토플 단어장

http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 1 inclined, prone, disposed <-> disinclined appropriate, proper, suitable <-> inept appropriate surprise, astound, shock, startle constantly , continuously , inveterately, habitually coat, cover, plaster , slather region, area, territory, realm region field, sphere area, field eager, ardent, zealous, passionate <-> apathetic eager stretch, reach , range expand, enlarge, increase, prolong, lengthen <-> shorten achievement, accomplishment, exploit achievement accomplish, achieve , execute satisfy, meet satisfy dedicate, devote, commit dedicate ponderous, weighty <-> light ; burdensome ponderous sleep, dormancy sleep false impression attract, fascinate , interest <-> bore plot, conspire abundant, exuberant, opulent <-> withered abundant extent, measure, degree ; volume, size, amplitude affirm, contend, claim sustain, preserve, continue , keep check, examine, inspect check epidemic eruption, explosion, burst === Chapter 2 ~하는 경향이 있는 apt * 적당한 astonish ** 놀라게 하다. chronically 만성적으로 daub *** 흠뻑 칠하다 지역, 영토 domain ** 분야, 영역 enthusiastic * 열성적인 (어떤 거리까지)걸쳐있다 extend ** 확장하다, 늘리다 feat * 업적 성취하다 fulfill ** 만족시키다. give over to 헌신하다, 바치다 heavy ** 무거운 ; 고된 hibernation 동면 illusion * 착각, 오해 (주의, 관심을)끌다 intrigue * 음모를 꾸미다 luxuriant * 무성한, 풍부한 magnitude ** 정도 ; 크기 주장하다 maintain ** 지속하다 monitor 조사하다 (전염병 등의)만연, 창궐 outbreak * 폭발 때때로, 가끔 at intervals, from time to time, once in a while, infrequently periodically free, 해방시키다 free liberate, loose <-> detain release ** emit, give off, discharge, exude 뿜다, 방출하다 loose, untie, unfasten (묶인 것을)풀다 rendering *** performance, presentation , rendition 연주, 공연 renowned * famous, celebrated , eminent, prominent 유명한 copy, duplicate , imitate 복제하다 reproduce * breed, 번식하다. breed multiply, spawn <-> perish rugged uneven, 울퉁불퉁한 uneven rough, bumpy self-sufficient independent 자급자족의, 제힘으로사는 theoretical, academic 이론적인 speculative * thoughtful , reflective, meditative 사색적인 stimulate * prompt, activate, spur , inspire <-> discourage 자극하다, 격려하다 subordinate inferior, subject, dependent, secondary <-> dominant 종속적인 torrential * wild, violent 격렬한 1. vigor : 활기 2. contract clause : 계약조항 3. adulation : 아첨 4. measles : 홍역 5. hug : 껴안다, 포옹하다 6. delightedly : 기꺼이 7. morality : 도덕 8. disclaim : 포기하다, 부인하다 residence, abode 주소 address speech, lecture, discourse 강연 speech 맡다 undertake, take on assume ** put on, pretend, affect ~인척하다 ~라고 생각하다, 추측하다 think, suppose , presume 도달하다 reach attain ** achieve, accomplish 성취하다, 이루다 achieve boast 자랑하다 brag, swagger <-> depreciate volume, dimensions 용적 capacity 능력 ability, flair, talent cede * yield, surrender, relinquish <-> defend 양도하다, 포기하다 yield refuse, reject, dismiss <-> accept 거절하다 decline * 하락하다, 쇠퇴하다 decrease, fall , fail, weaken desert * abandon, forsake <-> cleave (to) 버리다 abandon disassemble apart, dismantle, take apart <-> join 분해하다 break apart dispose * arrange, order 배치하다, 배열하다 array, arrange dispose of * 처리하다 get rid of erode * 침식하다, 부식되다 wear away reasonably, moderately, tolerably, pretty <-> extremely 꽤 reasonably fairly * 공정하게 impartially glossy * shiny, bright, glazed, lustrous <-> dull 빛나는, 광택이 나는 shiny grounds reasons, rationale, root, basis 근거, 이유 reasons hallmark ** 특징 feature, a distinguishing trait perfect, model, exemplary <-> average 이상적인, 전형의 perfect ideal ** abstract, theoretical, hypothetical <-> actual 관념적인 inhabit ** 거주하다 live, occupy , dwell, abide, reside <-> emigrate laborious diligent, industrious 근면한 remain, stay, tarry 남다 remain linger * lag, procrastinate, loiter, drag, delay <-> hurry, hasten 꾸물거리다, 질질 끌다 loathe ** abhor, abominate, detest, hate <-> tolerate 혐오하다 abhor mimic *** 모방하다 copy, imitate, echo model ** 견본 specimen, prototype, example , pattern watch ; perceive, notice, 관찰하다 ; 알아채다 observe * conform, follow, comply <-> violate 준수하다 plentiful ** 풍부한 abundant, bountiful , rich<->scant(y), meager preoccupied * 몰두한 engrossed, absorbed 자산 estate, havings, possession , asset property ** 특성 character, characteristic, quality , feature recurring * 되풀이 되는 recurrent <-> isolated rooted * ingrained, fixed, embedded 뿌리 깊은, 정착한 thoroughly 철저히, 완전히 completely , perfectly, utterly, entirely 1. telescope : 망원경 2. microscope : 현미경 3. periscope : 잠망경 4. engaging : 매력 있는 5. drowning : n. 익사하는 것 a. 혼란된 ; 좌절된 ; 이해할 수 없는 6. disconcert : 당황케 하다 1페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 3 === Chapter 4 afford * provide, 주다 provide give, grant announce * proclaim, publish, declare 공포하다 a wide range of * a wide variety of 다양한 chance ** 가능성 ; 기회 probability , likelihood ; opportunity chart * map, (지도 등를) 작성하다 map plot promise, contract, pledge <-> disengage 약속하다 engage ** reserve, book 예약하다 reserve hire, employ <-> discharge 고용하다 hire esteem * respect, revere ; prize, value <-> despise 존경하다 ; 중하게 여기다 respect evidence * 증거 ; 증후 proof ; sign fertile * 비옥한 bountiful, productive , fecund, fruitful <-> barren generate * 발생시키다 produce, create <-> extinguish innate * inborn, natural <-> acquired 타고난 inborn invaluable * precious, priceless <-> worthless 매우 귀중한 precious irreparable * 돌이킬 수 없는 irremediable, permanent , irrecoverable<->reparable maxim * 격언 ; 행동원칙 saying , proverb ; principle protest, remonstrate <-> acquiesce 항의하다 object ** goal, purpose, function 목적 goal 뛰어난 remarkable, prominent, excellent , eminent outstanding ** unpaid, owing, unsettled, remaining <-> paid 미결제의 unpaid patron * protector, supporter, advocate ; customer 후원자 ; 고객 predominate * outweigh, prevail, rule, dominate 우세하다, 지배력을 갖다 outweigh previous ** 이전의 prior, earlier, former , preceding <-> subsequent premise * assumption, supposition 전제 assumption primeval, uncivilized, savage <-> civilized 원시적인 primitive * rudimentary 기본적인 proficiency * skill, ability, expertise, mastery <-> imcompetence 능숙함 skill proposition * suggestion, proposal 제안 suggestion questionable * doubtful, suspicious, dubious <-> indisputable 의심스러운 doubtful rife with * 가득찬, 수없이 많은 full of shield ** protect, defend, safeguard, guard <-> expose 보호하다 protect solitary ** 외딴, 고독한 isolated, remote, secluded , lonely<->gregarious stick ** 달라붙다, 고수하다 cling, adhere , cleave, hold stimulus * 자극, 격려 motivation , incentive, incitement, stir ** agitate, provoke, rouse, spur, excite 자극하다 agitate taboo * 금기 prohibition <-> approval thrive ** 번성하다 prosper, flourish <-> stagnate vagary ** 예측 불허의 변화 uncertainty, sudden desire , caprice, whim wane * 감소하다, 쇠퇴하다 decrease, decline , fade <-> increase outlook, opinion 견해, 의견 wiew * consider, deem, regard 간주하다 consider 1. homicide : 살인[범,행위] 2. strikes : 파업 3. cannibalism : 사람 고기를 잡아먹는 풍습 4. scarcity : 부족, 결핍 5. patriotism : 애국심 6. chauvinism : 맹목적 애국주의, 배타주의 achieve ** anchor * accomplish, 성취하다 accomplish perform, effect <-> fail 고정시키다 hold in place , secure, fasten <-> release ascribe, impute, refer ~의 탓으로 돌리다 ascribe attribute ** 특성 quality, trait, characteristic, property brisk active, vigorous, energetic, lively <-> passive 활기 있는 active codify ** classify, arrange, systematize <-> randomize (체계적으로)정리하다 classify consummate ** superb ; complete <-> incomplete 뛰어난 ; 완전한 falling 하강 descent * origin, blood, lineage 혈통, 기원 origin disseminate ** spread out, distribute, disperse , scatter 퍼뜨리다 earn acquire, attain, win 획득하다 acquire emergence 출현, 부상 rise, appearance, advent facilitate * (일을)용이하게 하다 make more available (easier) fervent * passionate, ardent, earnest <-> impassive 열정적인 passionate fine ** 미세한, 섬세한 ;가느다란 slight, subtle, delicate ; thin frivolous trivial, trifling, petty, unimportant 사소한 trivial giant * 거인 ogre <-> dwarf golden age 황금 시대, 전성기 a period of great achievement grip, clutch, grab, seize 붙잡다 grasp 이해하다, 파악하다 catch, understand , comprehend, apprehend 불구의, 무력한 hamstrung * ineffective, powerless ; disabled, crippled, lame <-> able, fit haphazard random, casual, unplanned, chance 되는 대로의, 우연의 random incidental minor, secondary;accidental, casual<->essential 중요하지 않은 ; 우연한 minor initiate ** start, begin, originate , commence, inaugurate <-> terminate 시작하다 make up invent 창작하다, 창안하다 manifold * 가지각색의 various, multiple , diverse <-> single obliterate ** 제거하다 delete, erase , efface, eradicate, wipe out <-> establish period ** age, era, epoch 시대 time, age proceed advance, progress <-> recede 나아가다 procure * obtain, gain, secure, acquire 얻다 obtain professional * specialized, expert, adept <-> amateur 전문적인 specialized redundancy * 여분 ; 장황 superfluity, extra capacity <-> shortage of ; wordiness responsible charged, liable, accountable, answerable <-> exempt 책임이 있는 charged keen, pointed, shrewd <-> dull 날카로운, 예리한 sharp ** sudden, abrupt, rapid 급격한 sudden add to 보충하다 supplement ** 추가, 부가 extension , extra, addition <-> omission defer, postpone, delay, procrastinate <-> precipitate 연기하다 suspend ** interrupt, cease, arrest, stop 중지하다 hang, dangle, sling <-> collapse 매달다 hang tailored ** 맞추어진 adapted, fitted 1. conspicuous : 눈에 띄는, 뚜렷한 2. drastically : 강렬하게, 급격하게 3. obscure : 숨기다 4. powerhouse : 발전소 ; 세력을 가진 사람이나 집단 5. oust : (왕을) 내쫓다 6. fire : 해고하다 2페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 6 === Chapter 5 aimlessly ** ally * anonymous ** anticipate ** archaic asset behavior ** ceaseless * change ** confederacy * cut ** disturbance elucidate * encroachment * entice * equivocally ** exterminate fortify * formerly * immunity improve ** in retrospect lose sight of * nuts and bolts permit * without purpose , purposelessly 목적 없이 ~ 와 동맹하다, 연합하다 confederate, affiliate, associate 익명의 unnamed, unknown , innominate <-> named 예견하다 foresee, predict, expect , forecast primitive, ancient ; antiquated, antique <-> novel 원시적인 ; 구식의 primitive 이점, 장점 advantage, resource, benefit 행동 conduct <-> misconduct constant, uninterrupted, eternal 끊임없는 constant 변화시키다 alter, vary, turn, convert, metamorphose ally, alliance, confederation <-> adversary, antagonist 연합, 동맹 ally 절단하다 sever, chop agitation, disorder, confusion 동요, 혼란 clarify, clear up, enlighten, shed light on <-> confuse 명료하게 하다 clarify 침범 invasion, intrusion <-> defense allure, tempt, seduce <-> scare 유혹하다 allure 애매하게 ambiguously extirpate, annihilate, eradicate 근절하다 strengthen, reinforce <-> weaken 강화하다 strengthen previously, before, earlier, once 이전에 previously exemption, impunity 면제 enhance, refine, enrich , better, ameliorate <-> deteriorate 개선하다 되돌아보면, 회상하면 looking back forget 잊다 기본 basics, practical details allow, let <-> prohibit 허락하다 allow 근본적인 fundamental , basic <-> superficial radical ** extreme, drastic, revolutionary 급진적인 extreme rarely * 드물게, 좀처럼 ~ 않는 extremely seldom , infrequently sparse ** 빈약한, 부족한 scanty, meager, scarce, limited <-> rich sting smart, hurt 얼얼하다, 쓰리다 assist, back, advocate <-> oppose 지지하다 support * maintain, sustain, provide for, take care of 부양하다 maintain tangible ** material, concrete, real, substantial <-> intangible 실질적인 material tolerate ** endure, stand, bear 견디다 endure train ** aim, head ~로 향하게 하다 aim unambiguous * clear, distinct, definite <-> ambiguous 명확한 clear virtually ** 사실상 ; 거의 in effect , practically ; nearly, almost wary ** 조심(경계) 하는 distrustful, cautious , heedful, alert <-> foolhardy wealth * affluence, abundance, profusion 풍부함 affluence wiggle 이리저리 흔들다 move up and down, move from side to side , wriggle 1. lassitude : 나른함, 무관심 2. tumulus : 고분 3. porcelain : 자기 4. diversity : 다양성 5. vegetation : 식물 6. summit : 정상 7. constitutional theory : 입헌이론 8. the accused : 피고 9. willingness : 기꺼이하는 마음 10. peninsula : 반도 agile * quick, nimble , light <-> torpid 민첩한 넓은 sizable, large , spacious, vast, capacious <-> limited ample * 충분한 plentiful, abundant <-> meager arbitrarily * 임의로 randomly attest * 입증하다 confirm, support , prove break with ** 관계를 끊다 separate from , discontinue and association brightness * 빛 radiance 불러내다, 상기키시다 ; 간청하다 conjure * recall ; implore, supplicate contrive ** invent, concoct, improvise 고안해내다 invent agreement, conformity, harmony 일치 agreement correspondence** (편지로 하는) 통신 communication , exchange of letters durable ** 지속적인 lasting, enduring , constant dwarf 난쟁이 pygmy <-> giant enigmatic 알기 어려운 puzzling, mysterious , cryptic, perplexing extinct ** out, vanished, defunct <-> extant 멸종된 died out fabricate * make, build, construct, concoct 만들어내다 make flake fragment, bit, chip <-> whole 파편 fragment harm damage, mischief, detriment <-> benefit 손해 innocent sinless, blameless, guiltless <-> guilty 결백한 in the course of* during ~동안에 in vain 헛되이 unsuccessfully inconsequential unimportant , insignificant, petty, trifling 하찮은, 사소한 leave depart 떠나다 liken * compare, equate, match, parallel 비유하다 compare literally * really, actually 실제로 really moderate * 온건한 gentle, temperate , reasonable, mild<-> excessive prolong * 연장하다 extend, lengthen, protract <-> curtail purify * 정화하다, 깨끗이 하다 clear, purge, cleanse <-> contaminate, pollute reasonable raional, logical, sensible <-> extravagant, absurd 이치에 맞는 refined purified, clarified, distilled <-> vulgar 정제된 retain * 유지(보유)하다 keep, maintain, preserve scarce ** 드문 ; 부족한 rare, sparse ; scant , deficient <-> abundant scope ** 범위 extent, range shabby ragged, beggarly, poor <-> spruce 초라한 short-lived ** lasing for only a short period <-> permanent 단기간의 solidify unify, consolidate <-> divide 결속시키다 unify strong, sturdy, solid <-> weak 튼튼한 substantial ** 상당한 significant, noticeable, considerable <-> insignificant vacant * empty, void, unoccupied <-> occupied 텅빈 empty wizened * shriveled, withered, shrunken <-> blooming 시든, 주름진 zone * area, region 지역 area 1. convert : 변화[전환]시키다 2. depict : 표현[묘사]하다 3. traitor : 배신자 4. hurtle : 충돌하다 5. impeach :탄핵하다 6. inferior :(능력등이) 떨어지는 사람 7. incommodious :비좁고 옹색한, 불편한 3페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 7 abolish * adage aesthetic ** === Chapter 8 annul, nullify, revoke <-> conserve 폐지하다 proverb, saying, maxim 속담, 금언 proverb 미적인 artistic influence, act on ~에 영향을 미치다 affect ** pretend, feign, assume ~인 체하다 alteration * change, modification <-> preservation 변경 change amenity * 편의 시설 facility, pleasant situation , convenience approximately ** about, roughly, nearly , almost <-> precisely 대략 artisan * 숙련공 craftsman carry, transport, convey 운반하다 carry bear ** 산출하다, 생기게 하다 yield, provide, produce support, hold, sustain <-> put down (무게를)지탱하다, 견디다 support bountiful * 풍부한 plentiful , abundant, ample, prolific,liberal <-> sparse constituent 구성하는, 구성요소의 component , elemental argue, debate <-> concede 논쟁하다 argue dispute ** 논쟁 argument, disagreement , debate, controversy faculty * ability, capacity, aptitude <-> inability 능력 ability field * 분야 area guiltless sinless, blameless, innocent <-> guilty 결백한 influx ** arrival, inrush, inflow <-> outflow 유입 arrival inundate * flood, deluge, swamp, submerge 물에 잠기게 하다 flood lexicon 어휘 vocabulary lure * 유혹하다 attract, draw , seduce, allure, decoy <-> repel mixture 혼합(물) combination , compound, blend, composite ascend, climb, scale <-> descend 오르다 mount ** increase, multiply, grow, rise <-> decrease 증가하다 increase mundane * ordinary, routine, commonplace <-> exceptional 평범한 ordinary nearly almost, approximately, virtually 거의 almost outstrip * surpass, transcend, exceed, excel <-> follow 능가하다, 뛰어나다 surpass pertinent * relevant, germane, applicable <-> impertinent 관련된, 적절한 preclude * 그만두게 하다, 막다 prevent, rule out , forestall, obviate refrain * pause, stop, cease 삼가다, 중단하다 pause roughly ** 대략 approximately, nearly 외관 appearance semblance ** analogy, similarity, likeness, resemblance <->dissemblance 유사함 sophisticated * complex, complicated <-> unsophisticated 복잡한 complex stage * level, phase, step 단계 level thick dense, compact <-> thin 빽빽한 thus * 따라서 consequently, therefore , accordingly tiny ** 작은 little, minuscule, minute <-> huge verge * brink, threshold 경계, 찰나 brink 1. legislation :법률 2. impudent :건방진, 뻔뻔한 3. polygraph :거짓말 탐지기 4. detective : 탐정 5. shellfish :갑각류 6. stroke :(뇌졸중 등의)발작 7. on the verge :하기직전에 8. properous :번영하는 abort acquire * affection agree quit, 중단하다 quit call off 얻다 obtain, earn, gain, procure <-> forfeit liking, attachment, fondness, love <-> hate 애정 liking assent, accede, consent <-> deny 동의하다 attentive, vigilant, wakeful, wary <-> inattentive 경계하는 alert ** warn, alarm, forewarn 경고하다 allure * (마음을)끌다, 유혹하다 appeal, attract, invite <-> repel amplify * increase, enlarge, expand, magnify <-> abbreviate 늘리다 increase arid * 메마른 dry, barren , waterless <-> fertile ascribe * attribute, impute, refer ~의 탓으로 돌리다 attribute barge 배 a large low boat compensate ** atone atone, recompense ; offset, counterbalance 보상하다 ; 상쇄하다 configure * shape, form, mold ~의 형체로 만들다 drastic * extreme, desperate, radical <-> slight 과격한, 극단적인 extreme embarrass abash, discountenance <-> relieve 무안케 하다 focus 집중하다 concentrate , center, zoom in purpose, role, use 기능, 역할 purpose function act, work, operate, go, run 기능하다 act gathering * amassing, collection ; assembly, convocation 수집 ; 모임 amassing haul * pull, tug, drag, heave 끌어 당기다. pull immediate * nearest, close, next <-> distant 인접한 nearest increase augment, enlarge, escalate <-> decrease 확대하다 loom ** emerge, appear, take shape <-> disappear 어렴풋이 나타나다 emerge overtax * 지나치게 과세하다 burden heavily paradox * 모순 contradiction pervasive * widespread, prevalent <-> limited 퍼지는 widespread pleasing ** 마음에 드는, 기분 좋은 attractive, agreeable primary * 근본적인 fundamental , elementary, basic <->secondary proper ** 적당한 suitable, appropriate , adapted, fitting recur return, reappear 재발하다 return save for *** ~을 제외하고 except for serve * 소용이 되다, 도움이 되다 suit, function (as) , suffice, answer simulate * imitate, copy ; pretend, feign 흉내내다 ; 가장하다 imitate 얼룩 spot, splotch , stain, blot, soil speck ** particle, atom, bit, grain 소량 particle strive * try, endeavor, struggle 노력하다 try suppose 가정하다 assume, presume surprise * amaze, astound, startle, astonish 놀라게 하다 amaze treat handle, deal with, manage 다루다, 대하다 handle undertake ** attempt, set about (책임,역할을)맡다; 착수하다 assume ; attempt variant * variation, modification 변형 1. menace : 위협 2. archaeologist : 고고학자 3. plagiarize : 도용, 표절하다 4. blunt : 퉁명스러운 5. momentarily :잠시,잠깐 6. attorney general :법무장관 7. tubercle :결절,결핵 8. Bacillus :간상균 4페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 9 abandon * antidote ** at hand bear in mind boost conspicuous ** give up, desert , relinquish, forsake <-> acquire 그만두다, 버리다 치료법 remedy available, accessible, handy 사용 가능한 available remember, keep in mind 명심하다 remember increase, raise, amplify 증대시키다 increase 뚜렷한 noticeable, obvious, prominent <-> hidden important, crucial, essential, indispensable <->insignificant 중요한 critical * 위험한 dangerous discriminate * 식별하다 distinguish , discern <-> confound dorsal * 등(부분)의 relating to the back, on the back of <-> ventral eliminate ** 제거하다 remove, get rid of, discard fuse * melt, dissolve <-> solidify 녹다, 녹이다 melt hinterland 배후지, 오지 bush, boondocks in earnest * serious <-> facetious 진지한 laden * burdened, loaded, weighed down (짐을) 실은 lumber * board, timber, wood 판재, 재목 board mirror * reflect, echo 반영하다 reflect mutual ** 상호간의 ; 공동의 reciprocal ; joint , common obtainable 손에 넣을수 있는 available, achievable , attainable <-> unavailable mend, repair, fix 수선하다 mend patch * area, part, section 작은 부분, 지역 area protest remonstrate, complain, object 항의하다 recall * remember, recollect 회상하다 remember reflection ** 반영 indication , expression, manifestation regain restore, recover, retrieve ~을 되찾다 restore reinforce strengthen, fortify <-> weaken 강화하다 strengthen relevant applicable, pertinent, germane <-> irrelevant 관련된, 적절한 applicable reminisce ** 추억하다 remember, recollect , recall, look back route path, course, road, direction 길 path secrete ** produce, discharge 분비하다 produce semiarid 반건조한 rather dry soothe * allay, mitigate, relieve <-> excite 완화하다 stay * remain, reside, sojourn <-> go 머무르다 remain surplus * extra,redundance,excess,excessive quantity <-> deficiency 나머지, 잔여 toothed * uneven, jagged, ragged <-> even 들쑥날쑥한 uneven transform * 변형시키다 convert, change , alter unbalanced * asymmetric, lopsided, unequal <-> symmetric 균형을 잃은 asymmetric uniformly 균일하게 consistently, regularly, evenly utilitarian * 실용적인 practical, pragmatic, functional variety ** 다양성 ; 종류 diversity, multiplicity ; type , species, sort wonderful marvelous, remarkable, awesome <-> lousy 놀라운 1. addiction : 중독 2. deflation : (통화)수축 3. coral reef : 산호초 4. organism : 유기체 5. euphoria : 행복감 6. impending : 곧 일어날 듯한 7. loquacious : 수다스런 8. robust : 시골의 === Chapter 10 advantage * arise from barrier ** betray bind * blur circumvent clumsy commence benefit, profit, gain <-> drawback 이익 ~에서 기인하다 emerge from ,originate from 장애물, 장벽 bar, obstacle , obstruction, barricade be disloyal to, be a traitor to 배신하다 tie, fasten <-> release 묶다 tie make vague, obscure, cloud 흐리게 하다 bypass, detour, go around 우회하다 awkward, unskillful, maladroit <-> apt 서투른 awkward begin, start, originate 시작하다 begin behavior, demeanor, bearing, manner 행동 behavior conduct ** (빛,열 등을)전도하다 transmit, administer , convey, carry conserve ** 보존하다 keep, protect , preserve, save <-> waste contradiction * paradox paradox, inconsistency 모순 culminate * result, end <-> begin ~로 끝나다. result delineate * 윤곽을 그리다 trace, outline , describe donation * 기부(금), 기증(물) contribution , gift, offering embark on * start, commence, begin <-> conclude 시작하다. start foundation ** 기초 basis, underpinning , base, ground fundamental * 근본적인 basic, essential , primary, elementary <-> incidental, trivial handful few, smattering <-> large quantity 소량, 소수 height * peak, apex, crest, zenith <-> nadir 정상, 절정 peak identical * 동일한 same, indistinguishable , alike, equal impediment * obstacle, barrier, difficulty, obstruction 장애 obstacle justify * prove, confirm, verify (정당성을) 증명하다 prove lament 슬퍼하다, 애도하다 grieve, regret , deplore, bemoan, mourn <-> rejoice, delight microorganism * microbe microbe, bacterium 미생물 origin ** 발생, 근원 beginning, source peculiarity feature, characteristic, quality 특성 feature physical material, substantial ; bodily, corporeal 물질의 ; 육체의 material predict foretell, prophesy, foresee 예측하다 progress ** strides, improvement, advance, development <-> regression 발전 strides scoop ** 긁어 모으다 gather up gain, win <-> lose 얻다 score * 악보 musical composition , musical note scrap * fracture, piece, portion 파편 singularly particularly, especially <-> unexceptionally 각별히 skilled * 숙련된 skillful, expert , adept, proficient <-> unskilled stem from ** ~에서 유래하다 arise from, originate from, derive from subsidize * 후원하다 assist, encourage, finance, support , back, fund unanimity (만장) 일치 total agreement , accord 1. timid : 겁많은, 소심한 2. pneumonia : 페렴 3. charity : 자선 사업 4. dizzy : 현기증이 나는 5. defendant : 피고인 6. bucket : 양동이, 물통 7. seemly : 예의바른 8. sloth : 태만, 게으름 9. staid : 침착한, 안정된 10. stolid : 멍청한 11. testy : 화 잘내는 12. vicissitude : 변천, 변화 ; 부침 5페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 11 account alloy ** barely * carry on cohesion ** description , narrative, explanation 기술( ) 혼합하다 mix, blend , fuse, compound <-> separate scarcely, hardly <-> wholly 거의 ~ 않다 scarcely ~을 계속하다 continue 결속 bond, unity <-> incohesion 동시에 일어나다 exist at the same time, occur at the same time coincide ** agree, concur <-> differ 의견이 일치하다 colossal * enormous, monstrous, gigantic, tremendous <->undersized 거대한 enormous 중요한 significant, substantial, meaningful <-> trivial considerable ** large, big, sizable 상당한 large converge * 한데 모이다 meet, come together , merge <-> disperse conviction ** 신념 strong belief, strong opinion , faith covet * desire, long for, aspire to, envy, crave <-> spurn 갈망하다 desire defect * 결점 shortcoming , blemish, fault, flaw <-> merit defection apostasy <-> loyalty 변절, 탈당 dull boring, prosaic, uninteresting, tiresome, tiring <-> lilvely 지루한 endeavor * 노력하다, 애쓰다 strive, struggle, attempt flock * group, herd, bevy 무리, 떼 group grant * bestow, confer, award 주다 bestow 서두르다 rush, hurry , hasten <-> dawdle hustle ** push, shove 밀다 intermediate * 중간의 between extremes , mean, median, halfway intolerant bigoted, illiberal <-> forbearing 옹졸한, 편협한 benign, humane, compassionate <-> unkind 친절한, 인정많은 kind * type, sort, variety 유형, 종류 bound, boundary 경계, 한계 limit ** 제한하다 restrict, confine <-> broaden margin * 가장자리 border, edge , rim, verge militia * military, army 시민군 military moreover ** 게다가 in addition, additionally, as well , besides necessary ** required, indispensable, essential, vital 필수적인 required obstruct block, bar, hinder, impede 막다, 방해하다 on the spot * instantly, immediately 즉시 instantly biased, prejudiced, unfair 편파적인 partial ** 부분적인 incomplete , fractional <-> whole placid * calm, serene, tranquil, untroubled <-> turbulent 평온한 calm porosity * space, pore ; porousness <-> density 구멍 ; 다공성 space reform * amend, improve, ameliorate 개정하다, 개선하다 amend stiff, hard, inflexible <-> elastic 단단한, 뻣뻣한 stiff rigid ** strict, severe, rigorous <-> indulgent 엄격한 strict scarcity 부족, 결핍 lack, shortage , insufficiency, deficiency 1. customarily:관습적으로 2. fugitive : 도망친 3. profanity : 신성모독언행 4. scribble : 낙서하다 5. continence : 절제 6. divest : 벗기다, 박탈하다 7. limpid : 맑고 투명한 8. lull : 달래다. === Chapter 12 adaptable adhesion blame * chaotic comprehend decided * displace * enclose ** entail ** excel * expend facility genre * illustrate ** infrastructure * inhibit ** involve * lease ** likewise ** limited ** lodge in ** mingle * obligation ** oblige offer on occasion * pare ** predominately * preordained * flexible, 융통성 있는, 적응성 있는 flexible adjustable, malleable 달라붙음, 부착 getting together, sticking together 비난하다 incriminate , reproach, censure, condemn <-> praise 무질서한 disorganized, disordered , anarchic <-> ordered grasp, perceive, apprehend <-> misunderstand 이해하다 obvious, definite <-> questionable ; resolute, determined 분명한 ; 단호한 obvious supplant, replace 대체하다 supplant surround, circle, encompass <-> reveal 에워싸다 surround ~을 수반하다 involve, require 능가하다, 빼어나다 be superior to , surpass, outdo, transcend <-> be inferior to (시간,노력등을)쓰다,들이다 use, spend aptitude, skill, ability 재능, 소질 aptitude 유형 sort, kind , type, style 묘사하다 represent, picture 기반, 하부구조 foundation , base, basis, groundwork <-> superstructure 억제하다 ; 금지하다 hinder, limit ; ban, prohibit, forbid <-> allow, approve include, entail ~을 수반하다 include 임차하다 rent, hire, charter also, as well ; similarly <-> differently 마찬가지로, 또한 also 제한된 narrow, confined, restricted <-> infinite embed, implant 박다, 꽂아 넣다 unite, mix, blend 섞이다, 혼합되다 unite requirement, duty, responsibility <-> option 의무 require, compel, force, impel <-> disoblige 강요하다 require present, proffer, tender <-> receive 제공하다, 제안하다 occasionally, periodically <-> frequently 가끔 occasionally peel, skin ; reduce reduce, whittle, trim 껍질을 벗기다 ; 삭감하다 peel primarily, predominantly, chiefly 주로 primarily 예정된 determined beforehand , predestined ~가 되게하다 ;표현하다 make ; represent render ** 주다 provide, give , afford, impart renown ** fame, repute, distinction, reputation <-> infamy 명성 fame repel ** away, repulse, parry <-> allure 물리치다 drive away sanitation * health, hygiene 공중위생 health scorching 몹시 뜨거운(더운) exceedingly hot , boiling, broiling secluded remote, isolated, solitary 외딴 remote save, economize 절약하다 save spare * give, afford, allow 주다, (시간을) 할애하다 stimulating * restorative, refreshing, inspiring <-> deadening 활기(자극)을 주는 restorative typify * represent, embody, symbolize 대표하다, 특징을 나타내다 wholesale * extensive, indiscriminate <-> constricted 대규모의 1. affable : 상냥한 2. bridle : 굴레, 억누르다 3. covert : 감추어진, 비밀의 4. dissolute : 방탕한 5. enmity : 증오, 적대 6. garble : 왜곡하다, 혼동하다 7. intact : 원래그대로의, 온전한 6페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 13 admire ** adroit * ambivalent camouflage * esteem, esteem revere <-> despise skillful, dexterous, proficient <-> incompetent skillful unsure, mixed , undecided <->certain hide, disguise, conceal <-> expose hide calm, tranquil composed ** created, written , formed conceal ** cover, obscure, mask, bury <-> reveal hide, cover careful, thoughtful, cautious careful deliberate ** intentional , designed, planned, voluntary <-> casual exhilarate excite, thrill, elate excite exposure disclosure, revelation, uncovering, unveiling disclosure glow * shine, radiate, beam shine hiatus ** break, interruption , gap incinerate * burn ineffectively ** without any reslut , inefficiently, unproductively inert * motionless, inactive , stationary <-> active luster ** sheen, brightness , brilliance, radiance massive ** huge, colossal, enormous , bulky, large <-> puny occupy * engross, engage, absorb engross precede * come before , antecede, forerun <-> follow prove ** verify, substantiate , confirm <-> refute purchase ** buy, procure <-> sell restrict ** limit, confine, restrain <-> free limit breach ; burst rupture ** apart, burst, split, tear break apart scrutiny * examination , investigation, inspection seductive * tempting, enticing <-> repulsive tempting seep * go through slowly, pass through slowly , permeate segment portion, division, section, part portion shatter ** break, pulverize, smash, crash break shock * jolt, startle, stun jolt important, essential, considerable, substantial, significant ** serious <-> unimportant slab single piece of material slaughter ** massacre, butcher, kill massacre strife conflict, struggle, fight <-> accord style ** mode, manner, technique mode sustained * continued , constant, prolonged, steady <-> intermittent temperance moderation, continence, self-discipline <-> intemperance tremendous ** great, gigantic, colossal <-> minute huge, great vivid * bright, brilliant ; graphic , pictorial <-> lifeless wedge cram, squeeze, crowd <-> loosen up 1. gust : 돌풍 2. imbibe : 들이키다, 흡수하다 3. intimidate : 협박하다 4. === Chapter 14 존경하다 능숙한 actually * in fact, 실제로 fact as a matter of fact, literally adorn ** decorate, 장식하다 decorate beautify, ornament <-> disfigure 불확실한, 상반된 감정이 공존하는 calculate * figure, determine 추정하다, 어림잡다 감추다, 위장하다 claim * call for, declare , demand, request <-> renounce 요구하다 차분한 commemorate * celebrate 기념하다 작성된 conformity * agreement, accordance <-> discord 일치 숨기다 copious ** plentiful , ample, bountiful 풍부한 신중한 desire ** covet, 열망하다 ; 요구하다 covet long for ; seek, seek request 의도적인 diligently * assiduously, carefully, earnestly , industriously 열심히 들뜨게 하다 enthrall * fascinate, 매혹하다 fascinate captivate, enchant, mesmerize <-> repulse 폭로, 발각 feast celebration, festival, fiesta ; eat, 축제 ; 배불리 먹다 eat gorge, indulge 빛나다 gather * collect, 모으다 collect aggregate, assemble <-> scatter 중단, 단절 gauge measure, 평가하다, 판단하다 measure calculate, appraise 태우다 glue * stick, 접착시키다 stick fix, cement, paste <-> unfasten 비효과적으로 grand * imposing, 웅장한 imposing stately, august <-> trivial 자동력이 없는,움직일수없는hearten ** encourage, 격려하다 encourage inspire, cheer <-> dampen 광채 hub ** center 중심 거대한, 막대한 hybrid combination , cross, mixture 잡종, 혼합물 (주의,마음을)끌다, 사로잡다impetus * stimulus 자극 앞서다, 우선하다 improvise extemporize, ad-lib <-> rehearse (연주) 즉흥적으로 하다 입증하다 irresistible * attractive, 매혹적인 ; 저항할수 없는 attractive fascinating ; overwhelming 얻다, 획득하다 incised * carved 새겨진 제한하다 inherent in *** characteristic of , built in 내재된 불화 ; 파열 juvenile * children's, puerile , young <-> adult 어린 찢다, 파열시키다 main chief, prime, principal <-> minor 주요한 정밀조사 negligence * carelessness 부주의, 태만 유혹적인 outweigh preponderate, outbalance, override, prevail over ~보다 뛰어나다 스며들다 pigment ** color, 색소 color dye, tincture 부분 plausible believable, 그럴듯한 believable credible, likely, probable 박살 내다 prudent cautious, discreet, careful, wary <-> imprudent 조심성 있는, 신중한 충격을 주다, 놀라게 하다 revise * modify, correct, alter, edit 수정하다 spirit * mind 정신 중요한 skillful ** deft, skilled , adept, dexterous, adroit, proficient <-> maladroit 숙련된 조각 tenet *** principle, 원칙 principle doctrine, dogma 학살하다 transformation * change, conversion, metamorphosis 변화 싸움 traverse * cross, go across , pass 가로지르다 방식 unbearably * extremely 극도로 지속적인 variable * unstable, changeable, inconstant , fickle <-> uniform 변하기 쉬운 자제, 절제 during the time ; as long as ~동안에 ; ~하는 한 while 엄청난 although ; whereas ~할 지라도 ; ~와는 반대로 1. destination : 목적지 2. shift : 이동, 변화 3. inflection : 굴곡 4. rather : 다소, ~대신에 선명한 ; 생생한 5. ruse : 계략, 음모 6. sketchy : 피상적인, 불완전한 7. topsy-turvy : 뒤죽박죽의, 혼란스런 억지로 밀어 넣다 lissom : 유연한, 민첩한 8. torpid : 둔한, 활발치 못한 9. veto : 거부권, 금지 10. disparate : 본질적으로 다른 7페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 15 affluent aggravate * cling to craft crest critic * cross-hatching decimate * disciple * disclose * dispositon dissimilar dominant * effect * enhance enunciate * eradicate ** harsh ** heritage * inappropriate ** insolent ** jeopardy * luxury manipulate * mock * precious regard * return ** set * spacious ** spectator * strict swift * synchronize * throughout undermine upset virtuous wrangle * withdraw worship * 1. brittle : wealthy, plentiful , opulent, abundant <-> poor worsen, exacerbate <-> soothe worsen hold tightly , stick to, adhere to skillfully produce , fabricate, make peak, apex, top, crown acme, peak reviewer, judge shade eliminate, wipe out, extinguish , eradicate pupil, student, scholar pupil reveal, divulge, unveil <-> conceal reveal temperament , temper, nature, spirit different, heterogeneous , unlike supreme, prevailing , ruling, prevalent <-> subordinate influence, impact ; result, consequence <-> cause influence improve, enrich, intensify , upgrade articulate, phonate, pronounce articulate root up, extirpate, eliminate, remove <-> implant severe, rigorous, inclement, ruthless <-> mild severe tradition, inheritance, legacy tradition improper, unsuitable impudent, impertinent , rude, audacious <-> deferential danger, venture, peril, risk, hazard <-> safety danger extravagance, frill extravagance operate, control, handle , maneuver ridicule, make fun of , deride, jeer valuable, dear, priceless <-> worthless valuable attention , notice ; affection, respect <-> disdain recur, revert, come back <-> advance recur situate, place, put, lay, locate situate roomy, ample, capacious, extensive <-> confined roomy viewer, observer viewer rigid, rigorous , stringent <-> lenient quick, speedy, fleet, rapid <-> sluggish quick occur at the same time in every part of, in all parts of attenuate, weaken <-> reinforce capsize, overthrow, overturn disturb, distress, perturb disturb righteous, good, moral <-> vicious argue, debate ; quarrel, bicker <-> assent retire, retreat <-> advance venerate, revere, respect venerate 부서지기 쉬운 2. disparage : 비난하다, 경시하다 3. stench : === Chapter 16 부유한, 풍족한 악화시키다 달라붙다, 고수하다 솜씨있게 만들다 정상 비평가 음영 많은 사람을 죽이다 제자 (사실 등을) 밝히다 성질, 기질 다른 우세한 영향 ; 결과 향상시키다, 개선하다 분명하게 발음하다 근절하다 가혹한 전통, 유산 부적당한 무례한 위험 사치스러운 조종하다. 다루다 조롱하다 귀중한 관심 ; 호감, 존경 되돌아가다 ~을 놓다 넓은 구경꾼 엄격한 빠른 동시에 일어나다 ~의 도처에 약화시키다 뒤엎다, 정복하다 당황하게 하다 덕있는 논쟁하다 ; 말다툼하다 물러나다 숭배하다 악취 alternative *** analogous * annually awkward capability ** cleanse * collide * congested ** contemporary ** cover ** deceitful * exception * feature * fractious incorporate ** intimate ** invariably inveigle * lead * loop * lucid ** master * option * paradoxical * plumage * prevent * profuse * revolve ** scale ** scant * sensational ** shallow * choice, option , substitute ; substitutive 대안 ; 대용이 되는 comparable, similar, parallel <-> dissimilar 유사한 comparable yearly, per annum 매년 yearly clumsy, unskillful <-> deft 서투른 재능 flair, talent, ability , aptitude <-> inability, incapability purify, clean 깨끗이 하다 purify 충돌하다 hit each other , smash, clash, bump 혼잡한 overcrowded, crowded <-> sparse 현대의 ; 동시대의 current, modern ; coexisting , simultaneous <-> antecedent include, contain, encompass 포함하다 include misleading, dishonest, deceptive <-> trustful 허위의 misleading 제외 exclusion 특징 characteristic irritable, petulant, tetchy, fretful <-> good-humored 성미가 까다로운 통합하다 combine, include , integrate close, familiar <-> remote 친숙한 close 예외 없이, 반드시 without exception entice, lure, coax 꾀다, 유혹하다 entice clue, hint, indication ; cause 단서 ; 야기하다 clue knot 묶다 clear, obvious, distinct <-> obscure 명료한, 명쾌한 clear 정통하다 learn thoroughly , pick up, grasp choice, selection 선택 choice 역설적인 seemingly contradictory 깃털 feather ~을 방해하다, 막다 preclude, avoid, impede , avert, deter <-> allow 풍부한 abundant, plentiful, copious, lavish <-> meager rotate, circulate, circle, turn 회전하다 rotate climb, mount, ascend ; extent (기어)오르다 ; 정도, 단계 climb minimize, reduce, decrease <-> amplify 줄이다 minimize exciting, stimulating 세상을 들끓게 하는 exciting deep, shoal 위로 not deep classify, class, assort <-> merge 분류하다 classify sort * 종류 type, kind stylus * 첨필 pen, pencil typically ** 일반적으로 usually, normally, ordinarily vary * differ, be unlike, be diverse 다르다 differ voracious * insatiable, greedy, gluttonous 만족할줄 모르는, 탐욕적인 insatiable 1. means : 수단, 방법 2. issue : 주제, 간행물, 자손 3. amongst : ~사이에, ~이 함께, 협력하여 4. mettle : 열정, 용기, 기질 5. social work : 사회(복지)사업 6. aviary : 새장 cf. apiary : 양봉장 7. squirrel : 다람쥐 8. squall : 소동, 질풍 9. trial : 재판 10. pilgrimage : (성지)순례 11. hedge clipper : 울타리용 가위 12. appetite : 식욕, (정신적,육체적)욕구 13. cancer : 암 14. trench : 참호 15. spark : ~의 도화선이 되다 16. pillage : 약탈하다 17. cosmetics : 화장품 8페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 17 absolute ** adapted * chamber * compact * complacency * compulsory *** concomitant * condense * conform consistent * constrain ** contagious * counterpart * debris ** decisive * disdain element ** erratic unqualified, complete , utter <-> incomplete modified, altered <-> unaltered modified compartment compress <-> loose ; dense, thick, compressed satisfaction <-> discomfort obligatory, forced, necessary , compelled concurrent , simultaneous, synchronous concentrate , compress <-> amplify comply, follow <-> diverge comply compatible, harmonious, coherent bind, inhibit, restrain <-> release infectious , communicable complement, equivalent , parallel dregs, wreckage, remains definite, definitive , conclusive <-> hesitant despise, scorn <-> respect component, part, feature, constituent, ingredient irregular, inconsistent <-> consistent irregular use up, deplete, run out of , expend, consume<->conserve tire, weary, fatigue tire increase, bloat, swell , enlarge, extend <-> contract complimentary complete, matured from now on , forward unintentionally , accidentally complicated, elaborate complex, complicated huge, gigantic, colossal, large <-> diminutive huge simply, just, purely simply === Chapter 18 완전한 개조된 (작은)방 압축하다 ; 조밀한, 밀접한 만족 강제적인 동시에 일어나는 압축(응축)하다 순응하다, 따르다 모순이 없는, 일관된 억제하다 전염성 있는 (동등한 자격의) 대응물 잔해 결정적인 경멸하다 구성요소 불규칙적인, 변덕스러운 다 써버리다 exhaust ** 지치게 하다 expand ** 확장하다 flattering * 아부하는 fullblown * 성숙한 henceforth * 앞으로, 차후 inadvertently 뜻하지 않게, 우연히 intricate ** 복잡한 mammoth * 거대한 merely * 단지 unexceptional, mundane, routine , common <-> extraordinary 보통의, 평범한 ordinary ** clear, distinct, obvious <-> abstruse 분명한 plain * unadorned, 꾸밈없는, 간소한 unadorned undecorated, simple <-> adorned popular * widespread, 대중적인 widespread common, current, general <-> unpopular reconcile conciliate, settle, resolve <-> estrange 화해시키다, 조정하다 reexamine * review, 재검토하다 review reassess requirement * stipulation , condition, provision 조건, 조항 revolutionize ** completely change ~에 혁명을 일으키다 rival * competitor , antagonist, opponent ; compete with 경쟁자 ; 경쟁하다 shovel * excavate, (삽으로 ) 파다 excavate dig, scoop succinct * concise, brief, terse <-> discursive 간결한 tie ** relationship , bond, connection 관계 1. gaseous : 기체화된 2. mainstream : 대세 3. flu : 유행성감기 4. Buddha : 부처, 석가모니 5. chassis : (자동차 등의)차대 6. ownership : 소유권 7. summation : 개요, 요약 8. stint : 절약하다 9. yawn : 하품하다 10. proclivity : 성향 11. impeccable : 나무랄 데 없는 ability * faculty, 능력 faculty capacity, competence <-> impotence accessible available, obtainable , reachable <-> inaccessible 이용가능한, 접근하기 쉬운 accord * grant, 주다, 수여하다 ; 일치하다 grant give, bestow ; agree, assent, appear seem, ~인 듯 하다, ~인 듯 보이다 seem look ~에 근거를 두다, ~서 유래하다 be rooted in ** be based on, originate from bog * marsh, swamp, fen 습지 collaborate * effort together, cooperate 협력하다 crucible container 도가리, 용광로 curb * control, 제한(억제)하다 control repress, suppress, restrain <-> incite cycle * sequence 주기 deem * consider, ~라고 여기다 consider believe, regard devout * pious, 독실한 pious reverent, religious <-> impious disperse * spread out, scatter, disseminate , dissipate <-> assemble 흩어지게 하다 economical saving, thrifty, frugal <-> extravagant 절약하는 eventually ** in time, finally, ultimately, in due time , in the long run 결국 faint ** indistinct, dim , feeble <-> clear 희미한 financial monetary, pecuniary 재정상의 frighten scare, terrify, alarm <-> embolden 두렵게 하다 geognosy * geology (study of the makeup of the earth) 지질학 give way to * retreat, withdraw 물러가다, 양보하다 immense * enormous, huge , tremendous <-> tiny 거대한, 막대한 impact influence, effect 영향 ingenuity creativeness, inventiveness 독창성, 창의력 in keeping with * in agreement with, consistent with , in conformity with ~와 일치하여 job project, 일, 직무 project assignment, task, undertaking lethargic sluggish, 무기력한 sluggish drowsy, liestless, slow meager * scarce, 부족한 scarce scanty, deficient <-> ample parody *** lampoon, mockery, spoof, takeoff , travesty 풍자적 변형 refuge shelter, sanctuary <-> exposure 피난처, 은신처 rural * country, 시골의 country rustic, pastoral <-> urban scrub ** scour, rub 북북 문지르다 secure ** acquire, obtain , procure, get ; safe 확보하다 ; 안전한 skepticism * doubt, 회의(론) doubt suspicion, uncertainty <-> belief so far * until now, up to present 지금까지 spark * bring about , trigger, stimulate 야기하다 speculation * conjecture , supposition, surmise 추측 terrain * land, 지역 land territory, area tumult * chaos, 혼란, 소란 chaos disturbance, turbulence <-> calm unlimited infinite, 무한한 infinite limitless, boundless, endless vagarious changeable, 변덕스러운 changeable whimsical, capricious, arbitrary volume book, 책 book tome 1. fatuous : 얼빠진, 바보의 2. consign : 위탁하다, 할당하다 3. blanch : 표백시키다, 창백해지다 4. bland : 온화한, 재미없는 5. excursive : 벗어난, 산만한 6. exacerbate : 악화시키다, 분개키시다 9페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 19 advent ** article ** assembly * associated ** aware * bank * by and large * challenge * compress consort * construe * correct curious * deadly * defeated * deplete * edge ** elude ** endow exceedingly far-reaching * fluster ** guess * importance * interfere ** irksome arrival, appearance <-> exit 출현 (개개의) 물품 item, object , thing congress, legislature, parliament 의회 congress connected, correlated, linked <-> divided 연관된 connected ~을 알고 있는 conscious <-> ignorant edge, brink, margin, shore 물가, 기슭 edge 전반적으로, 대체로 on the whole 난제 ; 도전하다 difficulty , problem ; defy 압축하다 compact, condense, contract , squeeze <-> spread associate, fraternize 교제하다 associate 해석하다 interpret <-> misconstrue remedy, amend, rectify <-> spoil 고치다, 바로잡다 remedy 호기심이 강한 inquisitive , nosy, inquiring <-> indifferent fatal, lethal, mortal <-> harmless 치명적인 fatal conquered 패배한 exhaust, empty, use up <-> replenish 고갈시키다 exhaust 가장자리 periphery, border , margin, boundary, rim dodge, avoid <-> face 피하다 evade, dodge dower, endue 부여하다 extremely, excessively, surpassingly 지나칠 정도로 방대한 broad, extensive, widespread confuse, addle, befuddle <-> calm 혼란시키다 confuse 추측하다 conjecture , suppose, fancy 중요함 significance , consequence, moment <-> inconsequence intervene, intrude, meddle 방해하다, 간섭하다 disrupt, intervene tedious, boring 지루한 tedious final, ultimate, conclusive <-> initial 마지막의 final last ** continue, persist 지속하다 continue manage * control, conduct, direct, administer 관리하다 control mastery * 전문기술, 숙달 expertise monopolize ** dominate, occupy <-> share 독점하다 dominate overcome defeat, conquer <-> submit 이기다, 정복하다 defeat ratify * endorse, confirm, sanction, validate <-> reject 승인하다 endorse replica * copy, duplicate, reproduction <-> original 복제 copy shift ** 옮기다 ; 바꾸다 move, transfer ; switch , change stride * 진보, 발전 progress subject to * (영향을) 받기 쉬운 susceptible to successive consecutive, sequential, serial 연속적인 transition * change, alteration, shift <-> uniformity 변화 change undertaking * enterprise, project, task 사업, 과제 enterprise 1. prodigious : 놀라운 2. electric bulb : 전구 3. shrine : 성지 4. motorcade : 자동차 행렬 5. meteorite : 운석, 유성체 6. scrap : 폐물이 된 7. shoulder : 산등성이 8. aisle :통로, 복도 9. crew : 승무원, 한 팀, 조, 패거리 10. pusillanimous : 소심한 11. unanimously : 만장일치로 === Chapter 20 accurate ** advisor ** antagonize * architecture ** assure ** bond * brave * crucial *** complement * comprise ** counter to * daring * devise * duplicate ** dwindle embody * etch * flash * imaginable * infectious * innumerable * invariable * meditate ** opposite * outdo outline * precise, true, exact, correct <-> lax 정확한 고문 consultant 대항하다 counteract structure, framework 구조 structure 확신시키다 convince, persuade, satisfy <-> discomfit 유대, 결속 tie, connection , link courageous, gallant, dauntless <-> craven 대담한 courageous 중대한 essential, important, acute, deciding, vital 보충,보완 supplement 구성되다 consist of, be made up of <-> exclude ~와 정반대로 in opposition to bold, courageous, brave 용감한 bold 고안하다 create, design , contrive, invent 복사(복제)하다 copy, imitate, reproduce decrease, diminish <-> increase 줄다, 감소하다. decrease incarnate, exemplify, represent ; contain 구현하다 ; ~을 포함하다 incarnate cut, carve, engrave 식각하가, 새기다 cut flame, flare, glare 번쩍이다 flame conceivable, thinkable, supposable <-> unbelievable 상상할 수 있는 conceivable contagious, communicable 전염성의 contagious countless, numberless, numerous <-> numerable 무수한 countless constant, consistent, unchanging <-> varying 불변의 constant 숙고하다 think deeply, ponder, contemplate , reflect (성질, 의미)정반대의 ; 정반대 counter ; contrast surpass, excel, exceed, outmatch ~을 능가하다 개요 ; 윤곽 summary ; contour, silhouette corresponding, comparable, analogous <-> unparalleled ~와 유사한 parallel * match, compare, equate <-> surpass ~에 필적하다 match preeminent 탁월한 outstanding, foremost, distinguished reassuring encouraging, refreshing, revitalizing 용기를 북돋는 encouraging regulate control, adjust 조절하다 control respectful courteous, polite, well-mannered, civil 공손한 shrink shrivel, decrease, diminish <-> swell 줄어들다 skill ** 기술 expertise, know-how , craft, technique steadily ** 지속적으로 constantly, continuously struggle * contend, fight, battle 싸우다 contend subsequence * next in a series, succession , sequel 이어서 일어나는 것 warrant * justify, deserve, merit 항해, 여행 justify ware 제품 product yet * 그럼에도 불구하고 nevertheless, however 1. Pope : 교황 2. missionary : 선교사 3. misogynist : 여자를 싫어하는 사람 4. copyrighted : 저작권이 있는 5. overeating : 과식 6. abolitionist : (노예제도) 폐지론자 7. suffrage : 참정권 8. taxonomy : 분류법 9. purloin : 훔치다 10. trauma : 충격 10페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 21 abundance ** adaptability arrest assigned * be at odds with curiously dense deploy discreet entire ** evident ** extensive ** extinguish feeble * flavor fragmentary in charge of minor * parcel out *** perceive * large number, profusion , plenty, bounty <-> lack ability to change, changeability, flexibility <-> rigidity seize, apprehend, capture <-> liberate specified, designated, appointed specified disagree with surprisingly thick, heavy <-> porous thick set up, distribute , position, arrange === Chapter 22 풍부함 적응성, 융통성 체포하다 정해진, 할당된 ~와 불화하다 신기하게도 짙은 (전략적으로) 배치하다 judicious, prudent, sensible, regardful <-> foolhardy, irrational 분별력 있는 whole, complete, tool <-> partial 전체의 obvious, apparent , manifest, plain, clear <-> vague 분명한 wide, far-reaching, broad , commodious <-> restrained 넓은 put out, (불을) 끄다 ; 소멸시키다 out quench ; abolish, destroy weak, 연약한 weak delicate, fragile, frail, unsubstantial <-> robust nature, 특징 ; 맛, 풍미 nature character ; savor, taste, relish incomplete , partial, fractional 단편적인 responsible for ~에 책임이 있는 less important , secondary, subordinate <-> major 중요치 않은 administer, deal out, distribute , divide 분할(분배)하다 see, discern, notice, apprehend, recognize 알아차리다 fragment, shard , segment, shred, scrap 조각 piece * join, combine, unite 잇다, 접합하다 pledge promise, oath, vow, swear 맹세 portray * depict, 묘사하다 depict picture, describe, represent plan, scheme 계획 project ** protrude, extend , jut 돌출하다 region ** area, domain, tract, expanse 지역 safe * secure, 안전한 secure protected <-> dangerous, unsafe search ** comb, scour , seek, explore 탐색하다, 조사하다 seethe * boil, (화가 나서) 속이 끓다 boil fume, rage shortcoming * disadvantage, 결점 disadvantage defect, failing <-> merit special * express, 특별한 express particular, especial, specific <-> common survey * examine, inspect , scrutinize, view 조사하다 temperament * disposition , temper, nature, make-up 성질 tool * implement, 도구 implement instrument, utensil uninitiated * inexperienced , unfamiliar 미숙한 vanish ** disappear, 사라지다 disappear fade vile ** wicked 사악한 worldly * mundane, earthly, secular <-> naïve 세속적인 wreck * destroy, devastate, ruin, shatter, crush 파괴하다 1. noisome : 해로운, 역겨운 2. Niggard : 인색한 3. exchange : 교환하다 4. disjuctive : 분리하는 5. unfit : 부적합한 6. sapient : 지혜로운 7. overthrow : 전복하다 8. gist : 요지 (=essence) 9. pungent : 신랄한 10. solvent : 지불능력이 있는 11. somatic : 신체의, 육체의 accustomed * allege * used to, 익숙한 to customary, habitual, wont assert, claim, affirm, declare <-> gainsay 주장하다, 우기다 assert at the expense of* at the cost of ~의 비용(대가)으로 breed ** raise, rear, nurture, nourish 기르다 raise chisel * carve, engrave 조각하다 carve conclusive * definite, decisive 결정적인 definite costly * expensive, high-priced 비싼 expensive crack down * ~을 엄히 다스리다 enforce laws degree * 정도 measure, extent , scale delicate dainty, exquisite, fine <-> gross 섬세한 dainty devote ** 헌신하다 dedicate, commit die decease, perish, pass away <-> live 죽다 distribute * out, allot, apportion, divide <-> amass 분배하다 parcel out emergency * crisis, exigency 위기, 위급 crisis fatal * deadly, mortal, lethal <-> benign 치명적인 deadly guilty criminal, culpable <-> innocent 유죄의 hazard * danger, peril, jeopardy 위험 danger in any case 여하간에, 여하튼 regardless incite provoke, inflame, spur 자극하다 provoke moist * damp, humid, wet 축축한 damp ornament * decorate, adorn, embellish 장식하다 decorate peripheral outer, exterior, external 주변의 outer precipitous * sudden, hasty, rush <-> deliberate 성급한 sudden primarily originally, at first 주로 ; 본래, 처음에 mostly, mainly , chiefly ; originally primeval ancient, primitive, pristine 원시의 ancient raw * 가공하지 않은 unprocessed , crude, rude, uncooked <-> matured reject * renounce, refuse, decline, deny <-> accept 거절하다 renounce replenish *** 보충하다 restore, renew, refill rot * decay, corrupt, degenerate 부패하다 decay ruin * 파괴하다 devastate, destroy , wreck runoff overflow, overspill 범람, 넘쳐흐름 shorten abbreviate, abridge, lessen, curtail, reduce <-> elongate 줄이다 spoil * mar, hurt, damage, impair, harm <-> benefit 망치다, 손상시키다 mar criterion, gauge 기준 standard ** 보통의 unexceptional, usual , average, mean <-> exceptional stipulation * 조건 requirement , qualification, proviso strikingly * 두드러지게 remarkably <-> unremarkably subtract * deduct, discount <-> add 빼다 deduct thaw ** 녹다 defrost unpin * to remove a pin or pinned object from <-> pin 핀(종류의 것)을 빼다 1. aver : 단언, 주장하다 2. daze : 멍하게, 당황케하다 3. palm : 손바닥 4. lackey : 하인, 아첨하다 5. labile : 변하기 쉬운 6. divers : 약간의(2~3개), 잡다한 7. censorious : 검열하는, 까다로운 8. actuarial : 보험계리사의 9. glimmer : 깜박이다, 소량 10 . pinch : 꼬집다, 소량 11페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 23 akin to appealing similar to desirable, attractive , charming, winsome method, way method move toward, come toward, reach <-> retreat dispute, debate, claim , discuss claim, declare, maintain support, buttress, reinforce support disastrous, tragic disastrous elucidate, clear up <-> obfuscate elucidate === Chapter 24 ~와 유사한, ~에 가까운 매력적인 접근법, 방법 approach ** 접근하다 argue ** 토론하다 assert ** 주장하다 brace * 받치다, 보강하다 catastrophic * 비참한, 비극적인 clarify * 명료하게 하다 continually, continuously, always, persistently <-> temporarily 지속적으로 constantly * deception * fraud, 속임수, 사기 fraud cheating, trickery <-> candidness separate, different , discrete <-> indistinguishable 별개의 distinct ** definite, 뚜렷한 definite apparent, clear <-> nebulous edition *** version, volume (간행물)판 elaborate ** detailed, intricate, complicated, complex <-> simple 복잡한, 정교한 flaw ** defect, 결점 defect blemish, fault, failing, shortcoming flood * inundate, 범람시키다 inundate deluge, overflow <-> trickle floods of * great number of 다수의, 쇄도하는 habitat ** home, dwelling, living quarter 거주지 hint * indication , implication 암시 intensify strengthen, reinforce , deepen <-> abate 강화하다 intentional deliberate, designed, planned, purposeful <-> accidental 고의적인 kin * relative 친척 make one's way * travel, 나아가다 travel journey, trek measure * gauge, 측정하다 gauge calculate, estimate minute * tiny, 미세한 ; 정밀한 tiny diminutive ; detailed, precise <-> general notwithstanding * despite, in spite of, nevertheless ~에도 불구하고 profound ** deep, 심오한 deep abysmal protect * shield, 보호하다 shield defend, guard, harbor <-> attack receive * obtain, 받다, 얻다 obtain accept, acquire, get relevance * germaneness, 적절, 타당성 germaneness pertinence <-> irrelevance reliance ** dependence 의존 represent ** depict, portray , express ; stand for 묘사,표현하다 ; 대표하다 require * demand, entail, call for , enjoin 요구하다 resemble * be similar to, be like , take after 닮다 determine, decide 결정하다 resolve * find a solution for , solve <-> unsettle 해결하다 retard ** delay <-> accelerate 지체시키다 roster * list, 명부 list register, rota scenic beautiful, 풍경이 아름다운 beautiful picturesque 1. soothe : 달래다 2. initiation rite : 성년식 3. grotesque : 기괴한 4. lynx : 스라소니 5. bear : ~을 참다 6. extension : 연장 7. divine : 신성한 8. fraud : 사기꾼 9. chief : 추장 10. conflict : 투쟁, 다툼 11. buoyant : 명랑한, 부력이 있는 12. convalesce : 건강을 회복하다 13. excoriate : 심하게 비난하다 illogical, irrational, unreasonable, inconsistent <-> rational 불합리한 absurd * 어리석은 preposterous , ridiculous, foolish, stupid <-> smart activity * liveliness, sprightliness, vivacity <-> inactivity 활기 liveliness assort ** 분류하다 categorize, classify, codify , separate, sort <-> disarrange beam * ray, shine, gleam, glitter, radiate 빛나다 ray break * shatter, destroy, batter ; rest rest, pause, respite 부수다 ; (짧은) 휴식 bromide 진부한 말 (생각) dull remark, commonplace, cliché common * shared, joint <-> rare 공통의 consciously ** intentionally 의도적으로 context * 배경 setting damage harm, impairment, detriment, injury <-> advantage 손상, 손해 detach ** separate, disconnect, disengage <-> affix 분리하다 separate dormant * inactive, latent, stagnant, inert <-> active, dynamic 활동하지 않는 inactive environment ** setting, ecology 환경 essential ** vital, prerequisite, fundamental , indispensable <-> accidental 필수적인 heighten * 늘리다 increase <-> diminish hinder * 방해하다 stunt, hamper, interfere with , impede <-> help impose * force, pressure, enforce 강요하다 force ingenious * 독창적인 inventive, creative, innovative, clever , original insignificant * trivial, slight, trifling, negligible <-> important 사소한 trivial keen sharp, bright, intelligent <-> impassive 예리한 shelter, harbor, house 거처(피난처)를 제공하다 lodge * quarter, house 숙박하다 power * 영향력, 힘 strong effect , strength prominent 탁월한 conspicuous, remarkable, outstanding provided * if, on condition that 만약 ~이라면 if put together combine, connect 결합시키다 combine meditate, think, consider, ponder 숙고하다 meditate reflect demonstrate, display, show 반영하다, 나타내다 relinquish 포기하다, 버리다 give up, surrender , abandon, resign representative * typical typical, characteristic, exemplary <-> atypical 전형적인 scan * examine, scrutinize, investigate 조사하다 examine sever * cut, separate, divide, part, cleave 절단하다, 분리하다 cut shortly * soon, presently, before long 곧 soon showcase * display, exhibit 전시하다 display succession * series, sequence 연속 series summit ** peak, acme, zenith, apex, pinnacle 정상 peak token symbol, mark, sign 상징, 표시 symbol transmit 전달하다 communicate , send, convey <-> receive useful ** 유용한, 도움이 되는 profitable , advantageous, serviceable <-> useless vestige * 흔적 remnant, trace , shadow 1. discrepancy : 불일치, 모순 2. tremendous : 거대한, 황폐한 3. intuitive : 직관적인 4. unthaw : 녹다 5. eligible : 적임의 6. husbandry : 농업, 절약 7. limber : 유연한 8. sallow : 혈색이 나쁜( <->ruddy ) 12페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 25 === Chapter 26 attempt, 목표하다 antipathy attempt aspire, point, intend aim ** goal, objective, target 목적 applicable * goal allocate * designate, earmark ; distribute , allot <-> collect 책정하다 ; 배분하다 blot out ** designate attributed to ~에서 기인한, ~로 설명되는 bold ** explained by authenticate 입증하다, 증명하다 boom ** verify, substantiate , prove confuse * 혼란시키다 disturb, disconcert , confound <-> clarify characteristic ** debate ** 논쟁 discussion, argument , controversy, dispute detractor * 험담하는 사람 clear * critic <-> advocate disguise * conceal, hide, camouflage, cloak <-> unmask 속이다, 감추다 coarse * conceal dissent differ, disagree <-> assent 의견을 달리하다 concentrate * distinguish ** 구별하다 contemplate * differentiate, tell apart , separate <-> confound draw *** 끌다 cripple * attract, haul, pull , tug, drag drawback * disadvantage, defect, shortcoming, fault 결점 demanding * disadvantage dye * pigment, stain 염료, 물감 deviate pigment emit ** 발산하다 discover * give off, exhale, release , shed, radiate expose ** 드러내다 discrete ** exhibit, subject, uncover , reveal <-> cover flawless * perfect, impeccable, faultless <-> imperfect 흠없는 encompass * perfect frustrate disappoint, thwart 좌절시키다 entertain complete, whole, perfect <-> incomplete 완전한 far-sighted ** complete full * thorough, minute, detailed 상세한 fluctuate * indicate * suggest, imply, signal 넌지시 비추다 halt * suggest initially 처음에 incessantly ** at first, originally, primarily , in the beginning innovative original, inventive, creative, ingenious 기발한, 혁신적인 leading * original landslide * rockfall, landslip 산사태 modify ** rockfall malady 병 mutation * disease, ailment , illness minimize * obelisk * decrease, reduce , discount <-> increase ; underestimate 줄이다 ; 과소 평가하다 order * direction, mandate, command ; peace <-> confusion 명령 ; 질서, 조화 pastime ** prohibit * forbid, proscribe <-> permit 금지하다 rather than * forbid reduce ** 감소시키다 receptacle ** diminish, decrease , curtail, lessen <-> increase reveal ** rely show, unveil, uncover, expose , divulge <-> cover, conceal 드러내다 shed light on * clarify, elucidate <-> obfuscate ~을 명백히 하다. remote * clarify sink * 가라앉다 rotten descend, drop to the bottom , submerse <-> rise size ** dimensions, proportions, volume, magnitude 크기 rove dimensions slope * declivity, inclination, slant <-> flat 경사 shoddy declivity subside abate, die down 진정되다 shred take place occur, happen, befall 발생하다 simply occur 그러나 however, nevertheless , still, yet though span * although ~이지만, 비록 ~일지라도 underground secret, clandestine, covert 비밀의 stun * 1. semifinal : 준결승 2. enlist : 얻다, 협력을 요청하다 3. tidal : 조수의 4. rumple : 구기다 tranquil 5. smog-induced : 스모그가 야기하는 6. racial : 인종의 7. gist : 요점, 취지 8. uproar : 소란, 격론 1. independent : 9. untutored : 순박한 10. falter : 머뭇거리다 11. hubris : 교만 12. lithe : 유연한 13. prefigure : 예상하다 14. interdict : 금지하다 15. palpable : 명백한, 만져서 느낄 수 있는 dislike, disgust, hatred <-> attachment capable of being applied, appropriate hide, screen, veil <-> expose cover, hide daring, courageous, valiant<->cowardly brave, daring flourish, thrive, prosper distinctive , special, peculiar <-> general feature, element , trait, quality lucid, apparent, obvious <-> obscure rough, crude, vulgar <-> courteous rough focus <-> dissipate ; center, cluster consider, ponder, brood, dwell on consider maim, disable, ruin, injure, impair maim difficult, exacting <-> effortless diverge, wander, stray ascertain, determine, find out <-> assume ascertain distinct <-> blended include, embrace, contain <-> exclude include divert, amuse, please wise, judicious wise vary, vacillate, sway <-> remain change, vary stop, cease, stand still stop constantly , continuously <-> intermittently dominant, chief, foremost, primary dominant change, alter, adapt , vary change, alteration, modification <-> fixity change obelus, stone pillar obelus entertainment , diversion, recreation instead of container, vessel, reservoir , holder depend secluded, distant, removed <-> adjacent secluded decayed, decomposed, corrupt roam, wander inferior, poor, base inferior apart, cut, tatter tear apart only, just, merely only duration, period , length extend across, cover, cross amaze, astound, daze, astonish, stupefy amaze peaceful, calm, placid, serene, restful peaceful 무소속자 2. revision : 개정 3. enumerate : 열거하다 반감 적용 가능한, 적절한 가리다 대담한 번성하다 독특한 특성 명쾌한 거친, 천한 집중하다 ; 모으다 심사 숙고하다 손상시키다 힘든, 큰 노력을 요하는 벗어나다 확인하다, 찾아내다 구별되는 포함하다 즐겁게 하다 현명한 변동하다 멈추다 끊임없이 우세한, 주된 변경하다 변이, 변화 방첨탑, 오벨리스크 기분전환 ~대신에 그릇, 용기 의지하다 외딴, 멀리 떨어진 썩은 배회하다 조약한, (질이) 떨어지는 (갈기갈기) 찢다 단지 기간 ~에 걸치다, 이르다 놀라게 하다 평온한, 차분한 4. manacle : 수갑, 족쇄 5. segregation : 인종 차별 6. coherent : 일관된 7. paltry : 시시한, 천박한 8. permissible : 허용되는 9. summarize : ~을 요약하다 10. tragic : 비극의 11. novel : 장편소설, 진기한, 새로운 13페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 27 === Chapter 28 assistance ** avoid ** best-suited bridle classify ** collectively * comparable ** aid, help, 원조 help support eschew, shun, prevent , evade, escape <-> face, confront ~을 피하다 most appropriate <-> unsuitable 가장 적절한 harness, halter 굴레 분류하다 categorize, arrange , assort <-> disorder together, unitedly <-> singly 공동으로 together similar, like, analogous, uniform <-> disparate 유사한 similar aptly * attract ** beverage * blunt * bustling * control * controversy *** appropriately, suitably, relevantly draw, charm, appeal, draw charm allure <-> repel drink dull, obtuse <-> sharp dull busy, active, energetic <-> stagnant manage, dominate, govern, rule manage dispute, debate, disagreement , argument 적절히 (마음을) 끌다 음료수 무딘 붐비는 지배하다 논쟁 cultivator * farmer, farmer grower dichotomy * division 양분, 이분 경작자 designated * specified, 지정된 specified assigned, appointed <-> unspecified detrimental * harmful, 해로운, 불리한 harmful damaging, prejudicial <-> beneficial differentiate distinguish 구별하다 display ** show, 보여주다 show exhibit <-> hide emissary * messenger, 사절 messenger carrier, agent enact ** pass, adopt, make into law , legislate <-> repeal 제정하다 evenly ** equally, uniformly 고르게, 일관되게 expedience * advantage, 편의 advantage convenience <-> inexpedience genuinely actually, 정말로 actually truly, really immediately straight away, instantly, directly, promptly 즉시, 당장 important * significant , critical, consequential, remarkable <-> trivial 중요한 inconceivable unimaginable, 상상도 못할 unimaginable unthinkable in progress unfinished , ongoing 진행중인 it followed that it was logical that ~ 그 결과로서 ~이 되었다 keep in touch communicate <-> be out of contact 연락을 유지하다 massacre * slaughter, 대량학살 slaughter annihilation, murder signify,imply,express; contemptible,despicable,ignoble <->honorable 의미하다 ; 비열한 mean mute * quiet, 무언의 quiet silent, dumb, speechless <-> articulate participate ** share, 함께하다 share partake pit * set into opposition ; hole, ~와 대항시키다 ; 구멍 hole cavity raise * boost, 올리다 boost lift, elevate, hoist <-> lower scarce, unusual, infrequent, extraordinary, exceptional <-> usual rare ** 드문 respectively particularly, individually 각각 seemingly * apparently 보기에 sporadically occasionally, at intervals , infrequently 때때로, 간헐적으로 stringent * strict, 엄한 strict austere, tight <-> lenient superficial ** external, 표면적인 external outward <-> in-depth timid ** shy <-> audacious 소심한 transport carry, 운송하다 carry convey, transfer, bear unavoidable inevitable, inescapable , ineluctable 불가피한 uniform ** consistent, event , invariable, unchangeable <-> various 일관성 있는 unsubstantial unreal, dreamlike, ethereal <-> concrete 비현실적인 1. generic : 상표등록이 안된 2. pressure : 강요하다 3. confiscation : 몰수 4. resign : 사임하다 5. rubbish : 쓰레기 6. illegal : 불법의 7. rear : 교육하다 8. cater : 영합하다 9. fossil : 화석의 10. devious : 꾸불꾸불한 11. intelligible : 알기 쉬운 12. milk : ~ 을 짜내다, 착취하다 disruption interruption 중단 enthusiasm * eagerness, 열정 eagerness zeal, passion, fervor, ardor <-> apathy episode event, occurrence , incident, happening 하나의 사건 equvalent equal, 동등한 equal even, commensurate evoke * draw, arouse, 일깨우다, 자아내다 arouse elicit, educe exotic ** unusual, 기묘한, 못 보던 unusual strange, weird, odd flair * talent, 재주, 재능 talent aptitude, knack flight escape, 탈출 escape breakout, getaway formidable * dreadful, threatening, fearful, frightful <-> comforting 무서운 frugal economical, thrifty <-> wasteful 절약하는 fuel * encourage, 지지하다, 자극하다 encourage stimulate game * wild animals (hunted for food or sport) 사냥감 hand in hand * together 협력하여, 동반하여 intermittent sporadic, 간헐적인 sporadic periodic, occasional intersect cross, 교차하다, 가로지르다 cross intercross make sense be logical <-> nonsense 이치에 맞다 movement * drive, crusade (정치, 사회적)운동 pass through * penetrate 꿰뚫다 precise ** accurate, exact , definite, strict, correct <-> loose 정확한 publish * declare, 발표하다 declare announce, proclaim readily * easily, 쉽게 ; 기꺼이 easily effortlessly ; willingly, without reluctance record ** document, evidence 기록 relieve reduce, 경감하다 reduce ease, alleviate, assuage <->aggravate settle down calm down, pacify 진정시키다 shun elude, avoid, evade, escape <-> accept, adopt 피하다 spectacular * splendid, impressive , sensational 멋진, 장엄한 steady stable, 안정된 stable solid, firm, fixed <-> unsteady store reserve, 따로 떼어두다, 비축하다 reserve keep, save stupid fatuous, dull, silly, senseless <-> intelligent, smart 어리석은 success achievement, 성공, 달성 achievement accomplishment, triumph tend * look after, care for , foster 길들여진, 순한 wattle * stick 가는 막대기 wrath * anger, 분노 anger fury, resentment, indignation <-> tolerance 1. fossil : 화석의, 화석으로 된 2. leakage : 누출, 누설 3. pillage : 약탈하다 4. rebut : 반론하다 5. reciprocate : 왕복운동하다, 서로 주고받다 6. septic : 부패성의 7. underpin : 버티다, 지지하다 14페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 30 === Chapter 29 acid biting, acrid <-> agreeable amass * accumulate, accumulate collect, gather <-> distribute breakthrough * advance, advance progress <-> loggerhead cause ** trigger, result in , bring about, produce, elicit certain * specific, specific definite <-> indefinite component *** element, ingredient, constituent conditional * dependent, dependent contingent <-> unrestricted confront * face, face affront, encounter, meet <-> avoid consequence * ramification, result , effect, aftermath, outcome crack * break, snap, slit , split crude * rough, rough raw, unrefined <-> refined drought * a prolonged lack of moisture , aridity effort * attempt, attempt endeavor, exertion, striving <-> ease emerge ** appear, loom, spring up, come out <-> disappear endurance ** stamina, stamina patience ; durability , lastingness euphoria extreme happiness , ecstasy, rapture exacerbate * intensify, worsen , aggravate <-> mitigate explain * account for , elucidate, explicate, clarify <-> confuse finish ** complete, terminate , end, conclude hollow * empty lash ** tie, tie bind leisurely relaxed, slow , easy, unhurried manageable * controllable, affordable <-> uncontrollable note * eminence, repute, celebrity <-> disrepute periphery ** edge, edge border, fringe, margin, verge <-> center practical ** pragmatic, effective , practicable, useful <-> academic prerequisite *** necessary condition , qualification, requirement relatively * comparatively , by comparison rudimentary ** basic, primitive, undeveloped , elementary selected chosen shed * discard, cast off , molt ; radiate spotty intermittent , uneven, irregular spread extend, extend stretch, reach staunch strong, firm , faithful, stalwart, loyal stress * emphasis, emphasis accent ; emphasize stunted * hindered trespass ** invade, encroach , infringe, intrude trumpet proclaim, announce , broadcast, declare via by way of, of by, through 1. apropos : 적절한 2. decrepit : 쇠약한, 노쇠한 3. dreary : 음울한 4. 5. felicity : 행복 6. hermit : 은둔자 7. intractable : 고집센, 다루기 힘든 9. meet : 적당한 10. nimble : 민첩한, 재치있는 11. palatable : 맛있는 13. rakish : 방탕한, 무절제한 14. rancid : 악취나는 15. rotundity : 비만 신랄한 accumulate ** collect, compile, build up , pile up, amass <-> dissipate 모으다 모으다 antithesis * opposite, 정반대 opposite contrary, converse 약진, 큰 발전 astute clever, 기민한 clever shrewd, canny, sharp 야기시키다, 초래하다 be up to * rest with ~에 달려 있다 일정한 being creature 생물 성분 bring out cause, 초래하다 cause produce, make happen 조건부의, ~ 여하에 달린 cache hidden place 은닉처 직면하다 celebratory * congratulatory, honoring 축하의, 축하하는 결과 careful, 면밀한 careful minute, rigorous <-> inattentive close * 쪼개다, 깨뜨리다 restrict, 차단하다 restrict shut <-> open up 천연 그대로의, 가공치 않은cognitive * mental, 정신적인, 인식의 mental thinking, perceiving 가뭄 create *** invent, 만들어내다 invent devise, produce 노력 destroy ** ruin, demolish , smash, maim, spoil <-> establish 파괴하다, 망치다 나타나다 diminutive * small 작은 멸종위기에 처한, 위험에 처한 인내 ; 내구력 endangered jeopardized, imperiled 행복감 formative * shaping, 형성되는, 발달의 shaping developmental 더욱 심하게 하다 founder * fail 실패하다 설명하다 glean ** gather, collect , reap 모으다 끝내다 dominate, 지배하다 dominate rule, reign govern *** 텅빈 regulate, monitor , control <-> neglect 통제하다 묶다, 매다 indigenous * native, aboriginal , inherited 토착의 느긋한 integrate ** unify, synthesize , consolidate <-> disintegrate 통합하다 관리할 수 있는, 감당할 수 있는 interval * space, (시간, 거리의) 간격 space distance, period 명성 largely generally, mostly <-> hardly 대개 주변부 magnificent * gorgeous, beautiful , splendid <-> modest 굉장히 멋진 실용적인 overshadow * dim, 가리다, 어둡게 하다 dim outshine, eclipse <-> illuminate 필요조건 particular ** specialized, specific, special , individual, especial <-> general 특별한 비교적으로 ramification * consequence , effect, result 결과 기초적인, 기초적인 rather * somewhat, 약간, 다소 somewhat fairly 선택된 realm * area, sphere, field , domain, province 범위, 영역 탈피하다 ; (빛 등을) 비추다rivalry competition , contention, contest 경쟁 고르지 않은 silent * speechless, dumb, mute, taciturn <-> talkative 말이 없는 퍼지다, ~에 이르다 situate ** place, locate 위치시키다 확고한, 충실한 sphere ** area, 분야 area field 강조 ; 강조하다 stealthily ** silently, 은밀히, 몰래 silently sneakily, secretly (성장이) 멎은 superb outstanding , excellent, magnificent 뛰어난, 훌륭한 침해하다 swell enlarge, expand , grow larger, increase (크기,수량 등이)증가하다 공표하다 tender * soft, delicate, mild <-> rough ; money, 부드러운 ; 변상금 money payment ~ 을 경유하여 velocity ** speed, 속도, 신속함 speed rapidity, celerity, pace faction : 도당, 파벌 uncultivated , untamed, undomesticated <-> cultivated 야생의 wild * 8. longevity : 장수 unruly, uncontrollable, frantic, violent <-> relaxed 난폭한 12. plight : 곤경, 궁지 1. pursuit : 추구 2. diagnosis : 진단 3. drench : 흠뻑 적시게 하다 4. enchant : 마음을 사로잡다 16. scour : 문질러 닦다 5. dissonance : 불협화음 6. frigid : 혹한의 7. fumble : 서투르게 만지다 8. sigh : 그리워하다, 슾퍼하다 15페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 31 === Chapter 32 accompany * adverse * escort, attend, companion <-> leave 동반하다 appreciably * significantly, noticeably , considerably <-> inappreciably 뚜렷하게, 상당히 적대적인 assess ** evaluate, estimate , judge, appraise 평가하다 negative, not favorable , opposed <-> favorable entreaty, request, petition 탄원, 청원 banish ** expel, exile , deport, oust <-> admit 추방하다 appeal * attraction, charm, fascination 매력 choice * option, 선택권, 대안 attraction option alternative arouse ** stimulate, awaken, provoke, incite <-> calm 자극하다, 유발시키다 comparatively * relatively <-> precisely 비교적, 꽤 stimulate boundary * 경계(선) consume * expend, 소비(소모)하다 dividing line, border , limit expend use up, exhaust <-> produce bury * cover, hide, conceal, veil <-> disclose 가리다 excavate * dig out, unearth, disinter , quarry <-> cover 발굴하다 cover collective * accumulated, assembled 집합된, 축적된 exclude * expel, leave out <-> admit 배제하다 accumulated confine ** 제한하다 exert ** apply, exercise, employ , wield (힘, 노력 등을) 발휘하다 limit, cramp , restrict cumbersome ** burdensome burdensome, awkward, bulky, clumsy 성가신, 다루기 힘든 extraordinary * exceptional, unusual , remarkable, uncommon <-> normal 비범한 dispensable unnecessary, needless, nonessential 없어도 되는 forage * search, 찾아다니다 unnecessary search rummage, hunt distribution dispersion, apportionment, allocation, allotment 분배 fragile easily broken , breakable ; delicate, weak 깨지기 쉬운 ; 연약한 dispersion eat consume, devour, ingest, take in 먹다 have nothing to consume be not related to ~와 관계가 없다 entirely 완전히 do with wholly, totally, thoroughly , utterly equal ** equivalent, tantamount <-> disparate 동등한 interpret * construe, 설명하다, 해석하다 equivalent construe explain, explicate, elucidate <-> miscontrue evaluate judge, assess, gauge, appraise 평가하다 expend, waste, squander <-> scant 낭비하다 judge lavish * false * erroneous, wrong, incorrect <-> veracious 잘못된 deluxe, 사치스런 erroneous deluxe luxurious, splendid <-> humble focal point * 중심(지) lucrative ** gainful, profitable, advantageous , fruitful <-> unproductive 이익이 되는 central area, focus gallant * brave, valiant, daring, valorous <-> coward 용감한 mainly * generally, 주로 brave generally largely, chiefly, primarily hence * 그러므로 obvious, definite, clear , evident <-> implicit 명백한 consequently, therefore, thus manifest * integral ** 필수적인 demonstrate evidence, reveal , show 증명하다 essential, crucial, indispensable <-> unessential lay down (규칙, 원칙 등을) 정하다 material * physical, 물질적인 establish, ordain physical bodily, corporeal, tangible <-> ethereal launch * 착수하다 meticulously * carefully <-> indiscreetly 주의 깊게 begin, initiate , commence magnify ** 확대하다, 증대하다 nervous * on edge, 신경질적인 amplify, intensify, enlarge, increase <-> belittle edge excitable, uneasy <-> calm unyielding, unyielding stubborn, determined, headstrong <-> complaisant, pliant 완고한 match * equal, peer, mate 필적하다 obstinate * equal more or less 어느 정도, 다소 overstate ** exaggerate, play up <-> understate 과장하다 fairly, approximately , roughly <-> conclusively nature ** 특징, 성향 pact together * cluster, 모이다 tendency, characteristic, attribute, character cluster group, gather operative effective, efficient, effectual <-> ineffective 효과적인 perform ** carry out, execute , accomplish, achieve 수행하다 pragmatic 실용적인 perishable * spoilable, likely to decay, likely to spoil 상하기 쉬운 practical <-> unrealistic proliferate ** 증식하다 pound * beat, 마구 치다 multiply, increase in number <-> decrease beat thrash, batter, strike proven * established, verified 증명된 prolific * productive, fertile, fruitful <-> unfruitful, sterile 결실이 많은, 다작의 established provoke * incite, irritate, vex, enrage <-> relax 자극하다, 화나게 하다 proof * evidence, 증거 incite evidence testimony register * up, enroll ; list, catalogue 등록하다, 기록하다 ; 목록 serene ** calm, peaceful, tranquil , undisturbed <-> agitated 고요한 sign up respectable estimable, honorable, reputable <-> disreputable 존경할만한 spawn * create, give rise to, produce , generate 야기하다 rig * equip, furnish 장비를 갖추다 substitute ** exchange, replace ; alternative 대체하다, 대안 equip sterile * barren, unproductive, fruitless <-> fertile, fecund 불모의 surpass ** exceed, outrun , excel, beat 능가하다 barren sufficient ** 충분한 survival ** existence 생존 enough, adequate , ample <-> deficient transparent * 명백한 ubiquitous ** omnipresent , existing everywhere <-> nonexistent 어디에나 존재하는 clear, obvious , lucid, limpid <-> opaque uneasy ** 불안한 undergo ** experience, (어려운 일을) 겪다 apprehensive, unstable , disturbed, ill at ease experience suffer unpretentious simple, humble, plain 수수한 weed out * remove, 제거하다 simple remove eliminate <-> propagate 1. amiable : 상냥한 2. gymnast : 체조선수 3. ragtime : 재즈 연주 형식의 하나 4. desiccate : 건조시키다 worn-out exhausted 다 써버린 4. syncopation : 당김음 5. eminently : 매우, 대단히 6. drought : 가뭄, 한밭 7. curator : 관리자, 감독 1. suite : 한벌, (호텔의)스위트룸, 한벌의 가구, 수행원 2. boisterous : 떠들썩한 (=vociferous) 8. prosecute : 기소하다 9. landfill : 쓰레기(매립지) 10. Motile : 운동서의 11. demean : 수치를 주다 3. arbiter : 중재자 4. burrow : 굴, 피난처 5. contrite : 뉘우치는 6. extrinsic : 비본질적인, 외부의 16페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 33 === Chapter 34 adhere ** stick, ~에 달라붙다, 고수하다 stick cleave, cling <-> disjoin assertion strong statement , declaration 주장, 단언 barren ** sterile, lifeless, infertile , unproductive <-> fertile 불모의 emerging, budding * emerging nascent, not yet fully developed <-> fully developed 신진의 central essential, 주요한 essential principal, main, chief comprehensible ** understandable, knowable, apprehensible <->incomprehensible 알기 쉬운 concern interest, regard, care, attention 관심 interest configuration arrangement, 배치, 배열 arrangement conformation deserved * due, 당연히 받아야 할 due earned <-> undue detect ** find, discover, recognize, sense , spot 발견하다, 인지하다 diffuse ** spread, distribute <-> concentrate 퍼뜨리다 exaggerate enlarge, overstate , embroider, hyperbolize 과장하다 fetter hamper, 구속하다, 제한하다 hamper shackle, manacle, restrain float ** stay on the top <-> sink 뜨다 frequent * regular, 빈번한 regular common, customary, recurrent <-> occasional groundless *** unfounded , baseless, bottomless 근거 없는 hindrance * deterrent, 방해, 장애(물) deterrent obstacle, barrier, impediment <-> boost maneuver * scheme, plot, design ; move 계획, 책략 ; 움직이다 mar ** spoil, 망쳐 놓다 spoil mangle, ruin, damage <-> adorn mighty powerful, 강력한 powerful potent, strong, forceful 불투명한 impenetratable , cloudy, filmy opaque obscure, unclear, vague 불명료한 originate ** 일어나다, 생기다 be grown, spring, emanate, initiate <-> end step, gait 걸음(걸이) pace * speed, bat, velocity ; walk, step 속력 ; 걷다 speed perceptibly 알아차릴 정도로 noticeably , appreciably, sensibly <-> intangibly promising * likely, encouraging, hopeful <-> unpromising 유망한 likely punctuality * 시간 엄수 promptness , promptitude <-> tardiness rotate ** turn, spin, wheel, swivel 회전하다 turn disperse, widely spread, dissipate, spread out <-> gather scatter ** 퍼뜨리다 sedentary * 움직이지 않는 stationary <-> moving site * 장소, 위치 place, location , position soak ** 적시다 drench, saturate , steep, wet subsist ** 존속하다 survive, endure , exist <-> perish supremacy predominance, primacy, sovereignty 우월, 우위 trigger ** 일으키다 activate, cause, generate, start, initiate, stimulate tumultuous ** 무질서한 ; 떠들썩한 chaotic,anarchic ; wild , riotous, boisterous veritable genuine, authentic, believable 실제의 waste squander, dissipate, lavish <-> save 낭비하다 weaken 약화시키다 lessen, decrease , undermine, impair <-> strengthen 1. raft : 뗏목 2. tanker : 급유기 3. stoicism : 금욕주의 4. obesity : 비만 5. aqueduct : 수로 6. nefarious : 사악한 7. needy : 궁핍한 8. platitude : 진부함 9. rosy : 유망한, 낙관적인 10. sagacious : 현명한 11. skirt : 회피하다, 모면하다 12. toady : 아첨꾼 13. torrid : 혹서의 accretion * accumulation 축적(물) agriculture * farming 농업 attach ** stick, fasten , affix <-> detach 붙이다 counter oppose, 대항하다, 반박하다 oppose retort crop up ** apeear, 나타나다 apeear arise, come out, emerge dimly ** faintly <-> distinctly 희미하게 distract divert, sidetrack <-> focus 산만하게 하다 drain * remove water, 배수하다 water draw off, empty emergent emerging, nascent <-> declining 떠오르는, 신흥의 enlarge * amplify, 확대시키다 amplify extend, augment, magnify <-> compress excessive * extreme, 지나친 extreme undue, exorbitant, extravagant <-> meager exploit * feat, accomplishment ; use 위업 ; 이용하다 extract ** derive, draw, 이끌어 내다 draw extort fierce ** furious, vicious, aggressive , ferocious <-> mild 사나운 fiery * passionate, fervent , impetuous <-> frigid 불같은 first and foremostabove * all, 무엇보다도 먼저 all primarily, to begin with fluctuation 변동 variance, variation gradually ** 점차적으로 little by little, slowly , steadily, progressively languid * listless, faint, feeble, weak <-> vivacious 기운 없는 listless location * site, position, place 장소, 위치 site lengthen * 연장하다 prolong, extend , stretch, protract <-> abbreviate mandatory required, compulsory, obligatory, requisite 필수의 required narrate * recount, describe, relate, tell 이야기하다 recount noxious ** 유해한 harmful, noisome <-> innocuous once * 일단 ~ 하면 when pierce ** 관통하다 puncture, perforate , penetrate sure, certain <-> irresolute 확신하는 positive * affirmative, helpful <-> negative 긍정적인 pretend feign, affect, assume ~인 체하다 range * vary, go, run, fluctuate 범위 ; 변화하다 spectrum, extent, scope , compass ; vary rudiment * basic, element, essential 기초, 기본 basic signify * denote, express, indicate, mean 표명하다, 나타내다 denote simultaneously **concurrently, 동시에 concurrently, at the same time <-> separately symmetrical * 균형이 잡힌, 대칭적인 proportionally balanced , commensurable testify * 증명하다, 입증하다 provide evidence , prove vast ** 거대한 immense, huge, enormous , large <-> narrow visionary fanciful, imaginary, illusory <-> realistic 환상의 vogue * mode, fashion, style 유행 mode weariness ** 피로 fatigue 1. planetesimal : 미소행성체 2. warrior : 전사 3. tropical fish : 열대어 4. reasoning : 추론 5. attorney : 변호사(=barrister) 6. nod : 끄덕임 7. scar : 상흔 8. sedative : 누그러뜨리는, 진정제 9. captor : 포획자 ; 수상[당첨]자 10. lawn : 잔디(밭) 11. mediocre : 평범한 12. mendacity : 허위, 거짓 13. meek : 온순한, 굴종적인 14. lawsuit : 소송 15. combustion : 연소 16. ponderable : 숙고할만한 17페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 35 accelerate * adjust * a great deal of * alleviate aromatic * celebrated ** characterize * certainly * compliment * decrease ** definite * dictate ** distinction ** embed ** === Chapter 36 speed up, 촉진시키다 up expedite, hasten, quicken <-> decelerate fit, adapt, suit <-> disarrange 맞추다, 조절하다 fit a lot of 다량의 relieve, ease, lessen, abate <-> augment 완화하다 relieve 향기로운 fragrant <-> acrid renowned, famous , well-known, distinguished <-> unknown유명한 특징 지우다 distinguish surely, assuredly <-> uncertainly 확실히 surely 칭찬, 경의 commendation , honor, tribute <-> insult 줄이다 diminish, minimize , dwindle, abate <-> increase decisive, unambiguous, unequivocal, fixed <-> equivocal 명확한 decisive (조건, 방침)등을 지시하다 require, prescribe, determine 차이 difference, divergence <-> analogy fix, fasten, root <-> extract 고정시키다, 새겨 넣다 fix flee, evade, avoid <-> abide 피하다 escape ** 도피 flight, freedom essentially * basically, primarily, originally, by nature 본래, 본질적으로 basically drive, advance ~로 나아가다 drive forge ** create, make, fabricate, fashion 만들다 create identity * similitude, uniformity 동일성 similitude illuminate * clarify, elucidate ; light up, brighten <-> darken 명확히 하다 ; 밝게 하다 clarify in a short space of timevery quickly 단시간에, 빨리 inconstant ** 변하기 쉬운 volatile, unstable , fickle, variable <-> resolute initial ** 처음의 original, first , beginning, inceptive <-> final lay off * fire, discharge, dismiss <-> employ (일시적으로) 해고하다 fire theme, subject, topic 주제 motif ** 문양 design, device, pattern patience endurance, fortitude, perseverance, tolerance <-> restiveness 인내 perilous dangerous, hazardous, risky, precarious 위험한 dangerous personnel staff, employees, work force 직원 staff ready organized, prepared, arranged, set 준비된 organized reject, decline, deny 거절하다 refuse garbage, waste, rubbish, trash 쓰레기 garbage revival 재생, 부활 restoration, renewal , resurgence, rebirth sorrow distress, anguish, grief, sadness, woe <-> joy 슬픔 spend expend, squander, waste, consume <-> save 소비하다 spot ** 발견하다 see, detect , find, locate, recognize steadfast * unwavering, firm , resolute, resolved, decided <-> vacillating확고한 tension pressure, strain 긴장, 팽팽함 pressure ultimate * final, supreme, utmost 궁극적인 with respect to * in reference to, in terms of, with regard to ~에 대하여 1. tariff act : 관세법 2. crushing : 엄청난 3. herb : 허브 4. persecution : 박해 5. torches : 횃불 6. quilt : 퀼트(누벼서 만든 것) 7. blackout : 정전 8. masterful : 훌륭한 9. inconsistency : 불일치, 모순 anger * auxiliary bizarre ** broaden * check * cite ** consensus * cope with * provoke, 화나게 하다 provoke aggravate, enrage <-> pacify subsidiary, subordinate, additional <-> leading 보조적인 기괴한 odd, erratic, strange, exotic, irregular <-> ordinary 확장하다 enlarge, expand, develop <-> narrow monitor, examine, inspect ; stop <-> expedite 조사하다 ; 막다 monitor 언급하다 mention, refer to , specify agreement, unanimity <-> discord 합의 agreement ~에 잘 대처하다 deal with subside, abate, recede, retire 쇠퇴하다, 약해지다 ebb * 간만, 썰물 reflux <-> flow elementary ** basic, fundamental, primary <-> advanced 기초적인 rudimentary , basic style, vogue, mode, fad 유행 fashion * 만들다 shape, create, make , fabricate fit, adjust, suit, adapt 맞추다 finance * 자금을 조달하다 pay for force * strength, power, might, energy <-> impotence 힘 strength legendary * mythological, fabulous, mythical <-> historical 전설적인 markedly ** 현저하게 significantly , noticeably, substantially obvious ** 명백한 apparent, conspicuous, clear , manifest <-> obscure output * 결과물 production <-> input overwhelmingly * primarily primarily, predominantly 압도적으로 pension * subsidy, allowance 연금 subsidy pioneer 개척하다 first develop, start, introduce , initiate potent powerful, mighty, influential <-> impotent 강력한 search, examine, explore, investigate 정밀 조사하다 search probe * 조사 exploration , inquiry, quest quaint ** 기이한 bizarre, odd , weird, extraordinary, eccentric react respond, answer, reply 반응하다 respond reap ** harvest, gather ; obtain 수확하다 ; 획득하다 harvest spectrum * range, extent, scope 범위 range stock ** 비축(물) reserve, inventory , hoard, store stretch, tighten 잡아당기다 strain * 팽팽함, 긴장 tension stroke * 일격 hit, striking , blow, beat sturdy * strong, robust, stalwart, muscular, stout <-> decrepit 튼튼한 strong tactic(s) strategy, maneuver 전술, 책략 strategy tapered narrow, tapering 좁아진 narrow upsurge * increase, rise <-> decline 급증 increase utility 실용성 practicality, usefulness whereas while, on the contrary ~에 반하여 while widespread ** 널리 퍼진, 광범위한 prevalent, broadly accepted , sweeping <-> uncommon 1. ancillary : 보조의 2. attenuate : 약하게 하다 3. bumptious : 오만한 4. contiguous : 인접한, 연속적인 5. disimpassioned : 냉정한, 침착한 6. exhort : 권고하다, 훈계하다 7. languor : 쇠약, 무기력, 무관심 18페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 37 accomplish ** accordingly ** === Chapter 38 achieve, work out, execute, put through for that reason, consequently fear, fright, terror, dismay, horror <-> composure fear upset, surprise, startle upset device, equipment foundation ; spine foretell, presage load, freight, shipment , burden make-up, formation, organization make-up pipe, channel contemplate , muse ; deem <-> ignore double invade, trespass , intrude <-> keep off follow, result , succeed <-> antecede furnish, provide furnish organize, constitute, set up , institute , found <-> abrogate 성취하다 abhor * loathe, 혐오하다 loathe hate, detest <-> admire 따라서 ambition ** goal, 야망 goal desire 공포, 놀람 bulk ** great quantity ; main part 거대함(대량) ; 대부분 alarm * broad-minded, tolerant, benign, generous <-> narrow-minded, stingy 놀라게 하다 charitable 관대한, 자비로운 apparatus 기구 conclusively * decisively, 결정적으로, 확실히 decisively definitely, absolutely <-> questionably backbone ** 중추 ; 척추 confer give, 수여하다 give bestow, grant <-> refuse bode * 징조가 되다 deny negate, 부인하다 negate gainsay, contradict <-> confirm cargo * 화물 reflect, 반영하다 ; 반향하다 reflect mirror ; resonate, resound echo composition * 구성(물), 조직 repeat, 반복하다 repeat reiterate, parrot, copy conduit * 도관, 선 eerie strange, 기묘한 strange mysterious, weird, unearthly consider ** 깊이 생각하다 ; 간주하다 emulate imitate, 모방하다 imitate copy, follow, mimic dual * 이중의 forestall * prevent, 미리 막다, 미리 손쓰다 prevent hinder <-> expedite encroach * 침입하다 generally ** largely, chiefly, mainly , mostly 대부분, 주로 ensue * 뒤따라 일어나다 glance glimpse, 흘끗 봄 glimpse a brief look, a cursory look <-> focus equip * (필요한 것을) 갖추어 주다 implement * tool, 도구 tool appliance, device establish ** 설립하다 in terms of * with regard to, with respect to, in relation to ~에 관하여 expensive, excessive , extravagant, immoderate<-> reasonable 과도한 inveigh against * rail, 통렬히 비판하다 exorbitant ** rail object, criticize strongly <-> agree with explicit * clear, obvious , unambiguous, definite <-> ambiguous 명백한 look * gaze, 보다 gaze glance, watch, view frantic * hectic, desperate , frenzied 미친 (광란의) monetary financial, 재정(금전)상의 financial pecuniary, capital hectic * full of excitement , feverish, fervid <-> tranquil 매우 흥분한 motion * movement, 움직임, 동작 movement move, gesture <-> inertia inaugurate begin, 개시하다 obtain ** gain, earn, achieve, acquire 얻다 begin commence, install <-> complete incise ** carve, cut, 새기다 outspoken frank, open, candid <-> reserved 솔직한 cut engrave jubilant * exulting, 환희에 찬 pant * gasp ; trouser 숨을 헐떡이다 ; 바지 exulting joyful <-> mournful mode * form, fashion, method , style 양식, 형태 patchy ** irregular, uneven , erratic 고르지 않은 ominous ** foreboding, threatening , doomful <-> auspicious 불길한 precipitation * acceleration , haste, impetuosity 촉진, 성급함 own acknowledge, admit, allow <-> disallow 인정하다 promote ** advance, further, encourage <-> check 촉진하다 cleansed, perpetual *** constant, 끊임없는 purified * cleansed refined, clarified, distilled <-> defiled, sullied,tarnished 정화된 constant ceaseless, enduring praiseworthy admirable, 칭찬할 만한 recreational * as a hobby 오락의, 휴양의 admirable commendable, laudable, praisable progressive * advanced, 진보적인 recruit * obtain, 얻다, 모집하다 advanced liberal <-> reactionary obtain enlist provide ** supply, afford , furnish 제공하다 seize ** grip, take, 움켜잡다 take clasp, grasp, grab <-> loose provision supply, 식량 system, 구조 supply food system frame, organization structure ** puzzle over wonder about 쩔쩔매다,이러저리 생각하다 arrange in definite pattern 조직화하다 ruinous * destructive , catastrophic 파괴적인 surreal ** having a strange dream-like quality 초현실적인 solicitation invitation , entreaty, request 권유, 간청 synthesis ** unit, union, combination , mixture 통합체, 통합 solicitude concern, 근심, 염려 textile ** cloth, fabric 직물 concern anxiety, care, worry stray wander, 벗어나다, 이탈하다 thereby * by that means , as a result of that 그것에 의하여 wander deviate, straggle, swerve troublesome ** onerous, difficult, annoying , burdensome <-> innocuous 힘든(성가신) title ownership 권리 unqualified * complete, 절대적인 transcend ** go beyond 초월하다 complete absolute, utter, thorough <-> circumscribed weak infirm, 약한 twig * branch, 가지 infirm fragile, frail, delicate, feeble <-> strong branch stick, offshoot, sprig witness * observe, 목격하다 ; 증거 vulnerable * easily damaged, susceptible, weak (영향을) 받기 쉬운 observe watch, notice ; testimony, evidence 1. cut short : 간단하게 하다 2. penchant : 경향, 편애 3. executive : 행정의 wholly * completely , fully, in every respect, thoroughly <-> partially 완전히 4. coincide with : ~와 동시에 일어나다 5. amend : 수정하다 6. rocking : 흔들리는 1. offend : ~을 불쾌하게 하다 2. Great Depression : 대공황 3. herd : 무리, 떼 4. stark : 완전한, 단호한 7. viscous : 점성의, 끈적끈적한 8. pensive : 수심에 잠긴 9. aground : 좌초하여 ; 곤궁하여[한] 5. acronym : 두문자어(머리글자로 이루어진 말) 6. atomic : 원자의 7. resourceful : 재치있는 19페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 40 === Chapter 39 abrupt ** adequate sharp, sudden , hasty, hurried <-> dilatory 급한, 갑작스러운 sufficient, satisfactory <-> inadequate 충분한 주장하다, 지지하다 urge, support <-> impugn advocate ** 지지자 proponent , supporter, upholder <-> opponent appendix * 부록, 부가물 supplement , adjunct appropriate 적절한 suitable, proper, applicable <-> inappropriate assumption ** 가정 supposition bestow grant, confer, award 주다, 수여하다 give, grant boldly bravely, daringly, courageously 용감하게 bravely choicest 엄선된, 가장 좋은 best, matchless classic typical, exemplary, model, standard 전형적인, 대표적인 typical constitute up, comprise, compose 구성하다 make up deposit ** 두다 ; 비축하다 lay, place ; save, store dogma * belief, credo, creed 신조, 신념 belief employ ** use, utilize, exploit 이용하다 use support, back, approve, advocate <-> disapprove 보증하다, 지지하다 endorse * sign, subscribe 배서(서명)하다 sign exponential * explosive, incremental 급격한 explosive foremost * 으뜸가는 most respected , preeminent, supreme fragrance * 향기 scent <-> malodor furthermore ** 더욱이 moreover, in addition genetic * hereditary, inborn, inheritable <-> acquired 유전(학)적인 hereditary imposing * impressive, grand, magnificent 강한 인상을 주는, 웅장한 impressive luxurious * sumptuous, rich, posh <-> ascetic 사치스러운 sumptuous matter * substance, material, stuff ; issue 물질 ; 논점 substance nurture * raise, rear, nurse <-> disregard 양육하다 raise offset * balance, counterbalance, counteract 상쇄하다 balance partially 부분적으로 incompletely , fractionally <-> completely presumable * probable, likely, possible <-> unlikely 있음직한 probable principle * 원칙, 규범 original method , precept, standard purveyor ** 공급업자 supplier replace ** 대체하다 supersede, supplant, substitute routine * 보통의, 일상적인 ordinary, normal , habitual <-> unusual scold reprove, reproach, reprimand, rebuke <-> praise 꾸짖다 sequence ** 연속 ; 순서 string, series , succession ; order startle ** 깜짝 놀라게 하다 astonish, surprise, frighten , astound typical ** 일반적인 common, ordinary , usual, normal <-> uncharacteristic unshakable firm, steadfast, fixed, unwavering <-> changeable 흔들리지 않는, 확고한 firm cede, surrender, submit, give in <-> appropriate 내주다, 굴복하다 cede yield ** 산출하다, 야기하다 produce, generate , cause 1. frequency : 주파수 2. transmission : 전파 3. decipher : 해독하다 4. permeable : 투과성의 5. earthworm : 지렁이 6. organic : 유기체의 7. larceny : 절도 8. craven : 겁많은, 비열한 9. jargon : 전문용어 10. excerpt : 빌췌 11. deject : 낙담시키다 12. munificent : 후한, 아낌없이 주는 substance added in small amounts to another 첨가제 additive * 부가적인 cumulative antiseptic *** clean, sterile, sanitary 청결한, 위생적인 clean assemble ** 모으다 gather (together), bring together, collect <-> scatter asymmetric * unequal, lopsided, ill-proportioned <-> proportionate 균형을 잃은 unequal attire * 의상 clothing avid ** greedy, avaricious, covetous ; eager, enthusiastic 탐욕스러운 ; 열심인, 열렬한 greedy basic * 기본 essential bound * limit, precinct, boundary, border 경계 limit cluster ** 모이다 group, gather , assemble <-> disperse 복합 건물군 group of buildings complex * 복잡한 elaborate, involved, complicated , compound <-> simple contrary * 반대의, 반대되는 opposite, converse <-> concordant customary ** 관례적인, 습관적인 typical, habitual, traditional , accustomed <-> occasional dangle * 매달리다 hang devour eat, gulp, guzzle 게걸스레 먹다 encapsulate * 요약하다, 집약하다 state briefly, condense , summarize faction * side, coalition, group, ring, party 파벌 side fragment ** 조각, 부분 piece, particle, part , portion <-> whole ignite 불을 붙이다 set on fire, kindle , inflame, fire impound contain, confine, hold 가두다 contain innocuous * 해가 없는 harmless <-> pernicious 유대, 결합 bond, connection , tie link ** connect, relate, associate 관련 짓다 connect murmur ** 투덜거리다, 중얼거리다 grumble, mumble , mutter persistent * 지속하는 continuous , constant, incessant, perpetual <-> fleeting prospect * 가망성, 전망 possibility , chance, outlook random *** without planning, unpredictable, unsystematic <-> purposive 마구잡이의 realize * of, conceive, understand, grasp 알다, 이해하다 be aware of reside in in, dwell 거주하다 live in robust ** 튼튼한, 강한 strong, vigorous , stalwart, sturdy <-> weak satisfy ** 만족시키다 please, meet , gratify, satiate, suffice <-> pique simple * 순진한 unsophisticated , naive, unaffected, artless <-> worldly stamina * endurance, perseverance, vitality 지구력, 체력 endurance item, necessary commodity 중요 상품 basic item staple * basic, principal 기본적인, 주요한 basic terminate ** 끝나다 stop, finish , end, conclude <-> initiate treasure ** 소중히 하다 value, prize , cherish unequal ** 불공평한, 균형을 잃은 unfair, asymmetric , uneven, unbalanced <-> symmetric venture * dare, chance, risk 과감히 ~ 하다 dare 1. break into : ~로 나누어지다 2. retail : 소매업 3. tremendous : 거대한, 엄청난 4. full-bodied : 힘찬, 내용이 충실한 ; (술)감칠맛이 나는 ; (사람) 뚱뚱한(=stout) ; 중요한, 뜻있는 5. suspect : 용의자 6. cavity : 움푹 패인 곳, <치과> 충치 7. gild : 금[금박]을 입히다 20페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 41 ache * hurt, 아프다 hurt pain advantageous ** profitable, gainful, beneficial, helpful <-> detrimental 이로운, 유익한 altitude * 고도 elevation, height <-> depth antiquity * ancient times 고대 assist ** help, aid <-> hamper 돕다 brilliance * radiance, 광채 radiance luminosity, brightness celestial * heavenly <-> terrestrial 하늘의 split, dissect ; rip (쪼개어) 나누다 ; 찢다 cleave * adhere, stick, cohere, cling 고수하다, 결합하다 density * 농도, 밀도 concentration desperate as a last resort <-> composed ; hopeless, critical 필사적인 ; 절망적인 encourage ** 격려하다 cheer up, hearten , motivate, prompt <-> discourage burden, weight, tax, oppress (의무, 짐 등을) 지우다 burden encumber hinder, obstruct, impede, hamper 저해하다 hinder enrich enhance, improve, better, upgrade (질, 가치 등을) 높이다 enhance fade ** wane, wither, vanish, wilt <-> ( wax ; flourish ) 약해지다, 사라지다 wane flee * escape, evade, avoid 피하다, 도망하다 escape follow suit do the same things 따라하다 gigantic * huge, immense, colossal, grand <-> miniature 거대한 huge hygiene *** 위생 cleanliness, sanitation impressive * striking, moving, stirring <-> unremarkable 인상적인, 감동적인 striking instantaneous * immediate, prompt, swift, split-second <-> lengthy 즉각적인 immediate lusty * vigorous, strong, robust, hearty <-> effete 건장한, 원기왕성한 mankind * 인류 human maturity adulthood, manhood, majority 성숙(기) adulthood mere 단지, 대수롭지 않은 insignificant humble, unpretending ; decent, proper <-> impudent 겸손한 ; 예의바른 modest 많지(크지)않은 small persist ** 지속되다 endure, continue, remain, last <-> cease 모으다 ; 쌓다 put together, collect ; heap pile * heap, stack, accumulation 더미 pristine unspoiled, innocent, natural 오염되지 않은 unspoiled proficient ** 숙련된, 능숙한 expert, skilled , adept, adroit sacred ** 신성한 divine, holy <-> profane scruple ** hesitation, uneasiness, qualms 망설임, 양심의 가책 hesitation careful, painstaking, meticulous <-> remiss 세심한, 꼼꼼한 scrupulous * 양심적인, 정직한 honest 치다, 공격하다 hit, bombard , assault, attack strike ** walkout, work stoppage 파업 walkout unravel * explain, solve, figure out 해명하다, 풀다 vulgar coarse, mean, rude, base <-> delicate 저속한 1. collateral : 나란한, 부수적인, 담보 2. inquiry : 연구, 조사 3. sizable : 꽤 큰 4. quarrel : 싸움 5. penitentiary : 교도소 6. hold : 개최하다 7. monumental : 기념비적인 8. natty : 말쑥한 === Chapter 42 account for ** adjourn * adopt * adore * artificial ** attend band * besides * circumstance ** crawl *** demolish * endure * enormous ** fashionable formulate hang * immobility * inflate * interrupt ** manipulation marvelous * nevertheless * operate * outlive * practicable * resist * risky * saved * explain, explain justify, give a reason (for) ; make up, comprise suspend, postpone, delay, defer <-> advance suspend up, choose, follow take up worship, esteem, revere <-> execrate worship synthetic <-> natural wait on, serve group, party, troop, squad group in addition , as well, moreover condition, situation creep, wriggle , inch destroy, wreck destroy survive, suffer, tolerate , persevere <-> give up immense, vast, huge, tremendous , gigantic <-> tiny popular, up-to-date, trendy popular state, express state dangle, suspend dangle absence of motion bloat, expand, swell <-> deflate hinder, stunt, punctuate , intermit deliberate alteration 설명하다 ; 차지하다 연기하다 ~을 채택하다, 차용하다 숭배하다, 존경하다 인위적인, 인조의 시중들다 집단, 무리 게다가 상황 기어가다 파괴하다 견디다 거대한 유행하는 (명확히, 체계적으로) 말하다 매달리다 부동상태 팽창하다 가로막다, 중단시키다 조작, 속임수 wonderful, wonderful astonishing, amazing, miraculous <-> ordinary, normal 경이로운, 놀랄만한 still, yet , nonetheless 그럼에도 불구하고 run, function , work 작동하다 살아남다, ~보다 더(오래) 살다 survive, outlast survive 실행 가능한 feasible, possible , workable <-> impracticable withstand, confront <-> submit 저항하다 withstand dangerous, hazardous, perilous <-> safe 위험한 dangerous redeemed, rescued <-> condemned 구원된, 구제된 redeemed 극심한, 가차 없는 harsh, extreme , rigorous, strict, unsparing <-> tolerant severe ** difficult, effortful, tough 어려운, 까다로운 spontaneous voluntary, uncompelled, willing 자발적인 voluntary 비틀거리다,동요하다;당황시키다 stagger ** totter, falter, waver ; astonish, confuse, overwhelm thriller ** suspenseful book/story/movie/play 스릴을 주는 것 toil * hard, labor, strive 힘들게 일하다 work hard touch off start, arouse, provoke 야기하다 start utterly * completely 완전히 vacuum * vacancy, emptiness, void 진공, 공허 valid * just, sound, cogent, logical <-> groundless 타당한 withhold reserve ; hold back, restrain 보류하다 ; 억제하다 wonder * awe, astonishment, marvel <-> unconcern 경이로움, 놀라운 일 awe 1. to the very end : 최종까지, 죽을때까지 2. the witness : 목격자 3. take off : 이륙하다 4. volatile : 불안정한 5. plastic surgery : 성형수술 6. imperialism : 제국주의 7. assignment : 숙제 8. whereabout : 소재, 행방, 있는 곳 9. tentative : 임시적인, 불확실한 21페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 43 advance ** applicability brittle * careful ** convert * core ** countervail curative * disintegrate *** divest * improve, evolve, develop , progress <-> delay 진보하다 적절함, 적절성 relavance 부서지기 쉬운 breakable <-> solid cautious, discreet, precautious <-> careless 주의 깊은 cautious 바꾸다 transform, change center, heart 핵심 center oppose, counterbalance, offset 상쇄시키다 oppose 치유하는 healing <-> irremediable apart, crumble, break down 붕괴되다, 분해되다 fall apart 박탈하다 deprive, strip 억지로 ~하게 하다 propel, force , impel, compel <-> hinder drive ** campaign, push, action 운동 campaign entangle complicate, involve <-> disentangle 뒤얽히게 하다 evolve develop, progress, improve 서서히 발전하다 develop extant 현존하는 existing, living, remaining , surviving <-> extinct hamper * 방해하다 prevent, impede, hinder, restrict <-> aid fur, skin (짐승의) 가죽 hide * camouflage, disguise, cloak, mask <-> reveal 숨기다, 감추다 camouflage immoral *** improper, corrupt, sinful 부도덕한 improper incipient 초기의 initial, beginning , commencing <-> concluding isolate * separate, segregate 격리시키다 separate joint * 접합하다, 연결하다 combine, connect kindle ** 불을 붙이다 ignite, fire , inflame <-> smother landscape * scenery, outlook, scene 풍경, 전망 scenery migrate ** 이동하다, 이주하다 travel, move around , immigrate, emigrate milestone ** 획기적인 사건 important event, significant event 새로운 new, innovative , fresh, modern <-> common, usual novel ** unusual, rare, strange 신기한, 진기한 unusual out of the question ** impossible <-> possible 불가능한 phenomenal 놀랄만한 extraordinary , exceptional, remarkable, unusual plunge * drop, dip, thrust 떨어뜨리다, 던져 넣다 drop presently * immediately, directly, soon, shortly 곧 immediately reckless * careless, rash, heedless, inadvertent 무모한, 부주의한 careless sensitive * responsive, impressionable <-> impervious 민감하게 반응하는 responsive serious * solemn, important, momentous <-> light 심각한, 중대한 solemn simultaneous * 동시에 일어나는 concurrent , concomitant, synchronous tower, rise, ascend, mount <-> plummet 높이 솟다 soar * 급상승하다 increase dramatically , shoot up subservient * secondary, subordinate 부차적인, 종속적인 subterranean * 지하의 underground , underneath unlawful ** 불법적인 illegal, illicit , illegitimate <-> justifiable 1. considerably : 상당히, 매우 2. christianity : 기독교 3. prime minister : 수상 4. match : 성냥 5. usurp : 강탈하다 6. rescind : 폐지하다 7. paragon : 모범, 전형 8. erudite : 박식한 (=learned) === Chapter 44 absorb ** take in, 흡수하다 in imbibe, soak up <-> exude accuse indict, impeach, blame, charge <-> exculpate 고발하다, 비난하다 a host of * a number of , a multitude of 많은 수의 apathetic * indifferent , unconcerned, uninterested <-> alert 무관심한 array * arrange, 배열하다, 진열하다 arrange display, exhibit <-> mess up continual incessant, ceaseless <-> transient 끊임없는 design * intend, 뜻을 품다, 계획하다 intend plan, project <-> accomplish discard * throw away, abandon , dispose of, cast aside <-> keep 버리다 elapse * pass, go by 경과하다 furnish * provide, 공급하다 provide supply, replenish <-> strip futile ** useless, 쓸모 없는 useless ineffective, vain <-> effective guard * protect, 지키다 protect defend, shield <-> make vulnerable locomotion ** movement, 운동, 이동 movement motion (~으로)변형, 변화하다(시키다) metamorphose * change, change transform, convert misconception 잘못된 생각, 오해 false belief , misunderstanding, fallacy multiplicity variety, diversity ; plurality, plenty 다양성 ; 다수 native * indigenous; 토착의 ; 선천적인 indigenous innate, inborn, inherent <-> acquired needless to say *** obviously, of course, undoubtedly 말할 필요도 없이 passive * inactive, inert <-> active 수동적인, 활기 없는 predicate * affirm, assert, declare ; base base, establish, found 단언하다 ; 기초를 두다 presence * existence, being 존재 existence progressively * increasingly 점차적으로 pungent ** 신랄한, (맛 등이) 자극적인 sharp, piquant , tart <-> mellow recover ** 되찾다, 회복시키다 retrieve, bring back , regain, reclaim <-> forfeit regardless of ~에 개의치 않고 in spite of remainder * residue, remnant, rest 나머지 residue reputation * fame, renown <-> obscurity 명성 fame shelter * protect, shield, harbor, guard, safeguard 보호하다, 숨겨주다 protect spur ** stimulus, incitement, incentive ; stimulate 자극 ; 자극하다 stimulus suggest ** 암시하다 implicate, point to , indicate, hint, intimate <-> express surge * 증가(상승)하다 increase, rise terminal final, last 최종의 final transverse * 가로지르는 cross, crosswise underscore reinforce, emphasize, accentuate, underline <-> downplay 강조하다 reinforce upbraid * scold, berate, rebuke <-> praise 꾸짖다 vagabond ** 방랑하는 wandering, nomadic , vagrant vague ** 모호한 uncertain, imprecise , obscure, indistinct <-> express veracious * honest, truthful, accurate <-> dishonest 진실한 honest vital ** 필수적인 essential, important , indispensable <-> needless withstand ** 버티다 resist, endure <-> capitulate 1. the masses : 일반 대중 2. face : 직면하다 3. flash : 번뜩임, 섬광 4. engage : 종사하다, 관여하다 5. conspire : 공모하다 6. memorable : 주목할만한 7. runaway : 도망간 8. turmoil : 소란, 혼란 9. irredeemable : 구제불능의 10. lagging : (경기 등이)침체한 11. power plant : 발전소 22페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 45 === Chapter 46 abound ** overflow, fill with, teem , swarm with <-> lack 풍부하다, 가득 차다 abstract * theoretical, notional <-> concrete 추상적인, 이론적인 affliction * woe, 고뇌, 고통 woe distress, sorrow, anguish <-> bliss attachment * emotional connection 애착 beckon invite, 호출하다 invite call, summon complicate *** make difficult , entangle, involve 복잡하게 하다 consecutive * successive, 연속적인 successive sequential consist of be made up of ~ 로 구성되다 coordination * the harmonious functioning of parts 공동작용 crowd throng, multitude, group, mass, host 군중, 무리 doctrine ** principle, tenet , dogma 원칙, 교리, 주의 drastically ** strikingly, severely , extremely 극심하게 elegant * sophisticated , delicate, polished, graceful <-> crude 우아한, 세련된 entity ** object, 개체, 실체 object thing, individual era * epoch, period , age, time 시대 established certain, definite 확정된 facet * aspect 양상 flourish ** thrive, prosper, blossom <-> wither 번성하다 hue ** tint, color , shade 색깔, 색 impair * damage, 손상시키다, 약하게 하다 damage injure, deteriorate <-> improve inevitably without exception, unavoidably , necessarily 불가피하게 infinite unlimited, 무한한, 끝없는 unlimited limitless, immeasurable, boundless inflame anger, arouse <-> soothe 노하게 하다, 자극하다 influential important, powerful , potent 영향력 있는, 유력한 jeopardize * threaten, 위태롭게 하다 threaten endanger <-> protect marvel * wonder 경이로움 monotonous tedious, boring , dull, unvaried <-> varying 단조로운 remarkable, important, outstanding , noteworthy <-> unremarkable 주목할만한 notable * novelty * originality , freshness, newness, uniqueness <-> old story 참신함, 진기함 oath * promise, 맹세 promise vow, pledge on the contrary conversely 반대로 photosynthesis ** the production of special sugar-like substances that keep plants alive 광합성 prodigious wonderful, marvelous, amazing, astonishing <-> commonplace 경이로운 remedy ** cure, 치료(법) cure treatment speculate about * hypothesize 추측하다, 가정하다 strictly ** tightly, severely ; precisely ; only 엄격하게 ; 엄밀히 ; 순전히 trend ** tendency, 경향 tendency direction, inclination unencumbered by free of ~에 의해 방해받지 않는 unwonted * unusual, 보통이 아닌, 드문 unusual unordinary, extraordinary <-> usual vexing * difficult , annoying, irritating 성가신, 짜증나는 votary * devotee, admirer, faithful follower <-> skeptic (특정 종교의) 신봉자 1. persecution : 종교적 학대 2. colleague : (관직, 직업상의) 동료 (=associate) 3. fad : 일시적 유행 4. crestfallen: 풀이 죽은(=dejected) 5. convene: 회의를 소집하다(=convoke),법정에 불러내다(=summon) alight * alternate contain ** deter * examine * fast gist * gleaming * guarantee hobby * inadequate ** inborn * inaccessible * inclination ** in proximity to insight * intent * intertwine * land, 내리다 land come down, settle <-> rise rotate, interchange <-> keep 번갈아 일어나다 rotate involve, comprise, hold 포함(수용)하다 involve preclude, prevent, inhibit, avert <-> abet 막다, 방해하다 preclude inspect, probe, scrutinize, investigate 정밀 조사하다 inspect quick, swift, rapid, fleet <-> slow 빠른 core, kernel, essence 핵심 shining, luminous, brilliant 반짝이는, 빛나는 shining insure, warrant 보증하다 pastime, diversion, avocation 취미 pastime 불충분한 insufficient, deficient <-> adequate innate, native, natural <-> acquired 선천적인 innate 접근하기 어려운; 얻기 어려운 unreachable ; unobtainable <-> accessible 성향, 경향 preference, tendency , trend to, adjacent to, near, in the vicinity of ~ 에 가까운 close to 통찰력, 직관 understanding , perception purpose, intention, design <-> accident 의도 purpose interweave, intermingle, twine 뒤엉키다 interweave connect, link, unite, combine <-> disconnect 연결하다, 결합하다 connect join * 합류하다 meet meddlesome ** meddling, interfering , intrusive, officious 간섭하는 multiply increase, expand, augment 증가하다 increase myriad ** 무수한 innumerable, numerous, countless , many naive ingenuous, simple, unaffected <-> sophisticated 꾸밈없는, 순진한 outrage * anger, aggravate, offend, infuriate <-> placate 화나게 하다 anger particularly ** 특히 especially, uniquely , specially principal *** 주요한 central, major, main, primal, prime, chief propel * 추진하다, 밀어내다 push, force out , drive, impel rigorous ** 엄격한 ; 정밀한 severe, demanding, harsh <-> facile ; precise savor ** 맛 flavor, taste scramble up, jumble, muddle, tangle 뒤섞다 mix up seldom 거의 ~ 않다 infrequently, rarely , hardly, scarcely simulated artificial, imitated 모조의, 가짜의 artificial slight * 사소한 small, minor , trivial, trifling sporadic ** 산발적인 infrequent, occasional, irregular, intermittent <-> regular standstill * 정지 complete stop , halt systematic methodical, organized 조직적인 methodical through by, by means of ~에 의하여 by versatile 다방면의 flexible, adaptable , all-around, many-sided voluble * talkative, loquacious, fluent <-> reticent 입심좋은, 유창한 1. slavery : 노예제도 2. dissect : 절단하다, 해부하다 3. distain : 변색시키다, 더럽히다 4. stride : 성큼 걷다 5. dismissal : 해고 6. mark : 영향 7. fabrication : 구성요소, 제작, 위조물 8. daycare center : 탁아소 9. execute : 사형시키다 10 . reminisce : 회상하다 23페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 47 amiable arduous ** ascend * atmosphere * awe * completely * cram ** dilemma * discharge enlist ** enterprise * escalate * estimate * green hand * friendly, amicable, genial, cordial <-> surly difficult , laborious ; strenuous <-> effortless climb, mount, go up <-> descend climb air, ambience, aura air amazement, surprise, wonder <-> scorn amazement totally, perfectly, entirely, utterly totally jam, stuff difficult situation, predicament , strait release, set free, liberate ; release release join in, enroll undertaking increase, intensify, mount, rise <-> diminish increase assess, evaluate, judge , value, appraise untrained worker apt, liable, prone , disposed slanted, tilted disordered, unintelligible disordered begin, create, pioneer cargo, load, freight cargo imaginative, creative , inventive <-> banal initial, primary, early, opening <-> last initial shocking, offensive, intolerable shocking represent, portray , depict initial, introductory, preparatory initial fascination , absorption, obsession protect, save, maintain , conserve, keep bright, vivid, brilliant , beaming, glowing investigate, study, examine, scrutinize investigate worship, veneration, homage, respect, awe <-> contempt invert correct, proper, appropriate <-> wrong irony, sarcasm irony seclude, separate, dissociate, disunite <-> mix seclude === Chapter 48 상냥한 힘 드는 ; 분투적인 올라가다 공기, 분위기 경외심 완전히 (쑤셔)넣다 곤경 해방시키다 ; 방출하다 입대하다 (모험적인)사업 차츰 확대되다, 오르다 평가하다 미숙한 사람 ~ 의 경향이 있는 inclined 경사진, 기울어진 incoherent * 두서 없는 innovate 시작하다 lading * 화물 독창적인 original ** 처음의 outrageous 지나친, 엄청난 picture ** 묘사하다 preliminary 서두의, 예비의 preoccupation * 몰두, 강박관념 preserve ** 보호하다, 보존하다 radiant ** 빛나는 research * 조사하다 reverence 존경 reverse 뒤집다 right 옳은, 적절한 satire * 풍자 segregate * 떼어놓다, 분리하다 unchangeable, unchangeable invariable, constant, steady, steadfast <-> unstable 안정된 stable * strong ** robust, 강한 robust mighty <-> weak tease irritate, bother, annoy <-> soothe 괴롭히다 tempting ** inviting, attractive, appealing, appetizing <-> repulsive 매력적인, 유혹하는 type ** kind, 유형 kind sort underlying * fundamental , basic, elementary 근원적인, 기저의 vein * blood vessel 정맥 1. disposal : 처분 2. mountainous : 산악성의 3. radical : 과격론자, 급진주의자 4. stream : 비치다 5. antioxidant : 산화방지제 6. craftsmanship : 훌륭한 솜씨 7. equality : 평등 8. choleric : 화를 잘내는 9. static : 정적인 10. stifle : 질식시키다, 억누르다, 진압하다 11. vehement : 격앙된, 열정적인 absolutely ** caption * categorize ** complicated * conflicting ** gratify * in operation * totally, 전적으로 totally utterly, completely title, heading 표제 title 분류하다 arrange in classes, classify, group , class complex, intricate <-> simple 복잡한 complex 상반(상충)되는 opposing, contrary , clashing <-> similar please, satisfy, appease <-> exasperate 만족시키다 please being used 실시 중의, 효력을 가지는 means, mechanism 수단, 방법 instrument * apparatus, appliance, tool, device 기구, 도구 intrude trespass, encroach, violate 침범(침해)하다 어조, (음악)조 tone key *** 필수적인, 중요한 essential, important, central legacy tradition, inheritance, heritage (전통적인) 유산 manufacture * make, build, construct, mass-produce (대규모로) 제조하다 make memorable notable, remarkable, noteworthy 기억할 만한, 인상적인 notable narrow taper ; limit <-> broaden 좁아지다 ; 한정하다 occasion * event, affair 행사, 사건 event occasional * 가끔의 infrequent , irregular, sporadic <-> recurrent oversee * supervise, manage, control 감독하다 supervise oversight mistake, blunder, slip, error 실수 peaceful * serene, tranquil, placid, quiet, calm <-> bellicose, choleric 평온한 serene peak ** 정점, 절정 summit, maximum, pinnacle, height , apex <-> nadir perforate pierce, punch, puncture, hole 구멍을 내다 pierce postulate ** 요구하다 propose, claim , necessitate, call for quit ** up, stop <-> start ; resign, retire 그만두다 ; 사직하다 give up reinforcement * support 보강, 지원군 remnant ** 잔재, 자취 trace, remain , relics remove ** 끌어내다, 제거하다 withdraw, extract, eliminate role 역할, 기능 function , duty, capacity shudder * tremor, shiver, quiver, shake 떨림, 전율 tremor spread out extend, broaden, stretch <-> condense 넓히다, 전개하다 strip * remove, divest, deprive 제거하다 remove tactile *** 촉각으로 알 수 있는 tangible, touchable temporary * 일시적인 makeshift, for a limited time , transient, transitory tendency ** 경향, 성향 trend, inclination , proneness, bent underpinning * foundation, basis 기초, 기반 unencumbered * free 방해 없는 version * translation ; variant, form 번역(물) ; 이형, 판 well-suited 적절한 adequate, appropriate whole * entire, total, full <-> fractional, partial 전체의, 완전한 entire wit 재치 humor 1. extraordinarily : 몹시, 엄청나게 2. primordial : 최초의 3. encyclopedia : 백과사전 4. obtrusive : 강요하는 5. implicit : 무언의, 함축된, 무조건의 6. exclaim : (감탄, 흥분하여) 외치다 24페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 49 === Chapter 50 pardon, forgive , exculpate, let off 사면하다, 용서하다 느긋한 leisurely, slow , easy <-> hard 교환하다, 교역하다 trade, exchange, swap strike, assault, assail 공격하다 strike 번식 reproduction , upbringing large, hulking, immense, gross, massive 거대한 large 묘사하다 represent, portray, picture , render, interpret 줄다 lessen, decrease, reduce , abate, shrink <-> intensify length, term, span 지속 기간 length stress, make much of, highlight <-> downplay 강조하다 stress superior, high, praised 고귀한 superior kindness, good-will <-> animosity 호의 favor * approval, blessing, approbation 찬성 approval fervor ** zeal, passion, ardor, enthusiasm <-> apathy 열정 zeal foliage * 잎 leaves foster rear, breed, nourish, raise 기르다 free * liberate, deliver, emancipate, release <-> bond 해방시키다 further * additional, extra, more <-> less 그 이상의, 여분의 additional guide * direct, lead, show, conduct, escort <-> distract 안내하다 direct inaction * 활동하지 않음 lack of action or activity <-> activeness incursion invasion, raid, foray 침입 invasion indispensable * 필수적인 essential, necessary , requisite <-> dispensable inimical ** 적대하는 unfriendly, hostile , antagonistic, opposed <-> simpatico intervention * influence, interference 간섭, 개입 influence merge * combine, unite, blend <-> separate 결합(융합)하다 combine pattern * design, figure 도안, 무늬 design permanent * lasting, constant, everlasting, perpetual <-> temporary 불변의, 영구적인 point * 요점 issue praise * acclaim, hail, laud, admire <-> blame 칭송하다 acclaim precarious 불확실한 ; 다루기 어려운 uncertain, unstable ; delicate , touchy prototype 원형, 모델 model rapidly * quickly, fast 급속히 quickly refine * improve, polish 다듬어 좋게 하다 improve rent * lease, let 임대하다 lease source * origin, derivation 근원, 출처 origin sparsely ** 희박하게 lightly, thinly <-> compactly standpoint * perspective, point of view 관점 perspective stint ** 절약하다 limit subsequently * 이후에 later, successively, afterward <-> prior terrestrial * earthly, worldly <-> celestial 지상의, 속세의 earthly unbridled * 억제되지 않은 unrestrained, unrestricted , uncontrolled <-> restrained 1. fence : 울타리, 담장 2. opponent : 반대자, 상대 3. puppet : 꼭두각시 4. guillemot : 바다비둘기 5. enlist : 입대하다 6. will : 유언, 유서 7. populate : 살다, 거주시키다 8. aristocrat : 귀족 praise, 갈채, 절찬 praise acclamation, applause, commendation <-> denouncement acclaim ** hail, praise, commend, applaud 격찬하다, 환호하다 hail active lively, brisk, energetic <-> inactive 활기찬 manage, conduct, execute, supervise 관리하다, 집행하다 administer ** give, deal 가하다 give avail * use, serve <-> harm 도움이 되다 be of use blossom flourish, bloom, thrive 번영하다 flourish cast * project, throw, hurl, pitch 던지다 project charge * 책임을 지우다 impose responsibility chiefly * 주로 mainly coherent ** 논리적인, 일관성 있는 logical, consistent <-> illogical count * matter, weigh, signify 중요하다 matter 인식할 수 있는 discernible * noticeable, detectable, observable, perceptible <-> imperceptible noticeable distinguished ** marked, prominent, eminent , renowned <-> unremarkable 두드러진 federate *** unite, amalgamate, consolidate 연합하다 unite frame make, shape, mold, produce 만들다 huge * massive, mammoth, gigantic, colossal <-> diminutive 거대한 massive inevitable ** 불가피한 certain, unavoidable , inescapable, fixed <-> avoidable inspire * 고무하다 motivate, fire the imagination of intention * willingness, aim, design, intent, purpose 의향, 의도 willingness livelihood * occupation, job, living 직업, 생계 make ** 만들다, 구성하다 create, constitute, form , compose mark ** 유명, 명성 ; 표시하다 note, notice , eminence ; label mechanism ** device, instrument , tool, apparatus ; means, method, technique도구 ; 방법 touch, affect, excite, impress 감동시키다 touch move ** pass, transfer, shift 나가다, 이동하다 pass oppress maltreat, persecute 억압(학대)하다 pronounced ** marked, significant, noticeable, distinct <-> insignificant 명백한, 뚜렷한 reward recompense, prize, compensation, redress 보답, 보상 ripe * mature, mellow, developed <-> callow 무르익은, 성숙한 mature roam * wander, ramble, rove, stroll, stray 배회하다 wander sheen ** luster, brightness 광채 luster situation condition, position, status 상태, 처지 slender thin, slim ; weak, fragile, delicate <-> obese 날씬한 ; 연약한 thin 급속하게 진행하다, 서두르다 speed * rapidly, hasten, race go rapidly sustenance * 음식, 양식 fare, food , nourishment understand ** 이해하다 comprehend, grasp, make head or tail of unparalleled * unique, matchless, unequaled, peerless, unrivaled 비길 데 없는 unique unquestionable * definite definite, absolute, incontrovertible, indisputable <-> doubtful 확실한 veneration admiration, adoration, reverence 존경 admiration 1. demise : 종료 2. durability : 내구성 3. signal : 신호하다 4. administration : 행정기관 5. influx : 유입 6. successive : 연속적인 7. dolorous : 비통한, 슬픈 8. halcyon : 평온한, 풍요로운 9. conversant : 정통한 10. kismet : 운명, 숙명 11. gauche : 투박한 12. garner : 긁어모으다, 얻다 absolve ambling ** barter ** bombard breeding bulky ** depict ** diminish * duration * emphasize * exalted * 25페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 51 === Chapter 52 attempt ** beneath * cohere ** collect * try, seek <-> accomplish 시도하다 abide * inhabit, 살다, 머물다 inhabit reside, remain <-> leave ~ 할 가치가 없는 accomplished * skilled, 숙련된 below <-> above skilled proficient 고수하다 apprehend * understand, 이해하다 adhere, stick , cling understand grasp, comprehend <-> misunderstand 모으다, 쌓다 average ** mean, 중수, 평균(치) build up, accumulate, gather , pile up <-> lose mean median count for nothing * be unimportant 중요하지 않다 blend * compound, fuse, combine , mingle <-> separate 섞다 creative * 창조적인 block * obstacle, 장애물 ; 막다, 방해하다 inventive, imaginative <-> unimaginative obstacle barrier, blockade ; prevent, prevent hinder disinterested * impartial, unbiased, fair, just <-> prejudiced 공정한 compel ** oblige, force , coerce, constrain 강요하다 impartial distinguishable * differentiated <-> unrecognizable 구별되는 constraint *** limitation , hindrance, confinement, restriction 제한, 제약 erudite logical, learned, educated, knowledgeable 학식 있는 couple * pair, 한쌍 logical pair brace, duo exceptionally unusually, extraordinarily, abnormally 유난히 disorder ** chaos, disorganization , mess, confusion 무질서 unusually final * 마지막의, 궁극적인 encounter meet, 마주치다 terminal, ultimate , conclusive <-> initial meet face <-> miss for the sake of * for the purpose of ~을 위하여 erroneous * incorrect, 잘못된 incorrect mistaken, false <-> accurate expertise ** art, craft, skill , mastery 전문 기술 impartial * disinterested , unbiased, unprejudiced, objective <-> partial 공정한, 공평한 impervious ** resistant, impenetrable 불침투성의 fame * renown, reputation , eminence, celebrity, honor <-> disgrace 명성 resistant impolite uncivil, rude, discourteous, coarse <-> polite, civil 무례한 found * create, 창설하다 create set up, establish <-> dismantle indifference unconcern, apathy, inattention <-> interest 무관심 imitate ** simulate, mimic, copy , reproduce, mock <-> originate 흉내 내다, 모방하다 induce * persuade, instigate, urge, prompt <-> check 설득하여 ~하게 하다 incredulous skeptical, doubtful, dubious <-> trustful 의심 많은 persuade inhabitant * 주민 in opposition to * counter to , con <-> in accordance with ~에 반대하여 citizen, resident , dweller, tenant jolt * shock, impact 충격 means ** method, way, process 방법 shock luminous 빛을 내는, 반짝이는 medium * means, 매개 bright, glowing, shining means instrument negligible * 하찮은 misleading * deceptive, 현혹시키는 insignificant , trivial, trifle, unimportant deceptive deluding, confusing obscure ** 애매한 onset * beginning, 시작 uncertain, dim, faint, unclear , indistinct <-> lucid beginning opening, outbreak <-> end omnipresent * 어디에나 존재하는 overwhelm * overpower, 압도(제압)하다 ubiquitous <-> limited overpower crush overpower * overwhelm, subdue, vanquish, subjugate 압도하다 phenomenon * occurrence, 사건, 현상 overwhelm occurrence appearance peculiar ** 색다른, 독특한 pinnacle * the highest point , top, peak <-> bottom 정상 strange, distinct, unusual, unique , eccentric <-> normal prohibitively * extremely, exorbitantly <-> mildly 엄청나게 pinpoint precise 정확한 extremely prophetic * 예언적인 pliable smoothly shaped, easy to shape, easily shaped 휘기 쉬운, 유연한 predictive proprietor * owner, landlord 소유주 rear * raise, 기르다 owner raise nurture, nurse protrude * 튀어나오다 repair mend, amend, fix, remodel 고치다 stick out, extend, stretch out <-> withdraw proximity * <-> distance 근접 residue * remain, remnant, remainder , dreg 잔여 nearness, closeness reliable trustworthy, dependable, credible <-> dubious 믿을 수 있는 scanty short, scarce, sparse , meager <-> plentiful 부족한 resort to * 의지하다 sense * meaning, 의미 turn to meaning signification, denotation, significance for, search for, pursue 찾다, 추구하다 shard fragment, 파편 look for fragment piece seek out, strive, attempt, essay 노력하다, 시도하다 substrate * substratum, 하층, 기저 try out substratum underlying layer <-> upper layer statue * 조각상 subtle * hardly perceived , imperceptible, elusive 알아채기 어려운, 미묘한 figure straight away immediately, right away 즉시 suitable *** appropriate, proper , fit 적절한 immediately string * series, chain 일련, 연속 tedious * tiresome, 지루한 series tiresome irksome, wearisome, monotonous <-> absorbing tangled * 뒤엉킨 toxic * poisonous, noxious , toxicant, venomous 유독한 twisted together <-> untangle telling * helpful, effective, valid, useful <-> ineffective 효과적인 ultimately ** eventually, in the end , finally, after all, at last 궁극적으로, 마침내 helpful ~을 쫓아가다; 진로를 관찰하다 universally track ** follow, chase, trace ; observe everywhere, 도처에, 널리 follow everywhere generally, invariably traditional * 통상적인, 전통의 usual *** typical, common, accustomed, familiar <-> unusual 흔한, 보통의 usual, customary , conventional 1. half-baked : 설익은, 미숙한 2. hale : 원기 왕성한 3. pompous : 과정된, 뽐내는 4. bromide : 케케묵은 말 underneath ** ~의 아래에 below, beneath <-> on 1. leery : 의심많은(=suspicious, wary) 2. perspicacious : 통찰력 있는 3. perspicuous : 명확한, 명쾌한 5. feudalism : 봉건주의 6. omnipotent : 전능의 7. precipitant : 곤두박질치는, 경솔한 ; 침전제 26페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 54 === Chapter 53 adjacent ** alter ** bare * near by, adjoining, neighboring <-> remote 인접한 acquisition purchase, 획득 purchase acquirement, attainment, procurement 변환하다 ancestor predecessor, 조상, 선조 modify, change, metamorphose , vary <-> fix predecessor antecedent, forefather, forebear uncovered, exposed, naked, nude <-> covered 노출된, 벌거벗은 capricious ** unpredictable , fickle <-> constant 변덕스러운 uncovered load 짐, 부담 collaboration cooperation , teamwork, alliance, association 협동 burden * tax, charge, load <-> exempt (짐, 부담 등을) 지우다 colonize inhabit, 살다, 정주하다 inhabit settle clout ** influence, pull, power 권력, 영향력 combine ** incorporate, mix , unite, join <-> part, alienate 통합하다, 결합시키다 influence commodity ** 상품 complete entire, 전체의, 완전한 goods, product , merchandise, ware entire total, whole, perfect 배열 ; (유사성질의)모임, 집합체 consequently * as a result, hence, thus, therefore 그러므로, 따라서 constellation * arrangement ; collection daunt 위압하다 continuity uninterrupted connection , flow, succession 연속성 intimidate , discourage, dishearten delight please, gratify, amuse, charm 기쁘게 하다 disadvantage drawback, 결점 please drawback handicap, flaw, defect deluxe 호화로운 dissemination spread, 보급, 전파 luxurious, lavish , opulent, rich spread distribution, circulation, diffusion 움푹 들어간, 내려 앉은 documented * recorded 기록된 concave, low , sunken depressed ** downcast, melancholy, gloomy <-> animated 우울한 excite ** stimulate, encourage , instigate, arouse <-> quiet 자극하다, 고무하다 downcast endless * limitless, incessant, perpetual, ceaseless 끝없는 extent ** scope, stretch , range, space 범위 limitless from time to time * now and then especially ** 특히 때때로, 이따금 notably, specifically , particularly forbid * ban, inhibit, prohibit, restrain <-> permit 금하다 fusion * union 통합 ban great ** 뛰어난 hunt * scour, 뒤지다, 찾다 outstanding, distinguished , magnificent <-> insignificant scour seek hold * include, contain, accommodate 수용하다 illicit ** unlawful, 불법적인 include unlawful illegitimate, illegal <-> licit image, idea, feeling, sense 인상 improper * unfit, inappropriate <-> apposite, germane 부적당한 image impression ** influence, impact, effect 영향, 효과 incessant * continuous, unceasing , everlasting, uninterrupted <-> transient 끊임없는 influence inherent * infrequent occasional ; rare <-> frequent 가끔의 ; 진기한 innate, built-in , congenital, natural, intrinsic <-> adventitious선천적인 instant * 순간 inhospitable * unfavorable, 비우호적인, 황폐한 moment unfavorable unfriendly, desolate in time ** 일찍 ; 결국 intact * undamaged, unaffected, complete , uninjured <-> defective 손상되지 않은 early <-> tardily ; eventually nocturnal * 야행성의 override * cancel, 무효로 하다 active at night <-> daytime cancel annul, nullify overall * 포괄적인, 전체의 pore * stare, 응시하다 general, total , comprehensive stare gaze process method, procedure, system 공정 profusion * abundance, 풍부 method abundance wealth <-> dearth reach area, expanse, stretch 구역, 범위 proponent ** advocate, supporter , partisan, adherent, disciple<-> opponent 지지자 area reciprocal * 상호적인 prospective ** future, 장래의 mutual future soon-to-be, likely remarkable ** 놀라운, 상당한 pure * clear, 흠없는, 결백한 incredible, significant , noteworthy clear clean, spotless, immaculate, routinely *** commonly, generally, habitually 일상적으로 rough ** uneven, rugged, bumpy , irregular <-> flat 울퉁불퉁한 commonly sizable * 꽤큰 stand for * symbolize, ~을 나타내다 large symbolize represent calm, motionless, stationary <-> nosiy 정지한, 조용한 stationary ** unmoving, motionless , immobile <-> moving 정지한 calm still ** 그럼에도 불구하고 submarine * underwater 해저의 nevertheless subdued * 가라앉은, 약해진 submerge plunge, inundate, immerse, submerse 물에 잠그다, 물속에 넣다 reduced <-> stimulated touching * 감동적인 surmise ** speculate, guess , suppose, conjecture, hypothesize 추측하다 moving <-> unimpressive trivial ** 사소한 suspect believe, 생각하다, 추측하다 frivolous, unimportant , insignificant, trifling <-> crucial believe consider, suppose, guess transfer * move, remove, relocate 이동하다 sustainable * endurable, 견딜수있는, 고갈되지 않는 move endurable bearable <-> unsupportable unintentionally * accidentally , casually, unconsciously <-> deliberately 무심코 unequaled ** matchless, 필적할 것이 없는 matchless unparalleled, peerless variation ** 변화 unsurpassed * superior, 비길 데 없는 variance, fluctuation , change, alteration superior superlative vociferous * 시끄러운 unwittingly * unintentionally 무의식 중에 noisy <-> quiet 1. ditch : 수로, 도랑 2. groan : 신음하다 3. querulous : 불평많은 4. interim : 임시의 5. suicide : 자살 urge compulsion, impulse, drive 충동 ~을 거의 고려치않고,~에상관없이 6. supple : 유연햔 7. valiant : 용맹스런, 훌륭한 8. from far : 멀리서 9. deficit : 적자 10 . quaint : 기이한 with little regard to with little attention to 1. nether ; 지하의/아래의 2. disaffected : 불만을 품은 3. connive : 공모하다 4. forte : 장기, 장점 11. quail : 움츠리다, 겁먹다 12. veto : 거부권 13. aim at : 겨냥하다 14. perseverance : 인내 27페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 55 === Chapter 56 abandonment * abuse desertion, 유기 ancient ** desertion forsakenness <-> reclamation misuse, lii-use ; maltreat, mistreat <-> esteem, honor 오용하다 ; 학대하다 annihilate ** to, adapt, suit, fit 적응시키다, 맞추다 antagonist adjust to accommodate ** lodge, make room for , hold, contain 수용하다 arrange * 공급하다 clutch provide for affront offend, insult, abuse <-> laud 모욕하다 contour * aggressive * 적극적인 ; 공격적인 contradictory forceful, pushing ; offensive, militant <-> unassertive as well as * 또한, ~ 뿐만 아니라 converse * in addition , also cardinal 기본적인 dependent * fundamental , primary, principal, essential cautious careful, prudent, discreet, wary 신중한, 조심스러운 depose * careful celebrate * commemorate, observe 축하하다 distress commemorate continuous * 연속적인 diverge * uninterrupted, unceasing , consecutive <-> interrupted 유래를 찾다 ; 끌어내다, 얻다 diversity * derive ** originate, trace ; obtain obtain, draw originate despite * notwithstanding ~에도 불구하고 divert dim ** 희미한 enable * obscure, faint, weak <-> bright disgusting * offensive, sickening, nauseating, displeasing 정말 싫은, 지긋지긋한 equilibrium offensive exposition * 전시,진열 exclusively exhibition , display, presentation extraneous * 부차적인, 관계없는 ferry * unneeded, unnecessary , irrelevant, unrelated<->integral 기르다, 부양하다 ; 먹이를 먹다 hole ** feed ** nourish ; graze happen occur, befall (사건이)발생하다 in fact impartially * fairly, without bias <-> prejudicially 공면정대하게 legitimate fairly indeed * 정말로 neat * in truth, in fact , surely, really innovation ** 새로이 채택(도입)한 것 notion ** novelty, new idea jeer scoff, mock, scorn, ridicule, sneer <-> toady 조롱하다 perennial noticed ** 주목받는 persecute observed nourish * feed, nurture, breed 기르다, 키우다 portion * feed outcome result, consequence, end, conclusion 결과 prestige * result paramount supreme, sovereign, chief, principal 최고의, 주요한 prized * ponder ** of, weigh, muse 심사 숙고하다 result ** think of prepare * ready, prime, arrange 준비하다 rich ** ready procurement ** 획득, 확보 series obtaining produce * yield, generate, procreate 생기게 하다 sole * yield propose * suggest, offer, proffer <-> withdraw 제안하다 stingy suggest prosperous * thriving, successful, flourishing <-> decrepit 번영하는 suggestion * thriving purpose ** 목적 supervise ** goal, aim, end, function , object scent ** 향기, 냄새 surmount * fragrance, perfume , odor spring up * 갑자기 나타나다 trade * suddenly arise , emerge <-> fade stubborn obstinate, dogged, rigid, persistent, headstrong <-> docile 완고한, 완강한 unchanged * subsistence * survival, existence, living 생존 underway * survival territorial * 영토의 uneven * of or relating to territory threatening *** 위협적인 uninterested * intimidating , menacing, aggressive 1. impeccable : 흠잡을데 없는 2. impudent : 뻔뻔스러운 3. brawls : 말다툼, 싸움 4. flip : (스위치를) 켜다 way 1. duel : 투쟁 5. Ill-bred : 버릇없이 자란 ; 잡종의 6. absurd : 불합리한 8. jeopardize : ~을 위태롭게 하다 28페이지 prehistoric, antique, old , aged <-> modern 고대의, 옛날의 remove, abolish, exterminate, eradicate <-> restore 전멸시키다 remove opponent, adversary, enemy, foe <-> supporter 반대자, 적 order, array <-> jumble 배열하다 order grasp, grab, grib, seize, snatch 꽉 붙잡다 grasp 윤곽 outline opposite, paradoxical, contrary, inconsistent 모순된 opposite, reverse 반대의 opposite reliant, relying on <-> autonomous 의존하는 reliant 쫓아내다 oust <-> inaugurate pain, agony, anguish, anxiety, torment <-> comfort 고통 separate, deviate <-> converge 갈라지다 separate 다양함 variety <-> homogeneity 전환하다 redirect, reroute , avert, deflect, switch ~을 가능케 하다 permit, allow , facilitate <-> hinder balance, evenness, stability, symmetric 평형 balance 오로지 only, entirely , solely, totally transfer, carry, convey, transport 수송하다 transfer pore, opening, cavity, hollow 구멍 pit, pore actually, precisely, really 사실상 actually legal, licit, valid <-> illegitimate 합법적인 lawful, legal orderly, trim, tidy <-> messy 정돈된, 단정한 opinion, view ; concept, general idea 의견 ; 개념 opinion 장기간 계속되는 persistent , constant, continual, long-lasting oppress, harass, molest, torment 박해하다, 괴롭히다 부분 part, segment , fragment, section status, influence, distinction 지위, 명성 status 높이 평가받는 outstanding, prominent, valued sequence, product , outcome, effect, consequence <-> origin 결과 비옥한, 풍부한 fertile, abundant , affluent, ample <-> destitute, sparse 일련, 연속 sequence, stiring , succession only, single, solitary 유일한 only parsimonious, miserly, mean <-> generous 인색한 암시 implication , hint, overtone 감독하다 direct, oversee , control, manage overcome, conquer 극복하다 overcome barter, exchange, swap 교역하다 barter 불변의 even <-> changing 진행 중인 continuing , in progress, already commenced rugged, bumpy 울퉁불퉁한 rough, rugged 무관심한 indifferent , unconcerned method, means 방법 method 2. trustee : 임원, 이사 3. wary : 경계하는 11. ruminate : 숙고하다, 반추하다 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 57 apply appreciate * available * capitalize on * consumption * detract * dimension * === Chapter 58 use, employ, utilize 사용(적용)하다 recognize, value, estimate <-> disapprove (진가를)인정하다 recognize 사용(이용) 할 수 있는 accessible, obtainable , usable (좋은 기회, 사실)을 이용하다 take advantage of use, waste <-> production 소비, 소모 use reduce, diminish, lessen <-> intensify (가치, 명성 등을) 줄이다 reduce 크기 size upright, vertical, perpendicular <-> recumbent 직립한, 수직의 erect * 세우다 build, construct , set up <-> demolish exceptional * abnormal, unusual, extraordinary <-> average 예외적인 abnormal express *** 표현하다, 나타내다 communicate, represent, disclose, reveal <-> hint expressly definitely, clearly <-> vaguely 명백히, 확실히 fit adjust, customize, modify, shape 적응시키다, 맞추다 adjust habitual * 습관적인, 평소의 customary, regular , usual, accustomed <-> sporadic harness ** 이용하다 utilize 믿기지 않는, 그럴 듯하지 않은 implausible ** unbelievable , improbable institute ** 수립하다, 설립하다 establish, start <-> abrogate juncture ** 연결 connection , junction long desire, crave, yearn, pine 바라다 desire mysterious * puzzling, mystic, inscrutable 불가사의한, 신비한 puzzling obsolete ** 안쓰이는 ; 시대에 뒤진 unused, out of use ; out of date, outdated <-> current omit *** 제외하다 exclude owing to * ~ 때문에 because of point out indicate, show 가리키다, 지시하다 indicate prevail ** 이기다, 압도하다 triumph, dominate , master, overcome recede ** withdraw, retreat <-> proceed 물러나다 withdraw reluctant ** unwilling, disinclined, loath, averse 꺼리는 unwilling search, hunt, seek 탐색하다, 찾아다니다 search scour * rub, polish, scrub, srape 문질러 닦다 signal indicate, beckon, sign, gesture 신호하다, 신호로 알리다 indicate silhouette 윤곽을 그리다 outline slightly somewhat, a little 약간, 조금 somewhat extend, lengthen <-> shorten 늘리다 extend stretch * reach, expanse, extent 범위, 널리 퍼진 지역 area, reach surrounding * 주변 환경 environment , condition, situation, atmosphere (영향을)받기쉬운, 감염되기 쉬운 susceptible * prone, vulnerable , liable, subject to <-> invulnerable tout praise, hype, ballyhoo 크게 선전하다 praise trifling ** 하찮은 trivial, unimportant , petty turbulence 동요, 혼란 agitation, tumult , commotion, turmoil unsuitable * unfit, improper, unseemly, inappropriate <-> proper 부적당한 unfit void useless, ineffectual, vain <-> useful 쓸모없는 wielding * using, exerting, exercising (권력 등을) 행사하는 using 1. controvert : 논쟁하다 2. improvident : 선견지명이 없는, 절약치 않는 3. malicious : 악의적인 clear, obvious, evident , conspicuous, plain <-> obscure 명백한 apparent ** seeming, likely, probable 외견상, 그럴듯한 seeming appreciable *** noticeable noticeable, detectable 눈에 띄는 ardent ** 열정적인 enthusiastic, passionate, fervent , intense <-> composed authentic genuine, true, real, bona fide 진짜의 genuine authorize empower, accredit, commission, enable 권위를 부여하다 empower broad appeal ***wide 폭넓은 인기 wide popularity capture ** 붙잡다, 포획하다 seize, catch , snare (의도하는 방향으로) 돌리다 channel direct, guide, convey direct cherish 소중히 여기다 value, prize , treasure, esteem comprehensive **complete complete, extensive, far-reaching 포괄적인 complete convince * persuade, assure, induce <-> discourage 확신시키다, 설득하다 persuade crust * exterior, surface, outer layer <-> endothelium 표면, 외피 execute * perform, achieve, transact 수행하다 expect ** 기대(예상)하다 predict, anticipate , await, reckon on figure * amount, number 수치, 합계 amount fragrant * aromatic, perfumed, savory <-> fetid 향기로운 aromatic gainful ** 벌이가 되는 profitable , paying, lucrative gap * opening, hole, break 틈, 구멍 opening given ** 정해진 particular, specified incisive penetrating, biting, acute, sharp <-> maundering 예리한, 신랄한 irreversible * permanent, irrevocable <-> reversible 되돌릴 수 없는 permanent locale ** 장소 place ooze ** (물, 공기)등이 새다 seep, pass through slowly penetrate * 관통하다, 스며들다 go through, pierce, enter , permeate pervade * spread, permeate, penetrate 널리퍼지다,~에 스며들다 spread phase * period, stage, step 시기, 단계 period pinion ** 깃털 feather, plumage pitiful pitiable, pathetic, piteous 불쌍한 predicament ** difficult situation, dilemma , plight 곤경 sanction * approval, permission, ratification <-> interdiction 허가, 승인 approval snatch * seize, grab, clutch (와락) 붙잡다 seize subjective * personal, individual <-> objective 개인적인 personal sweat * 땀 perspiration therefore * 그 결과 consequently , accordingly, hence, thus, thence trap * pitfall, snare, lure, bait 함정, 덫 difficult, complicated, problematic 어려운, 까다로운 tricky * cunning, sly, astute, wily <-> dull, candid 교활한 unique ** 특유의, 독특한 particular, distinct, original unrestricted * unlimited, unbridled <-> restricted 제한이 없는 unlimited vice * wickedness, evil <-> virtue 악 wickedness win obtain, gain, procure, earn, acquire <-> lose 얻다 1. left-over : 나머지 2. Hominid : 인류, 인간 3. exactitude : 정확함 4. suffrage : 투표권 5. envoy : 특사 29페이지 http://cafe.daum.net/Toeflhackers === Chapter 59 abundant ** plentiful, ample, bountiful <-> scarce keen, sharp, poignant, penetrating <-> blunt severe, critical, dire severe in, accept, receive <-> shut out let in === Chapter 60 풍부한 예리한 acute * 심한, 심각한 admit * ~을 들이다 association, affiliation * association relationship, connection, alliance <-> opposition 결연, 제휴 arrangement ** configuration, structure 배열 assault * attack, 공격하다 attack aggress, assail <-> defend, protect bias * prejudice <-> justness 편견 civil polite, courteous, civilized <-> uncouth 예의 바른 coalesce combine, unite , amalgamate, fuse, merge 합체하다, 연합하다 coat cover, 입히다, 칠하다 cover apply, smear, spread congenial favorable, 친절한, 호의적인 favorable pleasant, affable, agreeable, friendly contaminate pollute, stain, corrupt <-> purify 오염시키다 course *** progression, process 진행, 진전 debatable * questionable , arguable, disputable <-> incontrovertible 논쟁의 여지가 있는 determine * calculate, 확인,단정하다; 결정내리다 calculate figure ; decide, decide resolve, settle, judge devoid ** free from, empty , destitute, void <-> full ~가 없는(부족한) domestic *** home, 가정의 home family, household dominated governed, controlled , directed, 지배되는 exercise ** practice, use 실행하다, 행사하다 exhibit ** display, set forth, show, present, demonstrate 보여주다, 나타내다 extol * applaud, laud, exalt, commend <-> decry 칭찬하다 feasible ** possible, viable , workable, practicable <-> impossible 실행할 수 있는 flexible ** pliable, adjustable, adaptable , plastic <-> rigid 융통성 있는, 유연한 global * worldwide, 세계적인 worldwide universal, ecumenical listen to, consider, pay attention to <-> disregard 주의하다 heed *** attention, notice, caution 주의 inquiry * scrutiny, examination , investigation, research 조사 issue * matter, 논점 matter point, question potential ** prospective, possible , latent, dormant <-> actual 가능성 있는, 잠재적인 potentially * possibly 아마도 prone ** tending, susceptible , inclined, disposed ~하는 경향이 있는 share * portion, 몫 portion part, allotment status ** standing, prestige , position, rank 지위 strength ** force, power , might <-> weakness 힘 tempt attract, decoy, lure, induce, allure <-> discourage 유혹하다, (마음을) 끌다 urgent * pressing, 긴급한 pressing imperative, exigent utilize * employ, 이용하다 employ make use of vaguely *** unclearly, 불분명하게 unclearly ambiguously, indefinitely vigorous ** strong, energetic , tough, sturdy <-> lethargic 힘찬, 강력한 vow * pledge, 서약 pledge promise 1. allegedly : 이른바 2. workfare : 노동자 재교육 3. noncommittal : 애매한 4. commensurate : 비례한 5.. consummate : 완전한, 교양있는 6. enmity : 적의 7. inclement : 무자비한 8. increment : 증가 a great deal * added * albeit allow * antecedent * apart from application * augment avenue *** cease * clean ** cumulate demise detest dilute disrupt ** diverse * drill * ease * empty ** engaged ** engrossed even ** exceed ** exude ** extreme * imprecise inauspicious * mask ** merit * perspective ** predominantly prey * recast * skip submit sustain ** trace ** urban 1. aghast : ~에 30페이지 a lot, 많음, 많이 lot in abundance <-> not many extra, additional, supplemental 여분의, 추가의 extra although, even though, notwithstanding 비록 ~ 이지만 although enable, permit, let <-> reject 허용하다 enable predecessor, ancestor <-> descendant 선조 predecessor ~을 제외하고 except for use, employment, appliance 이용 use 증가시키다 add, increase means, channel 수단 means halt, terminate 중지하다 stop, halt unstained, clear, pure <-> dirty 깨끗한 살균의, 위생적인 hygienic, antiseptic up, accumulate, amass, collect 쌓아 올리다, 모으다 build up end, fall, death, decease 멸망, 서거 end 혐오하다 strongly dislike , hate, abominate, abhor reduce, thin, weaken 묽게 하다, 약화시키다 reduce 중단시키다, 혼란시키다 interrupt, interfere with, upset 다양한 dissimilar, varied , various, manifold <-> identical practice, exercise 연습, 훈련 practice alleviate, relieve, mitigate <-> aggravate 완화시키다 alleviate 텅빈 vacant, hollow , void, unoccupied, blank <-> full busy, occupied 바쁜 busy 몰두한 absorded, occupied , preoccupied flat, level, horizontal, plane <-> uneven, rugged 평평한 flat 한결같은 unchanging, constant 능가하다 go beyond, surpass , have a greater number than release, emit, give off 방출하다 release 극심한, 극닫적인 intense, excessive , ultimate, unreasonable <-> moderate inexact, inaccurate, loose 부정확한 inexact 불길한 unfavorable, ominous <-> favorable 가장하다, 감추다 disguise, camouflage, pretend, cover value, worth, excellence <-> fault 가치, 장점 value view, prospect, vista 전망 주로 primarily, mainly , predominately 희생자 victim 고쳐 만들다 transform spring, jump, leap 깡충 뛰다 yield, surrender, obey <-> resist 복종(굴복)하다 support, bear, uphold 지탱하다 support 유지(지속)하다 maintain, continue <-> abandon 자취, 흔적 imprint, vestige , mark, sign civic, municipal <-> rural 도시의 깜짝 놀라 2. din : 큰 소음 3. floccinaucinihilipilification : 부( ) 따위의 경시

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