Lesson 1
Minerals and Rocks
Lesson 2
Soil
Lesson 3
Fossils and Energy
Lesson 4
Air and Water
What are Earth’s resources?
mineral
luster
hardness
sedimentary rock
igneous rock
metamorphic
rock
rock cycle
What are minerals?
Minerals are made
up of elements.
A mineral is a solid, natural
material made from nonliving
substances in the ground.
What are the shapes of a mineral?
Mica
Topaz
Amethyst
What is the rock cycle?
The changing of
rocks over time
from one type to
another is called
the rock cycle.
weathering
deposition
pressure
and heat
magma
and lava
igneous
rock
sedimentary
rock
metamorphic
rock
What are igneous and sedimentary rocks?
Igneous rocks form
when magma or lava
cools and hardens.
Pink granite
Obsidian
Sedimentary rocks are made of
different materials that have been
compacted and cemented together.
What are metamorphic rocks?
Metamorphic rocks form from another
kind of rock under heat and pressure.
Main Idea
How are minerals and rocks
similar and different?
Both rocks and minerals are
natural objects made in Earth.
Rocks are made from minerals.
Vocabulary
________________
is a measure of how well a
Hardness
mineral resists scratching.
The changing of rocks over time from one type
to another is called the ________________.
________________
Metamorphic rock is a rock that forms when
sedimentary and igneous rocks change under
heat and pressure without melting.
A ________________ is a solid, natural material
made from nonliving substances in the ground.
hardness
metamorphic rock
mineral
rock cycle
Vocabulary
A rock that forms from sediment is called
__________________.
Igneous rock
__________________
forms as lava cools
and hardens.
Luster
__________________
is the way a mineral
reflects light from its surface.
igneous rock
luster
sedimentary rock
Sequence
Rank topaz, talc, and calcite from
hardest to softest on Mohs’ scale.
The Mohs’ scale ranks hardness
from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
topaz
calcite
talc
End of Lesson
soil
soil horizon
humus
topsoil
pollution
conservation
What is soil?
Soil is a mixture of bits of rock and bits of
once-living parts of plants and animals.
How is soil used?
Soils in different places have different properties.
Most of the United States is covered
by three types of soil: forest soil, desert
soil, and grassland and prairie soil.
How is soil conserved?
Methods of
conserving soil:
• fertilizing
• crop rotation
• strip farming
• contour plowing
• terracing
• wind breaks
• laws
• individual efforts
• education
Main Idea
What is soil?
Soil is a mixture of once-living and
nonliving things; weathered rock
and decayed plant and animal parts.
Vocabulary
Topsoil
____________
is the top layer of soil, rich in
humus and minerals.
The preservation or protection of natural
resources, including soil, is called
____________.
Soil
____________
is a mixture of bits of rock and
bits of once-living parts of plants and animals.
conservation
soil
topsoil
Vocabulary
Each layer of soil is called a ____________.
Humus
____________
is the part of the soil that is
made up of decaying organic materials.
Pollution is the addition of harmful
____________
materials to the soil, air, or water.
humus
pollution
soil horizon
Summarize
Describe the methods used to
protect soil from erosion by water.
strip farming
terracing
Methods used
to protect soil
Summary
from erosion
by water.
contour
plowing
End of Lesson
fossil
fossil fuel
relative age
absolute age
era
nonrenewable
resource
renewable
resource
alternative energy
source
What are fossils?
Fossils are the remains or traces of ancient
organisms preserved in soil or rock.
How old are fossils and fossil fuels?
Fossils and fossil fuels can be millions of years old.
limestone
lava
shale
sandstone
flint
How are fossil fuels used?
The stored energy in fossil
fuels can be used to do work.
How can the Sun, wind, and water make energy?
The energy in wind and moving water can be
used to move machines and make electricity.
What are other sources
of alternative energy?
• nuclear energy
• geothermal energy
• biomass
How can we conserve energy?
Turn of lights when
you leave the room.
Turn of electronic
equipment when
you aren’t using it.
Use water-conserving
showerheads and
take shorter showers.
Turn hot water off
when you aren’t
using it.
Carpool or use
public transportation
whenever you can.
Turn the heat down or
air conditioning up
when you aren’t home.
Insulate windows and
doors to prevent heat
loss.
Main Idea
What do people get from
ancient organisms?
People get clues to Earth’s
history and fossil fuels.
Vocabulary
An _____________________ is a unit of time
measured in millions of years.
A _____________________ is a material that
formed from the decay of ancient organisms
and is used today as a source of energy.
nonrenewable resource is one that can
A _____________________
be used up faster than it is made.
The _____________________ is the age of
a fossil in years.
nonrenewable
absolute age era
fossil fuel
resource
Vocabulary
Any source of energy other than fossil fuel is
alternative energy resource
called an ________________________.
relative age
The _______________________
of a rock is how
old it is compared to another rock.
Fossils
_______________________
are the remains or traces
of ancient organisms preserved in soil or rock.
renewable resource
A _______________________
is a living or nonliving
resource that can be replaced naturally.
alternative
relative renewable
fossils
energy resource
resource
age
Fact or
Opinion
Describe one solution to the
problem of decreasing oil
supplies due to the use of cars.
• hybrid cars
• alternative
fuels
• ride bicycles
everywhere
End of Lesson
reservoir
aquifer
smog
ozone
What are sources of fresh water?
snow
streams
reservoir
dam
river
well
aquifer
How do we use water?
34%
11%
Key:
thermoelectric power
48%
5%
irrigation
water company
business
wells
2%
How do we clean, conserve, and protect water?
lake or reservoir
coagulation
sedimentation
filtration
disinfection
storage
How do we use and pollute air?
Particles of pollutants build up in the air.
These particles are produced when
fossil fuels or trash are burned.
How do we protect air?
Planting trees
can lower
carbon dioxide
levels and
reduce air
pollution.
Main Idea
Why are air and water important resources?
Life on Earth depends on both
air and water for survival.
Vocabulary
Smog is a type of air pollution that is caused by
________
particles that are produced when fossil fuels are burned.
An ________ is an underground layer of rock or soil
that has pores and is capable of absorbing water.
A ________ is an artificial lake that is built to store water.
________ is a form of oxygen that protects living things
on
Earth’s surface from dangerous energy from the Sun.
Ozone
aquifer
ozone
reservoir
smog
Main Idea
and Details
List three ways you can
conserve fresh water.
fix leaky
faucets
How to
conserve
fresh water
save
rainwater
take shorter
showers
End of Lesson