Granville Electrical Trades
Certificate III in
Electrotechnology Electrician
Course 20222
OH&S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
APPLY OH&S PRACTICE IN WORKPLACE
UEENEEE101A
Occupational Health & Safety
1. OH&S Fundamentals
• OH&S Principles
• Aims and objectives of legislation
• Responsibilities, rights and obligations
• OH&S Consultation (Safety committees)
• Powers of inspectors
• Risk Management principles
• Hazard Identification and controls
• Risk Assessment documentation
• Hazard Control and Monitoring
• Housekeeeping
•
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
2. The Work Environment
• The Worksite
• Hazards at the worksite
• Safety signs
• Emergency Situations
•
Workplace Fires
3. Manual Handling
• Manual Handling
• Injuries
• Situations
• Lifting and Carrying
4. Chemicals in the Workplace
• Chemical Hazards
• Labelling of chemicals
• Storage of chemicals
• Material Safety Data Sheets
5. Working at Heights
• Hazards
• Fall arrest equipment
• Ladders
• Using ladders
• Mobile Scaffolds & Elevating Platforms
6. Confined Spaces
• Confined space
• Confined space situations
• Working in confined spaces
7. Physical and Psychological Hazards
• Industrial Noise
• Vibration
• Temperature Extremes
• Ultraviolet Radiation
• Overuse Injuries
• Stress
• Drugs and Alcohol
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8. Working with Electricity
• Electricity and Electric Shock
• Causes of electrical accidents
• Protective Measures
• RCDs
• Isolation of supply
• Rescue from a Live Electrical Situation
9. Life Support: CPR in the Workplace
• First aid
• Responsibilities of First Aiders
• First aid management
• Accident scene procedures
• Legal and ethical issues
• Duty of Care
• Examination for injuries
• Cardio pulmonary arrest
• CPR procedures
• Level of consciousness
• Shock
Occupational Health & Safety
NSW Occupational Health & Safety Act 2000 (OHS Act)
Accidents in the workplace cause disruption to thousands of lives every year.
The NSW Occupational Health & Safety Act 2000 (OHS Act) was created to prevent injury,
disability and long term health problems as well as to look after the welfare of people at work
as well as others associated with the workplace.
It sets out the legal responsibilities to which employers must conform in order to ensure the
safety of employees. The responsibilities of each employee to ensure their own safety as well
as that of others in the workplace are also stated in the act.
The requirements of the OH&S Act must be met at all places of work in New South Wales.
WorkCover is the governing authority whose main responsibility is to ensure that the OH&S
laws are complied with.
The following is a summary of the main parts of the act:
General Duties (Part 2, Division 1 of the Act)
Employers and self-employed people must ensure the health, safety and welfare of their
employees when at work by:
a)
Maintaining safe work places, entrances and exits;
b)
Making arrangements for ensuring the safe use, handling, storage and transport of
plant, equipment and substances;
c)
Ensuring equipment and systems of work, and working environments, are safe and
without risks to health;
d)
Providing the information, instruction, training and supervision necessary to ensure
the health and safety of employees;
e)
Providing adequate facilities for the welfare of employees.
f)
Looking after the health and safety of visitors.
g)
Making sure adequate information is available about relevant tests of substances
used at work. (Material Safety Data Sheets – MSDS)
Manufacturers, designers and suppliers of plant and substances must make sure they are safe
and without risks to health when properly used. They are required to:
§
Carry out research, testing and examinations.
§
Make available the information about the results of research and testing.
§
Make available information on the use of the plant or substance.
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Occupational Health & Safety
Related duties (Part 2, Division 3 of the Act)
Employees must take reasonable care of the health and safety of themselves and others. They
must co-operate with employers in their efforts to comply with occupational health and safety
requirements.
They must not:
§
Obstruct attempts to give aid;
§
Refuse to follow OH&S work practices;
§
Behave irresponsibly at the work place.
§
Interfere with anything provided for the health, safety and welfare of persons at
work;
Employers must not require employees to pay for anything done or provided to meet specific
requirements made under the Act or Regulation.
Employer’s duty to consult with employees (Part 2, Division 2 of the Act)
Employers must consult with employees about OHS matters, so that employees can contribute
to decisions affecting their health, safety and welfare.
OHS Committees can be established in workplaces of 20 or more where the majority of
employees request it. Other consultation arrangements can be agreed to between the employer
and employees. A committee performs the following functions:
§
Review measures taken to make the workplace healthy and safe;
§
Advise the employer and investigate any situation that may be unsafe;
§
Resolve any safety problems with the employer;
§
Help develop OH&S policies.
Unlawful dismissal (Part 2, Section 23 of the Act)
The OHS Act makes it unlawful to dismiss or victimise an employee for being an occupational
health and safety representative, committee member, or for performing his or her duties under
the Act. It is also unlawful to dismiss or victimise an employee for making a complaint about a
health and safety matter.
Offences and penalties
There are various offences and penalties associated with the Act and regulations.
The maximum penalty for a company found guilty of an offence is 5,000 penalty units. For
individuals found guilty of offences, the maximum penalty is 500 penalty units.
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A "penalty unit" is an amount of money - $110 at January 2003 - that can be altered from time
to time by the Government. This means that the maximum penalties in dollar terms, are
presently $550,000 for corporations, and $55,000 for persons for a first offence Additional
penalties can be imposed for second or subsequent offences.
There is an additional penalty for previous offenders, who can incur 2,500 penalty units for a
corporation, and 250 penalty units or two years' imprisonment, or both, for an individual.
There are also non-monetary penalties. The Court can make orders for offenders to do any of
the following:
•
Take steps to remedy or restore any matter caused by the offence;
•
Pay WorkCover the costs of the investigation;
•
Publicise or notify other persons of the offence; or
•
Undertake a project for the general improvement of health and safety.
It is a defence to charges made under the Act or the regulations that:
•
It was not reasonably practicable to comply;
•
The incident was due to causes over which the person had no control and it was
impracticable to make arrangements to prevent it.
Inspection powers (Part 5, Divisions 2 & 3 of the Act
WorkCover Inspectors (Part 5, Division 2 of the Act)
WorkCover Inspectors are given inspection powers for the purpose of the OHS Act, including
the taking of samples, and the carrying out of a range of tests. An employee’s representative
can accompany inspectors during an inspection, if requested.
Entry and inspection powers of employees' representatives (union officials) (Part 5, Division
3 of the Act)
Authorised officers of unions can enter, without notice, any premises where members of that
union (or persons who are eligible to be members of that union) work, in order to investigate
suspected breaches of occupational health and safety legislation.
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Occupational Health & Safety
Hazards in the Workplace
Hazards to general health and welfare occur in every part of our lives. Authorities recognise the
fact that laws must be passed which protect us from these hazards. As new hazards are
recognised, new laws, or changes to existing laws, must be enacted.
Many substances once thought harmless or of low risk have now been proven to cause serious
health problems. These have either been withdrawn from use or their use is controlled.
Examples include cigarette smoking and the use of asbestos.
Each occupation has its own particular hazards, but some hazards are common in many
workplaces.
Hazards can be grouped into six major categories. These are:
•
Physical hazards, including such things as electric shock, noise, vibration, lighting
(too little or too much), heat or cold, nuisance dust, fire, explosion, ineffective
machine guarding and work space (too little or too much).
•
Chemical hazards, including substances such as gases, dusts, fumes, vapours and
liquids.
•
Ergonomic hazards, including factors like tool design, equipment design, job and
task design and manual handling.
•
Radiation hazards, including microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet rays, lasers, Xrays and gamma rays.
•
Psychological hazards, including factors such as shift work, workload, dealing with
the public, harassment, discrimination, threat of danger and stress.
•
Biological hazards, taking into account infections, the presence of bacteria and
viruses.
As can be seen from this list there could be an almost unlimited source of hazards in any
workplace.
Unfortunately, in most cases, safety is something that must be learnt. New employees rarely
possess the knowledge and skills needed to identify workplace hazards or safe working
practices.
Under the OHS Regulation all employers and self-employed people must use a “risk
management” approach to address workplace health and safety.
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Step 1.
Identification of Hazards
When looking for hazards you should consider:
•
How suitable the things you use are for the task, and how well they are located.
•
How the equipment is used.
•
How people or the environment may be affected by noise, fumes, lighting etc.
•
How equipment, machinery or tools may hurt people.
•
How chemicals and other workplace materials may hurt people or the
environment.
Once identified the hazard should be clearly marked with a sign to warn of the danger. A
yellow sign with black writing is the industry standard for hazards. Once the hazard is marked
it will alert others to the danger until further control measures can be taken.
Step 2.
Assess the risk
This means deciding how probable it is that a hazard may cause an accident or injury and how
severe that accident or injury may be.
Step 3.
Dealing with Hazards
Whenever a workplace hazard is identified there is a simple set of guidelines, which, if
followed correctly will remove or control the hazard and therefore reduce the risk of injury.
a.
Eliminate the hazard
This is the most effective method. Some examples of elimination include;
•
Removing sharp edges from equipment as soon as they are noticed.
•
Using mechanical lifting devices instead of manual handling.
•
Replacement or repair of faulty tools or equipment.
•
Use battery operated tools where there is a water hazard present.
•
Backfill trenches as soon as cables are installed instead of leaving them open for
days.
Unfortunately, even though this is always the best method of control, it is not always possible
and other methods may have to be used.
b.
Change work methods
The substitution of materials and modification or redesign of work processes can reduce
hazards. Some examples of substitution are;
•
Install guards to prevent contact or introduce restricted work areas.
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c.
d.
•
Using non-flammable materials instead of flammable ones.
•
Replacing hazardous chemicals with less hazardous ones.
•
Vacuum floors instead of sweeping and creating dust.
Engineering controls
•
Provide warning and information signs.
•
Schedule hazardous procedures when fewer people are present.
•
Establish workable maintenance schedules.
•
Conduct monitoring procedures.
•
Develop and implement written safe work procedures.
Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal protective clothing and equipment should be considered as the last option in the
control of a hazard. It is the least effective method.
PPE may have to be used while better ways of dealing with the hazard are found.
There is a vast range of equipment available for personal protection of all parts of the body.
The following list is by no means complete, but it will give you an insight into the most
common forms of protection available.
Basic Clothing: This includes items such as close fitting clothing (overalls), gloves and steel
capped boots. These items provide basic protection only to the body, hands and feet.
Safety Glasses and Face Shields: Safety glasses provide protection to the eyes when
performing tasks where small particles may be produced and strike the eye such as when
grinding or drilling. Face shields provide full-face protection during such tasks:
Ear Muffs: Hearing protection is vital whenever the ambient noise level rises above 80 dB(A).
Hearing protection is available in several forms including small disposable type protection
worn in the ear canal.
Examples of Hazards
Excessive Noise
Any noise above 85 dB(A) can damage hearing. In many industries, noise of particular
frequencies may be constant and will eventually cause deafness to that particular frequency. As
a general rule, earmuffs should be used when noise is at such a level that a person with good
hearing can't hear normal close conversation. The table shows limits for prolonged exposure.
Duration of Noise in minutes
16
8
4
2
Max Sound Level in dB (A)
80
85
90
95
In NSW, hearing protection must be worn at a level of 90 dB (A). The maximum permissible
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level of sound for an unexposed ear is 115 dB (A). Excessive noise will not only cause loss of
hearing but will also lead to fatigue and lack of concentration. This, in turn, can lead to further
accidents.
Vibration
Vibration is the rapid oscillation of an object such as a chain saw, factory floor, jackhammer or
truck seat. Vibration can be categorised by:
q
Low frequency which may effect the whole body
q
High frequency which may effect the part of the body in contact with the vibrating
equipment.
Methods of controlling vibration include:
q
Automation
q
Remote control
q
Lowering the strength of the vibrating source
q
Sue of personal protective equipment
q
Scheduled rest periods
q
Install vibration dampening
Temperature Extremes
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 specifically mentions hot and cold:
Section 3, Clause 47: Hot working environments—particular risk control measures:
An employer must ensure that:
a. adequate ventilation and air movement is provided in indoor environments that may
become hot; and
b. appropriate work and rest regimes relative to the physical fitness, general health,
medication taken and body weight of each employee exposed to heat are
implemented.
Clause 48: Cold working environments—particular risk control measures:
An employer must ensure that:
a. employees exposed to cold have adequate access to heated or sheltered work areas
and warm clothing or other personal protective equipment; and
b. appropriate work and rest regimes relative to the physical fitness, general health,
medication taken and body weight of each employee exposed to cold are
implemented.
Hot conditions
Working in hot conditions can result in a number of adverse health effects, ranging from
discomfort to serious illness. A number of factors affect the impact on the body. These are:
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Environmental factors: Air temperature, humidity and air movement, radiant temperature in
the workplace, extreme climatic conditions.
Personal factors: clothing worn, level of work activity, level of fluid loss and replacement,
affecting water and salt balance.
Possible consequences of excessive heat: increase in the likelihood of accidents due to
decrease in efficiency and mental function; tiredness, skin rashes such as prickly heat; heat
illness such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, fainting and heat stroke; aggravation of other
medical conditions and illnesses
Cold conditions
Working in extreme cold can produce: an increase in accidents due to numbness from cold and
loss of sensitivity and manual dexterity; hypothermia; frostbite; immersion and trench foot;
chilblains; chapped skin
Ultraviolet Radiation
When sunlight hits your skin, ultraviolet rays pass through it and harm living cells. The more
sun your skin gets, the more harm you do and the higher the risk of getting skin cancers.
There are many ways to protect yourself from the sun but the best is to stay out of it as much as
possible.
If you must work outside:
Use the shade of buildings or trees;
q Wear or use personal protective equipment:
o Long sleeved shirts - natural cloth like cotton are best
o Long trousers
o A hat with a wide brim and neck protection.
o Sunglasses
o Sunscreen
q
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is also generated by the electric arc welding process. Skin exposure
to UV can result in severe burns, in many cases without prior warning. UV radiation can also
damage the lens of the eye. Many arc welders are aware of the condition known as "arc-eye," a
sensation of sand in the eyes. This condition is caused by excessive eye exposure to UV.
Exposure to ultraviolet rays may also increase the skin effects of some industrial chemicals
(coal tar and cresol compounds, for example).
Control measures include:
a. using appropriate screens to provide protection from ultraviolet radiation,
b. ensuring that persons required to be in an area in which there is a risk of exposure to
ultraviolet radiation are wearing appropriate protective equipment,
c. ensuring that persons who are not carrying out welding are not permitted to enter an
area in which there is a risk of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and that adequate
signs to warn of the hazards are provided.
Overuse Injuries
The condition called Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS) or (RSI) is the condition
characterised by discomfort or pain in muscles, tendons or other soft tissues.
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The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 Chapter 2 – Clause 9 Employer to
identify hazards (f) manual handling (including the potential for occupational overuse injuries),
Cause include: poor work processes; unsuitable work conditions; repetitive or forceful work
movements; maintenance of constraints or awkward postures.
Possible problems include: carpal tunnel syndrome; tenosynovitis; epicondylitis; static muscle
strain; tension neck syndrome
Stress
Workplace stress is the reaction people have to excessive demands or pressure when trying to
cope with tasks and responsibilities.
The causes of stress include: Boredom; workload; inflexible work schedules; shift work;
violence and aggression; lack of job satisfaction
The health effects of stress include: depression; hypertension; fatigue; anger and aggression;
headaches.
Drugs and Alcohol
The effects of drugs and alcohol in the workplace can cause: an increase in accidents, workers
compensation and rehabilitation; lateness and absenteeism; lost production; poor work
performance; aggression and violence.
The causes of drug and alcohol abuse include: long working hours; tight deadlines; conflict
with supervisor or peers; financial problems; work related stress
Housekeeping
A workplace should be kept as tidy and ordered as possible. These are some examples of things
you should be aware of:
•
Do not leave leads to portable equipment lying across the floor.
•
Do not leave pieces of pipe, tubing or conduit lying on the floor.
•
If any greasy or oily substance is spilled on the floor, clean it up immediately.
•
If a pit or depression is made in a passage way or floor, surround it by a visible
barrier.
Poor Lighting
Lighting can be at such a low level that it's difficult to see distinctly so that a person may not be
able to see a particular hazard. Usually a workplace is adequately lighted as it is covered by
regulations. However, in some areas it is up to the worker to ensure that the level of lighting is
suitable.
Chemical Hazards
All workers will have to work with many different chemicals during their lifetime that cover a
range from basic cleaning agents to acids. Each chemical should be treated with the same
amount of respect no matter how potent it may be.
The ways in which chemicals are considered to be harmful are:
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q
q
q
Coming in contact with the body
Entering the body
Causing a fire or explosion
Other factors like corrosion of containers cause dangers but are specific to each situation and
will need to be covered as required on the job.
The most common way in which the chemicals enter the body is by inhalation. The air we
breathe contains many chemicals and often is a carrier of dangerous gasses and dusts.
Another way chemicals enter the body is absorption through the skin. Chemicals that come in
contact with the eyes or the skin will often enter the blood stream or cause eye or skin
irritation.
The last way is by ingestion where chemicals enter your body when you eat or drink.
Chemicals come in three basic forms; solid, liquid and gas. The actual form of the material
often depends on its’ temperature. Some chemicals in one form (eg solid) may be very safe but
dangerous when liquid or gas. Lead is one such material that is reasonably safe in a solid state
but dangerous as a gas in the air we breathe.
Chemicals used in the workplace can be placed into the following three overlapping groups:
q
Hazardous substances are chemicals harmful to health. This includes short term effects
(such as poisoning) and long term effects (such as causing cancer).
q
Dangerous goods have an immediate physical risk (such as fire or explosion), or an
immediate health risk (such as rapid poisoning).
q
‘Scheduled poisons’ are classified on the basis of health hazards – this classification is
used for chemicals available for domestic use and for pesticides. ‘Poisons’ are listed in a
schedule known as the SUSDP (Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and
Poisons). Such domestic chemicals (including items such as cleaners, pesticides and
solvents) are usually sold in retail outlets (in consumer packages), but may also be used
in workplaces – so workers need to be aware of this labelling
Labelling of chemicals
All the information on labels as required by the “Code of Practice for the labelling of
workplace substances” should be:
q
q
q
q
on an outside face of the container
in the English language
in durable print
in lettering of a size and style which is easily legible.
The label should be firmly secured and printed in a colour or colours which provide a distinct
contrast to the background colour.
A person must not remove, deface, modify or alter a correct label of a substance used at work.
It is an offence under the Regulation to make any such alteration.
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It is a requirement of the Regulation that containers must remain correctly labelled until
cleaned so that they no longer contain the hazardous substance that was placed in them.
Reading the labels on containers and packages is the first step in getting health and safety
information on the chemicals used. It is important to recognise symbols and read labels so that
you can take steps to protect the health and safety of yourself and others.
Read the label to find out the following information:
q
q
q
q
the product name or trade name (you need this if you want to get the correct MSDS)
the proper name for the chemical and its ingredients
any possible safety risks or health effects
advice on how to use the chemical safely.
Chemicals classified as hazardous or dangerous have labels that show the following:
q
a symbol or key word indicating the relevant hazards –
o the dangerous goods ‘diamond’, or
o the word ‘Hazardous’, or
o a word providing a warning (such as ‘dangerous poison’ or ‘caution’).
q
product name
q
chemical names
q
risk information
q
directions for use
q
safety information
q
first aid directions
q
emergency procedures
q
supplier contact details
q
reference to the corresponding MSDS.
Storage of chemicals
Excessive amounts of chemicals in storage will increase the danger in any workplace.
Manufacturers and technical experts will need to be consulted to ensure that the correct
procedures are used in storage of chemicals. Some chemicals must be stored separately or away
from certain other chemicals. Employers should detail strict instructions on storage and
employees ensure that they follow the instructions to the letter.
A chemical must not be transferred from one container to another (decanted) unless the
container to which it is being transferred is properly labelled. Where you do decant a chemical,
you must do so into another chemical container and be aware that some chemicals can react
with the container. Decanting chemicals into a food or beverage container is an offence under
the Poisons Regulations made under the Health Act.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
All the information necessary on chemicals is available on a Material Safety Data Sheet which
is available from the manufacturer. The purpose of the sheet is to provide details on the
chemical and its’ use. The information listed includes:
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q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
Complete name and concentration
List of ingredients
General uses
Physical description and properties
Health effects
First aid recommendations
Advice to doctor
Toxicity
Precautions for use
Safe handling information
Other information references
The Material Safety Data Sheet is essential and must be understood before the chemical is
used.
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Confined space
A confined space is a space which may have limited openings for entry and exist, unfavourable
natural ventilation and/or an atmosphere which is contaminated or oxygen deficient eg. gas
tanks, silos, tunnels, degreasing baths, sumps, etc.
Confined space situations
Some examples of confined spaces are:
a. Storage tanks, tank cars, process vessels, boilers, pressure vessels, silos and other
tank-like compartments.
b. Open-topped spaces such as pits or degreasers.
c. Pipes, sewers, shafts, ducts and similar structures.
d. Shipboard spaces entered through a small hatchway or access point, cargo tanks,
cellular double bottom tanks, duct keels, ballast and oil tanks and void spaces (but
not including dry cargo holds).
Working in confined spaces
The procedures for working in confined spaces are set out in the National Standard for
Working in Confined Spaces (1994) and AS 2865 - Safe working in confined space - 2001.
The most dangerous aspect of confined spaces is that the atmospheric hazards are usually
invisible. It is therefore essential to observe the following procedure:
q
Pre-entry procedures
o
Isolation or control of potentially hazardous services – includes preventing the
introduction of contaminants such as dust or gas and starting of services or machinery
o
Any contaminants must be purged before entry
o
The atmosphere must be tested for contaminants, safe oxygen levels and acceptable
temperature before entry
o
Specifies emergency plans are made and rehearsed, emergency equipment is present
o
Appropriate signs and barriers are erected
o
Appropriate records are kept of entry
Correct entry procedure:
q
o
o
o
o
o
An employer must ensure that no person enters or works in or on a confined space
unless authorised by an entry permit given by the employer
Stand-by persons must be stationed outside
Atmospheric testing and monitoring is carried out
All involved are appropriately trained
Appropriate records are kept of the work in progress
Exit procedure
q
o
Appropriate records are kept of the completion of the work
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LEL (lower explosive limit) of a flammable contaminant means the concentration of the
contaminant in air below which the propagation of a flame does not occur on contact with an
ignition source.
Safe oxygen level means an oxygen content in air of 19.5% to 23.5% by volume under normal
atmospheric pressure.
Confined Space Risk Assessment
The following example highlights the need for care
A case study example of identifying and assessing a confined space risk
An employer operates a business emptying and carting waste from septic tanks and
other waste producing operations. He uses a truck with a tank on it to transport the
waste to the treatment plant. Once a week the employer, or his worker, has to clean
the accumulated residue from the tank. Cleaning involves opening the tank and
using water pressure to discharge the accumulation and entering the tank to
manually dislodge settled accumulations. Upon conducting the risk assessment for
this process the employer determines that:
q
q
q
q
q
q
Even after emptying the contents of the tank on normal discharge, the tank
accumulates sludge and residues;
The manual cleaning task cannot be eliminated and the worker must enter the
tank to clean it effectively;
The atmosphere in the tank could contain toxic contaminants;
The accumulated sludge in the tank could be sufficiently bioactive to convert
oxygen to carbon dioxide, thus creating an oxygen deficient atmosphere;
The length of time between last emptying the tank, its temperature and state of
ventilation of the tank are all likely to impact on the risk of producing an
atmosphere deficient in oxygen and containing other atmospheric
contaminants; and
Currently no measures are taken to test the atmosphere for adequacy of oxygen
content or other contaminants for safe entry to the tank, and the tank is not
ventilated as a precaution prior to entry.
Based on this information, the likelihood of an incident occurring while cleaning out
the tank is VERY LIKELY and the consequence of an incident would be
EXTREME as death could easily occur. Therefore, the risk priority score is 1,
suggesting this risk needs to be addressed immediately.
Safety Signs
Australian Standard Safety signs are required to provide advice of on-site hazards, conditions,
directions and emergency information. Some examples are:
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Stop and prohibition signs:
•
•
Danger signs are black and with black print on a white background.
Prohibition signs can be identified as red ring with a diagonal red line.
General emergency information
All emergency information signs are green
Fire emergency information
All fire emergency information signs are red
Mandatory signs
Mandatory signs can be identified as information in a blue circle
Caution (warning) signs
Caution signs can be identified as a yellow triangle with a black border
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Safe use of electricity in the workplace
Electricity is dangerous because we normally can't sense its presence.
Electricity can have the following effects on the human body:
•
•
•
•
•
Tissue break down
Heart stoppage
Burns
Muscle spasms
Death (can occur at a current level of 0.05 A.
There are three major hazards connected with the use of electricity.
1.
Shock hazards from direct or indirect contact with the electricity.
2.
Excessive heat which can cause burns and fire.
3.
Induction hazards, which can cause dielectric heating. Dielectric heating occurs when
an electric cable is left rolled while being used. The increase in the magnetic field
around the cable leads to heat build up which can cause fire.
Common hazards in electrical work
Below are examples of typical sources of hazards that individually, or in combination, could
lead to electric shock or severe injury. The list is not in order of priority and is not complete.
•
Voltages:
‫־‬
‫־‬
‫־‬
‫־‬
‫־‬
Between phases
Between phases and earth
Between live exposed conductors and surrounding environment (including metal
framework, damp situations, other conductive surfaces and persons nearby)
Across un-discharged capacitors
On disconnected conductors - particularly neutrals
•
Multiple supply sources
•
Lower voltages (for example ELV), but in a cramped situation with dampness,
heat or, perhaps, water on the floor. The worker may even be lying on the floor
•
Switched-off circuits becoming live
•
The supply may become live as the work progresses.
•
Automatic starting of machinery after supply is restored
•
The conductor that was thought to be dead, but was found to be live
•
In old installations: several modifications may have been made, circuits are not
identified, the insulation has deteriorated
•
Lack of information about isolation or sources of supply, or the location of
electrical conductors
•
Lack of access to locate electric cables.
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•
Exposed live terminals
•
Terminals or conductors being live under different conditions of operation of the
equipment
•
Test equipment exporting the hazard closer to the electrical worker
•
Test equipment inappropriate for the task, particularly test prods
•
Test points inadequate
•
Inadvertent attempts to start machinery by others.
Other hazards which may contribute to risks while carrying out electrical work include:
•
Lack of sufficient light to work safely.
•
Cramped working conditions.
•
Confined spaces, where there may be a hazardous atmosphere.
•
Lack of ventilation leading to uncomfortable, hot and humid working conditions.
•
Excessive fatigue, due to pressure of deadlines or other factors.
•
Obstacles to getting the equipment switched "off".
•
Static from rubbing of plastics.
•
Using a gas flame near exposed electrical conductors(a flame is a conductor)
•
Wearing or carrying personal effects. (rings, bracelets, cigarette lighters etc)
•
Falls from heights
•
Inappropriate use of ladders.
•
Non-electrical hazards, such as flywheels, exposed gears, exposed hot parts.
General Electrical Tool Safety Precautions – Portable Power Tools
•
Do not carry portable power tools by their leads
•
Make sure guards are fitted if required.
•
Make sure the cutting tool (i.e. drill bit) is the right one for the job.
•
Don’t exceed the safe working speed of the cutting tool.
•
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
•
•
Do not work with portable electric tools in metal enclosures or in damp places,
unless they are cordless
Do not leave leads coiled when in use
•
Do not allow leads to be run over
•
Inspect the tool before use for physical damage.
•
Don’t use electrical tools in wet conditions.
•
Make sure an earth leakage device is fitted to the power supply.
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•
Do not use metal ladders when using electrical tools, unless cordless
•
Do not use frayed or damaged electrical leads
•
Do not use leads with a double male plug
•
Do not use double adaptors
Residual Current Devices (RCDs)
RCDs or earth leakage devices are electrical safety devices specifically designed to provide
protection against electric shock and to prevent fire and equipment damage.
There are several types of RCDs. The type in general use will trip if the leakage current from
the active conductor to earth exceeds 30 mA.
•
RCDs are mandatory on power and lighting circuits in domestic installations,
excluding those for cooking appliances.
•
RCDs are also mandatory on building sites.
•
RCDs only detect earth leakage currents.
Isolation and Tagging Procedures
All work on electrical installations and equipment should be undertaken with the power
isolated from the circuits being worked on. Isolation means turning off the power to the circuit
or apparatus.
The reasons for isolation include the prevention of shock, reducing the hazards in the case of
fire or flooding, preventing physical injury and preventing unauthorised use of equipment .
Safety interlocks are fitted to electrical equipment cabinets and equipment to ensure that they
cannot be tampered with. They either switch off power when a door is opened or a cover is
removed, or prevent the opening of a door until the main switch is turned off.
Danger tags are used by qualified people for tagging electrical and non-electrical equipment
being repaired, maintained or installed. It is attached to the means of isolation to warn people
of the danger of operation. No switch or machine can be operated while the tag is in place.
A danger tag can only be removed by the person whose signature is on the tag.
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Procedures to isolate, test and tag an Electrical Circuit
1. Notify people who may be affected by the loss of power.
2. Locate the protective device(s).
3. Test the circuit to verify operation (checks the testing device and that the circuit
functions)
4. Isolate the circuit.
5. Test the circuit to confirm power is no longer present.
6. Check the test instrument on a known live present.
7. Lock and/or tag the protection device(s).
8. If a fuse is the protection device, the fusible link must be removed and the carrier
replaced so that the live terminals are not exposed.
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Working at heights
Falls from heights are a significant problem on construction sites, resulting in serious injury
and death. The appropriate measures for a particular system of work are generally determined
by individual job factors. Conducting a risk assessment identifies these.
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 targets working at heights in Chapter 4,
Work premises and working environment - Division 6 Working at Heights
Fall arrest systems
In clause 56 this legislation specifies requirements for the prevention of falls from heights
This specifies the measures to control the risks associated with falls from heights.
Unlike other areas of the OHS Regulation, the appropriate risk control measures are not solely
determined by conducting a risk assessment. Instead, clause 56 specifies a mandatory hierarchy
of controls, which relate solely to the risks associated with people falling from heights. This
hierarchy of controls informs the risk assessment process.
The control measures in order are:
i
The provision and maintenance of a stable and securely fenced work platform
(such as scaffolding or other form of portable work platform).
ii
If complying with ( i )is not reasonably practicable, the provision and
maintenance of secure perimeter screens, fencing, handrails or other forms of
physical barriers that are capable of preventing the fall of a person.
iii
If complying with ( ii ) is not reasonably practicable, the provision of other
forms of physical restraints that are capable of arresting the fall of a person from
a height of more than two metres
An employer must also ensure the provision of a safe means of movement between different
levels at the place of work.
Industrial fall arrest systems and devices are designed to stop an accidental fall and shall
consist of some or all of the following:
•
Anchorage point or static line (also known as a safety line or horizontal lifeline)
•
Energy absorber
•
Inertia reel or fall arrest device
•
Fall arrest harness
•
Lanyard or lanyard assembly.
Components should comply with the relevant part of AS/NZS 1891: Industrial fall arrest
systems and devices.
Fall arrest systems require a minimum distance to be effectively activated, usually 4 metres. It
is therefore essential that there are no objects within this fall zone and that the activation
distance is not greater than the height above the ground or other surface.
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Ladders
A ladder is used to gain access to areas above or below ground, or other levels not provided
with permanent access. There are limits to safe use of ladders. Most accidents occur because
these limits are exceeded.
There are two types of ladder in common use
in the electro technology industry. They are
the stepladder, and the extension ladder. The
single ladder is also available but is not as
common.
Ladders are manufactured in three basic
ratings, 140 kg heavy duty, 120 kg for
industrial use and 100 kg for domestic use.
You should remember that the minimum
loading permitted industrial use is 120kg.
Domestic ladders should never be used in an
industrial environment.
Ladders are manufactured in wood,
fibreglass, aluminium and steel
The parts of a single ladder and an
extension ladder.
Step Ladders
The major advantage of the stepladder is that it is free standing and can be erected in positions
where there is no place to support an extension or single ladder.
Variations include:
•
A range of lengths, 0.9 to 6.1 metres (maximum length for industrial use)
•
Either single sided steps for use by one person at a time, or double sided steps,
which can hold two people or provide access at either side.
The Single Ladder
The ladder is not free standing so it must be supported against a wall or some other rigid
structure. Single ladders are generally available in aluminium, wood and fibreglass.
Extension Ladder
This type of ladder is made up of two ladder sections similar to a single ladder. They give a
range of sizes from 4 metres to 15 metres.
Most extension ladders are fitted with ropes and pulleys to aid in extending and reducing the
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ladder size.
As with the single ladder, this is not a freestanding ladder and must be supported against a wall
or other rigid support.
Erection of Ladders
Before use, all ladders should be inspected to ensure that they are safe. This inspection will
vary for different types and manufacture of ladders. The following is a list of suggested checks.
•
Look for cracks in stiles and rungs or steps of wooden & fibre glass ladders.
•
Check for loose rungs or steps.
•
Check for the secure fixing of all hinges, brackets and clutches.
•
Ensure that all rivets and bolts are tight in metal ladders.
•
Ensure spreaders or locks operate as designed on stepladders.
•
Inspect for secure fixing of pulleys on extension ladders and make sure pulley
ropes are not worn.
The following is designed to reduce the risk of being injured in an accident. Before use:
•
Check that the ladder is on a firm surface and stands steady and rigid.
•
Select a ladder that is suitable for the application, (wood or fibre glass for work
near electricity)
Be sure that the ladder is long enough for the job. You should never stand above
the third step from the top.
Take the ladder to the work position but do not carry a ladder that is too heavy or
too long, for one person, on your own. Ensure that the path is clear of obstructions
and beware of overhead structures or wires etc.
Erect a stepladder making sure it stands vertical. Open the steps to the correct
distance and lock the spreaders.
•
•
•
When climbing or descending the ladder observe the following points:
•
Make sure the steps are clean and your feet are clear of mud or grease etc.
•
Face the ladder.
•
You should always have 3 limbs on the ladder at all times.
•
Do not carry tools or equipment in your hands when climbing or descending. Use a
tool belt, holster or pouch or hoist with a rope when you are in position.
Have someone steady the steps if they are long or brace the steps to a rigid fixture.
It may be necessary to have someone hold his or her feet on the base of the ladder
to prevent slipping.
•
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•
Erect the ladder with one
person holding the ladder
footing as the other erects to a
vertical position. Gently
lower the ladder into position
against the wall or support.
Check that the ladder is on a
firm surface and stands steady
and rigid. It is suggested that
all ladders be erected using
the general rule of 1 metre
out at the bottom for every
four metres up the wall or
pole.
•
Be sure that the ladder is long
enough for the job. You
should never stand higher
than 1 metre from the top of
the ladder.
•
When climbing onto a roof
the ladder must continue 1
metre above the step off
point.
•
The ladder must be tied off at
the top and/or bottom or
retained in position by some
method to ensure it does not
move.
•
Wear a hard hat when working on or near ladders or any elevated work.
•
•
Keep your body within the stiles of the ladder and do not lean out sideways.
Reposition the ladder rather than lean out if you are slightly out of position for
safety.
Ensure that your feet are firmly on the steps or rungs at all times.
•
Do not hang tools from rungs or leave tools on the steps or top of the ladder.
•
•
When working from an uneven surface, never use a brick to even up the feet of the
ladder. Bricks are brittle and can break away and cause you and the ladder to fall. It
is always better to dig a hole for the high stile than try and chock the other stile.
Ladders with bolt on adjustable feet are best suited in these cases.
A ladder should never be “walked” by the person standing on it.
•
Only one person should be on a ladder at any one time.
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Mobile Scaffolds & Elevating Platforms
Elevated platforms include:
q
q
q
q
•
Fixed scaffolding
•
Mobile scaffolding
•
Trestles and planks
•
Scissor lifts
•
Boom type elevated work platform (cherry picker)
Scaffolding should only be erected by qualified personnel. It should be checked for alterations or removal of planks, toe-­‐boards and guardrails before every use. Any elevated platform must be secure in position prior to commencing work. Barriers and guards must be placed to warn people of workers above. A safety harness must be worn if working over 2 metres and there is a risk of falling. q
Self-propelled elevating work platforms should only be used on firm level surfaces unless
the equipment is designed for non-level surfaces and the manufacturers instructions state
this.
q
Special care should be taken when moving any elevated platform as it is easy to come in
contact with overhead electrical line
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Safe Manual Handling
Before moving any object it is worth considering all safety aspects so as to prevent injury to
yourself or others nearby. The following points may be used as a guide.
Stability
How stable is the object? Once an object is moving it has momentum, which may cause it to
tip, or fall and cause injury to you or others in the area.
Grip
Are there any handles or lifting points on the object? Look for handles or lifting points and any
other special instructions when moving heavy or awkward objects.
Hazards
Does the object possess any potential hazards? Sharp edges, hot or cold surfaces, liquids or
moving parts can be hazardous. A careful check will avoid dangers due to these problems. The
movement of chemicals poses special problems that add to the lift and carry problems.
Containers should be checked to ensure that they are clean and safe to touch without the risk of
chemical burns. Be sure that the chemicals will not spill in transit. Follow any special handling
instructions for each type of chemical.
Balance and Vision
Can you maintain balance and clear vision? It is essential to make sure that you are balanced
and have a clear line of vision when moving any object. Falls and strains usually result from
unbalanced movements. If you cannot see where you are going you may trip or bump into
unseen objects and injure yourself or others.
Lifting and Carrying Techniques
To avoid injuries while lifting and carrying, there are eight steps that should be checked for
your safety and the safety of others.
v
v
v
v
v
Prepare yourself by warming up if necessary and prepare the area so that you have
a clear path and a clear spot to place the load.
Check the load for sharp edges or whether it is hot or cold. Also be sure that the
load contains no moving parts that could unbalance you during transit.
Size up the load to ensure that it is within your safe lifting capacity. Check the
weight on the label or rock it back and forth to get an idea of the weight. Check the
shape to ensure that it is not too awkward. Use a team lift if required.
Position feet to give the best balance while lifting. This is usually achieved by
placing one foot at the side of the load and one behind the load. The feet should not
be too far apart or you may strain or overbalance.
Bend the knees to get into position for the lift. Lifting with the leg muscles is the
safest way to lift, as the leg muscles are the strongest muscles in the body.
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v
v
Keep the back straight while lifting and carrying. Your back is not a crane and a
straight back will ensure that pressure is evenly distributed and reduce the risk of
injuries.
Get a good grip before you try to lift. If the load slips you may sustain an injury.
v
Keep your arms straight, close to the body and face the way you are going.
Lifting in Teams
Successful team lifting relies on several factors not the least is common sense. The following
points may help.
v
v
Select people of similar height where possible, particularly when more than two are
required.
Be sure to distribute the load evenly between the team.
v
Select ONE person to coordinate the lift.
v
Follow the lifting procedure as outlined above.
v
Each person must indicate to the coordinator when they are ready to lift.
v
Make sure each team member has adequate vision
v
Walk in step when moving the load.
v
Follow the reverse procedure when lowering.
Reducing Manual Handling
In order to reduce injuries that can occur due to manual handling, careful planning is required.
The complete elimination of manual handling in most workplaces is not possible, however
efforts to reduce these tasks can be taken. Here are some questions you should ask yourself in
an effort to reduce personal lifting and carrying.
Does the load have to be moved?
Maybe when the load is delivered it could be placed where it is required. Or cable could be cut
from a drum instead of taking the whole reel.
Does the load require lifting?
Often movement of materials can be achieved by sliding, pushing, pulling or rolling. Where
possible, avoid lifting by finding easier and safer methods of moving from place to place.
Rollers or trolleys and similar devices can make the moving of material simpler. Pumping
liquid can be much safer than carrying containers.
Can the load be moved mechanically?
Trolley jacks, forklifts, cranes and the like can handle heavy and awkward loads and move a lot
of materials\ in a short time. It is important to be aware of licensing requirements associated
with forklifts and cranes.
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Fire Control and Protection
Fire is one of the most powerful and feared forces in nature. It is essential in a number of
industrial processes such as metal manufacture, welding and cooking, however, it can be
deadly if it is let get out of control.
Three Basic Elements of Fire.
There are three basic elements required to sustain a fire. These elements are:
v
v
v
Fuel – any material that will burn
Oxygen
Heat – a source of ignition
Two other important factors to remember are most materials will burn if they are hot enough,
and the air we breathe contains enough oxygen to keep a fire burning.
From these two factors it is easy to understand why there are many unwanted fires. This is
particularly so in the workplace. Materials like paper, timber, petrol and oil will catch fire at a
fairly low temperature, which can often occur due to a small spark. For this reason care needs
to be taken when grinding, welding or cutting.
Extinguishing Fires
Fire prevention (elimination of the hazard) is the best alternative in the workplace, but
everyone should be prepared to act in the event of a fire.
To this end you should understand the four fundamental principles of extinguishing a fire.
These are listed below:
1. Starvation: Removal of the fuel from the fire. e.g. by turning off a fuel tap.
2. Smothering: Shutting off the oxygen from the fire.
3. Cooling: Decreasing the temperature of the fuel to below ignition temperature.
4. Stop the chemical reaction: Apply a chemical that stops any existing chain
reaction.
In most cases, a combination of the above four actions is used to extinguish a fire.
Extinguishing Agents
There are four basic agents used to extinguish fires: WATER, FOAM CARBON DIOXIDE
and DRY CHEMICAL. The most common used is water, because it is cheap and available.
You should note that all these agents can have dangers associated with their use.
v
WATER: Absorbs heat from the fuel and the surrounding air.
‫ ־‬Danger of electric shock
‫ ־‬Chance of the fire spreading if used on oil fires.
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v
FOAM: A chemical mixed with water.
‫ ־‬Smothers fire to shut out oxygen
‫ ־‬Danger of electric shock
‫ ־‬Fuel must be cool before the foam cover is disturbed.
v
CARBON DIOXIDE: A non-combustible gas, which is extremely cold when it
leaves the extinguisher.
‫ ־‬Danger of suffocation if used in enclosed spaces.
‫ ־‬May be used, with varying success, on all types of fire. (depends on conditions)
‫ ־‬No danger of electric shock
v
DRY CHEMICAL: A powder, used to smother and cool as well as stop the
chemical reaction.
‫ ־‬Hazardous chemical, avoid breathing or skin contact.
‫ ־‬May be used, with varying success, on all types of fire (depends on conditions).
Note: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and dry chemical will disperse quickly in the wind. They are only
successful while being applied.
All of these agents are available in portable fire extinguishers, which are identified mainly by
their colour.
Complete the diagrams below by indicating the colour of the extinguisher.
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Review questions
These questions will help you revise what you have learnt.
1.
The underlying principle of the OH&S act is:
a. To force people to do the right thing
b. To protect the health, safety and welfare of people at work.
c. To prevent people from suing due to accidents in the workplace
d. To maintain a safe working environment for the workers
2.
OH&S laws are necessary because they provide:
a. A set of minimum standards to protect the health and safety of workers
b. A complete set of laws that cover every workplace situation and activity
c. Protection against prosecution
d. National standards
3.
OH&S laws are contained in documents called:
a. Reference books
b. Federal legislation
c. Acts and regulations
d. Occupational health and safety committees manual
4.
Documents containing NSW OH&S laws are readily available from:
a. Standards Australia outlets
b. Court houses
c. Lawyers
d. Workcover authority
5.
The employer must:
a. maintaining places of work under their control in a safe condition, and ensuring
safe entrances and exits;
b. making arrangements for ensuring the safe use, handling, storage and transport
of plant and substances;
c. providing the information, instruction, training and supervision necessary to
ensure the health and safety of employees;
d. all of the above
6.
One function of the OH&S committee is to:
a. Prevent unsafe conditions leading to workplace accidents
b. Assist development of recording and monitoring workplace accidents
c. Prevent unsafe workers from entering the premises
d. Monitor and report the employers safety record
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7.
The major function of the OH&S committee is to help to develop:
a. Safe systems of work
b. Safe working environment
c. OH&S policy suitable for that place of work
d. All of the above
8.
An OHS committee member is entitled to:
a. A day off a week
b. Extra pay
c. An office to work in
d. Become familiar with the workplace and employees
9.
Workcover inspectors have the power to enter a worksite:
a. any time they like
b. only accompanied by a union representation
c. during work hours
d. during work hours accompanied by employer
10.
Risk management is:
a. A one off process to eliminate hazards
b. An ongoing process to eliminate hazards
c. A one off process to control hazards
d. An ongoing process to control hazards
11.
In the “hierarchy of controls” PPE is the control method:
a. considered first
b. considered second
c. considered fourth
d. considered last
12.
Industrial housekeeping can be described as:
a. Keeping workplaces and access ways clean, neat and orderly
b. Quality control
c. Project management
d. Material requirement planning
13.
Attention to good housekeeping will result in:
a. Improved quality
b. Improved management
c. Improved safety
d. All of the above
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14.
PPE is supplied:
a. At the employers expense
b. At the employees expense
c. May be paid off over a set time
d. Free of charge
15.
PPE does not include:
a. Glasses
b. Hats
c. Socks
d. Sunscreen
16.
Which of the following characteristics has little to no effect on safety?
a. Indulgence
b. Ignorance
c. Impatience
d. Indifference
17.
Distracting others from their work could be classified as:
a. An unsafe act
b. An unsafe condition
c. An indictable act
d. A normal procedure
18.
From the hazards below select a potential physical workplace hazard:
a. Gases
b. Stress
c. Vapour
d. Machine guarding
19.
Substituting is considered to be an acceptable procedure for hazard prevention and
control. Select the example of substituting from the list below:
a. Extract dangerous fumes
b. Wear protective equipment
c. Use a less hazardous substance
d. Limit time spent with hazardous fumes
20.
Which of the following items should be most avoided by electrical workers:
a. Sloppy joe
b. Gold chain
c. Wrist watch
d. Ring
21.
If you see an oil spill you should:
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Wipe it up with a handy cloth
Clean it with special oil absorbent material
Report it when you get time
Ignore it
22.
To hold hot material that you are grinding you would most likely use:
a. Gloves
b. Cotton waste
c. Vice Grips
d. Bare hands
23.
When starting a grinder you should not stand in front because:
a. You get in the way of the starting process
b. There could be some material left on the grinder
c. The wheel may fly apart
d. It is not the correct place to stand to use it
24.
Which type of fire extinguisher should never be used on electrical fires?
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Water
c. Foam
d. Chemical
25.
Caution signs are colour coded using what colours:
a. Black and white
b. Black and blue
c. Black and yellow
d. Black and green
26.
If a portable power tool you wish to use appears faulty, the correct procedure is to:
a. Use it anyway
b. Place a “Do Not Use” label on the tool
c. Figure out how to bypass the fault
d. Completely smash it on the spot
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Occupational Health & Safety
1.
The responsibility to ensure that you know how to lift a heavy load correctly
belongs to:
a. Workcover NSW
b. you
c. the supplier of the goods
d. the employers
2.
Generally lifting weight limits are determined by:
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Physical fitness
d. Personal preference
3.
Providing manual handling training is the responsibility of:
a. The employee
b. The employer
c. The OHS committee
d. Not required
4.
The most cost effective method of reducing the manual handling risk of moving a
large drum of oil is to:
a. provide an overhead crane
b. provide a forklift
c. provide a trolley
d. team lift with five people
5.
The part of the body which is most at risk during manual handling is:
a. The arms
b. The legs
c. The spine
d. The ribs
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Occupational Health & Safety
1.
The term “decanting” refers to:
a. A type of bottle
b. A process of mixing chemical
c. A process of pouring chemicals
d. A process of storing chemicals
2.
Hazardous materials don’t cause:
a. Harm
b. Explosive harm
c. Long term harm
d. Poisoning
3.
Chemical labelling for industry is found in the Code of Practice for the labelling of:
a. workplace chemicals
b. workplace substances
c. workplace materials
d. workplace suppliers
4.
A person cannot
a. change chemical containers
b. correct labelling on chemicals
c. store hazardous chemicals under the sink
d. store chemicals with the MSDS
5.
When reading the label on a new bottle the most important information is:
a. risk information
b. directions for use
c. safety information
d. all the above
6.
An MSDS is not required for:
a. PVC Glue
b. Welding rod
c. PVC Conduit
d. Cleaning Solvent
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Occupational Health & Safety
1.
The regulatory requirements for working at heights is included in:
a. Safe Working at heights guide
b. Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001
c. Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000
d. Working at Heights Resource
2.
Guidance to the application of the requirements for working at height can be found
at
a. Standards Australia outlets
b. Court houses
c. Lawyers
d. Workcover authority
3.
Select form the hazards listed below a potential ergonomic workplace hazard
a. Noise
b. Bacteria
c. Tool design
d. Microwaves
2.
The best protection against noise is to:
a. Talk louder
b. Stop working
c. Wear earmuffs
d. Stop worrying about it
3.
Excessive noise, apart from affecting hearing, can also lead to:
a. Blindness
b. Hair falling out
c. Fatigue and lack of concentration
d. Sterility
4.
5.
Persons unavoidably working on live conductors should: a. Work in accordance with risk management procedure b. Work very fast c. Short circuit the conductors d. Not use spanners To avoid accidental hat-­‐to-­‐hand contact with live conductors, a good practice is to: UEENEEE101A - APPLY OH&S PRACTICE IN WORKPLACE
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Occupational Health & Safety
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stand on one foot Put one hand on your head Put one hand behind your back Put one hand in your pocket A person at the site of an accident can be sued if they:
a. walk by without giving aid
b. give aid and haven’t any first aid training
c. give aid contrary to training
d. don’t ring for help in a timely fashion
7.
When an accident occurs and a person is injured, it is most important to ensure that:
a. No further injury occurs to the victim
b. The ambulance is called
c. No injury occurs to rescuers
d. No damage occurs to property
8.
The ABC of first aid (DRABCD) represents:
a. Airway, breathing, conscious
b. Airway, bleeding, conscious
c. Airway, bleeding, circulation
d. Airway, bleeding, circulation
9.
The best place to feel for a victims pulse is in the carotid artery which is located on the:
a. side of the adams apple
b. rear of the left ear
c. inside of the thigh
d. chest above the sternum
10.
The occupational health and safety (first aid) regulations states the requirements for
provision of first aid in the workplace, including:
a. A first-aid facility
b. First-aid equipment and personnel
c. A register of injuries and treatment
d. All of the above
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