DLI HINDI UNIT ONE INTRODUCTIONS होना/to be/hona The table below illustrates the verb conjugations for the personal pronouns. As you can see there are only four forms of the verb. Persons 1 person singular Pronouns मैं Verbs हूँ 2nd person plural तुम हो 1st person plural हम हैं 2nd person plural आप 3rd person plural वे ये तू st 2nd person singular 3rd person singular है वह यह/ जाना/to go/jAnA The table below illustrates the verb conjugation for जाना for different persons, number, and gender. Subject मैं तुम वह,यह,तू and any singular noun हम, आप,वे,ये and any plural noun Object Main Verb With Mas. Ending जाता जाते Main Verb With Fem. Ending जाती जाती Auxiliary Verb हूँ हो जाता जाती है जाते जाती हैं Pronouns in possessive form have special forms. This form also behaves like marked adjectives and changes according to the number and gender of the noun they qualify. मैं + का मेरा my हम + का हमारा our आप + का आपका your तुम + का तुम्हारा your तू + का तेरा your वह/यह + का उसका/इसका his/her/its वे/यह + का उनका/इनका their कौन + का ककसका whose (singular) कौन + का ककनका whose (plural) By combining ही and भी with a negative particle, we can make sentences equivalent to “Not only _____ but also______” in English. _____ ही नहीं _______ भी है राम ककताब ही नहीं अख़बार भी पढ़ता है | Ram not only reads the book but also the newspaper. Pronouns with ही Some pronouns have special forms with ही. तुम ही तुम्हीं यह ही यही वह ही वही इस ही इसी उस ही उसी इन ही इन्हीं उन ही उन्हीं The following chart lists the direct, indirect (oblique), and contracted forms of pronouns. The regular and contracted oblique forms can be used interchangeably in both written and spoken Hindi. These oblique forms are used before all postpositions except का. Oblique Form of Pronouns Pronoun + को (Direct) Oblique form (Indirect) Contracted Form मैं + को मुझ को मुझे हम + को हम को हमें तुम + को तुम को तुम्हें आप + को आपको आपको तू + को तुझ को तुझे वह + को उस को उसे यह + को इस को इसे वे + को उनको उन्हें ये + को इनको इन्हें Imperative form of चाहना to express Need Using चाहहए to express need in Hindi is very common. This type of sentence, however, requires an indirect subject because the subject is followed by a postposition को . In indirect subject sentences, the verbs do not agree with the subject. Verbs in indirect subject sentences agree with the object instead. If the object is plural, then plural form of चाहहए i.e. चाहहएं is used. Subject + को + object + चाहहए मुझे बहुत पैसा चाहहये I need a lot of money. Expressing Wish or Desire for Something To express a wish or desire for something or to do something, use चाहना. The imperfective form of this verb (the one we use for habitual action) can be used in present and past tenses. Here are sample sentences expressing a wish or desire for something. मैं एक नयी साईककल चाहता हूँ| I want a new bicycle. Expressing Wish or Desire to Do Something To express a wish or desire to do something, a verb in its infinitive form can be used as a complement to verb चाहना. It can be used in both perfective and imperfective aspects. Here are some sample sentences expressing a wish or desire to do something using the imperfective in present and past tenses. मै हहन्दी पढ़ना चाहता हूँ | I want to study Hindi. Negating a Wish or Desire The negative particle comes generally before चाहना. मै हहन्दी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता | I do not want to study Hindi. It can also come before the complement verb if the speaker wants to negate the complement of the complement verb. मै हहन्दी नहीं उदूू पढ़ना चाहता हूँ | I want to study Urdu not Hindi. Singular Oblique The form of nouns does not change in oblique case except for marked masculine nouns. Pronouns have their respective oblique forms. All marked masculine nouns, i.e. nouns that end in आ, change to ए in their oblique form. For example, कमरा + में = कमरे में in the room थैला + पर = थैले पर on the bag Other nouns, such as unmarked masculine and marked and unmarked feminine nouns, remain unchanged. दफ़्तर + से = दफ़्तर से from the office बेटी + का = बेटी का of the daughter मेज़ + पर = मेज़ पर on the table A marked masculine noun ends in आ (A). A masculine noun with ending other than आ is unmarked masculine noun. A marked feminine noun ends in ई (I). A feminine noun with ending other than ई is unmarked feminine noun. When a noun phrase, such as बड़ा कमरा/big room/, छोटा थैला/small bag/ is followed by a postposition, then both marked noun and marked adjective change from आ toए. बड़ा कमरा छोटा थैला नया घर नयी ककताब + + + + Plural Oblique में में में में = = = = बड़े कमरे में in the big room छोटे थैले में in the small bag नये घर में in the new house नयी ककताब में in the new book All masculine and feminine nouns, either marked or unmarked, have the same ending: ओं in the plural oblique form. Singular Plural Plural oblique Marked masculine थैला/bag थैले थैलों में/in the bags Unmarked masculine घर/house घर घरों में/in the houses Marked feminine कु रसी/chair कु रहसयां कु रहसयों में/in the chairs Unmarked feminine ककताब/book ककताबें ककताबों में/in the books Spelling Rule When we add a plural suffix आूँ or an oblique suffix ओं to a noun, the general rule is that the final long ई is shortened to इ. Then, य is inserted before adding the suffix. Singular plural plural oblique घड़ी घहड़ + य + आूँ घहड़याूँ घहड़ +य+ ओं में घहड़यों Watch watches in the watches If the noun ends in ऊ, then it is shortened to उ before adding the suffixes. Singular masculine Plural oblique हहन्दू हहन्दुओं में Hindu in Hindus/among Hindus Simple Past of Verb “To Be” Hindi has four forms of the English simple past, “was/were.” Like English, they are the past tense of the “to be” verb. Here are the past tense forms for verb होना/to be. था थे थी थीं masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular feminine plural Unlike their present tense counterparts, these forms agree with their subject in number and gender. The Hindi sentence would have the following structure: Subject (inanimate) + में/me.N मेरे घर में तीन कमरे हैं | My house has three rooms. मेरे घर में तीन कमरे नहीं हैं + object + to be (in present) My house does not have three rooms. इस बस में This bus has air-conditioning. एयरकं हिशन इस बस में एयरकं हिशन This bus does not have air-conditioning. है नहीं है मेरे घर में तीन कमरे थे | My house had three rooms. मेरे घर में तीन कमरे नहीं थे| My house did not have three rooms. इस बस में एयरकं हिशन था | This bus had air-conditioning. इस बस में एयरकं हिशन नहीं था | This bus did not have air-conditioning. Separable (alienable) Possessions Possession of separable items is expressed in Hindi by combining the postposition के पास/ ke pAs with the subject. The verb agrees with the object because the subject is blocked by the postposition and it is not available for the agreement. राम के पास Ram has (literally “near Ram”) सीता के पास Sita has Examples with pronouns: मेरे पास एक ककताब है| I have one book. मेरे I पास have दो two ककताबें हैं | books. Verb Conjugation for “to have,” के पास The table below illustrates the conjugation for the verb “to have” for the different persons. मेरे पास हमारे पास तुम्हारे पास तेरे पास आपके पास उसके पास I have we have You have (formal) you have (familiar) you have (intimate) he/she has उनके पास ककसके पास they have who has Imperatives Infinitive तू तुम/तुम लोग (informal) सोना आना जाना खाना बैठना पीना *** करना *** देना *** लेना *** (intimate) सो आ जा खा बैठ पी कर दे ले सोओ आओ जाओ खाओ बैठो हपयो/हपओ करो दो लो आप/आप लोग (polite) आप/आप लोग तू/तुम/आप extra polite/future neutral सोइये आइये जाइये खाइये बैठठये पीहजए / पीहजये कीहजए / कीहजये दीहजए / दीहजये लीहजए/लीहजये सोइययेगा आइयेगा जाइयेगा खाइयेगा बैठठयेगा पीहजएगा / पीहजयेगा कीहजएगा / कीहजयेगा दीहजएगा / दीहजयेगा लीहजएगा/लीहजयेगा सोना आना जाना खाना बैठना पीना करना देना लेना *** irregular Past Habitual To express actions which occurred regularly and routinely in the past, the past habitual tense is used. Past imperfect is another name for this tense. Past habitual tense formation is similar to present habitual tense formation. The only difference is that the past form of the auxiliary verb हto be is used. The four forms are: था/थे/थी/थीं ता ते ती masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular/plural A typical sentence would have the following structure. Subject + Object + (main verb stem + suffix) + auxiliary verb “to be” in past In the sentences below, the main verb identifies the activity. The suffix shows that the action is habitual and also the number and gender of the subject. The auxiliary verb shows the past tense and person and plurality or singularity of the subject. वह ककताब पढ़ता था | वह ककताब पढ़ती थी | वे ककताब पढ़ते थे | वे ककताब पढ़तीं थीं | He used to read a book. She used to read (a) book. They used to read (a) book They (f) used to read (a) book Verbs “to like” In order to express liking and disliking, Hindi speakers commonly use पसंद होना/to like/ literally “to be pleasing.” Similarly, This verb use indirect subject in their sentence structure so the verb agrees with the number and gender of the object. मुझे चाय पसंद है | उसे कॉफी अच्छी लगती है | वह चाय पीना पसंद करता है | UNIT THREE I like tea. (Literally, “to me tea is pleasing”) He likes coffee. He likes to drink tea.