1 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY BROOKDALE HOUSE: The Write from Ancient History books Write from Ancient History Level 1 Cursive Models Write from Ancient History Level 1 Manuscript Models Write from Ancient History Level 2 Cursive Models Write from Ancient History Level 2 Manuscript Models The Write from Medieval History books Write from Medieval History Level 1 Cursive Models Write from Medieval History Level 1 Manuscript Models Write from Medieval History Level 2 Cursive Models Write from Medieval History Level 2 Manuscript Models The Write from Early Modern History Books Write from Early Modern History Level 1 Manuscript Models Write from Early Modern History Level 2 Cursive Models Write from Early Modern History Level 2 Manuscript Models The Write from Modern History Books Write from Modern History Level 1 Manuscript Models (Planned for publication in 2014) Write from Modern History Level 2 Cursive Models Write from Modern History Level 2 Manuscript Models The Fun Spanish Level 1 (Introductory Spanish workbook for elementary students) Sheldon’s Primary Language Lessons (Introductory grammar workbook for elementary students) The Westminster Shorter Catechism Copybook (Available in the following: traditional, modern, italic, and vertical, both print and cursive) Bible Memorization Made Easy (Memorize Galatians, Memorize Philippians, Memorize Psalms for Praying, and Memorize the Sermon on the Mount.) ISBN-13: 978-1-940282-51-0 © Copyright 2014 by Brookdale House: A Curriculum Publishing Company. Brookdale House grants permission to photocopy pages for use within a single family. All other rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. For permission to make copies, except for the use within one immediate family, please contact the author at www.brookdalehouse.com or Kimberly@brookdalehouse.com . 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Background .............................................................................................................. 5 Instructions .............................................................................................................. 6 Writing a Sentence.................................................................................................... 7 Answering a Question ............................................................................................ 8 Expanding Your Sentences .................................................................................. 10 Writing a Paragraph ................................................................................................ 17 Transition Words Table ........................................................................................ 18 Writing a Descriptive Paragraph .............................................................................. 23 Descriptive Paragraph Example—Invention .......................................................... 23 Descriptive Paragraph Example—Structure ......................................................... 24 Descriptive Paragraph Example—Composition ..................................................... 24 Writing a Biographical Paragraph ........................................................................... 35 Biographical Paragraph Example—Invention........................................................ 35 Biographical Paragraph Example—Structure ....................................................... 37 Biographical Paragraph Example—Composition ................................................... 38 Writing a Cause and Effect Paragraph ..................................................................... 48 Cause and Effect Paragraph Example—Invention ................................................. 48 Cause and Effect Paragraph Example—Structure ................................................ 48 Cause and Effect Paragraph Example—Composition ............................................ 49 Writing a Comparison Paragraph ............................................................................ 60 Comparison Paragraph Example—Invention ........................................................ 60 Comparison Paragraph Example—Structure ........................................................ 60 Comparison Paragraph Example—Composition ................................................... 61 3 Writing a Contrast Paragraph ................................................................................. 72 Contrast Paragraph Example—Invention ............................................................. 72 Contrast Paragraph Example—Structure ............................................................. 72 Contrast Paragraph Example—Composition ......................................................... 73 Writing a “How to” Paragraph.................................................................................. 84 “How To” Paragraph Example—Invention ............................................................. 84 “How To” Paragraph Example—Structure............................................................. 85 “How To” Paragraph Example—Composition ........................................................ 86 4 BACKGROUND How to Write a Paragraph teaches students the fundamentals of paragraph writing. Students learn the basic structure of a paragraph—topic sentence, supporting details, and clincher or concluding sentence. The lessons are structured so that students learn about paragraphs by writing paragraphs of various types. As they complete the exercises, students will learn how to brainstorm their topic, create an outline, write their paragraph, and edit their writing. Paragraph Structures Included This text covers six different types of paragraphs: • The Descriptive Paragraph • The Biographical Paragraph • The Cause and Effect Paragraph • The Comparison Paragraph • The Contrast Paragraph • The “How to” Paragraph Unlike other paragraph writing curricula, How to Write a Paragraph teaches students to write basic paragraphs based on information from their own experiences or from subjects they’re studying in school. This curriculum is suitable for all students that need to learn or review the fundamentals of paragraph writing. Note: Although there are other types of paragraphs, these paragraphs were selected because they give students the opportunity to develop and practice the basic writing skills that are needed for upper level writing. 5 INSTRUCTIONS There are several ways to use How to Write a Paragraph. One is to work through the text from the beginning to the end, completing the exercises as written. Another option is to modify the exercises to accommodate your student’s course work, basically using this text to help your student write across the curriculum. As your student completes the exercises, please remember that the invention and outline sections are tools to help your student develop and organize his thoughts for the composition exercises. So if you have a student that can write a paragraph without first creating an outline, encourage the student to complete the invention and structure exercises anyway. Mastering these skills will help prepare your student for essay writing in the future. Students have to learn to identify problem areas in their thoughts and course correct as necessary. Each paragraph writing section has four areas of focus—invention, structure, composition, and review. • Invention The invention area helps students brainstorm ideas for their paragraph. • Structure The structure area teaches students to place their ideas in outline form. (Even though the invention tables are organized in such a way that students can write their paragraphs without the outline, it is important that students create their outlines first. Creating the outlines helps to teach students how outlines are written. And as their writing becomes more complicated, the outlines will become more useful.) • Composition Based on their outline, students write their composition. • Review The final area is the review section. Students should be encouraged to review and edit their own writing as much as possible. 6 WRITING A SENTENCE A sentence is a group of words that are put together to convey meaning. Sentences give information and answer questions. In order to be a sentence and not a phrase, it must contain both a subject and a verb. Example The The The The The dog barked. cat meowed. cow mooed. waves crashed sun set. A subject is the topic spoken of, and the verb states something about the subject. In all of the sentences above, the subjects are underlined once and the verbs twice. ASSIGNMENT 1.1 For the subjects below, add a verb: 1. The man __________________________________________. 2. The woman ________________________________________. 3. My pet _____________________________________________. 4. Little boys _________________________________________. 5. Little girls _________________________________________. For the verbs below, add a subject: 1. _____________________________ scurried with fear. 2. _____________________________ laughed loudly as he left the room. 3. _____________________________ soared above the clouds. 3. _____________________________ repeatedly tapped his finger on the table. 5. _____________________________ grabbed the mic and loudly sang offkey. 7 ANSWERING A QUESTION One way to create a sentence is by asking…then answering…a question. Example: Why are you having a party? Correct: We are having a party because today is Jane’s birthday. Incorrect: Because it’s Jane’s birthday. If you were to answer the question with—because it is Jane’s birthday—your answer would not be a sentence. ASSIGNMENT 1.2 Use complete sentences to provide answers for the questions below. Remember you must have a subject and a verb. 1. How did you get to school today? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. When will we go on the field trip? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Who is coming to the pizza party? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What kind of dog do you have? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 8 5. Where did Nick go during summer vacation? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 6. Why did Marilyn buy a new camper? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7. What are you wearing to school tomorrow? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 8. Where is your cat hiding? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 9 EXPANDING YOUR SENTENCES To expand a sentence, you add more information. One way is to include information that tells Who, What (did what or what happened), When, Where, and Why. Look at the example below: Who: The puppy What: When: Where: Why: knocked on the door yesterday of my van because he wanted me to stay home. Once you know who, what, when, where, and why, you can make an amazing sentence! To create the sentence, put the answers together until the sentence is understandable. Remember, there is always more than one way to write a sentence. Example: Yesterday the puppy knocked on the door of my van because he wanted me to stay home. ASSIGNMENT 1.3 For the subjects below, add what (did what or what happened), when, where, why, and how. 1. Who ______Stacie_________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 10 2. Who ______The cake______________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Who ______School work____________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 11 3. Who ____My best friend_________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Who ______Books_________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 12 6. Who ____Clowns__________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7. Who ______Birds_________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 13 8. Who ____A school bus full of children__________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 9. Who ______Bob_________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 14 10. Who ____The wind_________________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 11. Who ______My pet _______________________________________ What ___________________________________________________ When ___________________________________________________ Where __________________________________________________ Why ____________________________________________________ Using the answers above, create new sentences. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 15 16 WRITING A PARAGRAPH When you write a group of sentences that develop a single idea, we call that a paragraph. When you write a paragraph, you typically follow three steps. First, you need to come up with something to write about. We call this invention. Throughout this book, you will use tables to come up with information to include in your paragraphs. Second, you will organize your information into an outline. This is called structure because the outline you create will determine the structure of your paragraph. Typically, paragraph outlines have the following form. I. Topic Sentence A. Major detail B. Major detail C. Major detail D. Concluding detail Third, you compose your paragraph. When you write the paragraph, the first sentence, although it doesn’t have to be, is typically the topic sentence. The topic sentence tells the reader what your paragraph is about. Next are the major details from your outline—A, B, C, and D. The major details tell your readers all the details you want them to know about your topic. And the conclusion is the final detail of your paragraph. Often, the conclusion tells your readers what you just told them or explains the overall point of the paragraph. Another item you want to add to your paragraph is transitions. Transitions make the difference between a well written paragraph and a poorly written paragraph. On the following page, a table of transition words is available for your use. These are not all of the transition words you can use, but a few to help you write your paragraphs. 17 TRANSITION WORDS TABLE Transition Words or Phrase Purpose: Type of Writing Descriptive Surprisingly, as a result, and the varied sentence openers, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like Biographical and, namely, for instance, in fact, specifically, generally, sometimes, in particular, for example, later, after, soon Cause and Effect as a result, in that case, thus, because of, hence, then, therefore, accordingly, consequently, initially, while, when, new, before, recent, next, finally, soon Comparison also, likewise, similarly, so too, in the same way, both, and, each Contrast How to although, however, but, despite, even so, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, regardless, still, though, yet for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like, now, in no time, once 18 A common illustration for a paragraph is a hamburger. The buns represent the topic sentence and the concluding sentence. And the main ideas are represented by the cheese, meat, burger, tomatoes, and lettuce. And just like you can add more food to your burger, like bacon, you can add more details your paragraph. Topic Sentence Major detail Major Detail Major Detail Concluding Sentence 19 ASSIGNMENT 2.1 Fill in the blanks with transition words or phrases of your own. If you need ideas to determine transition words, use the table on page 18. Remember, the table does not include all transition words and phrases, but only a few. 1. The two children went with their sleds to the top of a hill nearby. ______________ they found four boys, each of whom had a sled. The hill was long and very smooth. _____________________, six children and six sleds darted like arrows down the slope and across the white frozen field to the brook. Each boy would shout for a clear track before he started, so he would not hit anything as he went down. They kept up the sport and _____________________ scattered to their homes. 2. An old Arabian story tells of a poor boy named Aladdin who gained possession of a magic lamp. When this lamp was rubbed, a slave appeared who provided anything that the owner demanded. _____________________, Aladdin asked for rich food, splendid clothing, precious stones, and a great palace. __________________________ all came as he desired. __________________________ Aladdin married the daughter of the ruler of China, and thought his good fortune would never end. __________________________ he carelessly allowed the precious lamp to grow rusty, and _____________________ lost it. His wealth dwindled away, his palace vanished into the air, and he became as poor as he had ever been. __________________________ the careless man is likely to suffer. Before you begin writing paragraphs, practice choosing appropriate words. Try to choose words that are exciting and make the paragraphs come alive! 20 3. Down the street __________________________ the fire-department. The people, __________________________ by the __________________________ gong, __________________________ in every direction. The __________________________ engine __________________________ the corner, leaving a __________________________of __________________________ smoke to __________________________ its way. A __________________________ stream of __________________________ boys and men followed it. 4. We thought we had the horse this time. He was as good as caught in that corner, with half a dozen boys around him. I __________________________ up __________________________, holding the bridle behind me; he let me get up to him, __________________________ him on the neck; he didn't __________________________;but the moment I __________________________ to __________________________ the bridle over his head, he __________________________, __________________________ up his heels, __________________________ through the line of boys and went __________________________ across the field, his head __________________________, his mane and tail __________________________ in the wind. 21 22 WRITING A DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH A paragraph that describes is known as a descriptive paragraph. To write a descriptive paragraph, you tell your readers how the item you are describing appeals to the senses—how it looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels. These qualities make up the major details. (Note: You do not have to include all of the senses in every paragraph because sometimes you may only have information for one or two senses.) If you have a topic that appeals only to one sense, such as a painting, then under topics you should have sight listed five times. And for the first sight, you will describe one item on the painting, such as the trees. For the second sight item, you will describe a second item on the painting, such as the sky. For the third sight item, you may describe the rocky path, and so on. DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—INVENTION Topic Apple Sight large, round, red, ripe Touch cold, smooth, firm Smell fragrant, inviting Taste horrible, overripe Sound nothing Concluding Opinion wish I hadn’t eaten it 23 DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE 1. Topic: Apple A. Large, round, red, ripe. B. Cold, smooth, firm C. Fragrant and inviting D. Horrible, overripe. Clincher E. Regret eating DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—COMPOSITION When writing your paragraph, you may choose to answer where, when, or why to give you information to start your sentences. Where? In the basket, When? After I pick it up Why? Because it is overripe THE APPLE In the basket, I spy an exceptionally large, red apple. After I pick up the apple, it feels cool, smooth, and firm to the touch. The fragrant smell invites me to taste it. Eagerly, I bite it. Upon tasting it, I learn that it is horrible and disgustingly overripe. Because it is overripe, it tastes like old, stale apple juice and feels like mush. As a result, I am sorry that I ate it. 24 DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. As you edit and improve your paragraph, mark off the column on the right. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. X Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” X Capitalization X Punctuation X Spelling X Varied Sentence Openers X Transition Words (Surprisingly, as a result, and the varied sentence openers, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like) X 25 ASSIGNMENT 3.1 Describe a computer. INVENTION Topic Sight Touch Smell Taste Sound Concluding Opinion STRUCTURE Complete the Descriptive Paragraph Outline below. Remember if the topic is not edible, you may exclude the sense of taste. Likewise, if it doesn’t make a noise, you may exclude sound. 1. Topic: Computer A. Sight___________________________________________________ B. Touch__________________________________________________ C. Smell___________________________________________________ D. Taste___________________________________________________ E. Concluding Detail________________________________________ 26 COMPOSITION To create information for your sentence openers, answer where, when, or why for your topic. Where? _______________________________________________________________________ When? _______________________________________________________________________ Why? _______________________________________________________________________ Using the information above, write your descriptive paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 27 Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (Surprisingly, as a result, and the varied sentence openers, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like) Remember these words are suggestions. You may use others. 28 ASSIGNMENT 3.2 Describe a toy. INVENTION Topic Apple Sight large, round, red, ripe Touch cold, smooth, firm Smell fragrant, inviting Taste horrible, overripe Sound nothing Concluding Opinion wish I hadn’t eaten it STRUCTURE Complete the Descriptive Paragraph Outline below. Using the previous example, create descriptive paragraphs for the topics below. If the topic is not edible, you may exclude the sense of taste. Likewise, if it doesn’t make a noise, you may exclude it. 1. Topic: Favorite Toy A. Sight___________________________________________________ B. Touch__________________________________________________ C. Smell___________________________________________________ D. Taste___________________________________________________ E. Concluding Detail________________________________________ 29 COMPOSITION To create information for your sentence openers, answer where, when, or why for your topic. Where? _______________________________________________________________________ When? _______________________________________________________________________ Why? _______________________________________________________________________ Using the information above, write your descriptive paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 30 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (Surprisingly, as a result, and the varied sentence openers, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like) Remember these words are suggestions. You may use others. 31 ASSIGNMENT 3.3 Describe a chocolate chip cookie. (Pick a different type of cookie if you wish.) INVENTION Topic Apple Sight large, round, red, ripe Touch cold, smooth, firm Smell fragrant, inviting Taste horrible, overripe Sound nothing Concluding Opinion wish I hadn’t eaten it STRUCTURE Complete the Descriptive Paragraph Outline below. Using the previous example, create descriptive paragraphs for the topics below. If the topic is not edible, you may exclude the sense of taste. Likewise, if it doesn’t make a noise, you may exclude it. 1. Topic: Chocolate Chip Cookie A. Sight___________________________________________________ B. Touch__________________________________________________ C. Smell___________________________________________________ D. Taste___________________________________________________ E. Concluding Detail________________________________________ 32 COMPOSITION To create information for your sentence openers, answer where, when, or why for your topic. Where? _______________________________________________________________________ When? _______________________________________________________________________ Why? _______________________________________________________________________ Using the information above, write your descriptive paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 33 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (Surprisingly, as a result, and the varied sentence openers, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like) Remember these words are suggestions. You may use others. 34 WRITING A BIOGRAPHICAL PARAGRAPH To give someone a really good understanding of the life and character of a person, we write a biography. To write one of these paragraphs, you tell your reader about the person’s background (birth and death), education, values, and accomplishments. BIOGRAPHICAL PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—INVENTION Topic A. Background city, birth, parents B. Education school, natural abilities C. Life experiences D. Values E. Impact on others James Watt, inventor of modern steam engine 1. born at Greenock in 1736 2. father blockmaker 1. 2. 3. 4. weak child, homeschooled, natural with math and machines, became apprentice to mathematical instrument maker in London 1. at 23, studied steam engine, 1759 2. at 33, patented his improved engine, 1769 3. later opened engine shop, with Boulton, Birmingham 4. 1800 retired wealthy 5. died 1819, at Heathfield, near Birmingham 1. hard work, 2. weak in body, 3. strong in mind Changed the world by making engines efficient 35 36 BIOGRAPHICAL PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE I. Introduce James Watt, invented modern steam engine A. Background 1. Born 1736 Greenock 2. father blockmaker B. Education 1. Weak child, homeschooled 2. Natural in math and machines 3. At 19, apprentice mathematical instrument maker in London C. Life Experiences 1. at 23, studied steam engine 2. at 33, patented his improved engine, 3. later opened engine shop, 4. 1800 retired wealthy 5. died 1819 D. Values 1. Was weak in body 2. Strong in mind 3. Persevered E. Impact, changed the world with his contributions When you create an outline, and want to add extra details under a heading, like we did above, you number the details and line them up under the first letter of the heading. Ex. D. Values 1. Was weak in body 2. Strong in mind 3. Persevered 37 BIOGRAPHICAL PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—COMPOSITION James Watt, the chief inventor of the steam-engine, was born at Greenock in 1736. His father was a blockmaker. As James was very weak as a child, he was educated at home. Eventually, he showed a turn for mathematics and machines. In 1755 he was sent to London to learn the trade of a mathematical instrument maker. Ill-health compelled him to return to Glasgow in 1756, where he set up as a mathematical instrument maker. Later, in 1759 at the age of 23, he began to study the steam-engine. Ten years later, in 1769, he patented his improved steam engine. With Boulton, he set up engine works near Birmingham and became very prosperous. He retired from business in 1800, and died at Heathfield, near Birmingham, in 1819. James Watt, although thought to be physically weak, proved himself to be mentally strong. He was very studious and persevered through his weaknesses. Because Watts made the steam engine, which had an impact on every other industry, more efficient, Watts literally changed the world. 38 ASSIGNMENT 4.1 Write a biographical paragraph for a person from your history studies. INVENTION Even though numbers have been added under the headings of background, education, life experiences, and values, you do not have to use every number. Topic 1. A. Background city, birth, parents 2. 3. 1. B. Education 2. school, natural abilities 3. 4. 1 2. C. Life experiences 3. 4. 1. D. Values 2. 3. E. Impact on others 39 STRUCTURE I. Topic:_____________________________________________ A.________________________________________________ B.________________________________________________ C.________________________________________________ D.________________________________________________ Clincher E.________________________________________________ COMPOSITION Using your outline, write your biographical paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 40 _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (and, namely, for instance, in fact, specifically, generally, sometimes, in particular, for example, later, after, soon) 41 ASSIGNMENT 4.2 Write a biographical paragraph about an author. INVENTION Even though numbers have been added under the headings of background, education, life experiences, and values, you do not have to use every number. Topic 1. A. Background city, birth, parents 2. 3. 1. B. Education 2. school, natural abilities 3. 4. 1 2. C. Life experiences 3. 4. 1. D. Values 2. 3. E. Impact on others 42 STRUCTURE I. Topic:_____________________________________________ A.________________________________________________ B.________________________________________________ C.________________________________________________ D.________________________________________________ Clincher E.________________________________________________ COMPOSITION Using your outline, write your biographical paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 43 _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (and, namely, for instance, in fact, specifically, generally, sometimes, in particular, for example, later, after, soon) 44 ASSIGNMENT 4.3 Write a biographical paragraph about a scientist or an inventor. INVENTION Even though numbers have been added under the headings of background, education, life experiences, and values, you do not have to use every number. Topic 1. A. Background city, birth, parents 2. 3. 1. B. Education 2. school, natural abilities 3. 4. 1 2. C. Life experiences 3. 4. 1. D. Values 2. 3. E. Impact on others 45 STRUCTURE I. Topic:_____________________________________________ A.________________________________________________ B.________________________________________________ C.________________________________________________ D.________________________________________________ Clincher E.________________________________________________ COMPOSITION Using your outline, write your biographical paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 46 _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (and, namely, for instance, in fact, specifically, generally, sometimes, in particular, for example, later, after, soon) 47 WRITING A CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH A cause and effect paragraph is one that allows you to look at one event (or cause) and then write about things that happen because of it. Basically, you are writing about the effects that the cause did create or will create. First, you state your cause and then list at least three effects. To make a really good paragraph, you should also add information that explains the effects. You can think of this as two ideas per effect. One to state the effect, and one to explain it. CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—INVENTION Writing Assignment Cause Regular exercise valuable 1st Effect Helps maintain healthy weight, prevent diseases 2nd Effect Releases good chemicals in your brain 3rd Effect Gives more muscles CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE I. Exercise keeps you healthy, happy, strong A. Helps maintain healthy weight, prevents diseases. B. Releases good chemicals in your brain C. Gives more muscles Clincher D. More muscles, more exercise, better health 48 CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—COMPOSITION Exercise is very important because it will keep you healthy, happy, and strong. Because of modern research, most people know that exercise is important for maintaining a healthy weight and preventing diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. In addition to the obvious health benefits, chemicals are released in your brain when you are exercising that make you feel happier and more positive about life. A final benefit is that regular exercise will give you big, strong muscles. And the more muscles you have, the more you can exercise, and the healthier you will become. (For each effect, there is a bolded idea and an underlined idea.) 49 ASSIGNMENT 5.1 Write a cause and effect paragraph explaining why it is important to get enough sleep. In your paragraph tell three things that happen when children don’t get enough sleep or how sleep helps them. Your final sentence should restate the importance of getting enough sleep. INVENTION Cause 1st Effect 2nd Effect 3rd Effect STRUCTURE I. ____________________________________________________ A. _________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________ D. _________________________________________________ Clincher E. ________________________________________ 50 COMPOSITION Using the information above, write your cause and effect paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 51 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (as a result, in that case, thus, because of, hence, then, therefore, accordingly, consequently, initially, while, when, new, before, recent, next, finally, soon) Remember these transitions words are only sections. You may use others that are not on the list. 52 ASSIGNMENT 5.2 Write a cause and effect paragraph explaining why it is important to eat a good diet. In your paragraph tell three things that happen when people don’t eat well. Your final sentence should restate the importance of a good diet. INVENTION Cause 1st Effect 2nd Effect 3rd Effect STRUCTURE I. ____________________________________________________ A. _________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________ D. _________________________________________________ Clincher E. ________________________________________ 53 COMPOSITION Using the information above, write your cause and effect paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 54 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (as a result, in that case, thus, because of, hence, then, therefore, accordingly, consequently, initially, while, when, new, before, recent, next, finally, soon) Remember these transitions words are only sections. You may use others that are not on the list. 55 ASSIGNMENT 5.3 Write a cause and effect paragraph explaining why it is important that children spend time reading every day. Discuss the effects that reading has on the mind. Your final sentence should restate the importance of reading. INVENTION Cause 1st Effect 2nd Effect 3rd Effect STRUCTURE I. ____________________________________________________ A. _________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________ D. _________________________________________________ Clincher E. ________________________________________ 56 COMPOSITION Using the information above, write your cause and effect paragraph. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 57 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (as a result, in that case, thus, because of, hence, then, therefore, accordingly, consequently, initially, while, when, new, before, recent, next, finally, soon) Remember these transitions words are only sections. You may use others that are not on the list. 58 59 WRITING A COMPARISON PARAGRAPH A comparison paragraph shows how two things are alike or similar. When you write a comparison paragraph, you should state the two things you are comparing and then support that statement with at least three examples of why they are similar. COMPARISON PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—INVENTION TOPIC Detail 1 CAT AND DOG SIMILARITIES both mammals--have similar body structure, fur, tail, and four legs Detail 2 designed for life outside Detail 3 give birth to live young Concluding Detail can be domesticated, make great pets COMPARISON PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE I. Cats and dogs similar. A. Mammals, fur, four legs, tail__ B. Designed for living outside, breathe air, hunt _ C. Give birth to live young Clincher D. Domesticated, make great pets!_______________ 60 COMPARISON PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—COMPOSITION Cats and dogs are very similar. Both animals are mammals, and have similar body structure. They have fur, four legs, and a tail. Also, both animals are designed for living outside. They both breathe air, and they both know how to hunt for food. Like other mammals, cats and dogs give birth to live young; however, unlike many other mammals, cats and dogs can be domesticated. Both can live indoors with humans, making them fantastic pets. 61 ASSIGNMENT 6.1 Write a comparison paragraph, comparing two people from history. INVENTION TOPIC Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3 Concluding Detail STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. I. ____________________________________________________ A. _________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________ D. _________________________________________________ Clincher E. ________________________________________ 62 COMPOSITION Write your own comparison paragraph. Make sure you include at least three sentences to back up your claim. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 63 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words: also, likewise, similarly, so too, in the same way, both, and, each (These are just examples of transitions words you may use.) 64 ASSIGNMENT 6.2 Write a comparison paragraph, comparing two inventions or two physical items, such as a pencil and a pen. INVENTION TOPIC Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3 Concluding Detail STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. I. ____________________________________________________ A. _________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________ D. _________________________________________________ Clincher E. __________________________________________________ 65 COMPOSITION Write your own comparison paragraph. Make sure you include at least three sentences to back up your claim. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 66 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words: also, likewise, similarly, so too, in the same way, both, and, each (These are just examples of transitions words you may use.) 67 ASSIGNMENT 6.3 Write a comparison paragraph, comparing two animals . INVENTION TOPIC Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3 Concluding Detail STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. I. __________________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ Clincher E. ___________________________________________ 68 COMPOSITION Write your own comparison paragraph. Make sure you include at least three sentences to back up your claim. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 69 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words: also, likewise, similarly, so too, in the same way, both, and, each (These are just examples of transitions words you may use.) 70 71 WRITING A CONTRAST PARAGRAPH A contrast paragraph shows how two things are different. In a contrast paragraph, you state the things that are different and then support that claim with at least three examples that show the differences. CONTRAST PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—INVENTION Differences between Cats and Dogs TOPICS CATS DOGS 1st Difference Meow Bark 2nd Difference Cats can retract their Dogs cannot retract claws. 3rd Difference cats can jump and climb trees dogs stay on the ground 4th Difference Cats potty train themselves Dogs have to be potty trained CONTRAST PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE I. Cats and dogs, different A. Cats meow, dogs bark B. Cats retract claws, dogs cannot C. Cats jump high, climb trees, dogs ground Clincher D. Cats potty train selves, dogs do not 72 CONTRAST PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—COMPOSITION Cats and dogs are very different animals even though they are both mammals. One difference is the way they sound; dogs bark while cats meow. Another difference is in the way their claws are made. Cats have the ability to extend and retract their claws. Dogs do not. Also, cats have the ability to jump very high and climb trees. Dogs, on the other hand, tend to spend all of their time on the ground. One final difference is how they are potty trained. Actually, cats do not have to be potty trained at all. If you give a cat a litter box, they instinctively know what to do. On the other hand, dogs typically take a while, and a few accidents, to potty train. Regardless of the differences, however, they both make great pets. 73 ASSIGNMENT 7.1 Write a contrast paragraph, contrasting two people, real or imaginary. INVENTION TOPICS 1st Difference 2nd Difference 3rd Difference 4th Difference STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. I. ______________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ Clincher E. ___________________________________________ 74 COMPOSITION _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 75 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (although, however, but, despite, even so, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, regardless, still, though, yet) (These are examples of the types of transition words that you may use for contrast paragraphs. Remember there are others not listed.) 76 ASSIGNMENT 7.2 Write a contrast paragraph, contrasting two foods. INVENTION Differences between Cats and Dogs TOPICS 1st Difference 2nd Difference 3rd Difference 4th Difference STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. I. ______________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ Clincher E. ___________________________________________ 77 COMPOSITION _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 78 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (although, however, but, despite, even so, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, regardless, still, though, yet) (These are examples of the types of transition words that you may use for contrast paragraphs. Remember there are others not listed.) 79 ASSIGNMENT 7.3 Write a contrast paragraph, contrasting two stories, real or imaginary. INVENTION Differences between Cats and Dogs TOPICS 1st Difference 2nd Difference 3rd Difference 4th Difference STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. I. ______________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ Clincher E. ___________________________________________ 80 COMPOSITION _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 81 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (although, however, but, despite, even so, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, regardless, still, though, yet) (These are examples of the types of transition words that you may use for contrast paragraphs. Remember there are others not listed.) 82 83 WRITING A “HOW TO” PARAGRAPH A “how to” paragraph teaches your reader how to do something new. In a “how to” paragraph, you will give your reader steps to follow so that they can learn a new skill. Now it’s your turn to be the expert! Choose a topic, and start your title with “How to.” Add a sentence or two to introduce or explain your topic. Then number the steps in your paragraph, and start each step with a command. “HOW TO” PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—INVENTION Topic How to Hang a Picture Step 1 Ask friend to hold picture to help find a spot. Step 2 Pick the spot you want to put picture. Step 3 On wall, place mark along the top of the frame in the center. Step 4 Measure distance from the top of the frame to the bracket on back. Step 5 Measure the same distance from the 1st mark on the wall. Step 6 Make a second small mark on the wall. Step 7 Pound nail ¼ in. into wall on second mark. 84 “HOW TO” PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE I. Hanging pictures make house feel homey. A. Ask friend to hold picture against wall, B. Pick the spot you want C. On top of frame, near center, small mark on the wall, D. Measure distance top of frame to bracket on back. E. On wall, measure same distance down from the first mark F. Make a second small mark on wall. G. Pound nail into wall, leaving abt ¼ in. out. Clincher H. Hang your picture 85 “HOW TO” PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE—COMPOSITION How to Hang a Picture When a house has pictures on the walls, the pictures make the house feel homier. To acquire this effect, you have to decide where to hang the pictures. To make your house feel homier, follow these steps to hang your pictures perfectly. First, have a friend hold the picture on the wall while you stand back to get a good view. Once it looks nice, have your friend hold it in place. Next, using a pencil, make a light pencil mark on the wall along the top of the frame in the center. With a ruler, measure the distance from the top of the frame to the bracket on the back of the painting. Measure the same distance down from your mark on the wall, and make a second small mark on the wall. Pound a nail into the wall where you made the second mark. Be sure to leave the nail sticking out about one-fourth of an inch. Now you are ready to hang your picture on the wall! 86 ASSIGNMENT 8.1 Write a “How to” paragraph, telling how to perform a chore such as make a bed or clean dishes. (Another option is how to perform a science experiment.) INVENTION You do not have to have ten steps. Use as many steps as you need for your topic. Topic Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 87 STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. Note: Place your clincher on your final item. You do not have to use all of the lines below. I. ______________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ G. __________________________________________ H. __________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ 88 COMPOSITION _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 89 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (first, second, next, finally, now, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like, in no time, once) 90 ASSIGNMENT 8.2 Write a “How to” paragraph, telling how to cook a recipe. INVENTION You do not have to have ten steps. Use as many steps as you need for your topic. Topic Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 91 STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. Note: Place your clincher on your final item. You do not have to use all of the lines below. I. ______________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ G. __________________________________________ H. __________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ 92 COMPOSITION _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 93 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (first, second, next, finally, now, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like, in no time, once) 94 ASSIGNMENT 8.3 Write a “How to” paragraph, telling how to perform a physical activity, such as shooting a basketball, swimming, dancing, roller skating, or walking. INVENTION You do not have to have ten steps. Use as many steps as you need for your topic. Topic Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 95 STRUCTURE Transfer your notes from the table onto your outline below. Remember to modify them if necessary. Note: Place your clincher on your final item. You do not have to use all of the lines below. I. ______________________________________________ A. ___________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________ D. __________________________________________ E. ___________________________________________ F. ___________________________________________ G. __________________________________________ H. __________________________________________ I. ___________________________________________ J. ___________________________________________ 96 COMPOSITION _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 97 REVIEW Using the checklist below, review your paragraph. Paragraph Checklist Indent your first line. Remove words like: “started to,” “began to,” “and then” Capitalization Punctuation Spelling Varied Sentence Openers Transition Words (first, second, next, finally, now, for example, for instance, specifically, to illustrate, thus, in short, even, in this case, like, in no time, once) 98 99