UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
FACULTY OF LAW- PARKLANDS CAMPUS
MASTER OF LAWS (LLM) 2021-2022
COURSE LECTURER: DR AKUNGA MOMANYI
CONTACT HOURS: 60
GPR 549: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW(IEL)
A. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE NEW LLM
PROGRAMME/CURRICULUM
1.1 Thematic Structure and Content
The structure and content of the LLM Programme reflects and satisfies various thematic and
sectoral needs. With this programme, the Faculty of Law seeks to take advantage of its unique
expertise and aims at consolidating, harnessing and nurturing scholarship and teaching in six
thematic areas of law, namely: Corporate and Financial Law; Public International Law and
International Relations; Human Rights Law; Intellectual Property and Technology Law;
Environment and Natural Resource Law, and Democracy, Governance and Law.
1.2 Goal of the LLM Programme
The goal of this programme is to provide students with the opportunity to acquire
specialized knowledge and skills with a view to producing highly specialised lawyers
who are leaders in their areas of expertise.
1.3 Expected Learning Outcomes
At the end of this programme, a student should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explain the current and anticipated future trends in the legal environment;
Prioritise the need for research in the academy and its role in national development;
Evaluate the nature, manifestations and linkages of the regional and international
geopolitical legal orders with a view to providing effective legal services in new and
emergent areas of law;
Apply the theories, principles and rules to the socio-political and economic foundations
and transdisciplinary perspectives of the law with a view to competing effectively in a
modern and dynamic legal environment;
Apply knowledge in a practical and analytical manner.
1
1.4 Mode of Delivery
1.4.1 Face-to-Face Mode
Under this head the following methods will be employed:
a) Socratic and interactive lectures
b) Seminar discussions
c) Tutorials
d) Case Studies
e) Clinical teaching and simulations
1.4.2 Open Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) Mode
Under this head the following methods will be employed:
a) Web Conferencing
b) Online Modules
1.4.3 Blended Learning
This head combines of face to face mode with ODel mode of teaching.
1.5. Thematic area on Environmental and Natural Resources Law
Specialization in Environmental and Natural Resources Law
Second Semester
Compulsory course
GPR548 Environmental Governance for Sustainability
60 Hours
Electives
GPR549 International Environmental Law
GPR550 Climate Change and the Law
GPR551 Regulation of the Extractive Industry
GPR 552 Oil and Gas Law
60 Hours
60 Hours
60 Hours
60 Hours
Third Semester
Electives
GPR553 Water Resources Law
GPR554 Regulation of the Energy Sector
GPR555 Gender and Natural Resources Law
GPR556 Governance of Urbanization for Sustainability
60 Hours
60 Hours
60 Hours
60 Hours
2
1.6 GPR 549: International Environmental Law
1.6.1 Purpose:
To examine the role of international law in addressing global environmental problems,
in particular climate change and the protection of biological diversity: the relevant legal
principles, concepts and obligations relating to such problems and the scientific,
political, economic and social dimensions thereof; to evaluate the effectiveness of
international environmental law in terms of its implementation and enforceability.
1.6.2 Expected Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Discuss the role of international law in addressing global environmental problems.
2. Examine how the implementation of international obligations is dependent upon
the development of implementing legislation at a Nation State level.
3. Evaluate the basic principles underlying international environmental law,
particularly the concept of sustainable development and the key international
treaties developed to address global environmental problems.
4. Assess the complexity of the scientific, political, economic and social dimensions of
international environmental law at a level sufficient to enable them to explain and
debate those issues.
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental law in terms of its
implementation and enforceability.
1.6.3 Content:
Overview of global environmental problems; Introduction to international
environmental law, including: Sources, Institutions, Non-government actors, and
Treaty-making; Principles and concepts in international environmental law, including
Sustainability, Sovereignty, Common but differentiated responsibility, Intergenerational equity, Precautionary principle; Biodiversity and wildlife conservation
including Protection of biological diversity, Trade in wildlife, Whaling and Regulation
of invasive species; Climate Change including Causes and effects, Treaty framework for
adaptation and mitigation, and Future climate change regime; Natural resources and
habitat protection including Polar regions, Forests, Protected areas and Ramsar and
World Heritage sites; Human rights and the environment including International and
regional conventions/declarations, Substantive rights, Procedural rights and
Complaints mechanisms; The interface between international and domestic
environmental law including Extra-territorial operation of domestic environmental laws
3
and Direct operation of international environmental law in domestic legal systems;
Implementation, compliance and enforcement of international environmental law.
1.6.4 Mode of Delivery:
Tutorials; Case method; Seminar discussions; individual student and group
presentations, problem based learning.
1.6.5 Instruction Materials and/or Equipment:
Computers; Internet; Laws; Law Reports; Discussion Aids; Chalk/white boards and
necessary accompaniments; Library; DVDs; CD-ROM; Business Source Premier; EJournals: Lexis-Nexis; HeinOnline; JSTOR.
1.6.6 Assessment:
Type
Examination
Continuous Assessment
Total
Weighting (%)
60
40
100
1.7 Learning and Teaching Methods
Lectures; Seminar presentations and discussions; Individual Student and Group Presentations;
Problem based learning.
As indicated above, there are various approaches to LLM Course instruction and learning. The
Lecturers in this course prefer a combination of lectures and seminars. A brief introductory
lecture in the form of “intellectual sign posts” may be made at the beginning of the class or topic.
This will be followed by seminar presentations by students assigned for each topic. Most of the
course will be covered through a series of seminar presentations by individual or groups of
students based on pre-set and distributed seminar questions or topics. It is expected that prior to
each presentation, the presenting student(s) will have prepared and circulated hard copies of
his/her/their seminar paper to facilitate informed and meaningful discussion. The seminar
question(s) will account for part of the continuous assessment tests (CATs) marks for the course.
1.8 Mode of Assessment
Assignments (40%); Examination (60%)
1.9 Course Outline and Description
1. Multilateral environmental agreements
Sources of international environmental law ;Law of treaties Customary international law;
principles of law; Judicial decisions and qualified teachings ; Negotiating multilateral
environmental agreements; Administering treaties; “Hard” and “Soft” Law legal instruments; the
role of national law.
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2. Principles and concepts of international environmental law
Overview of international environmental law principles and Emerging principles and concepts;
Sustainable development, integration and interdependence; Inter-generational and intragenerational equity ; Responsibility for transboundary harm; Transparency, public participation
and access to information and remedies; Cooperation, and common but differentiated
responsibilities ; Precaution Principle ; Principle on Prevention ; “Polluter Pays Principle” ;
Access and benefit sharing regarding natural resources; Common heritage and common concern
of humankind ; Good governance; Common but differentiated responsibility;
3. Compliance and enforcement of multilateral environmental
agreements (MEAs)
Institutional arrangements and mechanisms for the implementation of MEAs;
Conferences/meetings of the Parties of a MEA ; Convention secretariats; Advisory bodies ;
Reporting mechanisms to track progress in the implementation of treaties ; Financial
mechanisms; Non-compliance procedures/mechanisms; Capacity building programmes; the role
of international organizations and compliance and enforcement networks; National
implementation .
4. Ozone depletion
-The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985; 1987 Montreal Protocol
on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; Control Measures; Institutions; The Multilateral
Fund, its executive committee and secretariat; Non-compliance procedure ; National
implémentation.
5. Global Climate Change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992; Kyoto Protocol 1997;
Paris Agreement 2015; Capacity building and financial mechanism; Compliance and dispute
settlement ; The negotiations processes; Flexible mechanisms; National implementation.
6. Hazardous wastes
- Multilateral instruments on hazardous wastes: Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989: Background
and contents of the convention; Strict control of transboundary movement of hazardous
wastes; Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes; Developments
since the adoption of the convention; Liability and Compensation Protocol 1999; Marine
environment compensation and liability agreements and
marine pollution prevention agreements; Convention for Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter;
- Regional instruments on hazardous wastes: Bamako Convention on the Ban of Imports into
Africa and Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within
Africa;
- Regional seas agreements: Convention for the Protection and Development of Marine
Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region; Kuwait Regional Convention on the Protection of
the Marine
Environment from Pollution; Kuwait Regional Protocol on the Control of MarineTransboundary
Movements and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes and other Wastes;
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Waigani Convention to Ban the Importation into the Forum Island Countries of Hazardous and
Radioactive Wastes and to Control theTransboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous
Wasteswithin the South Pacific Region;
- Bilateral instruments on hazardous wastes;
- Non-legally binding instruments on hazardous wastes
7. Chemicals
-Soft law instruments: i.e.London Guidelines on Chemicals;
- Conventions: Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent procedure for certain
hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade: -Institutions; -PIC procedure; Information exchange; -General obligations;-Technical assistance; - Non-compliance.
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants:
- Intentionally produced POPs; - Unintentionally produced POPs; - Stockpiles; -General
obligations;- Institutions;- Addition of new POPs; - Financial and technical assistance;- Noncompliance.
- Clustering of related agreements.
8. Marine pollution
The law of the sea process, UNCLOS 1982; The law of the sea and the marine environment; Land-based sources of marine pollution; - Vessel-based sources of marine pollution; - Dumping
of wastes at sea; - Offshore hydrocarbon and mineral recovery.
Regional sea agreements:
Nairobi Convention 1985 for East African Region and its revision 2010 For West Indian Ocean;
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the
Mediterranean; - Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of
the Wider Caribbean Region; -Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic.
9. Conservation of species and habitats, including trade in and sustainable use of
endangered species
- The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals: Obligations
and Instruments; Appendix I species ;Appendix II species and other species;
- Relationship and cooperation with other biodiversity related MEAs ;
- Agreements concluded under the CMS : - Agreement on the conservation of seals in the
Wadden Sea; - Agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the Baltic
and North Seas;- Agreement on the conservation of populations of European bats; -Agreement in
the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory waterbirds; Agreement on the conservation of
cetaceans of the Black Sea,Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area;- Memorandum of
understanding concerning conservation measures for the Siberian crane; - Memorandum of
understanding concerning conservation for the slender-billed curlew;- Agreement on the
conservation of albatrosses and petrels; Memorandum of understanding on the conservation and
management of marine turtles and their habitats of the Indian Ocean and South East Asia; Memorandum of understanding concerning conservation measures for
marine turtles of the Atlantic coast of Africa; -Memorandum of understanding on the
conservation and management of the Middle-European population of the great bustard;-
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Memorandum of understanding concerning conservation and restoration of the Bukhara deer;Memorandum of understanding and action plan concerning measures for the aquatic warbler.
- The 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as
Waterfowl Habitat :- Obligations: National implementation ;
- Relationship and cooperation with other biodiversity related MEAs.
- The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
(“CITES”) :
Obligations and structure; Trade in appendix I specimens (article III); Trade in appendix II
specimens (article IV) ; Trade in appendix III specimens (article V) . Compliance and
enforcement; National implementation ; Institutions.
- The 1994 Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal
Trade in Wild Flora and Fauna: Obligations of the parties; National implementation ;
Institutions.
- The 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage; World Heritage Committee; List of World Heritage in Danger ; International
assistance; World Heritage Fund ;Advisory bodies; Secretariat;
10. Biological diversity:
The Convention on Biological Diversity , 1992: General principles and concepts; Measures for
the conservation and sustainable use; Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing Nagoya
Protocol 2010; Access to and transfer of technology; The role of indigenous and local
communities; International cooperation and the financial mechanism. Institutional arrangements.
Compliance, liability and dispute settlement; Kuala Lumpur/Nagoya Protocol on Liability 2010.
11. Biosafety
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety : Advance informed agreement procedure; LMOs intended for
direct use of food, feed or for processing; Risk assessment and risk management; Information
sharing; Unintentional transboundary movement of LMOs (article 17); Identification of LMOs;
Confidential information (article 21); Capacity building (article 22); Public awareness and
participation (article 23); Compliance procedure and mechanisms (article 34);Liability and
redress (article 27);Transboundary movement of LMOs with non-parties; Administration of the
Biosafety Protocol ; Relationship of the Cartagena Protocol with other agreements;
12. Protection and preservation of marine biodiversity, including through sustainable
fisheries:
- Global legally binding instruments:
a) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
b) Fish Stocks Agreement and other developments
c) Convention on Biological Diversity
d) Global conventions on marine pollution
e) International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
- Regional legally binding instruments
a) Regional fisheries management organizations :
i. International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ii. Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
b) Regional sea agreements
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i. Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine
Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)
13. Freshwater resources
1. The hydrological cycle
2. Water scarcity
3. Water pollution
International framework
1. Major developments in the field of cooperation on freshwater
2. Freshwater regulation at the international level:
a) The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of
Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses
3. Freshwater regulation at the regional and subregional level
a) The 1992 UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use
of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
b) Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems in the
Southern African Development Community
c) Agreements concerning specific watercourses: Nile ; Lake Victoria etc
14. Polar ecosystems
1. Ecosystem characteristics and vulnerabilities
2. International environmental regime relating to Antarctica
a) The Antarctic Treaty
b) Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
c) Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
d) Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
3. International environmental regime relating to the Arctic
a) Declaration on the Protection of the Arctic Environment
b) The Arctic Council
c) The Barrow Declaration
d) Regional programme of action for the protection of Arctic
marine environment from land-based activities
15. Human Rights and the Environment
-International and regional conventions/declarations, Substantive rights, Procedural
rights and Complaints mechanisms;
- Case Law on human rights and the environment
16. The Interface between International and Domestic Environmental Law
- Extra-territorial operation of domestic environmental laws
- Direct operation of international environmental law in domestic legal systems
-Case law on interfaces
1.10
Instructional Materials and/or Equipment:
8
Computers; Law Library, Internet; Laws; Law Reports; Discussion Aids; Chalk/white boards and
necessary accompaniments; Library; DVDs; DVDS; CD-ROM; Business Source Premier; EJournals: Lexis-Nexis; HeinOnline; JSTOR
1.10.1 Core Reading Materials:
1. Daniel Bodansky, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law (Harvard
University Press, 2010).
2. Birnie P, Boyle A and Redgwell, C (2009) International law and the environment, 3rd ed.
Oxford University Press.
3. Alan Boyle and David Freestone, eds, International law and Sustainable development.
Past Achievements and Future Challenges (Oxford University Press, 1999).
4. Philippe Sands: Principles of International Environmental Law (Cambridge University
Press, 2003).
5. Hans Christian Bugge and Christina Voigt, eds, Sustainable Development in
International and National Law (Groningen, 2008)
1.10.2 General Reading Materials for the Course:
1.
Alexander
Gillespie,
Protected
Areas
and
International
Environmental
Law(Martinus Nijhoff,2007).
2.
Andreson , S: ‘Science and Politics in the International Management of Whales’ 13
Marine Policy 99 (1989)
3.
Baker,J ‘A substantive Theory of the Relative Efficiency of Environmental Treaty
Compliance: The Case of CITES’, 2 JIWLP 1 (1999)
4.
Bartenhagen, E; ‘ The Intersection of Trade and the Environment: An Examination
of the Impact of the TBT Agreement on Ecolabelling Programmes, 17 Va Envtl LJ
1 (1997)
5.
Bernasconi, C:,
‘Civil Liability Resulting from Trans-frontier Environmental
Damage: A Case for the Hague Conference?, Hague YIL 35 (1999)
6.
Bianchi, A: ‘ Controlling Great Lakes Pollution: A Study in United States/Canada
Environmental Cooperation’, 70 Mich LR 469 (1972)
7.
Birnie P, Boyle A and Redgwell, C (2009) International law and the environment,
3rd ed. Oxford University Press.
9
8.
Birnie, PW, ‘International Legal Issues in the Management and Protection of the
Whale: A Review of Four Decades of Experience’ 29 NRJ 903 (1989).
9.
Boczek, BA, ‘Global and Regional Approaches to the Protection and Preservation
of the Marine Environment’ 16 CWRJIL 39 (1984)
10.
Bodansky, D, Brunee, J and Hey, H: The Oxford Handbook of International
Environmental Law, Oxford University Press, 2007
11.
Bothe, M: International Regulation of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous
Waste, 33 GYIL 422, (1990)
12.
Bothe, M:’The Protection of the Environment in times of Armed Conflict: Legal
Rules Uncertainty, Deficiencies and Possible Developments’ 34 GYIL54 (1992)
13.
Bourne, CB, ‘Procedure in the Development of International Drainage Basins: The
Duty to Consult and Negotiate’ 10 CYIL 212, (1972)
14.
Bourne, CB, ‘The Right to Utilize the Waters of International Rivers’, 3 CYIL 187
(1965)
15.
Bourne, CB: International Law and Pollution of International Rivers and Lakes’, 6
UBCLR 115 (1971)
16.
Bourne, CB: The Primacy of the Principle of Equitable Utilization in the 1997
Watercourses Convention’ 35 CYIL 215 (1997)
17.
Brownlie, I: Principles of Public International Law, 5th Ed
18.
Brownlie,I : A Survey of International Customary Rules of International Protection,
13 NRJ 179 (1973)
19.
Brunnee J and Toope, S: ‘Environmental Security and Freshwater Resources:
Ecosystem Regime Building’, 91 AJIL 26 (1997)
20.
Brunnee, J and Toope, S:Environmental Security and Freshwater Resources: A case
for International Ecosystems Law, 5 YbIEL 41 (1994)
21.
Brunnee, J, ‘Common Interest-Echoes from an empty shell? Some Thoughts on
Common Interests and International Environmental Law’, 49 ZAORV 791 (1989)
22.
Carl E. Bruch, Public Participation in the Governance of International Freshwater
Resources (United Nations University, 2005).
23.
Carl E. Bruch, Public Participation in the Governance of International Freshwater
Resources United Nations University (2005)
10
24.
Charles Okidi et al edsGoverning the Environment: Implementing the Framework
Law, East African Educational Publishers (2008)
25.
Churchill R.R. & Lowe A.V. The Law of the Sea, 3rd Edition, Manchester
University Press (2010)
26.
Cinner JE, Wamukota A, Randriamahazo, H, Rabearisoa A (2009): Toward
institutions for community-based management of inshore marine resources in the
Western Indian Ocean. Marine Policy 33:489–496.
27.
Crook, JR, and McCaffrey, SC, ‘ The United Nations Starts Work on a
Watercourses Convention’, 91 AJIL 374 (1997)
28.
David Harris and Sandesh Sivakumaran: Cases and Materials on International
Law, Sweet & Maxwell (2015)
29.
De Klemm, C; ‘Migratory Species in International Law’, 29 NRL, 932 (1989)
30.
Edward Goodwin, International Environmental Law and the Conservation of Coral
Reefs, Routledge (2011)
31.
Eyal Benvenisti, Sharing Transboundary Resources: International Law and
Optimal Resource Use (Cambridge University Press,2002).
32.
Hassan R, Scholes, R and Ash, N (Eds) (2005) Ecosystems and human well being;
Current state and trends, Vol 1, Island Press, Washington
33.
Hunter, Salzman and Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy (New
York, Foundation Press)
34.
Kariuki Muigua, ‘Coastal and Marine Resources’ in Kariuki Muigua et al,Natural
Resources & Environmental Justice in Kenya, Glenwood Publishers, Nairobi
(2015)
35.
Kees Bastmeijer & Timo Koivurova,eds., Theory and Practice of Transboundary
Environmental Impact Assessment (Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).
36.
Magraw, DB, ‘ Transboundary Harm: The International Law Commission’s Study
of International Liability’ 80 AJIL 305(1986)
37.
Malzbender D, Earle A (2007) The impact and implications of the adoption of the
1997 UN Watercourse Conventions for Countries in Southern Africa. Africa Centre
for Water Research, Cape Town, South Africa. 244 pp.
11
38.
McMaffrey, S and Sinjela, M: ‘ The 1997 UN Convention on International
Watercourses, 92 AJIL 97 (1998)
39.
McMaffrey, S: ‘Transboundary Pollution Injuries: Jurisdictional Considerations in
Private Litigation Between Canada and United States’, 3 CWJIL 191 (1973)
40.
Molenaar, E: ‘ Participation, Allocation and Unregulated Fishing: The Practice of
Regional Fisheries Organizations’, 18 IJMCL 457 (2003)
41.
Navid, D, ‘The International Law of Migratory Species: The Ramsar Convention’,
29 NRJ 1001 (1989)
42.
Nollkaemper, ‘The Rhine Action Programme: A Turning Point in the Protection of
the North Sea’, 5 IJECL 123 (1990)
43.
OECD Environmentand Regional Trade Agreements, OECD (2007)
44.
Okidi, IO, ‘Towards Regional Arrangements for Regulation of Marine Pollution:
An Appraisal of Options’, 4 ODIL 1 (1971)
45.
Parsons, S, ‘ Ecosystem Considerations in Fisheries Management: Theory and
Practice’, 20 IJMCL 381 (2005)
46.
Patricia Wouters et al Sharing Transboundary Waters: An Integrated Assessment of
Equitable Entitlement: The Legal Assessment Model, UNESCO (2005)
47.
Patricia Wouters et al, Sharing Transboundary Waters: An Integrated Assessment
of Equitable Entitlement: The Legal Assessment Model (UNESCO,2005).
48.
Patricia Wouters, ‘Trade Sanctions under Multilateral Environmental Protection
Agreements’in, Peter H. Sand & Michael Bothe, eds.,, Environmental Policy:
From Regulation to Economic Instruments (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2003).
49.
Rahman, R, ‘ The Law of the Non Navigational Uses of International
Watercourses: Dilemma for Lower Riparians, 19 Fordham ILJ 9 (1995)
50.
Robin Warner, Protecting the Oceans beyond National Jurisdiction, Martinus
Nirjoff (2009)
51.
Rosas, A ‘Issues of State Liability for Transboundary Environmental Damage’, 60
Nordic JIL 29 (1991)
52.
Sand, PH, ‘Whither CITES? The Evolution of a Treaty Regime on the Borderland
of Trade and Environment’, 8 EJIL 29 (1997)
12
53.
Sands P (1994) Principles of international environmental law, vol 1 (Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge).
54.
Sands P, Klein P (2001) Bowett’s law of international institutions, 5th ed. London,
Sweet & Maxwell pp. 84–85.
55.
Sands PH (2007): The evolution of international environmental law. In: Bodansk D,
Brunnee J, Hey E (eds).The Oxford handbook of international environmental law,
Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York. 30–43.
56.
Schally, H, ‘Forests: Towards an International Legal Regime? 4 YbIEL 30 (1993)
57.
Scheiber, H, ‘From Science to Law in Politics: A Historical View of the Ecosystem
Idea and its Effects on Resource Management’, 24 ELQ 631 (1999)
58.
Schoenbaum, T, ‘ International Trade and the Environment: the Continuing Search
for Reconciliation’, 91 AJIL 268 (1997)
59.
Scott, J, ‘International Trade and Environmental Governance: Relating Rules and
Standards in the EU and the WTO’, 15 EJIL 307 (2004)
60.
Simma, B, ‘ From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law’, 250
Recueil des Cours 293 (1994)
61.
Tully, SR, ‘ The Contribution of Human Rights to Freshwater
Resource
Management”, 14 YbIEL 1999 (2003)
62.
Vinogradov , S : ‘Marine Pollution Via Transboundary Watercourses:Regimes in
the Wider Black Sea Region’, 22 IJMCL 585 (2007)
63.
Yoshifumi Tanaka The International Law and the Sea, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
(2015)
2. Other Recommended Reference Materials:
1. East African Community Draft Revised Guidelines for Transboundary
Environmental Impact Assessment – May 2005.
2. http:// www.kenyalaw.org
3. UNEP (1987); Our Common Future, The Report of the UN World Commission
on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission)
4. 1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
(Stockholm) Doc.A/CONF/48/14/REV.1
13
5. 1992 Declaration of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UN
Doc.A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (Agenda 21)
6. UNEP /WIOMSA 2015: The Regional State of Coast Report, Western Indian
Ocean Region
7. [UNEP]
United
Nations
Environment
Programme/Nairobi
Convention
Secretariat (2009) Trans-boundary diagnostic analysis of land-based sources
and activities affecting the Western Indian Ocean coastal and marine
environment. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 226–240 pp.
8. [UNEP]
United
Nations
Environment
Programme/Nairobi
Convention
Secretariat and WIOMSA (2009b) Regional review of policy, legal and
institutional frameworks for addressing land-based sources and activities in the
Western Indian Ocean region. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 10–56 pp.
9.
[WIOMSA] Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (2011) Climate
change impacts in coastal and marine areas of the Western Indian Ocean
region: an assessment of problems, solutions, and strategic options for
promoting climate resilient development in the WIO region. WIOMSA,
Zanzibar 161 pp.
10. AU: Africa Integrated Maritime Strategy (AIMS) 2050
11. AU: Agenda The Africa We Want
12. SADC Trans-frontier Conservation Areas(http://tfcaportal.org)
13.
UNEP ( 2006): Africa
Environment Outlook 2 (AEO-2), ISBN:92-807-2691-9
14.
UNEP
(2007):
Global
Environment Outlook 4 (GEO-4): Environment for Development, ISBN 978-92-8072836-1.
15.
UNEP (2011): Towards a
Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,
ISBN:978-92-807-3143-9 (www.unep.org/greeneconomy)
16.
Momanyi, A.N (2012): University of Nairobi (2012):
“The International Legal and Institutional Framework for the High
Seas
Environment: An Evaluation” Ph.D Thesis, School of
14
Law, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
17.
Momanyi A.N: “Rethinking Estuarine Ecosystem Governance in
the WIO Region,” in Ducrotoy Jean-Paul, Diop, S, Scheren P and
Machiwa J (Eds): Estuaries: A Lifeline of Ecosystem Services in the
Western Indian Ocean, Estuaries of the World Springer Book Series
2014/2015.
18.
Momanyi, AN (2011): Sick Seas and Oceans and the Challenges of
Combating Land Based
Pollution and Degradation: The Example of
Western Indian Ocean Region, in A Planet for Life(AFD/IDDRI, 2011).
3. List of International Legal Instruments
i.
GLOBAL Instruments
1. 1971 Connvention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar), 996 UNTS
245; 11 ILM (1972)
2. 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (Washington) 993 UNTS 243; 12 ILM 1085
3. 1978 UNEP Principles on Conservation and Harmonious Utilization of Natural
Resources Shared by Two or More States, 17 ILM(1978) 1094.
4. 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Berne)
19 ILM (1980)
5. 1979 Convention on -Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva), 18 ILM
(1979) 1442; UKTS 57(1983)
6. 1989 Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and Their Disposal (Basel) 28 ILM (1989)
15
7. 1991 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
(Espoo), 30 ILM (1991)
8. 1992 Non Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global
Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable development of all
Types of Forests, 31 ILM (1992)
9. 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, 31 ILM (1992) 818
10. 1997 Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 36
ILM (1997)
ii.
REGIONAL and SUB -REGIONAL Instruments
a. AFRICA
1. 1968 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(Algiers) 1001 UNTS 4 (Revised 2003, Maputo)
2. 1981 Convention and Protocol for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of
the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region
(Abidjan) and Protocol concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution in Cases of
Emergency, 20 ILM (1981)
3. 1982 Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Environment (Jeddah) and Protocol Concerning Regional Cooperation in Combating
Pollution by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency, 9 EPL (1982)
4. 1985 Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine
and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region ( Nairobi); Protocol
Concerning Protected Areas and Wild Flora and Fauna in the Eastern Africa Region;
Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Marine Pollution in Cases of
Emergency in the Eastern African Region, Burhenne, 385: 46; ND (Revised 2010, not
yet in force)
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5. 1991 Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa
(Bamako), 30 ILM (1991)
6. 1995 Agreement on Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water Birds, 6
YbIEL (1995) 907
7. Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (2000), www.uneca.org
8. Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management to the Treaty for the
Establishment of the East Africa Community www.uneca.org
9. 2000 Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses in the SADC, 40 ILM (2001) 321
b. OTHER REGIONS AND SUB REGIONS
1. 1909 Treaty between the United States and Great Britain Respecting Boundary Waters
Between the United States and Canada (Washington) 4 AJIL (suppl) 239
2. 1940 Convention on Nature protection and Wildlife Protection in the Western
Hemisphere (Washington) 161 UNTS 193
3. 1944 United States-Mexico Treaty Relating to the Utilization of Waters of the Colorado
and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande, 3 UNTS 313.
4. 1979 Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne)
UKTS 56 (1982)
5. 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for Sustainable Development of the Mekong River
Basin, 34 ILM (1995) 865.
6. 1996 Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Transboundary
Movement of Hazardous Wastes
7. 1999 Convention on the Protection of the Rhine
8. 1999 UNECE Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from the
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
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9. 1998 Protocol to the Kuwait Convention on the Control of Marine Transboundary
Movement and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
10. 2003 UNECE Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment, www.unece.org
11. 2006 Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising
out of Hazardous Activities, ILC Report (2006), GAOR A/61/10
12. 2008 Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean,
www.unepmap.org
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