ?
À'i, Dü í a + Úuú cúì b&
Tô, tõ irÀ ttulì ràú@ B:l jã LÀ cüa
r@À!
Lr.lüÀ dÀ 0nIrL* rt cút
iU liru
rmü
3iit4 là bú tü l8n,
Tô.
BhI ÉÈ!ú,
!.i gòn wübra.*
7. CoÌveMtiols deoling {iüì wêttÀôr :
(d) ÌEaE aÌd 6.Àbò sitüilg outsidô üìè lÂttèÌt hone:
Aai sirisi!ú * tu ti trti.
cülirdtl.
BtÀ! Alrll !é,
I
bàsõ* il|Dúõ,õ
iÀ yi lrr& b.4.
ni
hrta.
Blt
Erã
bü ri rô!ú n..
n
gú À.{'i!' rdr va Âõ!õ."
raÍe3ú .úi
E tl !õ. $bò dò rMà!
wddE
oÀtÉreta.
Ânl yÀ !í,
Ei ro
À@i
oi btubi itòDi! ìairiúü
ir âtll yd rànit abh
eì"ÈiìE Nig*iã,
À raenü
esms
ürr
to r Eumlean :
rúi
,úri
dip out (úto Dy mp) (iioa
ú&, .zrrdrr, dtatu dÌt)
Lõròtrò
&bê P Bi ìâr.ò rs rè ò nriEún bâ.
S.i iL itinrnâ !à útr Ìà rãnòn mtâ.
úÀtú!è
iÌr.i !!rÀ LldM itÀ b&dn.
Ài rui.r'ì
tô, òoE bi y..l rõ ?
Wei lõÌàor,ôi !õ ilÀ de yl*n,
bisút
r (o)
1( ó)
BÀfnti
l, aDEô .! iiEl sli rt úônLõ.*
E&n!È lô, ìil& ú linúl itò b&*À,âi ri * !à P
wòtililü lúún yawúciú tôtLi ba È yi.
üü úül !Âi úd Eaü.la tõ ?
E.La !a. ÀhiDà si rÀ ÌiücE.*
oütiye!ò,
àmã tâitr ttl
* !ê.
3. NÕtês on ste.út€d itene frcú íà€ @rrdstiobs
tÈsâítéd ú saüioB È7 of íhis Ìesn :
yirt tld ?
2l.)
hor's (rq, iÌÌms (Ìü. bodt) ?
(w L€son 3r, sction 6)
ôê ve.b.l Ìou fron itlE!
diDurt
I'n 6nús (t... jü'i a ninüte
3 (a)
úì n'i
eDongh(iiom lr., ú€.,a{r)
a bit betio (tÀu Iornêü)
heve ì@ónê fúlÌ (of lood)
3 (ü)
ti
{B.itish E!süsÌÌ), o@Ìne
r (ó)(t
11ó)(iì
ledle (of ìoê, ?Ìê, dc.)
m?, bFâL {$ . slicl br€üÂ)
ldi6 N tle o.diÀet n@ú of
ôEslbrtatim
ld !@ple a
@U s goo& oÌd bÌg€ M
of Nigerú. Th6É @ bÌ@
sÌit otàd pa3@g* vêbrcl€3
iD úd b€iwq caü.ú Ìarg6
ube @il€s s r€11.
sttú (tìê dgiD), stdt (dÌiYiÍg)
notor boy 0ú. @td itos). Èe
i6 t[€ p6e! ruloúiblo to
e tüstlordq p@ple, ete., !t
r|l ú pl& befoE tU€ loty
süsr&, iô iú{m ihe &im
if úIiàing g@ wDg, to püt
vedg* beìind tb€ vì4lr
wlo ihe Ìony siola, {&nè
tihe) i. @llei the fos, êtc,
' old Lúit', dpdioceil pêrson
atr Árhsji sho hae ddê rhê !iÌ(Ìbêtúlo
eÌimsebymddP.
ií nsôil !ümoreusly.) Alh.ji is
tì€ titlê givôn to Myonê Yno
hs nde tì€ lilgÌiMge.
214
4 (ó) (iii) ft'Ií
4 (ò)
uridte. It is nor coBid€pil in
d€ìi@t€for s pe&! to stât€
tlÁt tàê @on foÌ his going
Áül
câlÌ àdê (ô[e -ô ío.n or ll.õ]
rhedusì of r{al'ò : pd$qser
siet g.iúg ! (rú, àib tà€ letrcl.
red vsietX of güil6 @n-ih€
úlidt
mtuirg
úil Ìoweli
tt?€
gaiqd
of
om
rr .6tieê
4 (ü)
ônil
bÌidg. (fDn Xi€tilb 'giÌdq )
4 tb)
weilSe. O&ì ìoÌry oaEi6 t$o
oÌ morc worlôn UocÌc
($Dly
rp!úrinatêly
four
úchês i$@
Fiòb oa€ 6rl
vLittled dom to forn à
À!Àdle) ròich ihe noüd bot
pús behúd (o. ú frotri o0
úhe rerÌ vheels wloeq
the
ldry is süoÌ!6i1, io kap ii
5 (s)
Èatõ
{ôr} Bt ìohô (..9. $!.ü!s
t!ê
àuìs, ÉJoofng, nsLing mF
6 (d) (i) t& õdr
!oú oFce (rls ortÌed siOu
r|yi:ÀoDê
of tLo isle
p6tsgê ttlEp
ki"c)
5 (d){n) ddr
$nrd!
0i
h€.d ol tb€
larL : ú6iÉ
booü)
in 3 coÀteÌt.!cb ss this i, m6ns
5 (d)(ni) bta.dr
rsitì
5 (ó)
ôrõ
orly mtuiry
v{i€tl o{ Diü6t
%riêtl
gdls @h
of
têlov
diéil (tle -tr fom of.úà, tÈú)
leÈ it ú@ go h@|ry. tkM
boÀiUe (of h@, rx€, et. se
ãlm uder a ia) éboYe)
sp, bÉ.Ì (as  süick-see 3l$
Jo}! Uolt @!te6 (úeúe of s
prcnin€nt @únercirl 6m)
iLê IIÀu8 dry bâgi$ ql 6 p,E.
Th\E, I d'ídít slacp tod.,r it
H^te ls I d'ídtìt shè? last
Ìr€ ep!Ìated
({ fõn
úry (h üshrer(yoü.)rmublo
(*e L€sn 31,wtion 5)
6 (ó)
b€tilr the
bef@ (st l@i)
6 (a)
r.tt (w ãlso udd õ (u) ahov€)
(Èon !r!!ti,
lÈ d@) lie
|n @Ntip.téil (lü. 3tonrch ì.9
ú t!êE !âiú ? (ran : h€c, !èitr)
úiÀ€ {@ .bo udd
{rôt )
7 (ú)
't
úis
tinâ
À cÌN (verb fon
eai!
4 (h) (in)
(tobodF)
(pruBr ôf úrtja,
(se
tut'ato'id)
or ih. &q
(6a âl& úder
6
lrÌm (t". ímm the l€ât of
su úd td.L of nÕisiuÌe)
7 (h)
(nnü úols (reerÌ$ {Nlcr
oI r.bl.
be repaiEd, co@ted (-! fom
bÕn E Átl,i.,re?a
)
bot, mügg)' eNon (MârL-,{pril)
jüst befor ílô sins cônê
rdlcõ
sloil (: ôãci ünde. a (r) (\,
À3
AilditioEalToxts
!bÌê tó $e (Ìi,- !os{s!úg
1. Sovêrd {Àbl6 àeweâlÌcâdy Ìreetrihhodmed s @!kMtiônrl nst€rioÌs iú thâ forêÂorn! lêsoru (ee
Lo*ons r0,23, 2d, 2?,30). S€w6Ì noÉ;r. intodui€d
bêloN. Since soúe voaion of cãoh of tLô* lìae sìreâdy
ãI)I)earêdin lritrt (ususlÌy niüu âny indicstion ol tole
â!d rowd lergtà) a refdocô t thee is given fôr eÊch
2. UÀtõ[õüü ttrü
waúi 3&urMv.Èl rÂsò iüi ilMil8rë si
hÀlsi Râli
ú 0ú itt rftü r núú!uâ, Dt t!}a gÒ6!
't yô gÉÀrhã,
EÀLôhô luÀ !À!tõ !à P [ò ei Lsi
Dúõ ilò r!!õ bl itur( d.ya !! trà sÀla
üú!hò r. ot, ' Ai, ilút úsrs È nòla I Es, ú itò
d$è !ò !i 3 tÀ s.d, Fìtilò! !.ú, !n !úà t. [l do!
Èliúã h. !ô, Àbmd ilo! irtúh !õ-ni.!
iilò ÀúEa
úÈÃ. hNllü-doú
lú su !ì dl iuddNè, tr.ita Ìü
ltatt rana d ã edl ciú Àirã, sai {ini ÊÀlhi úòi t3ì!ì
yâ Lntirè e.rò a rat6ge&õ. Js ìi Ieí, vÀbi cÂ!, vMi
nãEú tudÀ rei ciÈ Earò làrtú. Ya cõdrL FúdÀ v.
cúa múÀ, rÀi hÀlbt ]ndÃ.
t6. úi z.rõàrr,õ, yâ oòrhi !8i ri. DiL v. bndètih,
rdôà y. sl Lt4a, r. cilõ tühi!.
D n rs júri, zôi í tAnrÀBà.$i lslôè y. cA,rÌúi
Itft y. .@ì, y. cà 'ai, lndalrÀ kà nM : kn 3â
LalLÀ ciliú ôÀlio ililr, Ìô ltts ldnyà!'
SeeÁaúrrrd (urdrrr, NOITLÀ (ìo* GâskiyaL'orpod
tioh), Ì954, pogr ?, S@ .ls Á!ÍúrnL, Ì. ('., íídso
Literurüc, t9t-'9,ttty,. A7,
lÌc wentÌ'iiÌúr ândtLirÌìer
Ra totu I<arotu NOÀLÁ (hos ftrkir! rÌryorÈ
iid) 1954,po3e4. S@3ls Ábúhen, R. C., Ea@
Litadhú., 1959,peee31.
bàiõüó
(?i.
4úòÍ
dÀdlddsã: 'ÀErú)
d.l dn6
bÌiDdM
youìg @D
ÀüÌisÀt
o\ s)
jnyò
puu out GõIorÌì oI cLà)
285
Ctduú
Isidi südn hiyu ruLô lirÍÁ cikin lrerN
madaín, eúÀ ÌntÀ rti.
sut .l iyò, rüi ir irò, bt
dãúi,
Ad !m, $i d.rdü
ra sÀJi y3 e€, ,Yôu
y.
Lwnlili
ÍtiÈ.' Ir iÂr iòtdr, ys !!tÍè, ys nüiü.
D!yt!, nÀ' y. Í ts ri üòtrilrt ÀTEi r. !â ún yâ
ia!!, yr í cú'., sfü r.! yr hu li.À cúh nôú, y. yi
Álìl rt cã, { lirhi
8* Ii, r,r/ À(rl{,
üÈtüEìn r. câ b. yi ilt rÀsâni ànD. a ôòr. y6
knlàlta !tü ilÀ !aaúúú!À, Di r,ltãü yô eE úòìrnh
ta lpriÀltn ilÀ L.ÀruÀ ìrlrÀ y! ri rtÀDDnú rAi bi
rlì :rild EÈüú. S.i ys rsnÌè shArl'À, !!ÌÀ tã!!ì.
Da bülrntn ya kòni giil& yo rúõ FÀ rJÂi[ dò
rabart sndl !Ìn.
DÀ sa!i! ütLÀ ÀlEÃlú ,3 Ìilõwõ
úúnú, y. câ EaeÀ, { E.i itci, EuõràÌi !à, Lã cìcõ Dt I
rtrlt ç.durl!
Da n
ì! tainòtè tÀ,,
Nr)lìLr\ (no\çGà.tirâ Coqúrd-
@l!
Tòúi ìaÂ! ,
ya 6ts rÀjë, rs ú, ' ú, çòú!n6ì bi yl
NORJ,À (troN GsÌiy8 CorpoBSê âlao Áhreà,n, B. C,, Iiaúa
37.
tion). lglt{, I{gc 4. Seeâho
-4.1rôh3n, IÌ. C., /Id,ra
ütenhtíe. 1959,psg.t t1.
j"dc"
âilhiniòüÌliion of justice
tò
hâdiún
ft
is/r*
nrFsijnc
(dánã .
ìiddú (fiom ôõià, Itiid")
idi@t€, 6n!âft (h@, iìe d&
helil úp ibrc tugeE)
pas eltene, giY€ thê verdict
*rd to Gõ íornÌ o{ airò, sdd)
-
@vdìèDt, ììôtiôn, Ntiviq'
gltbq togeiìer, coìlect Gr fom
ot tíi, sat\il. úlkct)
câ[ (À€E) (the -õ fom of ]ü., elÌ)
c r 0ó)
(€rcìeDtion oí sliglt suÌpris)
ìârhd (wìo 3ì3v4 !êoPlê's
he6il., !ôrfoús @Ììlìcatiol'
AtÀ kái rani Átud rúrií dÂnti âkÀ ri !hÀli't. AiÂãü
ys câ raídò akà yi tãÌNÀ bâ shi dn aÈbyõ, ys cAEs\
lor tl€ nming ôf úis púverb
* Le$on 40, proYerb 35
286
241
6, Arü dI íüõún
lÍ.d@! LçÌli Nd Hrô a iaü&i, oi lErÀ àlúri
btliE{ !Èda üiy! .ul !Itl. 8.t d.y.!tò rs cl, ' tli I
t .ll tu u 1.. da bú ltòrõ ! üü níllda na Di ita
tutn, ,aya ,a eü yi dÀrôúDü P'
ÍòúN, túút, rr c3, Í tli, hl m{erü & ún?
lrrài, do! drt se'lò r. ! i.r!
8ul ú iltelliqü
taÌlúi4d yà aajèbiii! rüIúô! ilò tô qilil !úra! !|!.
Ai, üa .l lilõ dÀinÀEü Áui!i.'
nô tutq Ei, rs rul dra. ' SlitÀ úë, Ìtõ 6úì,
rõEa !úü il|bu ra tà dò !adò, À'iilú
bl
'e.qÈ tó da
d.t r! ta iL lleü !& Àôôt ts, duk dt !.ta.
m tè itò úIrô rleq rúda rr r&l clhr!ü rli úõtl iU
3üitü,hÀlli hra dt Ìõna !t rli thrl. lÍÀiÀbtt lti ó
rl ttttalra N cirl! grilú hUõ, lríòlrü yi ,!lt6 úò ! ,
À.üa !úllrl
!à stÀ (i, r lil.! útDrÈDelrr.ú!i
llll Lõ t3l3lôrã .! kl!.ha raü.Ia.,
sóê 1rtutu. O!{ord Urivêsii! Pms lnd Sslivr
Corlolsìion, 1952,psg€4.
lilrô
e8ri!g, srcàingío. !@d; t nüag
(?4,bìtDri/bÀitbri) big huìÌ
(enpìâsis!"diclo oÌ ú*ú) üdeêd
IrignÌ€úg, terifyiDe (,iú. givúg
the oüer on€,tL€ oD€ú qu€stioÌ
vhèt do rlìêyce? 0â;'rdr
it tu @ne of hú @mem; h6
rlrar!à ? çhat bNiìôs is it
rÍü
inÀdiì ê fo@ of ,tdr,
'iaì"Àr)
xtrti (?1.il'idn)
tõ ita
trom!Ìe uilq
(v.)
.Larõ
f@t (IÌ@ 6ta,
è dú€ú obj*t pmnou ü hisl
sftâ 3 ìjsì low ìigì i@6 vôrh
the útüdiiÂUvê6ìthy of íhê
Â! rt r.!i lúLõ, aalãild. Í.t. ra!|
da!Ìi ì uò!
illra snik sõ6À rât l.i lam*õ. rmò 'lt|! búrl ,! r.
ratd !t!iti! rei itli,õ ito! ra !ntÌ. DÀy3 ii hú.[ ,.d
lanu klEì !hr, rÉ rr !l iht húlúÀ! t ìild LluI
deyi birÀdayeD6ca!ú ôòrìrl tÈ !ú. lhl !à DD, ì&cI
tr LInrÀê rli b& ilÀ Eiu!õti
C& rri Ed@! üiu ,úl b\võtr ruú ilt lúktÁ ú
tà bdcl, .rta gú !ü1. lô,lu
!u hdi! büli ilÀ !ô!
rl.õ. 8.Í birì südar. I!íôta, ra ,úè !ìittit dòrà biiÀ, yr
tl À ttuÀ. tur!ú bitri LúDa, di dqt{.I rltl yi húò.
tnrò br t{ra ò bõhuw hÈrEÀ LsrÀi. dotl !.rà lt!
laìoã.rulò !.üì. rúì !.ltorsi.
Eelõ r. tsrta bri g3 Lnlúòúò h& Y. ú.ÍÀ llt
üìl itl 6ÀliyiDÀ I tlú ilioõ ! E.uihr rr
..Ed .ri
'l
Yr
'i
ItDl !üi.
cüa hütd da IràltAua" y! ru8e ! Íú ill
ú üi!ú Ìúoa. súa tròitrarã rht, rúÀ yi ir rrsó
t&ü Âú4. üìô ! ttãitìú51 Fútë y. lBhca}lr.ut, rr
288
GasÌi}? CorporÀtion, Ì960.
LôMn 43
BibliosroDhy
t@ rBjd€,sFeÌve k.r. lrcm â roÀill
ôa!Àrò (?i. ôi.iyl)
eil
íìi6 Mt
c!,múa,
lióà6I
cô! - hre
tenpênÈont
pr,È''furn@(&r. lìki4 !Ìayins)
climh (bya taú itüeè: olmó z?
lìft ul
@mêüpoÀuelpetêdry
púI (tLüs) off. pul (thine) out
rhrw (viol€ndy) Gü fôrn ot
l. Pühüotid of @t6iÀl! ih âhd on IIÁus siüt al wôll
ìêfom liheh€simiry oftLê tFeüieüI c6túy. The 6rü
of the ìsDgurgevs FbÌúed hy
iúlortet el'*
J. F, ScüaÀú l8ô2, foltored by his flsE iliotioBry ü
1876,r md ìy rgrr it @ p@iuê for ttluck tô ltrod@ 3
ìibliogBphy of tu@ {hich liBüs 22? iêtu,:
.An
qcolÌ6li strfty of dy mitiaes itr Esw j! P. Í- H.
gtn, Iú. üdrq stuìI! oÍ Nis*iM Iansusã ípmúidso
Univ$ity P@, 196?),
h sddiüiú to . Bü!3ü3uôisÌ
lMò€r of b@b â!iÌ
E!@ stütlots @ foúut€ to
sticle by EmIM,
à!16 3i thêi! dielosl a blge nMbE of pubüóiiom
ü q.@.
The @údí6 of the ?uìü@tiou i@ltrdê
fshl€5,hj'tory, biogÉphy, pM6bn posüll, S@CB!ìy,
Dâim shity, rcìkiru mt€risl! âlrl oEch nc.
lho
sìulde@ óf suú mtdisÌ ü dne lrÌgett to the eforts
of iÌF q*Iil€ CortoEtim ú z*i', vìiú ìs cls
fo. d€! tr@q-fvê
lnììiúed s v€eHy !ffi!.!ú
yeE.! 8ú.e 1969,nuü ol tlis iniôistivs ha3leil
to
tÀe Norüì@ N'gdin PühìjrliDg Compmy,Z&ú.
T!@ fôUoE a 6êÌaúiotr0dthe püblictioD in llgìiú
or Ssus vhicì ãrc of vrìtrê io stülants begiuilg tLe
í!Ìow dom Gõ lom of
€rolrmtion
'u3l,
ol rpprou,,Ì óf ú
picìÌup,6nd bt.bên@ (..9.sloog
tìe osd) (ì fom oÍ trbta" rrik
tup!ú*
(,t. wtútê6tol@h)
2. GrMrof
È lúagúag. tre ol iwo it?6: reíerence
In
sramars snil ledã8osicâÌ (tcdc!úg) g1ÀÌMs.
'sohóa,r f
&c4@ ott^' Eoüo
ebq4(B@!ruLr;üü),
1376
en NiaqÀ
, Jo44d
,r /ndÀ8r t;r y,xÌ,ìer r 2 pp.4- 6r ,r n- 80
o/4.
29r
29t)
spitê oJ oe.taú modú@iions madè ú tìe Dsènr
gmlrì]w to nale Í uâìle s â led4gogrcal eBmúar, iü
rs b6oxy rtr DãEducúory rèlèMce qnn@Ì,
Ir is
HoÌMúdeil th.t thB bôôkbeüpd wlôúera pomibte
ú oõllerior
mtì- s god peìagoeic4l grcImm, pts a
nouve spwd or íÈu4, lor u
(d) PedrÌqosi@ÌGtúMÉ.
Tm p€dâsosicolFmB
co! be loomDèúdêd. The 6Jsüçill-be ;Gr €$itt
Ìeble rjtl ihj! look bc,@ of ihê simildjty of
ê??Facl. Trpe MoÌd itresereamilsbletôr trÀe$irh
êkì ôf tìeF lmlÀ
KÉfü, Charles
Ìtuo4'"/,t
cú@
Loa Á&!lss. útrivdiúv of
CsÌfomis FMq Ì9ì3.
Eoilg€, ftrloion T., mil lbnhim UI4u, .4060
Adlt C@ú. wsslilgüoD. D.c. : U.S. covdmmi
Priltins O6oe (for rhìe Foleisn Sdú@ Iúújtur€),
Àn wlid !â&gogiosl splroâcb qbicb, tlouAh bnol
ú uêÍ (iI oòreimble) i6 II. L. @Jvje, Eetix t ttÈ
Stvdr d HaM.
Jôs sudâtr rbt3Íid i[j.sioo.
1942Ì951.
\bt E.Ía@ GÌ\nMÍs. ftê mojonb, oí thê arstusc
of lIous vìjch Isve LeenrubLúêd huü be ola€sC.n osrfeÈncÊ grsúmmÌalthough tunr, LÌe the
pMmt voÌDq lrovid€ vo6!d4ri6
aDil €rèrciss
to ssisi úê begiming úüileo.
íi) Onìy one oI tLê"o gÌ.nmoÉ lrôvjd€s any
o@uÌBtêând tloÌougbgoiúeÌcpBenrsron of
1ô!e and vowêl Ìeneth. Ii rl& proyìdes à noE
soou.ìe tqtm€nt D{IIEuso @mm.r iìâtr àny
of its uonp.úioE ônil tìxs.;
sDjts of dav;
dcfscrsrn ihe wsy rhe book i,..s,"""d;*r,
be regud€il & tì€ bBi syâilablo :
AüÉb@, R. c., Ihe Laaes. oÍ thr H@
P@pla. Londó : Univdity of Ìótrilor P6,
of I
19ó9. This eiliüo! is a Múúg€nônt
Moddn GrMtut oJWã
Haw, r94r.
(ii) OíLd relercnoe srômes
rith vhiel thê
süudé!í bsy cone üto oDtsct de tist€d od
bÌie{y €valwted }olo*,
MaveU, J. Lowry, utl Eloúd M. ToÉhêI,
YMda Gohe.J6: Nige. h*, Ld,
.4.üluu€, íhougì tnditioìâ1, otrtlirc pr6eú!
It ignoB iorc sld
úio! of SÃn4 elsll@i
Íow€l leqth }lt i! gmenìlX reüable êúil hN
convoniúi to w ihar noBt of the oihq tfd€n@ gràmârs lút€d h€É.
Roòi@n,
Chel*
8.. E@
CrM.
LÌilotr:
RoutledSe ed K€gm Ps!Ì, 1925
ofIIsNs. Prodüoed
On@íLê sísnddil gM
betç@ Ë97 1025 hI ônc ôf th€ gr8têst of
Èène scholaB. Á ìrief trertE@i ôt Èrut
witl m &tt€Dtion to torc or voçê1
s.rmrÌ
ÍobgtlÌ ìut cont"inúg sne %lu6bl€ culüuraÌ
1!yÌor. F. W., A Prd.riúI E@
Ow,
I-lilotr:
OíoÌd UniyeÉitr PÈs, 1923 (tÁ noÉ onplet€ $ásma! thân RobiNnt.
Ámoúg the noF uâfd ôf tìô old€r gM6B
hú Dot elmx3 s@ú1€.
Mie€.d,F. W. fr, Á GMì
ol .ne E@
Ia gwg. Lotíot: Kegm PaüI, tgl4.
TÀeno6l dt€Nive of tÌe oldêrglêÌma.
(iü PNsils neftioÀ ur abo b€ natle of the
íÕllovúg gmÌÌrlMs wìich beoaue oí ag€,
2gz
i93
jnobplatens
or ünÌ€liâbiÀty .re of les vsh€
rlu thm &lÌ€âdy liÂteil :
Mi[€r, W, R., Ita@ Ió,a,
MissionerySooi€íy,r90Ì.
Iôdon:
úrôr, E. P., rar" Bíw l4 GuAzb
Jôs : S. I- M. B@kÈhop,reviseileütion 1939,
EMÊ;d!, l, Cwúe EMd QrMr.
Otlord..
Geors€Ronald, 1953anil Ì969.
Sliü6, A. N., Irc@ld
,rgtnd'.
Iddo! :
r.Ì,ìon
u4iw€Bú of
IÌ*,
1968. 2nd ôilirion.
Ì968_
BÉ!ÃeÌ, S., a I M. ,{shiPsj!, ,?iròúl' dãr
Eaw-gwct
X. Düri@ti4.
IIsw: r
. Làipzi9: V&BVedreEnzrklo
There re
ttu
qood diotiomri€s oI
Àbrú8b. R c., DidiMr!
ôJ thz Eaua tÃns4t..
Intrdon Udpmiiy of Inodon PÌcs, 1949(Bp út"d
r962).
BrÌesy, G. P., A Eú@Enslüh
DdiMn!
ahd,
Ênglish HaM Vfubxtü!. IÃndor : OdoÌdllhiveÌsity
Pres, 1934(rôprút€dì951r.
Abrúmì
dioiionsry pbyjd6 a mo.e moustê toml
amlrsis atrd mls
fde eltl roF€ì lúÊtb tlrô!Âhout
Ií .ontÂm, le€vú
no IhsIú to Hsm *ciion.- Both
dictjoneis oov€Ì viÌtl.lly tlo sMê grcúil,
Á. N, SLitrqì.
taM
tntlisi
Po.]4t DüriMí!
Kanu w EaM da fü@i
(Iabdôh
I-!súM,
Gr€er uil Compmy, 1959, evisail 1968) Md la
. rho qÌü( didioú6 br lclón tr376)rnd nôüintu om),
Eì4LiÂh-Ea@ ï1diotur! (Z6r:b r G$kiye Corporãiion,
t966) or€ very nueh ' for t!ê looket '. UdDrtMíely,
tÌE eithe. ignore or e uürüsts'orthy in thèir Epr€sêni8tion ol tone 8nd vovêl lôngih,
,L DoF uôfuÌ ÌEoI Olilough ii doee&i ÉpÍeeli torc
or \ovel leigt\') Á ltawú fa{i & ?@am, pübìiüed
by Inlenam, Gm ud Cônpuy ú 19ãÌ (bt L N.
SLimd tLôugì no enthÕr i3 údiúi€il).
TLb book
is sal.rirìeÀ Á Didi@ry ôÍ Endísh Cnwsotioa Jü
Eaue gtudent3 but i! velt u!€nt s m Engliú to
Haüs e!id€, eotrtsitrine ovd 300 !âgEs of oldináry md
jdiom8tio Esus erp@ioB,
a. R@dth4 Mordídt i6 Ilw.
"4, ú@tioftd sborc
üìerc È u ebuDiì.D@ ol suoÀut€í.b
lrt n@ m
beúg produod â11tì€ tine Of ihe hudndr of iíêns
tlr3ú @üÌd ìê lbt€it, iüo fo[oviDg is . 3ú.Ì .e
i!9,
Á!DhM.
R. C,. E@
Litãaàaa @d ú. E@
ôoúrd &d.r.
L!dm:
Uliy€Bity of Iddd
PIw.
1949.
ltr€ fBt iço thiÌ& of tìü volMè È Átr uorgúirêd
oollè.tion of E3B ìit3btE
FiíL Ebgli6h hDrtrtionB
of vartiDg quglib'. TLió eiÌ Kbft'd, ãd@ ,4@lirgt
eÉ, hove@, tls dìy publiôhed @U6ti@ oI Esús
literstN vìiol e |Mlrcd for toDêud voml hngth.
Àirsli€, üNiM D., Xtãyd.
Lldor : LDgnm,
çrè6n úd ConpúI úit Zeir : G8skiy8 CoÌpoBtioú,
r960.
 90-t%€ elen€nt rr eh@l geogÉphl b@È.
3aÌd, R. I- and L. O. iuu*v&, Oqíod EoM núdd,
s.i6 1,2, 3. Ióldor : Odord UliveEity Prss, 195É8.
T!Ìe ftll il$t|ât d llinüy *L@l r€âiling prines.
EelÌo, Áììoji, Go"uìÀa,zdiô; çasLiy. corpÕÍãiion,
 l3-Drse ljstori@Ì mn€l
294
295
Bmqti,Nn\t,
M@ Púlè UaÍtuÃt KM.
C*kiXè Co4o.stioì, 1948{EDdÌt€d Ì966).
4 153-!Àgeac@úr. of MutrÂopelih tu;i !!d
joumêysselTg üIe n,ouíbofúêNiÂ*RiÌ€r.
BanèI', Núu, Bolà ìtn t^abivo, Aú:
cmLE,
(ÌìrpoBfion, Ì95o,
Án thsgê èltuent&J' à€oÌúì ìook.
Cou-.f, J. W., €d., A@,gtM Kan e@la^dúl
l,De@os,
GÌM anil Oo.,t953,
Á sioú $l*iion o{f.bl€ ú ÌLur,
XãÀ[,
md Abubâlr llìe,
l],a ,,tjÌd!.
-Rupdb,-tÌrrpomhoD, l9t9 (Eprjnr€tt
z&0:
hhla
t962).
Á natm study òôok of tr6Ìly 100 ies8,
l:%;'l*'f ïP,#
"#*i;"il1t.,ff
rdDe).
Lasc: CMS B@txÌÌop atrd zsnâ: iìaüirs
tror?@hoo, 1924i4.
The ÀBbiú NjsÀtu in lÌâtr*.
JoìEtór. H. Á. S., ed., Lgdarih
of Eaua &ún:.
pÌ8 (O;dd IjbÌF
Irondon: OdoÌd Udv$iry
Õf
'
Àiìicd l,iientue Sênd), 1966.
GÌ@o, Â H. M.,.od yàh,r^ ]Jjyt, A Moaan
-Kìrl
|ruveÌsfty of r,Ddon PÉs.
"*
?{K
-*_
À coU@tion of sleeahês ud nempsÌE FDort!
Ílnstãtúg cotrl€bporsrtEous.
Knlt l-. H.. tldún Ìcdd?r, Bêrkcle,aüttoe Ájertês:
-.
uuvè6riy o1 Gi'roo3 frs, 1973.
Cuìtml, gcôgÌspìicaÌ md ìjaío.icalr€lüs jn Esüsa í,[
dorled for xon€ and woyeÌ longrh).
ÍúaD. Àüaii Átubê!ÂÌ, Maaom Ja; Ce ftireè
;;iï1",,"1*,ffJ],
coshya.ôrporaiiôb.
rvjT3e.
A g@d, fún blsth (oyer 650 pssd) nÒvêÌ. ,L liü
oilhrced foÌ ! begim* but dcè[êbi Fâding st s bt€r
ste€. Â olassicoí EBüs litd8tuE
ì{âtâú, Àbdt ohi,lfm,í Dcrì dô
GaÌ.ito CoÌloEtion, 1958.
Á ?l-pagê itsorilriôn of sv€rel
uaú, AMnÌnâriL, 2ffi1 ?@4@ Nijdisa 16 ÁíM.
Lqdon : Iüeú,bq CÈe âoit con!ânr, urÌ zâria:
[húiy8 Côrpoatioo, ]9õ?.
.{ 2Ì8 p&gehistory ol the Mivâl ôf the Briiiôh in
&ltue\E. Ìú, eld,., Zd@ Muhm iÌõ SMúsú.
ZNiÀ : Ga{LiyaCo.!mtio!, 1966.
À 20+pg€ trstnot oI ydiou osío@ Etrdcrd,Ílsof
odt in ofthê çoÌlil's p6dd.
skim€r, Â. ìÌ., ãde ?dÌã od Tradüúm, w\. \'.
Idilotr : ÌBlk Câs, 1969.
Tìió i! ühêfrt of thF€ volu* giying f@ tì6 fst
iiúe m 3.9Ìiú tr$IÂtioD of r- Edg&'s €lesic thM
rclue6lì6tionoíEsurfoÌLÌialeslubÌislÌ€d
in 191113
N I'rt'rj M To1 tuíyoriN IIML
sli@r,4 N.. /Juüd Fadrn4s.l,VjensúUnileEiiy
Á @iletior of rê,ilúgs fúh Eileãr in IÌâüs rith
mÍ6. sônÒ,r in aldfur (Arabic)as{€lt ôsNúâtrüêd
tdaw. Balewa, À$àji sü ÀbubãtaÌ, s/Ei, umÌ.
z8rjè: GaúiF Côrporâtion,1946G€!Ìúted 1955).
TLe ôÉü lovel ol the late trinê Múist€r ôt Nisúit
(49!os6), d€alúAvith thc trâvdE ôf ShehutÌmer fion
Bmu tn À$bia. ,{ì DnEÌiEIiBGlltior bv M. Eiskett
çss pnllh][il hy Iónsn;,s in 196Ì.
296
)97
Mi..eqaw
srDry boôkw ptüíshd w G6híva
Cdpüatíe aià Nor.ltu Nildiab Puúkbitls Conaans:
Ã4 rda {d'.tu (4? pasls of f.U6).
Ì{d Ya Ia Kúafu (71 paga of fsblear.
Áï@
Í29 Wg.e oÍ fsbl6t.
,Sant (tço botlêls, 66 átrit 62 Dts6 of
fMiÍ
helnfüI itrímtiotr fôr êlâm
s[6] Áiiiltenr
'F
JtÉi irgayt (s õr"psg€loYeÌetüe)
Iìizfr Na Xüa'ttow \48 psas oI f3bl6t.
ra íoyt rard" (Â3o-psgê.Ìe@úNr rBde)
Ãr@6
sdjdJid (4 @jor &YoÌ).
IdaúAotanbala(elúútúr
ftÀè').
Labdtu N6 DÈ,Da Nõ va@ ts sh@b' Í.voüit3).
5.
A&rd.i!. T!* ieÌude (sM.I tüstoriol
òEoLsrcu l úst€Iiú hoth ir Etrgürh úd
ÁmeB,DÂvid, ed Ki!s, AI}LoLy, abwr 4 HM
Múi.. . .;n S@í.dContda. Noúhrdta
UtrivNity
DdaioÌ, J. M., I EM
1916,
B.la'ti.d Yd,hlary. 1Ãadóa,
Ht,''s,.!.., úd S.Nsibi,Crrdri'lr oJÁbúa. rrss:
.Lfti@ UnivoÌsiti6P.*, 1962An €rcelÌêltlt illusbstêrl @out
ôf IIau66 sôciêty ú
giU, PoUy, !zÍul ÌJdúa r Á villagè diì a seírin4
Csnbiiìge Univ*siüt PÈ6, Ì972.
Eogb3À,S. J,, ad Â. ü. M. Kük-Gr.,ft, Ihe Etuínlps
oJNotlhün Nìgúid. I4rdon : O*fod UnirrcrsityPrcsq
1966_
Dêtoiledhistôry .f tà! I{eus kingdons
firlr-Geene, Â. IÌ. M-, 'Nslogims ir E!úa: Á
1963,
S@iologrcalÂrpúeì.'
,!/n@, Íó1. xxxlll,
pp. 25-44.
 ilaindi
of many ol tÀê lNoiDltile bofrçingá
@úiúg into Èduâ MeúÌy ihugL conieü çiiÀ
Dürcp€m lessges (?dmily Dnglúh).
Á lÌeìiÌÌinlry Inqü ry 'trtoHsusâQrcnstoloey.
Zâüs: -Ahnrilu Bêiìo U Y€Bity, l9&.
TìÌe stuiliesin tìê ôrigiro ol peEmsl, title Mil pb.ê
-,
Ba Dqbo Bú Na,
Ai, IlM
A colleat'onof 500 IÌrns ?reÌdbs
ÍMì6úi,
Ìbr,àinì, Y.ààr3 Is lhd Beìlo Dòu.,
Ilaüu CúrõN. Z6ris, N.N.P-C., 1968.
,{ uefu.l expGitiôr of IÌÈus cDstom, cra,ft.s,pâstiÍreE,
etc. ?ubÌished h Xnglüì.
RatiràL Ê. S., ía6o ,t lÌ-Ir.,
CütoN, PtôMbs.
OÌíord: Clormilon ?rcs, Ì9Ì3 (rcp.int€il 1968).
-q! iúportânt côlÌêction, mostly gât!€Éil in Noúlem
SniíÀ, MNy I., 3aó4 o/tidÌ". Ìandon: Ì'èbe. md
FaÌre., 1964 (Ìêp!ôrêil 1964).
.{ vahsblo bjos.ophy ôf IIâe vôhân i! EngÌìs!
' úcieit b)' ü. q. snitl.
ìvitL an iútrcduction to lÌôus
oJ
Sdith, ì{. G., fie j8@nó,,, ó/ d ItMa cownít!
1955Zaría, Lo dot : H* ìlojestx'ô sl8tìôndX 06.Ò,
Á iletãileil stuilv of the sonomics of ! Frusâ
Gdqn'tuntit
-{n dcelleni
1800,Ì950_
ZMv.
lolitical
LÕLda : OxforrìUrive.-
enalysú ol a Euso
reiê,
298
Tsylo!, I. 1Y.,oÌil Á- G. Webb, Iie CúürN oJ th.
Eaúú Pêb?L.!ÃadÕa: OdoÌd Uriv6ity Pru. r9l2.
Á üsful @llecüiÕnoI cdúüsl ieÍ6 ; H.üâ md
EngÌi6h.
TremeÂm., J N., Eaúa Svpistúaú andcustM
LÕldoo : J. Brle.
^. Eons,Ì 913(rp.úú€d F.â.k Css 19?01
A lôrge colÌeatìob in Dndiü of.dtxÌ.l
m.r€rBb,
pt@úts
I"h
^rn
Lago6: CDv.ÌMo( PrDFr, lgao (rprúr€d br Crp
wÀÍrrg. c. E. J-. ÍIú@
InFDaÌjôbat. FomborÕugh.
HrD|Á.Eúbtrd. 19'6?).A nâjor @Ue.tjob ô{ 2000 Esusa üd 600 fúâni
?FveÌü úib Ìbglilh trsnsÌstioE.
6, leclhiúlgtrdìes.
LLN oÍ 6hemany t@ìnioel sruú€B
iD Engìiqhee Dot€dhde Íor thos shô rish !o qo boÌ"
deoply úto IIa@ sf,údy. 1ìê íidê! indioat€ rLê õo!üoar
Olhêr inlorrut tehnicâl sdichs iú Eblli6h wiU bfoud ib 6uoh roúrbais is Aíran rM;úe
Studils
JútMt oÍ Aítu;n rin4ua46: Jo*""Ì oÌ wi"t Àhi*;
IÃnsw
. Büttdú ol thP$iwt o! ovÃd aú ÁÍü-,.
tunia,
sturti5 n Álíi@n Li@uÃtw. ,4tnhj nnn
Ilò,Ga. ê1a. ThpF sú, .r edd,tdn, e.ê,si;orudt
Haúss rchda$ qlo cultoúanty miü3 in loDquãsB orha
tlan Eogülh. ÁÌoosth*doD,
Oldeúss; ofÌusôia.
c. cDUflè of Fmn@, J. Lulss of G"rmni: P. Zlm of
ChchosÌowakiô&úd N. Pilv,zilow of Pob ì, In r9?,
the Niqsiôn LÀbÊraqe6 CotE of Àbduìlaln Bs@ô
Collese; Kâúo, pr;duõed íhe Êrsi ilsuê or
ÀÊim
l4!gns$s rêvieq mitt€n jn gsos, EaÌtum^ 'b Nú. ud.
TIê ìncü oomrlêtp ecat list@ of Miti.ss otr H;uei is
[hâï @npil€d by D. W ÁmoÈ ÍÒ" th. ;úsd
rdiiion
(r9t0) of D. W*tenÌaM âúiI M.
Pr\^L, Ih. Iawr
'
@6 af V6t Á{w ,Iú.nsíioBI ^.
Áf.ún Insrúurê)
Cenocho, J., ' Glottalizríiôí ü Haus,' ?rahtr{ri%
of tle PüiÌnlogiql srcíe4. 1952, tp. 1a,ú9.
!99
Coríochd, J., À Stuilx of Quriity in ItuNâ,
BulÌáín oJ the S.túI ol Orímtal ann .4jri@h $raid,
195ì,!p. 10321044
GÈônbere,Jceph H., ' .{rôbicLotn-WoÌik in ll.usa,
IlÌd.i, Ì94?, pp. 86 97.
á?hoío\ogr,'I$g"a!è,
Ì941,tp. 3lô 323.
tt.d4e, CanèÍú T., An oú|tíN ú HMa Grumü,
Búpplen€ú ío Ln u49e,1947.
EsÍt, CÀsrÌ* II-, 'Th€ Modìeúê nÀin Rêl,rioú to d
arcrde. Closjôdiioú of IIaw Vdbels,' J@ru, o/
AÍriM 1an4ur6, 1961,W. 2Sl-240.
*
Á StuduoJE@ S$t4r (3 volMd). Eeirord,
CoEecticuô| I{düfoÌd seúihút Fouil8ììoD BooÌNeNro!, P*ul, 'Id€ôphotr$ From s 8)ntsotic Poiú
oÍ liew' , JMhrl ol Wd Alrietu IÃnsuala, \, r96a,
tP,Ìü-u_
Plmnq F. W., ' Àn Irtnduciioú to S*dôr ú Haus,'
Ahi6 IÃnyrse Stü.|íâ I, 1960,!p. lU 136.
Tb€ Ororaüôr ôr (ltodd in lÌaus: Thc
?e@!ÂÌ Prcmus ! l GêÀiiivo copnb, ltrim
Ltn!úge Studb II, $AL W- LgJ l24.
' Ti€ ODerii on of Geldd ú Harú : Sü.ìiÌia.
Dôpdirmi N;Ìintk ear QüotÂds, Aftiún IÃnaera
,SM;.J 1Y, 1963,pp. 166 207.
aÌrl N€nirsÌidtion il tLê Verla.l
-'SüDDletiotr
s]Igten ol-iÌsEâ', Aftika uìn Üh6eq L\, r97\,
_'
,'The ve.bãl Sxsten in Esú.,' 4ni&a 2,,
Uúese,XLIV, 1960,pp. t 36.
Sclscltêi, PsüI, Á GenerstivoÁccoui of EaN Dê
ú.f Álriat lansvas', \, 1966,
LLã ce', JMt
!!.34-53.
PART FIVE
APPEM)ICES
Key to ExeÌcises
Êaüsato E gliú Exeúfue8: I
4, ghê s sr oÌd rond.
7. He's (my) sÌalilftìL*.
6. It's rot s conÌFund.
?- Tbey sre nol chitihoÌ.
onìr ono hodòto!
no!oiobbÌdDÀNdh4.
rod re woÌd Ìiúôieodqins!.
ft!ú!ü
Gedrt lbr
L
304
30õ
r. Tì6y didn't 80 owây.
õ. ÌIoe my gúvs diit you briDgI 14.
6. GoodL6y€E ! Âlilu [a Iolgottetr úÍ Me
TLN
3. Th€t diilnì briry tüe bdk
4. The girl diih'i atum,
5. Átrittr diiì!'C cone to shml.
2. Dú't lei ôê sül6i 6hisM.
3. Cone Nd sit ãom (to t fenôl€).
Ì. Wìer€ ìs th€ cìief s Àomô?
2. Ee's the ohiefs loy.
3. I bloryLí Grbô's Ìamp.
6. TLê gi.l
'€nt
to the sh@lt*hôr'E f.n.
l The boy went to K.!o Fi6I his motid,
2. You t€a.ì€r rei âoLis Iam tbjs nômiq.
3. Why did you !út youÌ b@k or ny cìd. !4. ÌIy boe ent€redyou fridd's loM,
5, H€ bmueìt my bicyclê. Ee diiln't bÌúg Io@
1. À (ert8ú) hôy {eÌl üto the w.tà.
2. lLis;Í6
b ìibeNigB.
3. You (bw€) llt tìis spon ü thü bo1
4, Ìlì€É is tLe olsn ! TìeÈ'6 tle chsir.
5. ThM !6ple vat to r @rt iú tom.
1. Th* !rê two nôúg@ oú the tsbÌê.
2. ÁJiihneiic is dificìnt Büí I Dd6üud.
3, U€ put the òÁìrD ú his eoutb, ì€ ste (it),
4. Wü*ü úhèlrlgê àor ? BèUohE soú to üi. Àd!
õ, Gooui strrtcÌM tüo iI@.
I! thN food i
r. I d hr@.
t. Did vou b;L! üÂt m ! Y6.ü@b€ú.
3. Iú íú@ s-sr@ú h@ ! Yd {tÀ@ it !ol).
4. E
ch6cìrliim sd. to &hól ! Not t6ü.
'€
ó. EÂm't tou got Ègdy t No (or tüô @trüt,
6. EN is ì[.bú Chrbs. b@Ì. Whdú
m
nirc I
1. Whrt À.DD@.drt Y.Lubul Loe !
2. TL. std;l-hs !s.d D{. Ltì PLÍ
3. Etopdd tie úp tou lddÂ
4. IIi! ìoe tu stiftlt io iü. üom,
to ìü Êi6d'3.
õ. Ee
'êt
l lêlo breu{ht a n4t2. Tãtô thm ihf b@k úil Rtu qücHY
3. who sôvôyoo ihe eagsI Tne bEilsr si úe sid€ol il€
4. 8nêvat to nârkêi, sì€ bolgLí u e4eÉi@ Im
6. Youít) pick€dt[d n!. You(r)t ok then lô your
w
306
r. I om v6ry ìúgry,
!@@
of thÈ I vitl êsi now,
3. Tüe ú Doorc Fhon ú!€t f@Ì,
1, WÌôx * rs dôrc st KrÌo tìe dãt beforerÁt€ld,y
5. I ilidr't * tàGe t]ìÈt Iôü {Mt thêe.
3. lllÌlr úll yotr (r) do ? Ì shsl rüuú tô iom ,ft€r
4. Wü tou IEXne ihe tressôf yo.Ì brip !
5. Áft )ou g!úg to mdk t toilay ! ìo, stp goin8to
1. Eê fell iúo the wstê!.
2, r|.ftd ô€ ilM we vü so to tl€ càiefì.
3. r ìe reüüm rle! I úsii so.
4 H€ itid hiâ wdL iike a òo;
r. 6ôb
r go b€ d
6bo.
6, Tle guesí püt Lú !ì@s uder my cìEí
Ì.
,.
3.
4.
õ.
6.
I ilob'ü hsre {evr íEEiu unldútâ'
Hi. firher i, 6r;ú
r@."
Mt vjlè is rd}ils yery rê1l ôõ üle iam.
the cbiof h8t6 to obê @d irlk to u t hômF
(MI) rifo ìs ou {oôd ü hd !trt.
Tìe !s
e of thst tom doúit ilânce,
1. 8Àeis ilÌi!ÌjÌg vstôr.
2. Doeshe opo íb€ il@r ! Y6. trêooeB írt).
3. Do úey;U horo o.B ! Ys, ràú #x lrhú).
5. TLie voÌk is üot itificdi,
Ì. Wlere is the rú!êI I gÀr€you yostdil6y ?
t. whi.[ loFy sill you go in !
3. I sn r tind ôf dsnoethrt I !ãdn'í *@ bâfor€.
4. lllen€vd ìô côn6 I ilatr t mrt to @eÌüm5. I vor't ìuy úXôìing âi ndk€t today.
l. !oEj* LiIèiI nDy leoplê lÀstX@Í,
2. P6pÌe rut doci.s ío do uìêi. voÌk çell.
3. Menâr strcryer tüe *ôúêr.
4, lyì€E de tht @mpoúds id rhich v€ lelt oür Ìoails
to t[ê l€adiq nm of i]e tosn h*âuse
5. ÍIë Fú;
they vmt(etl) b€ tó i3& to then.
l. SoEerÀr@ãesDlârcslsnd€dot rdo.
2. ThG b;kn* fôì rod obtÂinedo litílâ.
3- This littl€ boòki6 bobt* fttitús than that big ôrc.
4- üttlê childÌm .r€ plsying ü the oìd maÃ3 lonê
6, Eê ptrr oú ([is) biSgom büí didn'í iLnce.
l_ Duing tüe riúy
ssotr ihis nvq flêd i. íhe brin
!. Àl or us got Ìp ,t tìo Àth€ tin€, vê threw bib
1. Tìê !.ôpÈ eho üe .ôm ús nU stsy hde ! ìo rim.,
2. 15€ one sho caDè üodst Ìeít ÊorLy.
3. Wlm I ew Lih âtl of 6 sudilen Lê nôüt
d Lis io.se
304
x09
L Lbg Bgo,üêF Ms tu old mrn EIo pr€lôRd his fem
rú úoe€dgeor tbE road.
5. Iljs iDpêrÀtivetbst-tbêye€,
"oÌÌ rigòt "roy. Wü
yon arvè r @ rhm !
Ì. TÀ€y dimisil
3 Dotrì yóu (pi.) eoEt, núhrne Ie ì3ppeled yêr
4. rou ri the bNiD. Afi€r úairsrer üìe bo!6ê.
'n yotr r€veiÌ you ftúer
6. Why *oDì
Irem çiiÀin ,our
Làú ?
2. Irr meüúêe;]
If
€üoÌrÁin rìis worÌ. tvìy. ìsvê!,t
)!u g.t íired ? WotrÌ yor Ì@vê (ir) t€i ?
J . rv € n ô ! ú *e n tb j styp € o fd ú cê . L e i m etr vr oilor È.
GodÍôrbd I Gôods;ÁoB, yôu çon'r besbt; tu do Í |
4. I üalkedto bú, lost Feek but he [.sn t rôr'med íh'q
5. lq tlìe psst they úd€ ho6es bui boç thev DFÍcf
caB. lÉttatso ? Its t.uê
L I üsd plaúed to eo to hi6 home(rby.st) ro eRêi
uD, iôà Ì heardtne bem and d{ided ú woúd be
best for ne to t€I hih.
2. BefoÉ he (ÍNr) câec Ì lúd wôrled ìerc À lônÊ rine_
3. WÀm I c.n€ Dpon hin innsrlietety n€ búk;üú. .
Is ouÌ íoôil rìl gorc ? No, th€rêis s Ìiftle Ìefr. Do yóu
mú
l
mo tô o@k $be noÉ !
6. wiU fte Ìlúrsr€r of EdxBiiôn aÌve a lDeeoàar
GMU ? Y6.lêts get rcsdyând so.
2, It rü be ìôst íor yoü to w,it ì@ fo. ÃoÍ, Bôfórê
,!u Ì€túh !g8ir ii çilÌ be ío.dtiúe.
3_We l€pi skjDg .vortrì€B il tôm but ve goi no
Ìrq âon (LÈ) \{orÀ.
1 May tu lemit u ro be sü€èsfú.I ü oü iBdi4_
thi6 doesDot LsDren Íê'[ Iâvê to hÕmr
r. Wlt I forgot to lriDg ihê food côokeil. I brcught it
4, E6vom! 1ì m*iÌ8 ihin8 hôppgleil Xêet€rdryiightaed úe & tìtt I
t&o úi& ôf d dl'lm€
6. I'n goiDgio tle @t€d to hDy riD€d food, bottleil
bd ânit {son€)ot}€! i}itgs tl8t I E.d.
l. I !..d to cut útrúolotì. PicLu?tì. sisoB ânilü€lpúe.
2. E.ì trot  lrcMr of goodcÀ.@têr, E. k tryiry to
ke@ bY fr@d frcb lobt3hjn4 rork.
3 Wt'd È. hd út€bd ìir mÌ€t siaü beeü doú ed
1- IÌl mit lü Én. T!.t id. I sÌltll sit
ìèrc etiì he
í Th@ @ inò@tios thet you wiu ìlwe túüìtlê ìBre if
yor do!'t !êl@tè yoü tìiDgs dgtt sv!y.
l. À sm!€ ìii tLê nMg€r but tbe detor g.ve àütr
mèdioioeso lü8t Lê got vêü.
2- IIe s not . H!w, àé's6 Fdâlj. But in spitê of this
l€ sprsksthe Kano disleú (ôf srB) w€n.
3. Zdis is suth-wst ofKâm. Kst€i@ iÊtõ ihê norih4. We iôil plsnrcd to work togetheÌ but àe w$ idtê.
to seìl at nd[eí.
Beoaü@of this I I&!
'nything
is
no
ore wno c.n do this
5. Mces h ân expeú. TÀôÉ
Wc sÌroìnil eng.ge hin
nork êÌcept hin âìoÌe
310
3rÌ
Etrglishto EausaExercises
l. Wenan siilo rúld úà ?
3. ünlàDi! Eakeuüi
2. 8i 4é,
Ì.
2,
3.
4.
ó.
3, YÂli nà.
bài ci Àtirci ba.
Itrãtii ità üòdna 3e lÀn siiianüÀ jiyÀ.
Ì!n liìiriia
? rÀ si rú ciki! drtì!â. oà !ãLÀ,
Cidsúúü à xâúà !ë. lúõ lakÀ ?
übmlÀ yã fìt! sÀti t Ler hsryÀ! EMò.
YÀubà Àbõklni ya ci àbinciúà. DÀ iãiõ.
2, Eh !i rMcàn túèrà !en.
3, Vrdaú!!
rÂÍÃ. WadÀúeâ! úõ.
l Yãlilri tã lrui À Imjtuã.
2. Ìtõ yi ÈBkuà cilir tLli|i:m.
3. Y. h&i Èèkádíì gidMÀ.
4, üín bi Leyà À biltiú Ìòci.
6, EÂi !, ÀLwaiEüiôE t!ÌFÀs eikiú rmqà! úõtÀ.
l, úütün bÀi ei sõla b..
3. Yãúiryi btr tn tÀí sõnã hs,
4. BÀr yi likì hs rühr&
5. aà À Lãrô ttrjàrã bs.
d&rprchod4usi\!o
oo! m! rèrbnú rsuin\ rhe
hq. rh€ ksmhrors ü deúúoì b ;!rde
I rL. Elslsi Bihq rh; b b
2. Tdyr I 3nìsa! ZÀus !
r,, Eü rõ Eü ci àbirciúò À gid.úúò,
l
l.
l3.
4.
313
uqÃtntn dãçõ(!i!)? Â'1,[Àr{dãrôb&
EeüòbÀitiô r&ô jiya ba? Ã,1, rarà
ÀLr.i.iÈ ? J, Àlçli .üì dÀrÀFà òDEô bÀbüÈüdi
ÂlrF.i ÊFri dÀ E.ileã !â! ? Àtrri D.it.rtr aDDã
5. {a ji rmrt.
3. Ìaa!èEi r'Hti r&edbi! iábür ÀúDn btrng@
,1,Ìilú !A darõ wtÊ Eni zrwi $i tn tÀvësht.
5, lite L. ri Eilt ôúi rÀ ÌÀ sÀDi kÍn d!{t rArè
rlirôp
!. tu ta! rü sld
cili! ilrçü
ilioa.
4. Ârilü ya rüli aiita rhar.Niiyt.
5. li llÁ lam{õ i tui,
,. Yi rìm raíi IkLõ vúàr.
3, Yül itò bòbbr! itlcê gÀbú giitluà.
,1, túÀ dÀ,y!o,rr. (sÈitÃ)!lü r Fdô,
5. Bl D iìr rhr. Don Ârl kôitÀf,ÀÉ lElbi !
6. I'l& yeà m hè teú tú cildú lúeh tsn b..
L Aôll túa ôìúà, Rüé.nÌ.
l. ti !ü O ? l, ÀDD. nòt F Lr h..
,. Yi rlúi úiEl. L d,.d thi. luert!ì
drsur
3. Uú he Eúgt..ò (srdi) !rü oitú Eôta!À, {Etì
ra! rl
n rü.
3. Yúà rÀyè! Àbilci? I, taúi 3Úê.
4- BÀrÀ húrÀsútú bt ? À'1, tõ !õtl.
5, Yel iràee dÀÈnvnnÀi úwi À LAüt
{, Ia úiryì E&ò lbirci ciliú úurr. bÀbnúfttca.
5. Yt rayi tare !üì. Baúú itÀÌtrìb!.
,. wúcÀn nÀcètsll drì ú!.
l. z. nü rú r.ra a kl.lri
sòb..
2. Ba 16 ÈÀtàl ElLlrúlt ür,
3- Zn rò tòEbúa l,ò tÀ bõ rü tadÌ.
4. Ili ri Ìs 2 zi ú yõvò.
5. Gàb. úõtÀo B.Ilò rÂi tú (eò,
4 cl yfuÉçâdÀlilò ,ô !ü tàd ciLi! Eõti.
5. Zd nü rinè rü À ruitr itÀ údlÀ 3u sü jÚ4.
zâi Lãró ilôB!
l. Íõ !s! tìl fi ? {úi
I, Tí so Ìúrulü dÀ üb8sà À 8iit.uü.
9, (õ ú kõ ila rôi !õ Èl}*srta sòb. dÀ .nlè.
itÀ zÀ"ÀôI
t. Ì!a ts tÀôiÈ bôl&úü P
3. WÀcèidn rüà naLs Lnrõ dtuèLú6 ?
,1. &l itÀ !iÈ ità ya*ò kõ'bn cili! sÀd! !an.
5. côn rô gc !úli! itÀ Ya tõ gÀÌt jVÀ.
314
lli
l . Ákç.i mi&irà!üú itÀ y4a à Â&i.hètr ÁitÌà.
2 . üà$irõ rul
lüjèú ità ysri cilü sidÀt€un,
'ra
3. Wader! liilÀttilúi sui da tit ú!üõri I cih.
4. Bnhü úôtôcl dÀ ylv à s!d@n t!übè.
5. ürótà $dÀúitÀ sú Ì. tre liyA ún rè !m râu,
{. aü dldà À ÌttièdrÀ bs Ànbã tn ÚÀ IIru6 Laúar
jiüú Kúò.
5 tnÀ !6 tí ci hãlbì ilònin t! sAti t.hu{úr mõta.
w.dasr nslàli 3rúi 3ôh gtvÀ Dsü úbirh 3òrI.
2. n6 rÀna sàì ysli aiÈ. shi úÀtÃnlÌi !è Ya ibd6 v.!l
l
3 , DÂ ún yõ ròrits tÀ dd.Àta nÀ! hd h ,õ' ÀDúi vrDtr
til !u àbiú dÀ rãi yi ba.
't_ f.ili yi cô, ÌôdÀ lÀ rôÌè za*ì sidsúÀ t- 6 tvtr lt
3. DõttlrÀ rã tsi nlwr
4. cAiôln da yâwi rúi
5 , Y. úÀ gân!. Ànúã tsnÀ úsò rüYá !irn.
1. llõri vadilÀ !s s.II 3ãb!rã itrr cì.
2. Güilr esFndâ
$ $rô ntt.
L Zã tÀ.àilrÀ Ànúoi y& yl!.
r. NsrÀ-lrrÀ !ë swóbàP rw.n;Lw.ìò (!0, bl ra.ì.
2- cii D È rà eà rõ cèb.Ànsn m,õ iivÀ
itÀ v.wi a
3- Àrsúi sbúúorÀ BÈsr b. itÀ úìnlÌì
Íõ n LrÂu ò ci itÀraffetrÀhinci dÀ iÀlllsrhoÀ oçl
4. Ili !ô h rü sirrtuàaòLn!.
5. Àr jtnò ÌÀrÍe rô nü iõúl sidlionbò.
5. Iits hÀ! yi jsr!Àbiwr br
l Eô. tl zühitÀ íbr ! ElEa rbì Ìa sbìss,
L Ãò dlÌÌl 6id rrÀklrÃw!Ì Ìl!Ã zi ! rstrÀ 3òbo
3. XE hühatè 16r!õ !hÌ tblra ? l, ti !h!,
4. 8Àúta dÀshi !ô!. Yòúh tEÀlts dÀrài.
5. üú fsìè ròÌ, úü ttryú dÀihr.
t.
rrÀ 3ò tA iàiEàkõ Dl ir Llu dÀ !ijüô! dirtiíÀ trÍl
tõ .! jiôi.
3. r! hitú, zÂl lirÀ rht !ô! süÀLilà
'Âi
W.i, vã sm tìl t
). aan aúú DúÀ Àgõso!Èò b.
ó. Bni ci br iükü!!,
l. Ilã dy&ci siibú ldÈi amúÃ yõ ngi yÈ iàt.
2. xÂi reeàn 6üinn yâ citÀ Âslrr ! dshò itò Fú!ü
3. Á!i mwõ dÀ y.rì
rlÀ ilàÈrì..
Ì.shiúÀnlar!èEakÀ !é.
Don bà ? Dònin Àã hqíÀ BÚa
xadl tÀ sâvl EâlÀ tÀ vi ú!LÀ w.!j
310
2. JtD LAdú n.'ÀiLèta dúki .ukà itô.
3. xirõ
móbúdi !!r. B{.i ìú búdò tôÈ.
xi dalltã Èild.n he ú.trtdi !trtd lnd Lsa k0!!è,
5. Ila t DBani ìil.D DitsÀ tú rõd ritl
ru*r zri ei
{.
Ítanslationsof Dialoguesrnil Fables
B. Greetinss êt (you.) comins, Ie.
B.
L
B.
L
r{ôw s (Jóu4 rì&dnss l
TÀere's!o tiledns.
ÌIowt (you) work ?
(I m) íhskftr lor work.
L
B.
Ì.
B.
L
The ne{s (is) o y sood.
Good.
Did (you) Êl€êpvêll !
Ìinê.
Hw'$ (xoÌr) lanily ?
L Gúod. (se roü) tomomw.
B- qood, nôy côil iaìÌc !s (í]] tôDômç).
M. Cood,uiil t noEow.
À. Okây, Drt Cod iate us (tô ionorcr).
318
319
Y. Greetilgsât ydr 6mìô3Dsd.
Y- Wlo Íenú to xom !
D. Nq not nltiÌ tôborrow.
Y. Gooil.
B. How s lyou) ds)r lsouÌg)t
B. Ilort (yôu.) üeilÌes ?
G. TlêEh no tiEdns.
8.tu,
Àd. I3 tìis conpouil yotrs ?
Ail. Wl@ is you. fs.m !
Áb. Ther€t ny íárn ovêr tn€re.
Áb. I 6nieÀodplÈntúg t síerilôt,
-{il. I'i!e, s}e! üil yor staÌt !
Ab. Ât the ìegimiDg of this nontì.
Ád. & foÌ nê, Ì h3va'í ffìiÊLedúúe y€r,
Àb- Tìrf's oÌây. I (Law€ío) BonowAd. O}ãt, util lnoíhd tine.
Àb. I'úe, nay tu tÂÌe u ([o morhê?üinô).
G. IÌowe yoÌ @ne Íell ?
a. Fine, Ìorhilsk ms.
G. Is yolr tutuüy weü a
G, Gooil. Did ìe so ro herkêi !
B, No, ìe diibì e. tô msÌÌet.
C. Olrãy. (S€ yÕtr)Ì&ú€..
B. Okoy. (sêÈïor) let€r.
K, Sôhê ?eoPleh&Ì€ @mêto oür.aúpounil,
M. Good,I've bDught foôd fDa D*Ìet toilèy.
K, Clood.Thereì pl€tríy of ilrirkiús {ster ioo
ì1. Tìe ohiêíof the àownbe @m€.
K. (You'e) rigàt. Iì€ ìas ome Fiü str inpor[Ânr bd.
ìÍ. ls íàet mm o cìiel ús ?
K, Y6, tris boy lãs lmtrglt s lereeÈox.
M. Good,vìrtri s in iìé box ?
ÌÍ. Tvo atrdtlrêè N€ Èo* m.Ãy ?
À, Tìis is the bìcycÌeôf the ctiei's &n,
U. OkÀy,Nh*eì Âuduì hicycld!
Á. TÀer it is tu iLe lnt
M. Thri's right. IIov.boni sìÌ rnd soven?
M. tu-
lou tim6 iwo iElow mory,,
3n
D,
M. No I Yoü Dade ô qilteke.
D . (Ì-oü'e) risüt. It\ onÌr,eiglìr.
M. OÌÌty. Hov mny is six tÍncs íhÌee!
D.
M. G.od. Ìs t1ìislrithmcti! dilìcdí ?
D,
M.
H. Is your fanüX weìl ?
Y. Y€rx well. IÌãve you cone ÍcI ?
IL Fin€- Noihing s wmng.
T. Goôd.Ent€r,lel'ssìt do*nII. Gôôil. Gosì, the sun is lDt tadsy,
Y , lY o Fl n g h t. B ot. bÌi ìg,l ri nk i ng
ratê Í
'
d. r \e comero gftêiyôu.
Y. çood. Th$k (ro!). ãavc you @nc tôÌn hôrÌ€t !
I{. No, I\c oone Êon ìomê just mw.
Y, Fine. IIêE\ veüer to drinL.
H. Gooil,rhDks_ r (hev€ro) so no{.
Y. OlÀy. Unril ,nofher tine.
I{. Ìirc, untìl &nothertin€.
U. -4rethere I)otôtes et úarkêN toilôy ?
G, No, but ihere de â Iôt ôf y!N,
M- Gooil. IIôw hncü do yèns cost ?
G- r sLilü.g snil5 kobc io 2 chillilgs.
M, Wo{ ihey m expe$ivê |
G. Not m I Thêy sÉ dl ls€o.
M. TÀ8t s dll righô. AÉ there also bananas!
G. Yes íÌreE src, òut not nant.
M, Irine, lÌor obort grav$ ?
32r
O. Á lôt. TheÌe ere tlso plèmíyof nang6 3.d oitÌus,
M. Aood. Lctì s. and8et Go'na).
B. IIoN núrc[ dos a bicycl€tyÌe côst !
ü, Wcìì,ther€aÉ iÌrrEêkinds- TheF ore*hib€,blÈck
B. Fine,hÕr nìucndo6 4h 6t3
ìÍ. ÁNhitc oaek r nsiB, 6shillìígô,
B. !Vow,th.i's €xpeúive !
Ì1. But tbi's íbê b6t om,
B. Êow sbout. bl,.k one!
B lvhÀl Àìoüt s r€ã one!
U, The red on€s árc the Ìedst qPo$iv€ &t I mnt.
2 sìnlngs.
qood.
B.
B. Ok!y, Ì'll buy thè wüiü€one lor I @io, 4 snilings.
tl. No sôle. Tìtt's the pricê ôf È hhok orc'
B. .4rl Ìight, ho* nüoh is the reÀlPrice.1
ìÍ. I Ì€duoê(ihê prioe)3 kobc.
B. I incMso (ny p.ice) bY 5 ltobG
M. CoDq con€ no{ $ |
M. Pôyn 55.
B. oki, I odr (you)ìl 5'0M, I'lÌ âgr€eto ìiÌ 52Ì
3. Goôd,!êrc'e thô noneY.
À. whercÀÌêyouBong KãndcI
K. I n goihg lo ihe oarh.n Lo Lúl a nes LudJ croth
32t
322
K.
A.
K.
À
K.
To lni @ to go to tìe dâìôa dre d.y â.itêr
Gooil. Bon you pEônt body cloth is nô
You'rc Ìishi. It he Roliv lot olil.
tìd rotrr huÊbând
srveyòuìF nôD.r. ?
No I I {ld (sme) tqDuts.
M. GmeÍDgsD {yoú)vdl Dogo.
u, ur€cbnssrÌ 6our) @úma.
M.uor s qyou4iloy igorn$i
D. Fúè, notìiDg Ercrg.
ì1. Gooil.
D . Â Eto u h e â d rgl órtos n ?
M. No,lm juú ôuütor a stsu.
D, OÌry- Lêi's sit dom âìil chrt.
M. OÌÀ]. IÌereì (bnê) ao.d shad€.
D. GedDcs, ú\ (uJy) lot today I
M. You're Ìieht, ií's the tjne lor iü.
D. Right.
M. I À€sÌyou siÌl go to I(Ènó tomorc$..
D.\c6. I lì eb hy lony itr the ooruÊ.
Iu.Good,NhaüyrlìyôtrdotbeF?
D. Ih ÂoinÂtô sêI hy @Dea6q in the m.rket.
U. Cüi. will 10" EtoeÍoru in KÀn. I
D. Ys. rn, sôi;s to jo;k tô; woÍk rb{e.
M. Fúe- lv]|n vill rou ntDn (here)I
D, Not uriÌ ne{t month.
IL Gôód. I havêtó s. nos,
D. O[ry. (Seêyoü) ;ìen I reiun fró'n Kano.
M. Right, nay yotr refurn efely.
J. I vúr 1oratL ro üh€h€d of rLe hou@,
G. TLê Ììeadol tld Àouseisn't leÌc iodÂ),.
J. OkE , Íìôn sil ìe letm ?
ç. W!y,I iloaì knôv. Eê Ími to LagG.
J, Diil Lê g0 bI aeropllht !
J. Ho' I@y ilsys wìI ìe stây tìeF ?
C. Oì it ron'ú bo no.ê tlú a s@}.
J. Il !ê eoinato buy úDÍrü* thm ?
G. Po!À;\'.-Bur h; vent baâus bh hrotherhNd'êd.
J, Wìll ÀenNí probobìyÈtuh neÌí vak !
J. wlen he Éluns ttll lin I úeedhis helP,
q. oÌ", rll tell hìn.
J. G@d. (s@you) Ìet€Ì.
G. OlÌeX,Gcêyoü) Ìater.
T.
A.
L
À.
I! sìmÌsorÌ whaí jÈ üh€ncí dificüli for yon !
WslÌ, only üitlnetic giv€! úe iolllle.
Is íÀst riqht ! ülìat about Easliíh ?
Well, Ë.'sÌLì ú very iliÍ[onit bu0 arithnôtio is
1t, Rsedingis't diffioult 3
A. No. It's e$y. Ì€ldins id ds (rêry) djoyâble.
T. Good, Do Iotr rmd á lot ?
À. Y6 inde€d| ,AlÌ íLê rime.
T. But you côr't ilo tÌiihhoiic ?
Â, No,I oü do (ú) sUti8ht. But it is di6cült.
T, OkÀX. Qorti.ú Fith your efiorts.
Thô Èym, ihe üzerd ãnil t[e Dôg
In oldentins th€F @ a ìytu. Oneilay sheças yety
àu.gry. Sosì€ ôrcs atul r€ntouí. Slìêwd i@ÌingIo.
food wÌìentlôre rrs a lúâÌd st€lirs beÈG. WAo shê
sãi the Ìimrd sìê úughr ìin. Shêms oboui tô aô Lin
324
326
8o shosâid(tõ ÈeseÍ), .Lú De
helore I r.tnrn to @tch ihô dos.'
So Êlìciook úe lizdrd I'oìnc
'$rhcn she rèturn€d sbe didn'i *c tle
dos- Wlile she
Nre têÌnìs LÌrcli?ard ìrone tlìc dÕ!Ìrm offúto rìe bnsh.
\Ìlier ille htem retürÀeil lône sìê diòfr !@ úlÌe
lizâril. While she w&sloôkiq for the doa ihe lizard leiì
tì€ Àrena s lÌol€ and went,iniô tlê bush.'
The hJonn vs maed, shc sid, ' lYhy, vhâtdd you
seekin the \Íó.1d, il it is noi }oür lor, you won-t sôr (ìr) !
S. (Ity) site tôlil ne yo{ are not Ncìl.
S. \41ìát's boiherins yor !
s.
B.
S.
B.
S.
Or, (I'D) sony | IIeve you tako (sôb€)Dedicinc!
Ìes. The ddtô! sÂve ne a shoí.
Goad. Is ilÉr€ sìso â rêvÈr ?
Forhrc.Ìl' there wâí but iNis bett€. nor.
G@il. lÍhen did iilìiíyou ?
B- Wht it \ãs yêstêrdeX,v[ile I Nâs (woÌìrìnson
S. Wêll, I l,opeiìãt Go.l Nill nrÈô (Ìdt better.
S. Wìsi sre íl€I doingir tosn ?
L WLy thcy'Ìe ducing ihe neÌrl
S.
L
S,
L
deXdanciDg.
Góôd. l{hat kind oI ilândins do they do ?
Eyerykird. Tnercs tu kind thai tì€y {ìll Di dô.
À!e theÉ r lor ôl peoDìetherc 3
Thdc @ú!ìÀly;el_ Tnero àrô Ììe. an{ì wonêDj
childÌ@ Md old folÌs.
S. !iì;ìl they a[oe ne tó go dnd v .h?
L WìrI ce sinìy ihet ll lgÌd ! Let'" go toF€lìtêr.
s. G@d. -\Ìc roú s.ús to don.e?
L Goodh.a\?;s, adôn tJan@ an nôÌc lrtr too old!
L IÌoÌ sì,ôut yoü ? Do róu vdnt tô tÌy (tlis ilTe of)
S. No. I an'í dô you tind of dscitrg.
L Oüsy, lei s j6t 6isú ànd F&ich
Everyone IIs O!è wìo Is Srúng€r Thsn IÌê Is
IIe vls lbont tô
Onê dsr s snolÌ bìrd ciÌdt o
'om.
€ôt it ì;ìen the wom diãl ont ssiúe. ' PIêM let oê
- The btd sid, 'No. Why, I'n goú8 tô olt yotr,
ldsus ln stre!3r tban you qe'
So !è Dickedup tlê tiitÌe som ond 3t ú
When hê 6niúed atin! it s b'Nk Êdw hnÌ So tlìe
hrwÌ @üqht iLe litìlê òirã, !6 he was sbout to ot hinÌ
iLê bird c;ied oul syins. 'B€ psiieÌt üt! nìè, lêi nÌe
- the hsçk rcÍ6ed sJilg. wby.you sÈnLyÍ@d foÌ
tod.r, b{6ns I0 sbrcog*ihs tou oÉ
sô Ìhê lu" I rt€ ihe bid tìlt Lad 4ten t hÊblile $ on' '
BefoE the h3sL lsd iriôleil €iinà thô bid à griGon
feìl ulon him. Sô t!€ nàÍk begs ta orX ôüt, butlhe
srilon didn t releo* hiD bm8üP sIê w.s úrônger in3r
liiil€ shile ihc arifron íeN up üto the sir' SLÈ
-Aiter o
Ji,lú tq€t ver' fàÌ (úr.diy lond beforeúÈÍelran atôLv
l'ôÌ bodr'. \\'l'], è ccriÂ,nhuntêr ha,l sên hêr Ând
'n
The sri{ôtr hàd coac up âgànìst tÌìd one Nho q.s tiÌe
n6
L G!sh. ú1rc6ine'r s*on
321
is EsIÌ
uoon üs !
H. YouÌe
$€nr to rr" ;À
@ì]lilÌ'r 'gòr.
gat &ros.
th*
^.-i.s.
r
l{- It ü @npleteìXiÌÌl ! Tô tüe ãtetrt thâí rle ôE€trgrì
o{ tbe cumi nsdc hè fsÌfì,l
Ì]. Thst s c.rt3idy smcthing to fd. lü 6 leÌy sriIr.
ú. (Your) ÌieÌt I Wàr, em€Ìüne ihc$i€s a Ie$ú ô0,
L. Tbst s su. Ìf $mêo!eIrls h À€Mìld,ê
E. (You'rc) risnt I This Lúil ol a .ivd is M ôviÌ rhins.
!. well. sìar sh,[ yê ito ?
q. WÀy, v€'[ Ìsvo to foÌow s iliftehr .@d.
L. Boí rtroíls úsd {Ìlì be íverv'l@2. ìYotrtií!
L. Yôu re riqhr. wê ìsvô ro @ i!ê ìo@ wor
II O&!r, ktb Ao.
ú. You'verctüned Ircn tLe eity, àeverÕú ?
B. Y@.I Ftmeit LÌeibr b€fú yomiav mom;s.
U Fine. But I hêúd làst there çs tioübiê tlêB. B. Thst s foÌ cdrrìD ! Wov ! Sônô @mpouits oourht
ôn, il bE€il úì€n lI) ohpletely !
U. Gosà| (Tìose) ÌÈolle ne oeúrirÌly !Ìfoúusi3!
D. Wht, In olsy. It ilidn't comên€oÌ FheÉ I ss
ü. Glod ! PÉvjouü M
úìotrgüttìst lerúsp! jt ÌÌrrl
onc ncar wh€rcyou wêÉ.
B. Nó, Ii ilìdnl bot!êr $ 6t ãÌÌ- tsut snê boil o loi ôf
U,
B, l{hy, otrô dât' I net . ôienil ôf nirc md N}ed hin
âboüüì!s 6e, II€ siil iÌÌcü @úpoud Àd bueit
U
B.
U.
B.
U.
M
ì€âvôB ! Wìlt diil yÕu ilo ?
wlry, I lud 10 trr lim & d.co in ny rcoú
Iine, hú wìãt !ápponed to hiE tsúily ?
O} tLey stêy€Íl at otutl€r PeMn's ìôho
Wn€n wiìl tìey (lè anle to) sl4rt a ÌeP
Ml
B. Thèt von't wrii 1ons. The/[
dil síart .ight sú'.
U. Gool. IÍsy H heìp tlen.
gâíLeÌ thc rútc|i6]s
Áüdü ãúd Ni
.{du uil -Aìi v€É iBveilúg. TheX *dÒ o! theiÌ Íày
to úsÌkât úú (mms) soodr. Áll át oôcê them ças
áônêthúg et thÈ side;fihe psth. Àli prckedit up strd
l@kêd ât it. Wby ii wN a bag ot muêt !
SoÀudu sad, GsL, se Isft lsllen iúoìuoLtodot!
3 troLsvê fallm intoÌúcli ! Orisit/
Ài6dd,'th.t
vLo ìave fsllú úto luck ! '
Àndn sid, ' Olsy, thâre it your çsy), nal God grânt
Tìer cÕtrtiÌüed on ílìei. vãv nntil ihev @ne io à
Audu
foreú. Thd sme hishsey úòbeB teÌl on ú.n
Thô ÍobbeF folbscd sft€r
âad Áì tek olÌ od úê ro
âJiêr âwìiÌe A.li got tiFd bee@ ót lìis ì@vt laa.d
E€ said. 'Àlãs. Tod'y ve lrv€ faÌÌen jnl,o sfoÌüüê.'
Àüdu 6oid, ' W!àt 3 IÍ? ìâvc i8Ìlen úto uisiortunc.
O! ú it r@ Íhô ÌN íallê! int nidortue ? '
The Fniibât Do6r'L PBY T,xN
Oíê d.y tì€ ki.g Òftìc âtrin.ls ooleil Àis rcFe$ìiative
(tuhìtt) anrì Mid to hìú. ' Go everrryhdê ú ny @utrt
329
328
to tÀê ìon6
of alÌ tìè âninôls ând @llet têr6 fto'n
Th ", d l ì ? i s si d . Ma vyo u l i v€ l ô n g ,Iil doilr gb'
So tÀó t aÈ!,t qent sU ovd th6 Lúd Dd oollÊotèiltLê
br Í b b e \ c r t h o mê . B u Ì r[6 h ê @mê b r bp hôhÈôI
iho fÌuitbat {the laiieÌ) refutrd tô Be tìô honey.
' wny, r'ú norotrê;insl,' $id üio'muftbãô.. iÍeu, js
thdo âny de of tl€ flbj€t€ of the kilg oI th€ Ánimals
sho às vitr8e lke I nsve ! Is theF ;ny wbo m ty
i! tüe oü ükê DÊ ? Welì, l m Ãot so@ to Davtaa* to
tbs Ìús of thô sbj@a16.'
TÀsi ve tbot, The dlrô of the kill of the Minds
Ieft hih úd Èúmêd to iho Dâle ua toìd úe ki@.
Tbê!iog, foÌ bs !rí, übought;bú ábdsid, ' WôX,hÃ
rjabf. Ihe btritlâi iB noüou kiid, tÉsíoìjm elú€.'
Ïbe &n dsy rhe llang of rhê bndc @u€d ts reprc,
$nt8tivê
{@Àni'!) úd
strf
lin
io @lleat ts!*
at hiD Byiì*, ás for ne, I ei't DaehiD iud'E !ê rou d€r sd r biÌd mÈ ìsÌb, hesid. O.
oDêwìo dres bnth to it€ vou! úvê úd ì@tfeils
iÂd I Come,
@m€| l.n ;oú s ;biai of tte kin! or rÀe
Wìd rò€
Éime.l to tbe palM ed rôld th€
'diii they (âll) ssÌeed ihe íruitbâi iÊhoi e
kitrg ól úê biÌde,
Fo. this ÉMí ühefnitbst is bciwir.i âtril ìetween :
ìe isn'i rn ânihal, he isr't s òird.
T. WIcrô are yon going
T. $nÌe. WIìe.èdo you *ÕrÌ !
D. !Íell, l'n cÌerÌ at o csnt€d
T. Is tlàt so '? I tlonslÌí Ìou ì!êrê in shooL
D. No- Lãú reaÌ I lc{ (t.;. hoyingconpì€r€d)PrnNÌX
S.lool. I aonÌdD'igêt irto S€conilôrJsohoôl
T. Didn'i you pâÉsibe exaúiìàtior !
D. À-o,ìt ;aí vêry dificult fôr nê. Bli r!âi's olruv,
3incèI ve (b*r dÈleio) get{órk
T, Goôil.
What Ìjnd ol work do yôü do ?
D- Well, I hrlc vârioü8 iohs: snêtÌrrcs I Èúânse
gooib som€t,tuesI sll goôd:, soEetimn even tì0
húil cleÌÌ civc\ mê p8pesork to
'1orrom EurcÍìeaÂ
T, Hn. aÌ mo+ or yo;r Àúdq bDugl'i
But íow ihey hove stsrt€d to mske oe.ttin
tLinÉF ú this coEtry lúe shôôs,aloth, cêment lnd
D. Y6.
tmm
6v.fy büd. $rì€nüìô{sÃiÌt qin€ to rò€fruübsi'sìono
ed os!€dìin fd tbe tu Domr ih€ Êuitbst laushed
T. Daüd !
D.I'n headedÌúìnè- Ive iusi no$ le& \ro* hìal
T. G@d I Is it t ue ilEt Ìroitled dti.Ìs are oilv ÌÌnde
D.
T.
D
r.
Of caürse! It's íôt Lüe ou. om b@r !
IIow úont t'lqeil foÕit is ií 3lÌ cooked !
Y€s. TIêv savtlâtiì€l c@krüshÒ thevpÌ.pareit
Grmrougi rireauy rs o-a,iìs hor ii is lseiblè to
@Ì â ìot offôoJ, Dut ú rn iiDÊ,atrd sst ii ôúde lbr
êÌà as nucà oí nvo yêoB I
D, You rè rjght. Wcll, üL8t'sthe wly íhe
it is fulÌ oí tDazins ini.gs
G. Wly, Âtror! Gr€etrn€sin thc (lâtc)
lI. Greetrnss.IIow s (you) Íork todoy
G. WeÌt,voÌk nev€rnDs oLú,
3t0
IÌ. Good.TÀat'Éthe \çsÍ oncs!írs ir.
G. Yotr'.Ìê
_{rc Ìotr (ju6í) {éÌd*ina in rhe
-rjshr
íe vdìed io gêt tìÌ€ nìeet, Só Ìld rvô.ked otrt a slLetre
H , No. I've b*r lôokinp fo. vouÌ sir[.
G. Oh. Thê ôtì*day lìdo";d by thinq, üothE Dlse.
H, Good. Bétorerou w.F InÀ sÉ". (m;rj *rn r,ú rh6
" ' Coslt, ihe oúherday I Lcsrd
ihe crow. IÌe said to ìim,
you siÌgiÌg . m"g. Your Ìôicê wâsvêry pleasnt i.deèil.
I{os loDg (rill I bnve to ylii üítil) I câÌ lE Ì yotrr sdg
G. Ìisht. I ve Lêú lortúah
I{, Gooil. CÕdil yotr Éw mê sône cloihiu 3
G. 1\rê.I,il's Dy occÌpaiion | \4Aer hÌrl d; yau Íânr ?
E. Ì ocedtwo (rìsr of)shorr, aoÍl a bip @sn.
G . F,n" Drd yôu b.iog (/Í. @De *itÈ)_$u
l
H. Yes. fiêrô 3 thp khskicloth fô! @ki! the"*r"nnt
shortsahd
Tìe cÌow ìisiencd (ottentively). Whoi íhe jdclâi stiit
üho hê besÌd it he foÍsüN
dêBeJ brnr (Ìpô
'Ì,'.h).
;boni ibe tbrns rn he monib. ÌIê opeoedbF notrh,
Ee ** aloní io (obìise by) singidg 3 sons.
Ïhrú {ss tbâü | TIE mei felì dort, TLe jtcbl pioÌed
(it) trp a sid, ' Thanks.' IIe Fent ofr rjüà it. Tbt'ó
33r
-Sïüiï*'L
on. ú (nade)or.arnarr€il 006ns (Ér)
úit
!
dloth for na.king iho gown. Êõ{ nnch it ihe
G. The vhole jôü üu
be .15/ -rÌúr is, 4 !èüâ aúd
lI. llêlv€ns ! thâtBtoômncÀ| lf)'on don t âgrôê(to da
it) Ior 4 min I'll (hrwc to) Iook {or sneone eìÊe
G. OÌ,y, I !gpe. j,eà1c tnê ciour there.
H. GôoJ. Whensbr'llI cobs sd Âet {ìi) ,
G Nnt Í,ll tonomN. I cslt ,roú seNrnAthe'n all
ÌL Olsy, Êêeyoü tonorrc\ÌC. Olìây, untiÌ tonrorreN.
Ihe Jscl<li ls the Chi€f of Srhcnús
One ilot . m\. wâs wânilering oboüt. Ue rvás loôLins
fo. ôoÌrêthinu to 6í. IlÌon ÌÌe *r â Ìiitle Diôe úf beoi
on dLêaÌouJ neorãrook.ìÌc deÈtr1 ,1shàDiokedir uD
rtr l,is;ôuth. He mÉ Dlo t[È ôü riih tho;êâ[ n hÀ
hortìr and l.niled ú â trcc.
wêu, â j.cksl ves wsrchins hììì hê saw evdy1Àins
tl.t thè crow ilid. Tìo jroÌaÌ, fo.lìis !rú, wEshu!grr'.
i
**'
tr" ta* orthetft€, bês*t d
333
ÀüÍitì (/. sLçetúà), bo!
àkEirn (l) (d. $.Id),
Ilausa Eügliú VocabuìaÍy
sr/.!, Gx.Ìanìâtion of su.
This ro@buÌÂ.y iloÌutl6 ãll tle Ìo.ds ânil nosi of úc
iilionraüio e&resions foud uyrLde
ú íhsâ lê!s@
thê
er@ption
of
mne
of
t!ê
l*r
@húon fods
{\çiih
liEtêd ú I,osn 39, Eaüion 7). Noô3that the .lDhsbeúiel
orde! in wìich íne çord! sF amled is Hôls túhd ú
úüh elMtê !@tiod fG t, 4 r,;h, ir súit 'ri rathd
i[sÌ coDbiúns th* lettèrs ritl tìê nost dniÌâr Ìeüter
ol tÀô ÌnglÈì Àl!ìsbêt âs n@t í!@ dicôioNi€ do.
N.'Ía 1 tiê stulaais @4ítud,agaíntt6wnín4
thtr he
út lznt* the Mnks oÍ a úúd ü ct tít1t rìd b! stnd!
ièJ*ii!
to üt M-btüJ sl'86 ldda
ìi ú@ thdt
d@butãr'b. E. shúü dt Ì41úoú ah..k uith w oÍ tlp
Iar1. di.ri@ía
Vw ouaTtins tn MLr ue oJ rhe
.. (ntrlmnâip-spÌonoün
dployóil wiiì ri)
abôH (, abõhri ì
atòtôi), fn€úd
l' (nnlee@r
snbjulcriwe
{ìü (?L 3búh!Ít), thiÌg
Àtü ill, wh3t, thê íhúg
i, (iDlôMMl
? a ?&nou
d.
- abD blDãÈ, a ndrveÌ
Â, (inrpeúnal foturc II p
òbi8t
(abouü)his oM
" - Àòil sìi, sonEtlüg tô
.-r,(dclãr8íionof â â2.ÁünbaEòr,(nôn s nme)
ãdsloi juôti@, fãim6s,
s'Ààd,(exclan'ation of oon
.dÀÌ (?Ì- idÀld), just, Ìôn
6i, rigLtrôls (pemn)
òrÃd! (l)
(?Ì. À,!dú),
À| ilõ (pi. ÀrÀdri),l'-ig
rsosõ(21. agósudi), \rdt h,
greetrng6
iiì F?lY to
sÀÌãuü/ràlõ6àì.iÌü!)
Àlãúà/hàlôEÀ(./.) (l. rlt-
si, wìX, sell (i.hodtrctoÌI
dbì
(2i. ribõbt,
ÀiLe (i/.),
,.
*nd
f!!lt,
àlôúkàci, }indn€ss at úà€
hânib of, bemÂts re
(on
ri!ü(!), very Nch. too
àityàyrë ( f. tjlvsvvivÀ; ?,
Àtty{yyú), (snetàing)
Àlhsiì, (titÌe of oÀc who
has nâile tìe pneÌim
ma.ge-hsjì ao M@m)
Àlhlmitò
ltllõhl,
pr$e
Goil l, nne! {âr excla
nâtior ol grst€luln€s)
(i), TàuËdly
put,
place
ÀlhàBi!
sjtyé, r. set aside,
relot've àrü.ri Ìindnes, Iibemlitr,
.ÌÀ, (irìleNml
@npteLÌÍè P-3 conse Àlìãrì, (ÉPly tó t!Ã
. úÀL (inlerúúÌ LâbihúL
akòrn (/. aldmtrà), oler!
- hÀhbsnIúàFn. hed
a lè, (nìÌ)cM!.l rehtive
continuâtiYô P.à con
Àljüú/nriün(Pl. diituDn),
ÀtaDúi
(21. altahDl),
335
334
òlÃãü (d. ÀlÍihi), jÌdsc
Aü!, God
Àuõ (/
À.Àüt.!!eâpnsr, nExpen
ya ú À!Àhi, it is in-
a'i (r) (?1.wõqi). Ìonr
dbi, u. hrt)Ìen on
ür" ú. nor bc nì ile pucs.
ânnnà) shôol
í
À|luú
(/.)
(/l-
i!lür.i).
ÀlEõitd (, Àlú&tl j ?1.
ÀìEàjlni),pupil,lhldent
iúil, rnen, naX itòe p
ADi!4 (Ío.rmr mme)
.bhcì, lcìisbility. frienil.
-- hÀira Danari, he Mobe tlò!õ, ouins
.rÈçã .ÀL, duê nortl
üôr., nortÀ\edrd, to iàc
e!üd/u,
a@i, 0. d n. (t) acwo
ô!, (inpe.sonal conplêrive
-ú
Àota, Ìoüngêst of sèverâl
:rzúiã, L
d, pr@!eúI,
hecoììê pús,
jibÀ. rftsÌ r vbiÌe
úò, (inÌdsonal cohiinue
iivô t-á .ônsbuotion)
cÀn !a!, dter â wlile
&hó, NôlÌ i, oh l, Ì*llt
?
ohìef's sêrváDi,courtier
Bü{!Nì (l BÀlà.údyr :
É ròrèuôi), r'rêndh-
aúãoè (l Bàôritl; 21.
Filhi), FuÌãui !.Mn
Btüluú. (t aàb.ütütr. ;
ba/tóbò.ü. thüc Á no/nôt lì,. tàtrllrõ), Hsú6â
bãlõú6, therc'snothing
bl rr|!, iü b lot gooil aa&uò/Bar.sò(/. Bal&
bà,.. bâ, (ne$t'we Perlnel ; ?t. E.!ntI),
ticl€s êmployed çith
bìrr Ol. hnlúil nìotril,
bai,.. h., (íLiil p.Mr
Ìnasoulinering!Ìe! nesê
blriú hú!ì, eilgeof i\o
- iÀn . - . b.. (6rsí peMr
singd8r negàtive pÀ!
bl,., bâ, (neg3üY€pdtict4 êmployèd Míh
nouns, noun Pìuà*,
Ìrei.g a bridF
es@ci
srooni narring€fast
ÀDhi (?,. À!ì!si), Ì/10 ôfe
üã (i/é), ,. boro\Í (othd
(l'1.
(d. ridàFõ),
òàr&ri/bàrrdè
bsfl (/. b.Âã ; d- òsrllã),
pit h-blúk, jôt-blMk
ìúin d.jì, foúst (,!r.
su!À, {- vcigh, n€âsú.c
taìüa (?t. nô!yã), bis
nikó (/. hàÂ{i: ?,. hl$),
336
33?
í b&tõ, havêa gu6t
BÀìtuúi! (/. aÀltuÂbtyÃ
biri, ?iyiìg
(Ìdh3l rou
bnyE! giilà. Ìsvrtort,
h.y8,
bâc[\',Í]s,
{ôi'iô-
bÀrÌe,nuo! more/Ìês. . -
büüã (J.), hot, nusgy
ôúsõ, \Ìall, boo! cove.
ìm t!à!õ, crBúg lltt- givì3!zã, worthì$
sMn
ôÀrõPò
12L6arií1,rhi€f
!óhüsi,
!, kېpotr hetiDg
lnnwa
(p1. 'riE
jNt búon í[c
bàbÀltglò (r), beì.g dsf
(thine), D.D. (I. 0â0rys: ?r. D.-
| ôòyo,hiitíto, ú s.€t
aôyà,0. hidô (sneúirg)
6!t!Ì,
ú16),
büÍ4, u cl6r !v!X,
BatúrÈ (/. BÀlúdrn j ?r,
rinÀEÀ), nuopem pd
biEi!
Átàwã, 6pit
most imloúet
1/
.iüy of
blstiti (?1. túBiiõci), bis
- ci Dã!È, r. incu s dêbt òkEi|ri, goâÌ€âiI rÌilÊttut
aúd (Í ), tLe iom oÍ
(Ì LstêYcrir tô !c dón€)!
tisút!ãÈ, (fomÌls siil
on standìng u!, siitúg
bá*À(t hôirÃ; p,- bârl),
down,stàrtineÍork, he'
rr/ú ià, I tàoqlt
N/crú/.ò4
b!8a d!
bü.È,l!Ìâúús, bmtins
bÈütr (,) (ri. brürtn),!
üírrt (J.) (?Ì. brrkõH),
àut Õrems {bú} Õr
òuõdì/b!õilì ìrdd, nlÌ
-ra
n blt
tLêre, tb8i
st€! oà thê
!ü:i (i/ã), ,. beôí, tbnsh
hui. u. òet ed laúk
büi, südda
(8tr
pe
hi folósing G,.r {úD hi)
büeãr.è bl. !eãtúò),
o1fr
c+holderuDderechief Búlwü (/.), BenueRiver
!tin, coÀ\'€Ntior. matt€.,
birri (1. hriné), (rvâlÌed)
- bÀtúú, @ncomú8, E-
úÌêil
ya naô6!hL, he cèúc
3i
iìriúr/tÀjiúì (r,, brlh'ú/
st!Ìk
&iiôn
clçt eyiag, qútê, úìâi
ci r. 6t, m (3 @tsi)
d tlrhì, imu s d€òi
pss â t€st
ci
lúàrirr,
eü. eetìy (u id@!ho&)
Ê.tia EÌü cú, exootly
(tn
lÌê !ra.d€ a
yõ ct&r lal, ii is füll to
339
338
eltrt!ë
(Í cìr8}}iyà ; pÌ.
eúi, stonâcl! pregMcy
tttiú ciri, sâdnoss
{r';,.
yA úeü!ê. I ab
-cüI
6rotilrt€d (,rt. st nooh
'tlji,
di, in tìe tst,
!-ï\ltu:rv
[á, fÌotì
earli*í
- ri ciLi, beome p.€gtuni
drli (r) (/. drlõü), lóiin,
two shìUings(: lÀt.kà)
ittüü (?t. itÀúsi), reasor,
ìã
itdrÂ,
tlere's
no
dõlô, p6'Io!.e, of !e@siiX,
itor
düÍè, d- spend ã long
ctyrd
(í)
(21. cìròrr), --tE!
ità iteÍère, frcrÌ s
spoon
oúòü (d. côkulÀ),
itÀlôEè (í
cú,', balL(of sôúôíLins)
ctuã (/.), iìlnN, di**ê,
dòúú{[ (t), beihs {or
dÀlaúrd ; ?1.
il.i, úilêEd, howevêr, on
(ân
Iúd
tle otlìr
ÁIri,
ple$e, for
dèDua/d!Eúõ/dlEiú
dÀÈÌsÌ, (swet) potato(6)
cnià (tã), ü. újüre, o[6t
itôLó(tó),,. tì6ú, boôt
ds! itòÌi (?1.'y.! itôLó),
ilaililÀlã, o. Leêpon oo}jng
spdding a ]ong
DÈaútÀ (r), Decehber
dòrÃ(r) (?t.dõrõLi),
dshhi (/.) (?i. dólbõhtl
iladèr[,
dingì, 0. kêepon (doúg)
dnDã 0.), chúcè, oppôF
dÀhõ!ò(Í) fu,. dòhrrú),
oty&/oI {dò), 0. eârs to
(: dTJD
dãrõwn,.€turnìng
ìÌeÌ€
tômErly,
-eds, rcngrn Ìn€ pNi
dô n.. it nas b@n
damed tLôí, ií is wel
iu
' btrsl ' dountrr, un-
dòúi!/do!,
beosus oí, in
dnbÀ,r. Ì@k (Ài), inpect
dÀ(dÀrrliteÈ, ôr nighr
ouutrDa, rcoF ew€ÌÌÌtrere'
kep oD lookús (fÌon
dnbl)
: Dàvid)
- nnÈda (L8kÀ),ú +ite
of (iüis), aevertbeles
34r
ihk dry!, !ìl tìe snô
- dtrt r.!itÀ anyoneÌhô
d:!vn), rès/unoôôlod
(thj.s)
dõ4 6ìilnN drc to Nind
(6urUy d4reid as op
pced to serr : ddm?srône,
dút!è (?1. itu*àtlnl
dÀ!i,r00; ik(-
dri-dÀi. ooe ht oe, sú8ly
nu.,
oM (pr. osr!.J.
;
?Ì.
rlita
(tìiúg), vhit€nes
td!
cÈ Lsppir6s {,ú.
lIÌ.f.llõ
(?t ldlra),
tnti í), clúêf'3Fúidêncê/
fln Ei (r) (!1.l.núõúD,
figütiDg,
l{rô, hegiming,stet
ú/ts
dóbé,o. Emove,subbâci
(?,.
dú'!si
Ilúò, 0. di! oüt, €xírer
'ye'rrõ),
lrcül€Ì (,i". sor ol ore s lrE, tìe oDéin gtr*tion
di!, peaioÌe used {ith
nmbe6 (seeL6on lÌ,
dúrt
rrd (í rú.i d. r{iÉ),
Í: taú
ìaìf brcther (Ìú. @ of
(l
ra indeeil, or tbe otüe!
Ldl, qüel,
drr. t|k, one only (t.0.
pôlicdú
(tiú. $n of .
DoúôÉ, nolos tnM one)
dl,& júi â ütil€ while oso
úú'ütr (?r, 'y.!,òbâ), dãhõ,!. dip out ed bring
düyê
Nêtivê Ádnúúíráüon
d!uè, 0. iiê (condctêÌy/
Êúô), ndtivc Òl Kdo
de ròúirÀ (2Ì. 'yú
dnüri (?Ì. dòlìbri), úudênt
F&Àtrrti, (w BüIr.úi)
r&al'ã (/. trrEi'E ; d.
ÈÍÀ!tn), havjjÌs beeú
rüt!
d|nll (i/é),!. írLe/piú np,
úe aiül@ (?,. 'ru
ÀitÀa), peÉon, hmâ!
hêing {lí. mú of Ailen)
- íu ilôLa (/Ì. 'yú dóLõ), úlúté, 0- (rrú) stot, e
(íi,. son
N.À. poli@
dü lnlì, ôFtboú s!
jn l, gEt grãnd
-de
dò'l, sttnúl, u!Ì@Dt
pl9t"1x)
(-'rü)
dìrÀ(Í). daushtêr
üÍr (r), ihjlg $iit, sloko
rlltsrr
!.úô,
í)
ìLe fEi
(?r. t íu-
Ldõ, 0. ísll dom to eúelòúiola (Vël ,. unitmred
Ìr,llúfô@õ (, l|üdmtD
cúõ; ?,. titútúlòaEl
uúdestlod, int€lliseút
üL @nplet€ly (medr3)
r&túi
{i/è), 0. b€ òoyotril
tstl (/.) (/ iftú),sÌin,hide
lÀtrti, lìoÌin, tvô sììiliìgs
(: dsll)
rìr. (/.) (?t lld), l@ust, ilít6 r. cìt rt melt rõi
u2
nyô, q b€ cLsturdjrd
t !'rt(r).(?r. t uiú!t,
by
lalt (r) (?i. tutóH). fâoe
r.6niÉL j jôin t&
canu (dà), ,. Dêet (vith)
ca!ò,r. clrt(cônff iletbÌly)
l.laúúé {, gòú.útún i
-! n Âú , , , , I p l ó f€ ....
- rô n dút. . ., ìü is tle
YÃú.. bel' ií ìsbeiter
' -Ye  beÈ ií is àlttér
Âfiré (!t. tìÌtnrd), wib!
n6là' u. Ieep Âoi@ ó-ur
suì,
sÀküë, ú íàepleere of,
reglrding, ú rhè pc-
343
gidr i?L eidtlõ), ìonÒ,
sidu 3.üõ, nosqüito
--bÀi
siill' [s.d of iLô
use sidn, vonãr of
ihe hoGe, (tustì rife
c's,ryà úI dêl€ì-!€In
sinì, r. luìld (Ntrs[I witì
olay,brick oÌ oetÂe )
tÀ!., ìt Noüld b€hettsihât
gÀrã (r), Íòitê ènt(s), siriti bas, botion, büteìrbI (i/è), 0. M!, lrNsr
lüd, (e BattLcì)
ft (?i tnyè), op* coo"- - gÀür&ra sll rogrrhêr,
!Àti (?t. suúmçì), iom
- s.rl yõ r.yã, it has
si4ijè i2,. rt!tsi,ri), rãiníú0[' bigìé*, Lônôu, ntr-
útúüq ltims.y eìoút
rútq r. (fom of Í:r)
gò.nõ(r) (pr.ceaúu!,
ÌãÌsetrTe of àoê.ploueh drr ú) (?,. clçtyõ), ele'
lte/úil (dt), r, rak€ onr,
Ehoc€, ilêpde, erpei
clhlr
ütli (l) (y' üittúr. lãnréh.
('), lsrdoDiig, loF
l.iúó, ,. (f<m of ssyu)
Ârãri, @nins oú íIúh
ntõ)
rEõ (Í), s food môde of
@kêd íoür nü€it rirh
güë!. (, !àjë yI;
sii .n), shoft
- ilÀg&Lè, ôltrènêly (se
siiLd (Zt. g.tui),
,i.
3:e,
s.yl, ,. t€Ìl G€quú6 m
s&ye oiúì ilÀ,geât for
sôb.ú (/.), etchins fire
sôürn (/.), ihdì16, g1 lì-dÀ sàidia vjtl ihrnk,
gõsé.t. ub (conPletêly)
sõs& !. !è expérieh.od,
x45
- 3ôEÀ-sõEà, ten âPi&c/
swòu-Àllalt
{/.),
beins
!ôbÀ rhÂdôrs, clcve,
sõ'I (r) (rt. sônÀti),fâün
stsurtyê), lf ilclGs ìrrÌ,
südà1/. sütÈsütè),
nn!
nng (gôe.lso srriÈsnF
crÀd. (l).
(fo.
halà. ,, prdcrt, lbrÌ,id, hncí ssdtÀn(Dü),
ÌìüìE nsêd lt end of ã
lcitd '. yours f,úlnìIy)
Ànng. (i/é), .. socalur ôlÌ
sÌDrdntrr(N).
stúÌã, ü nrôkAÌcight'
siist {tt súgútú),Luctcr
Arv.Ì bt sellôr: E
(ôrsLìD.AÕudor nrereÌ)
iô. dippiòsfm'n ! vell
snjo, cpediÌx, on th€ nr
! sülê, oÌ tlrc nnì.
aülè3ü4, runrinA in hÂcì.
end ffôld @mDeiirior
hayà,r. nnìnt. clinnì, cRxs
lúbü conìe rcÍ l, don'l ìre
(n.)
h.úú |pÌ. h@triyã), rn!
(ìrìclüdúshard), lìond
heyà (t) (?r- ìs!yõí),
hsn untiì, to the.f,rônt Ìhat
3utú (tr_ su!tàyã), shoú bàdE,!. n@r, bc jojned
(òhing),frasÌrâi íoI
àraqbsú,
ÌêItlúil
sidc
oú.! (/.), (tôs! il ì{.
NjgeÌi!)
!t
ili, ,. nÌaqrc,
t6t
sBracô, srÀgsô, patênbl
aüú, 1Àtlrcr'swìf€ (not
onê'sn'othd)j màremal
gFàDE4 râthcr. it ÌouÌl
gqugre
h.lfü (i/é), L give llirrì
hriì. ihe pilsnn,sa. to
(/t. swesrà-
juÌÈdicrion ovc.,
iroesêÂs
ì.eõri {?,. ÀsròrÃ), íoodr
hlÃud, patiôn.e, nsicnn-
idò (?t. idlrú), eye, siglí
iilòD sa.i. àcqmnLtunce
isiyÀ(í) (?Ì. iívódt rore,
hÀ!tuò, loss düc to sonr
uÌluoky ió.idetrt, nns
ìrtsi, goin stâ!Ìle {;.4
guin€ corn or nillêt)
hà!tt, ÌMdness,insqity
Irngnàge, fì€ Ilôus
h3ü. chÌr{ctcÌ, iê.Ìpera
ìiglt
hôushi,r.rrtion,.nger
h!ç4 nìonntns, ridinÂoD
ilEi/üEi, Ìnowlcdge,cdu
Iôeú, tÌàr's n!úe, lioD
Ìnn!, ,tàitn ?n6,)
i! !hà Ànã(hü),il Coil
tí. (frBt person singulu
ìÍ ii. . ., rccoÌdÌngto,
3.16
317
jl., (6Nt persor ciÌìgulâÌ ìvãii, rnnì \çilc/vivB
and
coÌnnuttre !,3 coÌchililra, ô!e's [oüe]oiil
jtt!, t, te on goodtcrrs,
jvldi (l), aìrìlitr
ii tui. o. ìève nÌercl. he jìvâryà(i), DcinsonBoôd
ji (?r jijArõ),Ìed (tlüne)
ú. shÀÀüI(ìü), (ee iü)
iÌi-üi, krioN
[nús, alÌ
I!Ã, (,nand mÌre = Jesu4
üd, .. be sulãciení,recch
- ji yuúPi, u, l,olügrj
- jl vu/iit/!u, òrisì1i
jiú ÂÂi,Ìnery, syrrletÌry
jihi, dry allêr tônìororÌ
jrki (/.) 1?Ì.j.ku![!!i),
jitò (?1.ji}õrdl grMdclÌÌld
jilr ú jir.ã ; ?1.jÀruà),
l,srÀa i/ ksúirI;
?Ì.
kleú), enougl, süfroiãt
(J. orn.), !ind, air
'i}l
jiúà, ,r.spend,lútêr tnre
- jin $ds!,
lfte
e liítlc
lsi ú jiúà, cÒctor later
jtunDi (, jãrüDâ; ?i.
júünii), òravêpdson
uually given to light
-yã
iyÀ ll.úsã, hê car jÃ'õ, ,. ?uÌ (lÌd4, dres
iyÃ,üiirrã(l), ìroü!dâr).,
iyi cbdi, (oÌe s) wâist
jìy,syyi (lt, @nircw$r,
{üü
$í,ijü!r4,th.Y$úod
kâ. (Mo^d sìngnl nri*u
Ìine i€latiÍe cornpl€hYe
.üd tLê
D & Drcnou
icn-ìnployea afto. ai,
ha,iô)
}3 t'ar, (seoondsilgulâi
lBòiiuèL p o
noelliío
Ls là, Gmond ôinsula.
mM!Ìino rcloiive con
tnnàüve !r consruc-
it|, sne (úi.d f€núiúc
súgülÈr ide!ènilôat
itrca (?,. i6tuwò), tr€ê,
preoe of {ood, tvig,
jüirD, Le ile{ondert
jiryi! sanã. ÌdúPlâne
jirir, terdurl | (in nlconlgüln tã sàulc jiúi,
rlÌe voltuìe laided kê.
Ìô/kÀ, (ecôÌd {nsulrr
.i,ject ptomMüne
ringültr rÌrroü
Ìâ, (seco'Id
lin. oonÌilctirc p-r lto
Ìá, (smôdsnquÌaÌn'r{u
line lìrttrc 1I !.i lto
348
319
rr, (socondsiígrlár rqn
nno p-a Drenonn x6st
tÀ, (sond *insd.Ì nrâúu
linô subjüDcôive,{ prc-Ll {secotul singoìar Ìus
(pftLicl.
ôrplôyeil
L}!,
vith hahihDl NIÈot-
l.da/Ì&, do nor, Ì*í {fot
lored I'y {bjuncrive)
radii, (uêd çúÀ dÀau
!l dr ÈÂi!a,I r\,6elf
ÈrÈi (Í), harv€sieasr
LÀk[ lpÌ. LlLò!r). Bmn,t.
lô!à, (sccônd sinsul$
nrsorlinc corúÌ,riivc
,ìiJì&i
kári/üàEú (/. LiwàDti),
br}úa!iõ,
Idrti (/. Èútuò), sÀôp !,ayn
i7,. Ìãràrraìri), lo'd.
Fuins (priru.ily) in
Ètya! dLì, tôôh, iúple-
r.
!€ad t!
ÌÀÌÀútò!i, nedillesoüe
tê, you (Í) (lccoídsingtr'
indcpenilcni
Ìüòrú, ft âding,Éfudynìg, larfeminìne
ttí&,a fe ìÍ,sìitti a,
aligltly
I
kÃ,õ, ü. h;rnF
xbit6, (Íonanì mnìc)
tÀo, initcêd. on ,1. otlcr
r. 6tâlrlislì. l,uild.
k3ü/k.,êit (dÀ).ü. r.'nor.
ÌiLü6, ., b*orD jâ'hhroì
(rellt tó lAudbúH),
hll,
snÌ!U, errthen\Ítrt,
!à!uwÀ (l) (pl. [ã6trróyi).
noìe)
l.bétr u) (?1.rd;t),
Ìatõ,
kè,r. Lein uooes of,lc di
- oiwô ya raDl !i Ì'ra
b@Ee iü (lr. ün6 n&s
- - yõ tãúÀ ì8rya, lìc \Íotrü
t!i, Iou (nrÀ*ulinesúÉu.
r^ai,r. c..rJ, takct., Ìod.l', kèúrn/Ìiiúi!,
ÌrúoÌo ífoÌ
be ctuú81,Le.{tüalr.
Ìo\sd l,r {,ÌJju&tivol
Lâiüt Ìêsoni), hern.toD Ìánõ, .. carorì{
l,.in"
kÀrc! nõln, notoÌ iroy
Ìúyà, ü. (siict) snap,l)rcak
ÌârÀ' ,. rnaÌge in heaps,
(slcciiÌüqd vdbúÌ on
lloJed üì rehtne @n
kè re, it i$ (cnphalize;
tlÉ thìÌcô or clanso
lrâsi Liuë, Frick üp !èÌõ (/. têksDi), l,iolch,
(one's)eas- t|.r rtíen
rtuÈ, r. fâÌi s[ori
(itr
ldshàstui,oDiho Ìêxt drr
!õíì1. ÒrcÈneni. lãccês
l.rÀyd, r. go Ìroutrd plaoe
téwòyé, ,. g. rónndàboui
rBti, go oNund pla@.
350
ki, Gaord singulor feÌiÌ,ne P+ proNü
êtu
jè)
3fíe
i,
bâ,
PÌoy€il
ri ÈÀ!, (8ecod si!Âular
fcbìnine lÌÀbitu.l p-â
Iri ka, Ge@nd singllar
feninnre .ctúive coniin!âti1rc p r @.struc
35r
ü&htyi (l) (d. Ìisüirõí),
Lóçtcâ.è/tô'icé cè),
Ìooo, gÈans i {pêisonl
Irõ, ôr, vì€rLer, peÌhaps,
(qu8tior Ìãúicle), (!n
ü cotrve.rmgân ÌrÌeÌro,
gâr're nonúÀl into dÌ
ri/kt,. G@md dbgul$
rem.ne
obldcr pÌob',/EyÀ, (@ond sitrgulü
renútne p-â Plononn
kòsi (?r- Éõgúà), river
IrúÀ, (@onil plu8l Ì€ÌÈ
íireoonpletiY€pr!ú
küri (dÀ), 0. p.I !tta.t'ôn
rü, G@nd duBL inde
lü, {se@ddplual Êr pÈonoe enrloY€il ütb ri,
-lì, (sonal sineuÌâÌ foìi
úine pô,ssivô DronouD)
eibryt (/.) (?t. ÈbiyõyD,
h!À GêcondteDìinúô reìa
tive .on!Ìeiin. p ! lro.
LõrÀúè (, LõvÀcoé; tl.
Lõwàíè!!õ), everXom
rõyà6hò/kõyÀuEh.,{ben-
üâolab hee, lods or
Lü Ìa!, Gecond?ÌüDl
habitusl p ! @tuírúc'
ni ü!!è Âõlà !úb, I
l@hd ô€ door ti8àtly
ku,
(s@ond plüral @D
(s@ril pÌuat oon
ünmúYe p-È 4ônsmc-
kn ta, Ge6Ld pÌürêl tuà,
-.ÌõDõ
ila Ìõú4
eÍdJ
kõawÀ [oweÍd mny
Iti!, Gúond sürguìar fenìi
nrne coL!Ìe.Jre È3 Ìrro
- !ôiii shú, Lìrjghi $eer
Linl, G@oÌrdsingìlsr f€nìim€ @niÌtruriÌle aspet
tõsÀ ilÀlõwn, evertone
ÈõrÀeeè,(seekõEà!úë)
ÌõwnúÀuà, (ee Ìôs.Il.)
ÌõwÀdà!úè, (8eekôtÀÀè)
ÈõEÀíè (/. kõrÀcè ; /.
LõçàrÍÀr!è), ôvqt, ãtry
rÈ, (ô@ondpluol ôubjtnG
Il":914
Fn'.4ì.''
tn, (sconil pÌüraÌ p-â pm
noun eDplól.edürL b.)
-Lü, ls@oniìpluÌal loset
kuüE
(/.), sil6cè i oDly
L@.. nem€s, clce!6
!ndn. soüt!, soutlFüds
rêry close,cad .lôsr
t@., 0. 8PPÌo.on, g€t !4f
Lú!}ua. mGtakq emr.
ìn
nìsing íLê nr.Ì
(: ntriì)
hjàld (í) (2/. rüiàn),
Ldr., indeed,as tbr, . .,
losêvôr, on tlÌ€ other
ÈúÌi (Í)
(?Ì. rüõìtt),
352
3õ3
twâ" Goco.d plu{l tuhtro
krtuhè, ,. coll@t âní1 Ì.
!rà, (wô.d plÌftI t) x
Ìrronotrn eìnllol,sl \dil'
kwatàd4 r. codÌpãrc,gilo
k'sbò (/. Èvàbhri),t,ol)o
Ìwàdàyi, lÌeen desüc,grced
kyâ, (*conit sltrAul,rf.nìi
nne lütn& 1I p o pro
tsÀdõ (/t. kròú). n ôs.
Áâ!!ê), youngd sibling lÀeht (Il. e{ú.qa),
tànta!ë (í. Âàraeü*I;
kyÀ,(secondsnguìâ.nÌ,'i
ÌndlocÌ
ÌçÀikmyÀ (i/ë),r,. ni'iiütc
nìnê l-â tronorn erÌ
twd, (tlt forD ôf Isám
eÌrplot'ed lìêfore bnyi)
ÌyÀkkeè*õ (,r. orl) 01.
k$Ì.tã/ksatbã
(l) bt.
kyePàfi) sood. Iand
ÌwslAbè), glass lìotíle.
soÌÌe. hÒÂütiful,(often
honr
tÂlyè (pl. raúyrkòì, wil
ft|!!n, ,. stêp/úGs over
lãtÀ!ã, ,. croÉs(mad, rivôr.
(í), smallns
ruretr
reqt (í), younsê! sútcl
rõr. {J), cryiÌs out, com
pÌrint to orc ú suthoÌity
t&1, 0. ircw,
Elet
Âònbi (t. tÀúúr; I.
rú.úi), smsU(thìns)
Èytrri (/.), nÌühDl hstred
16È (Í) (d. Êõlõn), door
effort, (woru\y) sttcmpí
eir€, u- be @mpl€tê, 6núh
nìghr.rÌnc, a rwcÌtr
four lon. dâr {*lìen
LnnÀÃ òi9r, ã loDg tiÌe
ÌrÃnã aõnà. t n d.ys
trEãna/lwd. r. steml tlì.
tye, dilìor t) (r{.1 only
ilÀ Ìyar, \rith dilÌcultl
ÀyÃu, gôorhFi (üsu,Ut n,
iÀs 6isht). l'flndsoDc.
itâ LyÂü,goô(1,hândsore
hànüful ([?. Ì]os4$ins
t..t| (2,. Í|rlra), n€tsl;
É&lè biyú, tFo o'olmk
ÁIru, u. üc inde$ed, nraÌe
rúrã (r) (l. ròryacÈ
ü{s1f
ÂsÀ,onth. ground,tLo\fr
K,i!à
(/.), Nisd Rn.tr
Âalâr/14!.vcÌ.Ì sÌ)oilesslr
yn ft!à tüúú,
it's
coìrplet€ly bmed üp
tôtt (r) (?,.t&ô.4, Lsídlê
ìâ ksÀro hiytr À wnì,
I spcntI lolrÌrinrctìÌef. ÂÀitsússrÈ(?,/.ÁÀaànRàÌú),
kwinò (p!. kwÀútrü, àny
netâl hoNl or b3sin.
ho.n (ol uirü.0. tr.ìr
ewôDtã,r iiedoün. (\rú .
d'íUÍe../..). sìbsi.ll.
(ilA).,.clrsf to lie
Âõ!à, o. burn (.onpÌet€ly),
tü!àÀlu,
hcre ends the
tàtrÀcè),À lie, uíhuth.
[E!
(r) Ol. esàrhê),
aaí Âeã, h.re n, llis
Ãweâi itÀ aáslë, veD
kwr9a (/.) ( lÌr. Ìorâ,r
Ár ë, !. tgn.r.
trkc Ìo
ey.yi (r), r,nckofiììeLead
làhúrÌ ( /,1 làbirú), re{r.
364
355
IìlrõEì (?1. üDàori),
l.ôiôi,
0. $olÌ sú€altìilX,
lea, (political)6pêeÌ'
bit,
!!di. ei of reclming up,
arftuneü0,âc6mtlnÂ
tittõÈ (?L lÌiiÀttlLl), boìk
úfuVrõú,(4e I,;hadì
lãôyr ú),
à6ìtì,
D.cill (pl. büì4i),
fq!41€
súê
ô.d.tõ/Mda6 (d. oòdrtai), ÌiteÌÌen, @oÌriíg
\'elÌ-
lür.yyë (í üdysyriyí;
?L lltlYayyú), heÌthr,
Ithadì/I.tdì (l), 8llilèr
llú.fu,, r.úôí), feuli,
- ha ||i!, that's âll Ìialtt
(,t , tìereì ÌÕtÀins
-Éi.tu
túàcè/t@atõ,
&neÀ his o\Ín
|rlòoõ, u. hdone EloiÌëd.
rl!Àbã o), weiln*ilay
tú!.birÀ, (sseEÀttu.hà)
ú.dúõ (í), (fruh) nilk
nútrli
{/. Esdúrtyõ;
n, xsll (an exclâmtion
indiosiingthoüghtful
E./D., a$ lbr. . ., on tàa
oih€r hsnd, howeveÌ (n
oâ, (6rsi ptursÌiuturcII
EÈ/rÀ,
tolro! (iniliEct
rüit. Ol. likitôcl), dootor
6.ü/ú.!rI
ií 6c6
(?Ì. n.eral
of, superiôrio
ü y.. .
'. nÀi siilÃ, hêÀil of tle
EÀi t6büt,6nãll nnÌoi
ersòú (?r, núsuÀeül|),
disployshig g@di on r
sànú), NoÌd, úing sid
Eai ríwi, thãt ÌÌich is
.ôújng (.-9. úfi úÀi
ú!i, oil, {Àt, gÌ€aÉ, petml
(tt?e of her6hing tool
úaleil lik€ . let8ryÀ)
b.smtl (?t. EÀsdn3i),
úahridi (pÌ. nÀbiidat, kcr
n.üülütcr (i ô8hüiG
otye; l, úàüÊüíõ),
pâtieú/long sfding
Etuer (l) k. E&À!-
tu ÀiErd Í, u,ait olyl ;
?t. bt'üràad), sorÌd
Dr'lDi (Í) br. bÀ &!.i),
deè wlìôregÌliÀ is sotd
br'eúi
(?Ì. DÀ'Àuui),
úaüütutã (d, úàhür.n!-
nri (?r. úl!u), pose'mr
E.tÀlhl (pL EslüÀ), high-
lau!ì (1. l.!DôDr),colon.
lëôèi?t. Lôúà),lìr,
lõnõ/bnn, ciirüs (fruit ,r
eatLql (Í,. eÀdAui),
ú.[aElòoi (, n!h&Ìs
elY6; /. nahaúati),
maman. DÈanêpersotr
Eôb.!tã (!,, úl!Àürai),
plÂ@wlÌer€ tuêrt is sld
úelòi! (/. oú8iiyr;
naiD.ko!, ihsteail of - - .
a.üüë, (forn of Dsys)
?1.
ú.jì/ú.liri
Àuter, orc vho shoots
(, ô.jiety. I
f*l€r, one wlo À€âF/
356
úÌÀ, roloÌ ]nu (n. err.) bdÀb(i) (, Ddtun ; /,1.
(indneíotljectprononÌ EàlADri), iercher, lÍr.
ú8l&iìye
am.D8nci, {doyfuÌ têrn
conìcd tô .eler tÔ rhc
ììir1nre of Hsnsa onn
l.lngÌiú shiol I)EoplÈ
íuent in lúh langrâÊd:
cnìÌrlôÌ in inforDâìcoì
; /. ba!ÀE),
Dòktuiüì (?7. nÀri!ìhi),
nàLet,
r. ÌÈ/com Ìstc,
l5Ì
dÀ úÀ!Àicè, jn thc (Ìdtê)
Eüir (t1. Drtli),ltuÀnÌF
oúÀròi {/- búdhìy.;
Ìú @À!õ),l&Li.g i',
Dúôlc (Í Eõltra
üMEòl,
('ún s nâme)
Àüt üt (t) (l-
üryÀ (Í). ÌlÈÌ
i /.
oè7nàl,/ni!úúò, \ú{Í (is
jt) ?
bÃqã, (wonìânh) brusrG),
!ln.lì
(r,. DÀEl!}i),
r,ôirAsurpri*d. ânszo,
n!yd/n.i (di). ii. rul
LacÌr.rctnm (n ihnì to
it\ tloce), ohâDAê
into.
Dút$
òìú, eretiD€s (ú nplr to
@|/ôirbt
diMt
tofor hin {iD- oíi (rr. Drr.), Àúì!!d
objcct preno!ú
ra*H!.r,
ÌrôMÌ wìo is
custônrrily 1.tê, dil!
núa/E.nn, rolíôrüs(nr
di4ct objet Ì,Ìonou
úr.Di fur h.rn), cPed
nôIl/rjrì,
to/ror you {/.
*rq.), (indú4r objèú
p.onour construciion)
EÀ!\ nÌdêaì | (en exdc-
EsõvFr; pr.qôrõ),
grifo!
(ô l gc s6vd!
EüÌ/Es4
tofo. ìì€ (in'
diHt
objet preNüD
úgò/búü, tofor (indiMi
bItô! sòü.. ne:t seek
bÃÈò! jità, last week
úatòrl (J:úaüõrtrã; I,
ú.rd/DElrü,
tô/for rou
Foroün @nstucrior)
@ÊÀryàci (l borúracìvÃ; 2i. oaÍàrrüe),
&òtõ{ra:õ, rl'màr. wind
nÀntâ@ë(t úarlr@iyã ;
/1. aÀ Àatn),fôrgoticn
(ihing), forgetfut Penoì
DÀntrtr' {orgetfnlleMì
mãnya-Eányã,rtrPor
ulà.
i./fôr À.r (indiKr
n'rh, (êxpÉsiÕtr ot syrts
EoE( /.) ( Ì{ D or oq) ,anÌo
úrt!à, 0- squcúc/piÌcà toúIisu, !. l. nnderÌ resflre
EMàÌrAei(/. n.miticly ;
?t. D!wÀdà1.). $esÌLl'ì
Eõi.L ìnovcÌìêni. ÌrotÌon
nú, (6rsr plìÌril in'loE!,( l ìF Ènl ur J ìpr r p" ouÂ
cirLrloJc,ls ril' eir bE)
3õ8
359
- o! LÀa (6sl DluÌôl
àsbitual p-s con;tmc-
m! tê, ífEt
reÌrtive oftúusii;
Dbraì
!-a
È4Dà, (dat !Ìu.ã1 objecr.
E! nt, hon, leson
nraErcí rènliÌ6.
Éü-
nü (ÊÌú plutul p 4 !r
noun endo)'êil *iü hnJ nrÂ, (ÉEt dürel fiúr.€
-Eü, (6rit !lu.ãl posesivê
(?1. Esn), noÌe.
rl, 6Et Àingnl*r Fs ?m- !úiji
loun enl?lo'redlirh hr)
jn
-!i' b€ úhel.ocss of, be !aú/úôúhlú, thh/íhse,
3t (sp€dÌüêd vêrhl
tlot/thee, À€É/thêr€
mploted ú contúuÀ
dt D!, imnredi
-!h
M gÀtL in ilìh lowr
(Í
mj'
!u Âen, in ill;s ountry
-!3/-!ã
-6/-tã),
(6rst sinsulir t)os.essivo !ÀúãDl, r. look !11over
nõ!àÁ&,, Iìis (údepcnrtent
Â{4, (6Er ltud !-. !tu
EEsulrà ; ?r.
roun ènprô'rit virh hô)
onsi (í
úirtuü), hil/évit (per-
úúÈ, u. $iad (â iü.ìr.n),
fold (3 cloth), âì point (.
tiêì)
úütÀ (Íbt plüBÌ r€Lúive
condêrivê P-ô Prcnoun)
(fNr ?tu4ì oonplê-
btrli,
(ÊBt plDl
@n
tinustivê Ès co!6true
mhi Ìõ, (!irsí sinsula.
ÌêÌativê coaünustivep-Â
Àurüürd
(,
úu
ÈÌó;
?r. 6üúòlüesi), ìypo
úuÈ/DuhÈ (Pt.!úrìtú),
tìe ihÉ€ dôn€s whi.n
fonì tàe inilig€m$
úúrn
(t) (?Ì- n@'õei),
(indepeí
rrcnoun)
(indê!ènpsÃoE)
ú!raèrÃ,foìdìns,ìÌìndins,
ú, (68ú singubr &lotive
conpletiv€ p-â !rcnou)
!. ran {riú súgnra!
hÂbiíuÌ È. coDetmc
B!4
úsü/tãlü, theirs
ddi Posssivc
úalÀ/tãtÀ, !êB
ildü lo$ssive
!.,
!ü[,
o. te foldeil up. be
!àís/tl@, mine (nÌdepen
dent pcssivô pronouü)
nènã, *êÌinÂ, ìookiÌr for
!ànú (i/ú),1'..ìoek,l@!for
!èôaúúè(l!èn6bniyi;
/. nànà;ún), 6oúght
aènúbi, (: !Àr!êEn)
!ëoõ, r. sÒôkand bring
(ÉFü dineìn.r @n
Èã-/nl- (t tr-/íà-), belo.girg to (pÌeôled io
possrive !rcmu
tô
fold tì€ ildÈ!ôúl&t
ÃÂ;í 6Ei singìhr futu;ê II
úa{À, ho$ nuch/nìon}- ?
!.vÀ-úRa, hos hnch
!rkü/lÈtü, youÉ (?/.) (n!
libì
(pl. íÃnn).
(wild)
ná5À,lar arçar (: úü3)
agõ/unsô. iâte hoìd (of
ràlt I dn lÀndnìa you) I
ni (first sì.glllÌ indcpeD-
360
3l)ì
!ild, (6st singDr!. object - !àúra yÀibdà mÊyton
Ntiô-tiyì(t), Nis""i"
útõ, ( *ú r õ n
l d !.)
liY€loDe| 0t. n.y you
.õúì (pÌ. r6úünr), ìol€ {i!
gúúd, vâ[, 6Ìtì-fl@.)
!r!.(/.),
!ôúi (í.),
'.
dn, fâeì
-iôú
!.!'
sü h@ì o{ snn,
djtyi (r) 1/. íjirôyi), ã
rdso/.J r. (ílxeqú,uesê0n
!õtõ, r. À reqlêlt. rc-
sòdu{da),0.Net (Nitrr)
(or) a cert in
.üh n, Niting,
Íü'.úbr
(/.), NoÍehber
ò[õ, wìãt do I ce !. I
!.ià, r. diÍiilê, spsrste
i, r. l&k, be [mble to
-tsbr!
(t), ep*s-
(urìy'rrer),
ig@&nce,
i.rali
(/.) (?1. !.rÈ!.yè),
(?1.
- ttr..!,üri*arÀ
nrut),
yelÌos
iã!À rÂÊt, sirg â &ng
lcãlrlgãrô, o. (ò!Ìd al-
-ìÂ
r. Nd
!l.!, u dio, ò€ in sÌrod
S.P?II
tõ!õ, u íreFr. stBy (freD
lDu (iL). r, ì1'ú f.oÌì,
!Ãnúr {?r. !lnmi), bater-
!!tò,
â.t
.l
hi rusnü ?, ìYhlú do I
úõ,otrê'slôr, sh&.ingont, úr.
ratõ/lòüüri
tül
r.cÌ, tÌrre is .o re- !ìsi (/) (d dgluà), sôN,.
sabò dòh.bòitt, l)a.nie ôf
'itl úlá, in ihc nÌtrÌtrìg
sâi, €lceÌrt, then, rnlè*,
!íly, nntjl, ììuú ('Ir)
!.i ÌÀ ..8, !s it (h?. roÌ
cd rò sani. ,eon'll ìDYe
io seeit (tô Ì,èlieÌcii)
3sL, exooílt (Nith n,w-
3n (, saltyã j ?)4.!ìrtrú),
i,ìnÌ
(i r'
3ÀLn(i/è), D. Ft*c
rmÌ' PÌ'$n, üÌo.Ì'Ae,
râ. r. flú, I ìncc,.!!oint
!Ã/.w4, (ülìiftÌ pluìd lnrììre
d/wi/sìt ( nd ú&l Ìr-a
PÌonoutonÌtor.,l,filì'
sllrè lÀdÈ, (ìredre) Ìc
{À, (tl,irdsnìAulàr
!'ossesrÀ',à(l), súì l,(k, Ì,ôtrÌ,
rrÈêitr,e;I lfslì.d rLonL
!ur ,dôÌÜ ê.or ) poìr !l
3êIÌt (í),
ÌrsliÌ, Pàv.s.
'
96:
rô!lú8,
".
aÊftè to rêll âr
. .laún sluq grcttnl:s
ri&rdúún (i,/è),r- oütì.irì,
rsld (21.r.ritu!l), cìri.i
dBD.lrõ, rìâIiÍg u errlr
seãfõ, vcry cadÌ Dìúmrtg
' ill rs8tè,
tho wcrv
,iibõ, !, $t ud brirg ]!rd
'n
3l8.yt' !. têel)on l,ur''inA
.lnn,
occÍnrd. i4 oÌ)' 8aÉyu, r. Ìecp on sÒ[in!
'i.
3.rttra, 0. lrêePon búl
(/.)
(/.
s.!dt
uniìl (ono) ìs ìroughr
!rM'ô'I).
'Í!
(oreì)
süe!ë
..rú
iBdd. occutrr
(,
snÀrDiyi ;
(da), f. otrls t0
túB!é, !. (Iontrof rs)
clDi!ê (/. ssnilusà),ítiriì.
(- Eelò), \rc.ìdy nâgt"
ràf bÀi rúsò. n Ìt
sõ6esúil} rs ncè, ÌÌì
satuda(Í), sorbun)er
5Àr,tiìÌas (usÌ wiüì num
ters. ?,q.sÀrülü - thre
doÌÌn fiÒbÌ. dúive (A1)
súta! (ilà), !. lüt doFr,
duu,
g@tings l. slo\:
srükõ,o. 6rìc ilÕNì (t&nt
rADr ità siLì, gsctiÌgs
303
dÀ rdÂi, dailt, loae
botlÌeMnic, {ilne$4 ì)c
yea
'L
!Nh_, it (d/i
rà yr í.uli, Ìt Fóí bctkÌ
d!ì.d!ì^Èdrì, i tol,or
ìikins,lÒriDs
sô,rvânting,
rau5.. .eÌìrin. ìrdleitovor
s.úàyl (d. ràetd), Ìorìg
sâPl puitinFF oÌì olndn
plot ly, n,tÌ.
r.rü/$i
k.t. ill
(ili), .. *ll, dus
s!. {thirLì plüEÌ p.s ttrc
erniiÌoy€dsith ú,
"ôrn
hl)
.r Ll& (ihiÌd PÌlol
hrbitusl p t consiruc
r rè. ObiÌd dúrd rclá_
d, (fbiÌd phÌol iddepèn-
rsyó,,. buy â!,ì Ì)rnìgLere ,drü, (ihid plDnl obFoi
.àyu, ,. Lê Ìioughí (comcò, (tbird llural suljüDÈ
íòl
soction
rü-. {suc tb
-sü, (ihúd pÌml los*ìive
ocDdrt
núi!ü/3unuti,
(d.
sgildlÒ.
!itld.),
3ndì
*ri (of lJiclcìt. moior
6úkÀ (ìÌìird plrtrìl Ìelotive
@ürPletive
Fd Prcmu.)
3Gt
rÈLüLü, ilo6loúlcntlr (ãÌ
shatõ(v6), r. NiPc,.fier I
- yaú ,À!& ròhh, he rhaàô (?1.r!ni@l), üâNk
Nú sittiDgd6ponddüìÌ úildõ,
L ìJcr vihÌeiJ,
í/. dú,lt
úilihg
),
'dã
íttàoanü, (rüú's !ô,ú€)
-ba
,!a {rhir.r d@l or e,
@ì, (tÀnd pÌu,r.Diiüurtire I)'â oonsincôion)
!n!i (?,. .n!iy.), nmq
rbúta, dorldcs
ràldì (Í) Ol. ú.!iõ5),
qdúintuhÉüionof juerìco,
- - si üú!r" *t iLe pri@ (of rü-hô ({mr of !L.ru)
.n.rr/úÃ (iír), r. Bter
(an aina.l), @úe to
a lÈlrsve,
ú@t oÍe.,
rh.sÊ(t .D4tr.; I.
3turH (/'
úôsú), La3lúd, iü€siti-
.üú}ú:
Zr,
!üõrÈ !, iìanu
clflnêÌiqg
jt!,
1oú
rh&ul (/.) irt ú:Lìú),
úãlúÀú .iltò, fve dÂÍÌ
.àa}.ruiiya, iley heloú
3hã rÁIcÀb-,t6kc Ììêdi
lài tlÉaB, h&v€boúòle
rha. dÌihkrns: sd ($ith
úêll, !. Finnoìr, I'oq olt
3Lõ*i ilÀ s!ilà, tsÌrê tô
úl
(íài.d ôilguìer M6culÌns P,é prcDrn €!4
36il
!hr, {ihird singdâr ìn*cu
l
nderndeht J)rorhi ta n.À tòáts ilÌrt,
rlìrt. tÌe ênd ôf tlE
n.sÌúinc
objet
prc-
f€rniíìnc
h.bitüsl
! n
ts kõ, (rLinl sinsulâr
lenìininc rclotive côriinustive p s @nstÌtrc
t.ltÀ, (íÀiÌd singnì.r feni1ã,(ihi.d singd.r í.diairc
con't,ìd,Ìc p-s pónonn)
lÃ. (tl'ird singtrbÌfêminrnê
3hlg&,,.cntc. (ihco so in
rhìsi, ente.ing(tld€)
rúrÉ U p,o prcnou)
3higa,r. passLìv(: srcõ) tÀ, (tììi.d sinAulôrfeminine
rhig4 o. eri!r (lìer.). conre
could it r)c ?, I
rhir/rhi!,
- úim{hir!,
.ìuirlmss.
3ìi!ri,
r. I)r€po.e : seitle
r . úr
(I
,húìà,
".
r n u ü r r aI
ti!, (iÌ,i.d ôinsdü feeiíúe
p'. rmnoun endoved
t úly&, u'€ Âfth (s
r.bbàar,0. bê$re (thâr),
p r. úbbÀt&ca (,
sow, tlmt s€ed
tAhhÀtaccúÃ i I. i{bbÀtòrh),
.onrirnril, Púv.ú (feí
tahhrt.. (itÀ),., netê côr
ta. (third singulòr fêDiniã€
Ìolriirô cotrÌietive p,ã
lmmrn and ibr p.t
Fonour enplój.d ìvitü
.- le ÈÀú (ihnil sì,rgular
tlbrn, (dpr6eioÌ of uttê.
i!ôi, r. ioüclì j h.ye êrc4
tÀôÀ.ra!na,guí
g6nd-
366
1üa!À, N. (\Ìât$, e1,.) boils
rÀtòlBhè (J. tÀlÀrs!('ã
;
túi, (üLird singul8r felúü,ns oôntÌnullÌÌê P-â
tantAEh.yì,
r. keep on
rioi (ll, ticõ.r), t€&lÌ€r
61|, lElfore, ol nc@siil
dljim, ubündoíly, in lÀIgê
rlnü€s (or idcophole)
ú!lâ!ê ttlriD, a ld.Aê
tiÊ, phlm oftlìe hrnd, sole
.Àlyi (/.). tnrelÌins, sôiÌ,s
Ìrú ttÉ (dr), tog€ihú (with)
tãci {l) oÌ. 1ógõ3i),
tikl, ,. treaild, \"lh,lorg
t8hò/ìërLi (?1. tsà6abr),
itÌrrdâ
(.t) (?,. iÀtÀtdú),
|nehl, u. get up, sta.í ôúí
(on a jouney), standup
i[rl (1. l[l.Ì),
clothêc
iú.!yà (/-) {rr. iolri!è),
hrÀtÀfut.tôr.Êrrr),caìÈ .àtsúltrõ 1Í) (?1.t.k'i!i-
Ifrú/ìr.i
tÀnb.và (/.) (?1.ìebayõyi), question, aoü of
(dÀ),f. ere
to
bÀye, stotped, ôiorilirrg
i rsay., in a sta ìing
tüDanl refleciing, rneD!
bding, Egftt. ,pprcb€n- r!úcõ, r. Èiok up, Êelè.t.
luÌtró (r) (r,4.tMnrtD,
ttuÈ, ,- pNì/LÌ@k ov*
tnlr (t), Lre8Ìing wind
tü4. flindd-.ôrn ôr nilléf
nu6h (il,e 6t plê {@il óf
tsud, hs.dness,toughrcÉ
tnri (/-) (?t. tiyõri), tj@
t!yì, .- nlâle m ofi€Ì (ir
harò, .. st nd (ul ), stol ,
tôlú (p,. túrÉd), pitcher
tArtÀôÀkúúúè, groÀi-gMi
1ót1ik6.0. inÌÌpÌe undeÌ
kaüÈtllll., jrrnprg
€Íotrts ir írâqÈ md ffeltì
16/tò,\.ên, oúy
h-, (se the b- &ction fol
tàm, ,. l,e gâihêr€il tô-
tÍll (r) (?1.t&õ.b4, n€íal
ho\elor bsin ; ?t. iliÁhes
Jdt
k.lrü irèÌâ!ì, r)ctsixt
t!i.t
(r/. irhryà), sL,,p
kìútõ (í0, !. *leci, lick uÌ)
|lilt'iyn (í) (/.) &{|ln
rõrl), brconr. type of
tlil silence(d ideophone)
- tà yi reü hô Ìâpt sileDú
hôdõ(t), exponsinen*s trõüõ/rsõrõ (/, rtõhlr! ;
yúi dn t3árrã: yà Í
I. i!òrah), oÌd (peEon
- lrõloú tl@n, êxp€ri€noedpeEon. 'âí old
téhür(i)(!1. tèbúõri), tâUê,
í!.rl^sliri
(l),
oenirc,
369
368
FâúÀnceú,(sô wúcÀú)
tsútI, bcmìÌilq old. qeiíg
butsú (, tsút$rà
; ?1. s.dÀucl,
i5út5à 1r) (/.
bntsõt.i),
ülgülú (/.) (?1. üúsò,lti),
çsio, iomrd/to 3 Idson or Ìrl.ce, in the
trseNo of . PersoÌ
ol tlìê
rodu
çãÉà (Í)
- ri!ë
(?1. sr
rni ?, vho iìoes Iìê
ntre
Ql. wÈnõÂi),
súcÀ! (J. w.mrl r ?,.
wdà!cnú), th8t. that
(?i. v.dr!!rr),
red!
Fruõ (í
;
'&cõ@e! ti.
rarrÀúa) vÀich
*r!!iEi (?r. riqÌúri),
tuyr
(r)
(?,. f,.yõyt,
--drrú s.yr, post ofr.e
(sheretel€s@ esy ìo
ta.b.ta, !t tìis tnüê. . .
wta, ,. Mv€r Êoúr - ca.r rr rarà. it ilêwftil
çàlcan (t
; r/.
tìe oÀÒ nì
wüíèícÀú).'À.c.!
?1,vrdÀndò),thât which,
waiiai, ctrNè (nÌ €Ìcttm-
-
rtlk râ!ilà,
úòoovd
çarilô (pl. mtrit!Àn), plir
m!
wlè.
,,
MoveÌ
frc'tr
riri(?t. rt aut),dsyins, - slyyã 4 me is nìê |
radÊa (t) (e1.rà.itú),
rô! (pr. róôyõ), uset6
(í!bg oÌ !dm), mlly
tõhô, b@úg
rlcã/riioéoè,(remnìnr ôf *eitÀ/{ÁrdÀ (/. randÀ ;
Ánl r!d!úl(à.
o, wrú
'urè,
tttà, ,. bmDê s@tte.ed
rirà (?,. Fó*ayõ), fdl
(üodX, - rarú
!ecl, hovy/
tiyõ, olêY€mN,trickins
,ryra âla€| (dcrsnirio!
Fâ (Í vA J ?Ì- vaYYã), wákíi (?Ì. vt}n.i),
eìilú sibliry OÌotLêr or
wl/{;ú/'Àúè!ê
$4o (oü€), &
(one), â, êDofLú
'.du!),
@.i'ú
wâ! ii is :àid, qnote.
rtrnoü h$ ìt íü!r . . .
wài{òye, ttr ing tìÌc he.d
!Íúglitã,
mÀyho(bur prcbÂble)
GcemDrll)
Goil
w .ré íÍ
WaÁcà: Dl.3!
*['
6onD ô{ Íôd.4)
ru
dtn (?i. rl.aut), noo!,
@;..r.
- $tl
Rrri (l.) (?ú maarè),
ri.ìè!a4
(: ÌrtlL&D
nài nri,
nexL
- *tA! aôb., nàÌí noríI1
@tÀr iiyÀ, lâÊi month
$iÀn ila y. mcà, lst
u .ü rôhó-çôlô.
lss ty (: ncà,
wírì/rüì, !. spendthe ilat
vú!i/ri!i, roiod of dày-
3io
3iL
ri, (tìid sinsübrnaeu
lúe fuitrr Il !.. p.o
rui (?1.tdl), @my sbeu rÀ (rhi.a singülãrrnssn
(foüìedy uêd s nonèy)
li'Ìe sübjunctiÌepa prc'
plâ.ê
tui (?i.
'GiÍõ),
rn, (il,iÌd singubr Ììàúü
êairy, vêry prorn!üy
I'n€ Pa prononn eu
rún!, ftüril/tó . po
son or Pl,oôi in the r.'rò/râddò, hoN- íhe wot
presce of ! Pumn
(lü!) daruri, prenrtìr,
'3.d
r&úEü, v6t,
dÍÀltatÀ
(/.),
chiuìsb
yÀrds"r- âgrê, mDseìt
yãtrì (p,. yàbõht),6rge.
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raili,
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r. sit doú,
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(dÀ),r- cãue to cit/
EDglbh ãawa Vocabülory
rõúô (!1. rõDirã), Ìsbbit
züh*/rüb (dÀ), .. rÌouí
zúòà,0.poü dwdy (rn oq,
NÕt€: útur stn, rÌú Ektüsh-EM
eextíore,ít;:
M'Md.À
tà4t tle th!44d ú6s-ch.tÍ dçtu úiú th.
ttw
Endish ietíM, a lorgailíatitury anA,{ ?úsibtz,
úiti m MMM
oJtL wiÌBÌ@ndtucrifu iú @nt@l.
It iê í6c eas! a ü nitÌ"Ã í'ú wüg usagebr rh. a@
briafídìútí@ oJ.t2 @i'tst t úid.itr ia shúttMbx-
,úctyã (r) (?l- ,úcúõyl),
slong, eoú 3lo!g eelÌ, r.
,noüdr (r), lelaíioi$ip
(by òlood or m!riôse).
sìÉoityplrmeil or Ìao@,
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settl€
zúIi,.. stlí up +icHr
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ba üiì
ãfthoue, tõ d.' lò da !ìi/
zárrsgúcl,
the di.la"f or
,ur!, @núe ; io{àrds
- dri sr. . ., ta. . . (ro!
ìrüls mpìôyed rí stà.t
sfi*tion {mütuaÌì,ràrryyi
(J.)
dl@oo!
0!te), rôDaô,
ago, cloú $hilê lgo, din
òhbl
anrmaÌ(doD€Áiic),
(sild), úni (/. !ãdú/
375
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b€gee, úúôri
mX, lõràúè (, ÌõrÀcè :
ânyonewho, itúÌ w.IdÀ
(í E.!è
'be! of the lì€ad, tyari
(,f.)
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hôtìla,Èml3hõ/Lrdtn (r)
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bmbobíÉè, LúId (r) (?t.
bicycle,!ìtë (?i. rëÌ@ò)
bo{I, rrnúô {neúBÌ)(Ì,1.
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bq. ÀtsìÈ tpl. ú'.rúl)
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búclìêlor s$u!ô/3r.8!õ
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h6Ìr, ü16lÌ (pi. üttüíòrai)
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lecaüseol !úò ità/rEbòilà
b@., con, lìtõ, EiÈ (r)
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blênis!. lihii (?i. lihnbi)
Earãlõ (, úalüDryã r
ìMn,
iiltlÚã
(r) 0t.
s76
377
@üe, t'.rita/!.ri
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U.)
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