PE RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES REVIEWER
MODULE 1
❖ The basic of music and dance is RHYTHM.
❖ RHYTHMS is a term which denotes an aspect of a quality of movement that is sometimes
thought of as dance.
❖ RHYTHMIC DANCE is simply expressive movement made with or without music.
❖ DANCE refers to movement set to music where there emerges organization, structure and
pattern. It is a composition that implies arrangement of parts into a form.
❖ DANCING is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement disciplined by rhythm. It
is an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to an accompaniment.
The word dancing came from an old German word “ danson” which means to “ stretch”.
Essentially, all dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing.
ELEMENTS OF RHYTHM
❖ 1. UNDERLYING BEAT OR PULSE BEAT- The constant pulsation is called the pulse beat.
❖ 2. MEASURE- This refers to the identical grouping of underlying beats.
❖ 3. RHYTHMIC PATTERN -This refers to a definite grouping of sounds or beats related to the
underlying beat. It also called the melody pattern because the rhythmic pattern follows the
word or melody.
❖ 4. PHRASING- A musical phrase is a group of measure that gives the feeling of unity. The end of
a phrase may suggest a change in direction of movement.
❖ 5. ACCENT- This is the force or emphasis given to any one beat in a series of pulse beats in
measure.
❖ 6. TEMPO- This is the rate of speed of the movements, music or accompaniment.
❖ 7. INTENSITY- This is the quality of movements or music. It refers to dynamics or force such as
heavy or light.
FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
❖ LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS- are used to move the body from one to another or to project the
body upward as in jumping and hopping.
❖ Examples of Locomotor Movements
o Walking- is shifting one’s weight from one foot to the other
o Leaping- Is springing on one foot and landing on the other foot (wide stride)
o Sliding- Is done by gliding on the floor, sideward or forward using the right and left foot
alternately
o Running- is moving with longer strides and in faster speed than walking
o Jumping- Is springing on one foot or both feet and landing on both feet (on landing
always bend knees tightly
o Galloping- Is stepping on one foot and cutting the other, either sideward or forward
o Hopping- is springing on one foot and landing on the same foot
o Skipping- is done with a step and hop using the same foot
❖ NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS are performed without appreciable movements from to place
or movements of the various parts of the body in fixed base
❖ Examples of Locomotor Movements
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1. Flexion- bending or shorting of the body part occurring at a joint.
▪ Examples:
▪ knees bend, full knees bend, trunk forward bend, arms forward bend, head
forward bend, and head sideward bend.
2. Extension- is done by straightening or extending any part of the body from the joints
3. Lifting or raising- is elevating a part of the body, usually for the arms and legs
4. Twisting- is moving a part of the body around a long axis, usually for the head and
body
5. Rotating or Encircling- is done by moving a part of the body around axis
6. Swinging- is a pendular movement below an axis
7. Swaying- is a pendular movement above axis
MODULE 2
DANCE FORMS
➢ CREATIVE RHYTHMS - provide a special area in the rhythmic program where creativity is the
goal and functional movement is secondary.
A creative rhythm is an end product of exploration and improvisation of movements as children
learn to move the parts of their body and to use them as instruments of expression.
A. FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR RHYTHMS
◦ creativity can be developed through problem-solving activities involving the incorporation of
various locomotor movements into varied patterns, changes in direction, changes to other
kinds of activities and the like.
◦
includes walking, running, skipping
B. EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS
Children can express moods and feelings and show their reaction to colors and sounds by
improvising dances, movements which demonstrate different aspects of force, and gestures
which depict different feelings
C. IDENTIFICATION
there are endless sources of subjects for identification and interpretations with the child in his
own mind taking on the identity of a familiar character, creature, or object.
D. DRAMATIZATION
Some ideas useful for dramatic rhythms are:
Celebrating holidays - like Christmas, Flores de Mayo, Dinagyang, etc.
Acting out stories - which include fairies, firemen, teachers, acrobats, etc.
Interpreting familiar stories - like Little Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots, The Three Little Pigs, etc.
E. SINGING MOVEMENT songs include action songs and singing games.
➢ FOLKDANCE- is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generation. It
communicates the customs, beliefs, rituals, and Occupations of the people of a region or
country. It is as well as the traditional flavor and characteristics of the people their feelings
sentiments.
➢ CREATIVE DANCE- is the highest form of dance for the purpose of entertainment. It is the end
product of exploration and improvisation of movements as the dancer or choreographer
expresses his feelings or emotions, ideas, and interpretations. This is a dance with definite form,
beginning and end. The principles of art are all observed in the composition of the dance.
➢ CLASSICAL BALLET-dance of supreme standards learned from academe. Originated from Italy
from the word “BAL-LO” meaning to dance and flourished in the royal court of France.
Modern Dance – deviation from the principles of classical ballet. It is developed by
Isadora Duncan. She believed in the principle of naturalness and true expression of the
human body and soul.
Contemporary dance- combination of ballet and modern dance forms like folk, ethnic or
tribal dance.
Theatrical Dance – refers to dance perform in theatres or on stage to entertain
spectators.
Ethnologic Dance – is a dance resulting from centuries of development within
the traditions of a particular ethnic group.
Ballet – used to be a court dance that developed into a highly stylized theatre
art that is today. 4.3.3. Modern Dance – is often concerned with the
communication of emotions or ideas through the medium of movement.
➢ POPULAR DANCE- highly recognized as a dance from in television and other dance centers’ like
discotic houses and social gatherings.
➢ SOCIAL BALLROOM DANCE- the setting of this dance is more for formal atmosphere re than the
simple and informal parties in which the recreational dances are the usual form.
➢ CLASSICAL DANCE- is characterized by grace and precision of movement and by elaborate
formal gestures, steps, and poses.
Classical dance may refer to:
✓ Ballet, particularly classical ballet
✓ Indian classical dance
✓ Traditional forms of dancing in other cultures, such as Japanese traditional
dance or Chinese traditional dance
MODULE 3
➢ Dance is a form of art that is made by purposefully recreating selected sequences of human
motion, which can be imbued with the values of aesthetic and symbolism that are
acknowledged by both performers and observers from within the particular culture.
The dance itself can be freeform or can have a predefined choreography that may or may not
align with traditions of origin or historical period.
➢ The dance has always been with us, even before the arrival of written language and modern
history, when our earliest cultures evolved utilizing oral and performance methods to pass the
stories from one generation to the next.
Many historians believe that social, celebratory and ritual dances are one of the essential
factors of the development of early human civilizations.
➢ The earliest findings have pinpointed the origins of ancient dances in 9000-year-old India or
5300-year-old Egypt, but the records more common infusion of dance into a modern culture can
be found from Ancient Greece, China, and India.
All these old dances evolved, eventually morphing into a wide variety of Roman and European
medieval dances, traditional Chinese dances, Hindi and other traditional dances, respectively.
➢ The oldest evidence of dance comes from rock paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of
Bhimbetka from 9,000 years ago.
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Primitive Dance
Social Dances on occasions that celebrated birth, commemorated deaths, and marked
special events in between magical dances to ask gods to end famine; to provide rain, or
to cure sick.
▪
Primitive dancers also shared certain gestures and movements, which were drawn from
their everyday lives. Primitive dancers used all of these movements in both their social
and religious or magical dances. These were not created for entertainment as many
dances today
Ancient Egypt
Far more than mere pastime, dancing became an integral part of Egyptian life. It
evolved from the simplest rituals used by the hunters to find their prey. A leader was
called a priest dancer and was responsible for seeing that the dances were performed
correctly so that the hunt would be successful.
According to the International Encyclopedia of Dance , dances were performed “for
magical purposes, rites of passage, to induce states ecstacy or trance, mime; as homage;
honor entertainment and even for erotic purposes.” Dances were performed both inside
and outside; by individuals pair but mostly by groups at both sacred and secular
occasions.
Dance rhythms were provided by hand clapping, finger snapping, tambourines, drums
and body slapping. Musicians played flutes, harps, lyres and clarinets, Vocalizations
included songs, cries, choruses and rhythmic noises.
Dancers often wore bells on their fingers. They performed nude, and in loincloths,
flowing transparent robes and skirts of various shapes and sizes.
Dancers often wore a lot of make-up, jewelry and had strange hairdos with beads, balls
or cone-shaped tufts, Accessories included boomerangs and gavel-headed sticks. Ab ,
the hieroglyph for heart, was a dancing figure.
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▪
Ancient Greece
Participation in dance and drama festivals was a religious exercise, not merely an
amusement. Greek dance can be divided into large and small motions, movements and
gestures. Movements were closely related to gymnastic exercises that resembled dance.
They would dance spontaneously at weddings or drinking parties (symposia), or perform
pre-arranged choreographies as exemplified by the chorus' dances in the ancient Greek
theatre.
Greek dances could be performed individually or in a group. They could tell a story,
showcase martial and athletic skills, entertain guests, or shape processions and other
key parts of religious rituals.
Roman Empire
Under the reign of Caesar Augustus in about 22 BC, the Pantomime dance drama
became an independent form of artistic expression. The Roman Pantomime a highly
developed art form that made lavish and creative use of dance.
Roman dance was influenced by Etruscan and Greek dance. Pyrrhic dances, for example,
were invented by Greeks but popularized by Romans (See Ancient Greece). Dancing
priests that were members of the noble class did war dances in full armor with a sacred
shield in their left hand and a staff in the right hand. They also did a fertility dance to
honor Pan.
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Christian Era
Dance was performed on cathedral porches, church squares and market places, miracle
plays, mystery plays and morality plays that taught the church’s lessons were enacted in
a theatrical way.
In dramatic ritual games with dance movement, the passing of the seasons was
celebrated as it had been by primitive tribes
MODULE 4
EVOLUTION OF DANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
➢ PRIMITIVE ERA
To early Filipinos, dance was an expression of community life that animates the various rituals
and ceremonies.
Ethnic dances were found among the ethno-linguistic groups scattered all over the Philippine
Islands, who have not been substantially westernized, either by Spain or the United States.
Examples of these ethnic tribes
Ibaloy
Kalinga
Kankanai
Apayao
Ifugao
Bontocs
These tribes share common religious beliefs, generally animistic, and make offerings to
household gods called “anitos”, in the course of which dancing occurs.
Ritual Dances
are dances which connect the material world to the spiritual.
Rituals sustain the spiritual and social life of the indigenous Filipinos. The Babaylan or
medicine men of primitive cultures whose powers to invoke the assistance of a god were
feared and respected, were considered by many to be the first choreographers or
composers of formal dances
Life-cycle Dances -are dances which celebrate an individual’s birth, baptism, courtship,
wedding, and demise.
Occupational Dances
are dances which transform defense and livelihood activities to celebratory performances.
Mimetic Dances
are special dances which are mimetic in nature. The surrounding animal life also easily
➢ The Spanish Colonial Period
The Spaniards came to the Philippines on March 16,1521 and colonized the island for 333 years.
To make Catholicism appealing, native dances were modified and used in the rites celebrating
Christian Holy days and religious fiestas turned native to a certain extent and became a vehicle,
for the Filipino way of spiritual and communal expression.
Dances like Fandango, Habanera, Rigodon, Mazurka, Paseo, Paso Doble were adapted to the
tastes and needs of the society and conditions of climate and seasons in a tropical archipelago.
However, the Spaniards did not teach the native their dances. The wealthy Indios Filipinos, who
on state occasions, socialized with the colonial masters, merely copied and disseminated these
dances among themselves.
➢ The American Colonial Period
On December 10, 1898, in the Treaty of Paris, Spain sold Philippines to the United States for 20
million dollars.
The Americans established schools all over the islands where physical education was given a
prominent place in the program.
The American teachers also introduced dances like ballet and modern dance through physical
education programs.
These dances threatened to completely destroy the well-cherished Philippine tradition and
culture.
Today, Philippine dances are no longer communal in purpose but are highly theatricalized. There
are even choreographed dances based on folk elements. As Filipinos, we have the responsibility
to propagate and preserve Philippine folk dances for posterity.
MODULE 5
PHILIPPINE FOLKDANCES
1. CLASSIFICATION
1.1. National - traditional dances of the country with a common basic movement or pattern with
slight variations
1.2. Regional - local dances of a region
FOLK DANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Tinikling – A Philippine folk dance that originated in Leyte
To dance the Tinikling, you need two pairs of bamboo poles that are each 6–12 feet long (about 1.8–3.7
meters).
Female dancers usually wear a dress called a Balintawak (a colorful dress with arched sleeves) or
a Patadyong (a checkered loose skirt that’s often worn with a thin-fibered blouse). Males wear an
embroidered formal shirt that’s untucked called the Barong Tagalog—which is the country’s national
outfit for Filipino men. The Barong is usually paired with red trousers. All dancers perform the Tinikling
while barefoot.
Itik-Itik – A cultural dance in the Philippines that originated in Surigao del Sur
A popular Fillipino legend states that this dance was first created by a young Filipina maiden-dancer of
Surigao del Norte named Kanang who was considered to be best dancer in the Surigao province.
Apparently, due to her dancing prowess she was asked to perform the Sibay – another important
Filipino dance, at a baptism ceremony.
While performing the Sibay, she got inspired by the music and decided to improvise the dance steps
borrowing from the movements of a duck.
This unique dance was then named “Itik-Itik” since “Itik” means “duck” in the local Tagalog language.
Maglalatik – An example of Philippine folk dance that originated in Biñan, Laguna
The Filipino folk dance is broken into four parts: two devoted to the battle and two devoted to
reconciling. The dancing men wear coconut shells as part of their costumes, and they hit them in rhythm
with the music. Maglalatik is danced in the religious procession during the fiesta of Biñan, Laguna as an
offering to San Isidro de Labrador, the patron saint of farmers.
Binasuan – Binasuan is a tribal dance in the Philippines that originated in Pangasinan
The word “binasuan” means “with the use of drinking glasses.” It is one of the most challenging Filipino
dances as the dancers need to balance glasses on their heads and in their hands as they move. What
makes it more difficult is that the glasses are filled with rice wine, which makes any misstep a messy
mistake.
Singkil – Singkil is a Mindanao folk dance that originated in Lake Lanao
Singkil is a Mindanao folk dance that originated from the Maranao people and is based on the story in
the Darangen, the pre-Islamic Maranao interpretation of the ancient Hindu Indian epic, the Ramayana.
This tribal dance in the Philippines means “to entangle the feet with disturbing objects such as vines or
anything in your path”. The lead dancer, in the role of Putri Gandingan (the Darangen name for Sita),
graciously manipulates either fans, scarves, or her hands while she steps in and out of closing bamboo
poles.
The poles are arranged in either a parallel, rectangular, or criss-cross fashion. The singkil dance is one of
the most popular Philippine folk dances.
Kappa Malong-Malong – A tribal dance in the Philippines that originated from the Maranao tribe in
Mindanao
The Kappa Malong-Malong is a cultural dance in the Philippines influenced by Muslims. The malong is a
tubular garment, and the folk dance essentially shows the many ways it can be worn. This traditional
dance in the Philippines is not only for women though, but there is also a men’s version of the dance
since they wear malongs in different ways.
Cariñosa – A local dance in the Philippines that originated in Panay Island
The dancers make a number of flirtatious movements as they peek out at one another behind fans or
handkerchiefs.
Sayaw sa Bangko – A traditional folk dance in the Philippines that originated in Pangasinan
Another example of Philippine folk dance that will test your skills is the Sayaw sa Bangko (dancing on a
chair). It is performed on top of a narrow bench. To ace this ethnic dance in the Philippines, dancers
need good balance as they go through a series of movements that include some impressive acrobatics.
So if you want a challenging folk dance, try Sayaw sa Bangko.
Pandanggo sa Ilaw – An ethnic dance in the Philippines that originated in Lubang Island, Mindoro
Just like Binasuan, Pandanggo sa Ilaw is a game of balancing glasses, only with candles inside. Dancers
have to balance three oil lamps: one on the head, and one in each hand. It’s a lively Philippine folk dance
that originated on Lubang Island in Occidental Mindoro. The music is in 3/4 time and is usually
accompanied by castanets. So if you’re always game for challenging Filipino dances, try Pandanggo sa
Ilaw.
Pandanggo Oasiwas – A folk dance in the Philippines that originated in Lingayen, Pangasinan
The Pandanggo Oasiwas is a type of dance in the Philippines similar to the Pandanggo sa Ilaw, and is
typically performed by fishermen to celebrate a bountiful catch. In Pandanggo Oasiwas folk dance, the
lamps are placed in cloths or nets and swung around as the dancers circle and sway.
Kuratsa – A type of folk dance in the Philippines that originated in Samar Island
The Kuratsa is considered a courtship dance in the Philippines. This Filipino dance has three parts.
First is where the couple performs a waltz.
Second, the music sets a faster pace as the man pursues the woman around the dance floor in a chase.
Lastly, the music becomes even faster as the man wins over the woman with his mating dance.
Pantomina – A type of dance in the Philippines that originated in Bicol
Pantomina is another courtship dance in the Philippines. It is a regular feature of festivities in Bicol, and
is said to mimic the movement of doves in courtship.
2. NATURE
2.1. Occupational dances - these depict notions, characterizing certain occupation, industries
and phases of human labor
2.2. Religious or ceremonial dances - these are performed in connection with religious vows,
practices and ceremonies. A religious dances maybe performed to: (a) drive away evil spirits (b)
ask for a favor to have a child, husband or wife or (c) give thanks for having recovered from
sickness for favors granted and vows fulfilled.
2.3. Wedding dances - performed by newlyweds, by friends and relatives of the bride and groom
or by the father of the bride and mother of the groom.
2.4 Courtship dance - depict love making or are dances with love themes
2.5. Festival dances - are performed in connection with a celebration, a feast, a barrio fiesta,
good harvest and good fortune.
2.6. War dances - are intended to show imagery combat or duel with the use of fighting
implements like bolo, spear etc.; are found among non-Christian tribes.
2.7. Comic dances – are funny and humorous movements intended mainly for entertainment.
2.8. Game dances - are dances that have some play elements and are for recreational purposes.
3. Characteristics
3.1. In general, dancers stand apart
3.2. There is little, if any bodily contact
3.3. Most of the dancers are done by pairs or couples
3.4. Most dances are in long formation
3.5. Hand movements play an important role
3.6. Most dances begin with a saludo
3.7. Dances from the lowlands have more foreign elements than those found in the uplands.