ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS THAT IMPACT NATIONAL
MINIMUM WAGES ACROSS THE GLOBE AND ITS IMPACT TO
THE COUNTRIE’S ECONOMY ON EMPLOYMENT RETENTION,
HOURS AND JOB
Using Germany as A Model for Detail Analysis
Rana Azizah Ramadhani
2022
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ECO211 – Principles of Macroeconomics
ESSAY by Rana Azizah Ramadhani
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Aims
The purpose of this essay is to analyse the factors that impact a national minimum wage
around the world to find the similarities and differences of the motives and the cause on its nation’s
economy. The main focus is how national minimum wages impact on employment retention, hours
and job entry globally. Researcher discuss the application of national minimum wages in several
countries and picks one country to analyse specifically as a model to be focus on, with hope
researcher can identify how national minimum wage works in details.
Data
This report is based on analysis of few journals studying national minimum wage in general
and in Germany.
Methods
The development of this essay is by analysing the studies and evidence related and how
it correlates with the fundamental purpose of national minimum wage.
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CONTENT
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 4
1.1.
Aim .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.
Essay Structure ................................................................................................................ 4
DATA ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.
Theories ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.
Evidence & Recent Studies ............................................................................................... 5
3.
ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 13
4.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 15
5.
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 16
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Aim
The aim of this research is to discuss the impact of national minimum wage application in
several countries by identifying the motives and output within the nations that apply such law.
The main questions to be addressed by the research are:
o
o
o
o
How does minimum wage set in several countries?
How does national minimum wage impact to employers, employee and government?
What impact has the National Minimum Wage on employment retention, hours and job in
Germany?
Has the higher minimum wages support job growth as the economy recovers from COVID-19 in
the globally?
1.2. Essay Structure
The essay begins by describing the fundamental theories that will be used in the analysis, then
connects the theories with evidences. The following chapter provides analysis to answer the
addressed questions listed above. Summary and conclusion will be explained to complete the
essay.
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2. DATA
2.1. Theories
MINIMUM WAGE
According to International Labour Organization (2022), minimum wage is defined as a
minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work
performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual
contract. Minimum wages is commonly set by statute, decision of a competent authority, a wage
board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts or tribunals. In few cases, minimum wages
can also be set by giving the force of law to provisions of collective agreements.
PURPOSE OF MINIMUM WAGE
The purpose of minimum wages is to protect workers against unduly low pay, help ensure a
just and equitable share of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all who are
employed and in need of such protection. It is one element of a policy to overcome poverty and
reduce inequality, including those between men and women, by promoting the right to equal
remuneration for work of equal value (International Labour Organization, 2022).
Minimum wage should be designed in a way to supplement and reinforce other social and
employment policies. Several types of measures can be used to tackle income and labour market
inequality, including pro-employment policies, social transfers, and creating an enabling
environment for sustainable enterprises (International Labour Organization, 2022).
2.2.
Evidence & Recent Studies
THE EFFECT OF SETTING MINIMUM WAGE IN A COUNTRY FOR EMPLOYERS,
EMPLOYEES, AND GOVERNMENT
Minimum wages and overall demand
According to Eyraud and Saget (2005) looking from a revenue point of view, a rise in the
minimum wage will stimulate overall demand in two ways: directly by increasing the lowest wages,
and indirectly since the knock-on effect it has on the whole wage hierarchy as the payroll is
increased. They found that minimum wage will have a positive effect on growth, which in turn
should result in higher employment, if the increase is non-inflationary. The effect of an increase will
be even more marked as it tends to affect low wage earners who have a greater consumption
propensity to spend. However, they identified that the minimum wage has been used this way in
only one or two isolated cases. For example the substantial minimum wage hike in France
following the 1968 strikes had a very positive effect on growth although the rise was made in direct
response to massive wage claims by the workers. Yet the positive effect that it could have on
demand made it far easier for the government to accept and for the economy to absorb.
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Minimum wages and employment
A higher minimum wage is found by Eyraud and Saget (2005) to be discouraging
employers from using the very low-wage, low-skill workers that minimum wages are intended to
help. A large body of evidence— although not all of it—confirms that minimum wages reduce
employment among low- wage, low-skill workers. They identified a minimum wages do a bad job
of targeting poor and low-income families. Minimum wage laws mandate high wages for low-wage
workers rather than higher earnings for low-income families. Low-income families need help to
overcome poverty. Research for the US generally fails to find evidence that minimum wages help
the poor, although some subgroups may be helped when minimum wages are combined with a
subsidy program, like a targeted tax credit. The minimum wage is a relatively ineffective policy for
achieving the goal of helping poor and low-income families. More effective policies are those that
increase the incentives for members of poor and low-income families to work.
The relationship between minimum wages and employment is the aspect that has been
studied most often and is the most controversial. In practice, authorities tend to consider minimum
wages as production cost which encourages the negative aspects of minimum wage increases
on employment to be emphasized. (Brown, 2002) The minimum wage was implemented in many
countries well before employment and unemployment became major economic and political
issues. Any suggestion that minimum wage increases suggested by Eyraud and Saget to have be
curbed in order to avoid a rise in unemployment is spurious as this could be taken as an excuse
to fix the minimum wage at a level which would make it meaningless. The question that arises is
whether successful companies can recover the market share lost by the former following an
increase in the minimum wage and absorb the workforce made redundant in the process instead
of the survival of marginal business. According to their study, the trade unions in Slovenia refute
the argument that even a low minimum wage could have a serious effect on the country’s textile
industry as they maintain that many of the sector’s business will close down anyway due to
competition with developing countries and this argument cannot be continually invoke to hinder
the introduction of a decent minimum wage. A similar idea was put forward by the Low Pay
Commission, the body which sets the minimum wage in the United Kingdom, when it pointed out
that using low wages as a tool for competitiveness tended to be characteristic of businesses,
notably small ones, that have very poor personnel management practices.
Minimum wages and inflation
(Eyraud and Saget, 2005) Legislators initially introduce cost of living criterion in an effort to
maintain the purchasing power of the minimum wage which is the most frequently cited criterion
in minimum wage legislation and the one that is most often compulsory which has twofold effects:
i)
ii)
a minimum wage increase protects the lowest-paid wage earners from inflation but
through its impact on wages and public deficits,
it risks accelerating the inflationary spiral by affecting wage costs and putting pressure
on overall demand in which government handle this great caution.
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In theory, Eyraud and Saget agreed that there should be no link between the minimum
wage and wage hierarchy given that the minimum wage affects only the lowest-paid wage earners.
However, in practice, they found a minimum wage affects only the wages across the board
because- and this is a fundamental and universal aspect of the minimum wage- it is considered
to be the wage benchmark.
The impact that the minimum wage can have on wages may explain its role in antiinflationary policies. It can have a direct effect when there is an indexation clause with the cost of
living index. This formal link has been challenged during periods of high inflation in many countries,
for instance in Europe in the 1980s when countries such as Denmark, Austria, Belgium, Italy and
France modified or even stopped wage indexation altogether. In France, although minimum wage
increases continue to be partially index-linked to inflation, the legislation prohibits any reference to
the customer price index or to minimum wage adjustments during wage negotiations. A rise in the
minimum wage can lead to a higher payroll as a result of the increase in low wages and
subsequent dispersion throughout the wage hierarchy.
The existence of links between minimum wages and social security benefits in many
countries is another factor contributing to higher wage costs. The use of the minimum wage to
curb inflation can take two forms.
i)
ii)
The first is radical, consisting of keeping the minimum wage at the same level until
it is so low that it plays barely any role in wage increases.
The second, less radical, is aimed at limiting the impact of minimum wage
increases. This is done, for example, by raising the minimum wage in line with
predicted rather than observed past-year inflation rates in order to avoid
transferring the pace of inflation from the previous year to the next.
Eyraud and Sage (2005) found that another possibility is to systematically fix the minimum
wage increase below the inflation rate, thus demonstrating the will to curb wage growth. This
policy was followed in Brazil until 1995. Before then, adjustment invariably amounted to less than
the increase in the cost of living index. The last minimum wage adjustment, in May 2004, was an
increase of 8.33 per cent, greater than the inflation rate. This policy shift did not satisfy the trade
unions, however, because in terms of purchasing power the minimum wage had fallen behind so
much that the recent increases were unable to make up for all the years in which the adjustment
had not kept pace with inflation.
HOW THE NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE IMPACTS EMPLOYEE RETENTION, HOURS
& JOB IN GERMANY
New research (2018) from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
has found the introduction of a uniform national minimum wage for the first time in Germany in
2015 did not lead to an increase in unemployment. The study published as a Centre for Economic
Policy Research (CEPR) discussion paper, is the first of its kind to study the wider implications of
Germany’s minimum wage policy on pay and regional migration. The researchers concluded fears
of increased unemployment and internal migration are likely to be unfounded, as workers’ wages
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were likely to have been below the market rate, as companies absorbed the higher cost of labour
without making redundancies.
The federal minimum wage was introduced in Germany, Europe’s largest economy, in
January 2015, across all 16 of the countries federal states. German employers were required to
pay workers at least €8.50 per hour as a result of the law, or 48% of the median salary of full‐time
workers. (Ahlfeldt et al., 2018) There are highly differing levels of productivity and salary in German
regions, for example, workers in Bavaria in Germany’s south west typically enjoy higher average
wages than workers in the Mecklenburg, which neighbours Poland in Germany’s north east.
Therefore, minimum wage policy had a greater impact on pay in Germany’s poorer regions, where
many workers earn less than the 48% of the median salary, and a relatively smaller effect on wages
in the richer areas, where fewer workers earn less than the minimum.
Some economists predicted that because of the relatively high level of Germany’s
minimum wage, regions with lower wages would experience an economic shock which would
lead to increases in unemployment, as organisations sought to reduce their wage bill. It was also
assumed that outward migration from the region would rise, as unemployed citizens sought work
in other parts of Germany. To identify the effects across the regions, the researchers analysed
employment levels in Germany from 2011 to 2016. They found that in regions where wages were
low, the minimum wage was introduced without changes to employment levels. In fact,
unemployment fell in many areas with relatively lower wages for a period in 2015.
Study suggest the steady levels of employment in Germany’s low-wage regions mean
workers were being underpaid, as organisational revenues were transferred to workers rather than
being retained by their employers through redundancies that would reduce their overall wage bill.
The German experience challenges labour market theory where supply and demand for labour
ensures wages are set correctly according to worker’s productivity. Dr Gabriel Ahlfeldt, Associate
Professor of Urban Economics and Land Development of the Department of Geography and
Environment said that the fact that they observe policy-enforced increases in wages without job
losses implies that workers were paid below their marginal product, is not consistent with the
standard labour economics model and suggests that employers could afford paying higher wages
to low-wage earners. He also stated that the policy, so far, appears to have led to some reduction
in inequalities across individuals and regions overall. In addition, it does not seem to have caused
unemployment or outmigration in the economically weaker regions in the east, a fear that might
explain why Germany was a late adopter of such a policy based on his explanation.
It becomes important to consider the effect on monthly earnings answering the question
of whether the minimum wage not only increased hourly wages, but also the overall labour income
position of the target group. Burauel et al.( 2019) considers that the goal of the reform was not
just to increase wages per hour, but rather to improve the economic situation of low-income
individuals. Monthly earnings combine two possible dimensions of adjustment: hours worked and
hourly wages. In a related contribution, Burauel et al. (2019) demonstrate that the minimum wage
introduction not only increased wages, but also had a negative impact on average hours worked.
Therefore, in the following, they investigate the net effect of these two opposing forces. Table 7
depicts the results of the DTADD estimation from eq. (3) where the change in gross monthly
earnings replaces the change in wages as the dependent variable.
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Bureauel et al. (2019) descriptively examines the evolution of the wage and earnings
structure of German workers around the time of the introduction of the minimum wage reform and
causally identify the impact of the reform on the wage and income distribution. The descriptive
analyses show an acceleration of wage growth for workers earning below €8.50/hour after the
introduction of the wage floor in January 2015. Wages increased by 15 % between 2014 and
2015 despite a consistently lower growth rate of below 2 % in previous periods (1998–2014) in
the bottom 10th percentile of the wage distribution. Between 2014 and 2016, contractual and
actual hourly wages of low wage workers experienced above-average growth, not only with
respect to previous periods, but also in comparison to high-wage earners. The analysis further
finds reduction in mean log deviations of wages throughout the distribution from 2014 to 2016,
indicating a compression in the overall wage distribution. Notwithstanding above-average wage
growth at the bottom of the distribution, however, hourly wages of approximately 1.8 million
workers still remained below the legal wage floor at the end of the first quarter of 2016 compared
to 2.8 million before the reform. As such, the cross-sectional analysis paints an ambivalent picture,
with substantial wage gains for many in the low-income segments of the distribution, but also with
a large number of workers for whom compliance remains an issue.
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(Bureauel et al., 2019) As a complement to the cross-sectional analysis, the panel allowed
for an investigation of individual wage growth and mobility. Particularly high growth rates in the
bottom decile of the distribution indicate that very low wages represent a transitory phenomenon
for many workers. This group tends to consist of young workers with short employment
biographies, who gain experience and quickly transition into higher wage segments. The panel
analysis further finds that workers earning below the minimum wage before the introduction had
a higher probability of transitioning into higher wage segments than had been the case in previous
years: the probability of transitioning into the segment between €8.50 and €10.50 increased by
10 percentage points and the probability of transitioning into a job paying over € 12.00 increased
by 7.5 percentage points. Meanwhile, the probability of this group to leave employment decreased
by 6 percentage points and the probability of the non-employed to take up a job decreased by 1
percentage point from 2014 to 2016 compared to 2012–2014.
Employing a DTADD strategy, study finds that the minimum wage introduction can
account for hourly wage growth in the order of 6.47 percentage points, or €0.50/hour more than
would have otherwise been the case for the treatment group of individuals earning below
€8.50/hour before the reform. The analysis yields a positive and marginally significant treatment
effect on monthly earnings of 6.6 percentage points, or €54/month.
Subgroup analysis according to type of employment (socially insured vs. marginally
employed) revealed that the minimum wage had the highest positive impact on the wages of
marginal workers, who experienced a 15.5 percentage points higher growth rate on account of
the reform, followed by the full-time regularly employed with an additional increase in hourly wages
of 7.8 percentage points. Despite positive treatment effects for hourly wages in both of these
groups, however, no impact of the minimum wage reform on monthly earnings could be detected
when estimating the effect for these groups separately. The absence of an effect may be attributed
to a reduction in power (small sample size) after partitioning the sample into the socially insured
and marginally employed.
The introduction of the statutory minimum wage in Germany presents a substantial
intervention into the labour market. Study investigated its short-term impacts on the wage and
earnings distribution, accounting for detectable effects through the second quarter of 2016.
Evaluations of minimum wages in other countries have established that the full implementation of
national, statutory minimum wages tend to experience a delay due to lags in wage and salary
policy responses or adjustments to production processes of employers and/or time needed to
clarify legal details. Therefore, continued evaluation of the medium to long-run effects will prove
indispensable for understanding the full impact of the reform. Going forward, it remains to be seen
whether the positive treatment effect will persist or even grow over time and whether the
compliance gap will close, for instance due to stronger sanctions for non-compliance or to social
pressure. More compliance, on the other hand, could induce stronger negative employment
effects, which would carry further repercussions for the wage distribution. Moreover, it is likely that
the relatively favourable business cycle that accompanied the introduction prevented a larger
negative employment reaction. This situation may change if faced with a future recession. Finally,
substitution effects in the medium run cannot be ruled out. It is possible that firms begin to favour
workers exempted from the minimum wage or that they alter their production processes to
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outsource work packages abroad or to the self-employed in order to cut costs. All of these
adjustments could influence the long-run income distribution in Germany.
HIGHER MINIMUM WAGES SUPPORT JOB GROWTH AS THE ECONOMY
RECOVERS FROM COVID-19
Case in Germany
Cited from dw.com, Germany's minimum wage will be raised over several stages, officials
announced on Tuesday, eventually amounting to €10.45 ($11.74) per hour by mid-2022. After
prolonging the talks and canceling one press conference last minute, the representatives of both
employers and workers' unions unanimously agreed to boost the minimum wage from the current
€9.35 to €10.45 by July 2022. The minimum wage will be gradually increased over four stages,
with the first bump set to take place in January 2021.
German Labour Minister Hubertus Heil said the government would implement the
recommendation. Many employers have warned that raising the minimum wage too much would
make it harder to hire people during the recovery phase with the German economy reeling under
the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Angela Merkel's conservative CDU party - he economy
council of Chancellor, described it as a "millstone" for the business, according to a report
published by the newspapers of the Funke media group. In turn, workers' representatives said the
raise would give boost to spending among some two people in the lowest income bracket.
Following the decision, the opposition Left and Green parties said the increase was too small.
Labour Minister Heil, however, said there will be more minimum wage reforms coming 2021 fall.
Germany only introduced the minimum wage regulation in 2015. It has been a "success
story, that needs to keep being written" according to Germany Labour Minister and that the state
should work towards bringing it closer to €12 per hour. The upcoming raise is set to be
implemented in four stages, with the first increase set for January a year afterwards.
Case in Europe
Molina (2021) report on eurofound.europa.eu that the analysis of wage-setting practices
and wage developments in the EU27, Norway and the UK reveals several interesting trends, with
relevant implications for future developments and the pace of economic recovery expected in
2021.
According to Molina (2021), there are no signs of downward wage adjustment taking place
so far. In most European countries, there were real wage increases during 2020, despite a fall in
GDP. The state has played a key role through the roll-out of three types of policy interventions.
First, governments aimed to maintain wages in the private sector through wage support schemes.
Second, governments guaranteed real wage increases for public sector employees. In many
countries, this meant public sector wages outpaced private sector wages, while in a small number
of countries wage freezes have been implemented. Given the importance of the public sector for
wage setting, this will most likely bring higher demands for wage increases to the next 2021
collective bargaining round in the private sector.
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Finally, Molina (2021) found that minimum wages have increased in most EU27 countries,
Norway and the UK for 2021. Granting higher minimum wages for 2021 is particularly relevant in
the current context, as in several countries there are signs of growing earnings inequality caused
by a stronger impact on labour-intensive, low-wage sectors such as Horeca and long-term care,
where there is a predominance of young people, immigrant workers and women. Raising minimum
wages will have a stronger impact on these groups, therefore contributing to reduce some of the
inequalities introduced by the crisis. On the other hand, having higher minimum wages will spill
over into collective bargaining, hence adding some tensions to the bargaining rounds due to take
place in 2021.
Case in US
Schwitzer (2021) reported on americanprogress.org that while Congress must pass the
federal Raise the Wage Act, state and local policymakers should also take their own steps to
ensure that every single one of their workers receives at least $15 per hour. In addition to
eliminating poverty-level wages, providing workers with more economic opportunity, and
decreasing the need to subsidize low incomes through the safety net to meet basic needs,46
increasing the wage floor will provide an extra boost to the economy through the greater spending
power of low-wage workers. And on the employment side, raising the minimum wage would
increase worker productivity and reduce staff turnover,48 which decreases the costs of frequently
hiring and training new staff. It is long past time that every town, city, and state in the country be
held to a higher standard that prioritizes people’s financial security and well-being. The enormous
benefits of helping workers earn a living wage will ultimately spur stronger economic growth and
a more equitable society as the United States continues to recover from the economic fallout of
the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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3. ANALYSIS
o
How does a national minimum wage set in several countries?
A national minimum wage is commonly conducted by countries’ statute based on
particular factors including average aggregate labours’ income in the region, average firms’
revenue in the region and one region’s cost of living. Thus, a minimum wage in one country can
have different range as factors listed above have different region economy productivity level.
Germany is one of the countries that’s against different region national minimum wage system
since 2015 as it encourages the low wage paid labours to have ‘appropriate’ revenues and to
lower the welfare gap in the nation.
o
How does national minimum wage impact to employers, employee and government?
A national minimum wage application has indeed different impacts to employers,
employee and government. Some groups of employee can get a significant advantages as the
rule allow them to have an ideal income for their welfare by doing enough effort (neither too much
work nor less work) such as group of low wage paid workers. Employers might struggle to adjust
with national minimum wage for reasons of labour cost that will directly affect production cost.
The margin they will get will not be able to at highest level they would like to achieve. It’s one of
the tool of government can achieve to prevent social welfare gap, by controlling labour’s
exploitation by both public and private firms. In which government objection is that way, it gives
the government advantages.
o
What impact has the National Minimum Wage on employment retention, hours and job in
Germany?
In Germany, a raise of national minimum wage to be placed the same amount since 2015
(8.50 euro/ hour in 2015) in every state in the nation, turned out to be not troubled as assumed
by some experts and controversies. Instead, it decreased level of unemployment. A research
found that the minimum wage in Germany had the highest positive impact on the wages of
marginal workers, who experienced a 15.5 percentage points higher growth rate on account of
the reform, followed by the full-time regularly employed with an additional increase in hourly wages
of 7.8 percentage points. However, there is no impact of the minimum wage reform on monthly
earnings could be detected when estimating the effect for these groups separately despite positive
treatment effects for hourly wages in both of these groups. The absence of an effect may be
attributed to a reduction in power (small sample size) after partitioning the sample into the socially
insured and marginally employed. The minimum wage introduction not only increased wages, but
also had a negative impact on average hours worked.
o
Has the higher minimum wages support job growth as the economy recovers from COVID-19 in
the globally?
There has not been found precise studies and evidences showing the progress of
minimum wages support job growth as the economy recovers from COVID-19 around the world.
But there are many assumptions stating that it will most likely to support job growth since most
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people had been not working fully for the past two years. Several countries, based on evidence
discussed previously, have been motivated to raise the minimum wage for economy growth as an
act of COVID-19 recovery. In practice, it will relatively not easy to apply such law after the world’s
struggle fighting the pandemic. However, higher minimum wages will surely support job growth
as people are more motivated to earn income after two years of forced hibernation.
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4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
(International Labour Organization, 2022) A minimum wage is defined as a minimum
amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed
during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract.
International Labour Organization (2022) states that minimum wages is commonly set by statute,
decision of a competent authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts
or tribunals. Protecting workers against unduly low pay, helping ensure a just and equitable share
of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all who are employed and in need of
such protection are the main purpose of the minimum wage.
(Eyraud and Saget, 2005) The minimum wage will have a positive effect on growth of
employment, which in turn should result in higher employment, if the increase is non-inflationary.
A large body of evidence— although not all of it—confirms that minimum wages reduce
employment among low- wage, low-skill workers.
The effect of minimum wage according to Eyraud and Saget (2005) can be twofold:
•
•
a minimum wage increase protects the lowest-paid wage earners from inflation but
through its impact on wages and public deficits,
it risks accelerating the inflationary spiral by affecting wage costs and putting pressure on
overall demand in which government handle this great caution.
New research (2018) from the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
has found the introduction of a uniform national minimum wage for the first time in Germany in
2015 did not lead to an increase in unemployment which shows that the business firms have
actually the capacity to pay their workers more than they did.
There has not been found precise studies and evidences showing the progress of
minimum wages support job growth as the economy recovers from COVID-19 around the world.
However, higher minimum wages will surely support job growth as people are more motivated to
earn income after two years of forced hibernation.
CONCLUSION
A national minimum wage application in almost every country in the world has similarity
that is motived by the willing of the country to protect labours’ exploitation and to provide them
the suitable income so they can live well. A national minimum wage will have different
implementation in every country as it will depend on the government ideology, system and
economy level or status. Even though, it will be businesses firms concern to apply a national
minimum wage as they might have the fear of not receiving excellent profit, it will be beneficial for
the country as a whole. The benefit will be that the welfare of the country will be more easily
achieved since it encourage the country to lower inequality level.
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5.
REFERENCES
Ahlfeldt, Gabriel, and Roth, Duncan and Seidel , Tobias. (2018) ‘Minimum wage in Germany did
not lead to job losses’. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-fromLSE/2018/06-June-2018/Introduction-of-minimum-wage-in-Germany-did-not-lead-to-job-losses
(Accessed: 13 March 2022).
Burauel et al. (2019) ‘The Impact of the German Minimum Wage on Individual Wages and Monthly
Earnings’
Vol.
240
(Issue
2-3)
[online].
Available
at:
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0077/html (Accessed: 13 March
2022).
Eyraud, François and Saget, Catherine. (2005) ‘The fundamentals of minimum wage fixing’ 1st
edn. Geneva: Publication Bureau, International Labour Office.
Heil, Hurbetus. (2020) ‘Germany to raise minimum wage despite pandemic’. Available at:
https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-raise-minimum-wage-despite-pandemic/a-5400519
(Accessed: 12 March 2022).
International Labor Organization (2022) How to define a minimum wage. Available at:
https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/wages/minimum-wages/definition/lang--en/index.htm
(Accessed: 11 March 2022).
Molina, Oscar. (2021) ‘Impact of the COVID-19 crisis wages and wage setting’. Available at:
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