CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
1.
CONFLICT PARTIES ............................................................................................... 4
A.
B.
2.
Parties .............................................................................................. 4
1.
Primary Parties .......................................................................... 4
2.
Secondary Parties ...................................................................... 4
3.
Other Interested Parties ............................................................. 5
4.
Intervening Parties ..................................................................... 5
Relationship/Power/Resources ......................................................... 5
CONFLICT HISTORY .............................................................................................. 6
A.
B.
Continuum of Relationships .............................................................. 6
1.
Competition ................................................................................ 6
2.
Tension ...................................................................................... 6
3.
Conflict ....................................................................................... 6
4.
Crisis .......................................................................................... 6
Past Relationship Between Parties ................................................... 7
1.
Significant Events ...................................................................... 7
3. CONFLICT CONTEXT ................................................................................................ 7
A. Level of Conflict ................................................................................... 7
1.
Individual .................................................................................... 8
2.
Societal ...................................................................................... 8
3.
National ...................................................................................... 8
4.
International ............................................................................... 8
B. Multiple Levels ..................................................................................... 9
1. Political and economic structures .................................................. 9
2. Media ............................................................................................ 9
C. Cultural Aspects................................................................................... 9
1. Attitude towards conflict/Perception of History .............................. 9
4. PARTY ORIENTATION ............................................................................................. 10
A. Determining Issues and Objectives.................................................... 10
1. Circle of Conflict .......................................................................... 10
2. Basic Human Needs ................................................................... 12
1
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
5. CONFLICT DYNAMICS............................................................................................. 13
A. Behaviour Styles ................................................................................ 13
1. Conflict Styles ............................................................................. 13
B. Conflict Events ................................................................................... 13
1. Precipitating Events .................................................................... 13
2. Issue Transformation .................................................................. 14
3. Polarization ................................................................................. 14
C. Action-Reaction Processes ................................................................ 15
1. Conflict Spiral .............................................................................. 15
Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 16
2
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
INTRODUCTION
There has been ongoing tension between local residents on Cronulla beach, Sydney and
Commented [JH1]: When? Now? In the past? The reader
doesn’t really know what time frame you are talking about,
the Lebanese gangs, due to them engaging in activities that disturbed other users of the
Commented [JH2]: Not clear who ‘them” is.
Cronulla beach, such as kicking soccer-ball into people, littering (Poynting, 2006) and
confronting Anglo-Saxon Australian females regarding their clothing (Jackson, 2006).
Since then other events, such as the ‘September 11’ and Bali bombings further escalated
Commented [JH3]: When is “then”?
the tension (Reporting Diversity, 2005). As a result, ‘The Cronulla Riots’ was the
Commented [JH4]: You would need to add a brief
explanation of why these events escalated the tension.
culmination of prolonged ongoing tension and events and to a certain extent was fuelled
by the media (Poynting, 2006).
The Shay Bright Conflict Mapping Chart will be employed to analyse all aspects of ‘The
Cronulla Riot’, namely in five main components: Conflict Parties, Conflict History, Conflict
Context, Party Orientation and Conflict Dynamics. This analysis can potentially enable
accurate diagnosis of the cause(s) of this complex conflict, which is crucial for the process
of effective resolution and potentially preventing of the re-occurrence of similar conflicts.
3
Commented [JH5]: Good.
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
1. CONFLICT PARTIES
A. Parties
1. Primary Parties
Primary parties are characterised by their active and direct engagement in the
conflict (Bright, 2015) and are directly affected by the outcome of the conflict
(Burgess, 2004). The primary parties in general have incompatible goals (Bright,
Commented [JH6]: Or perceived
2015) and will attempt to prevail through fighting behavior (Burgess, 2004), which
Commented [JH7]: May / are likely. Primary parties might
also choose negotiation or persuasion.
could include force or violence.
The primary parties in the ‘The Cronulla Riots’ are:

The two Anglo-Saxon Australian surf lifeguards and the group of twenty
‘Lebanese’, a term for new Muslim migrants from Middle East (Lattas,
2007), youths who assaulted them on Sunday, 4
th
December, 2005.
Commented [JH8]: Isn’t the term Lebanese people used to
describe people from Lebanon?
Commented [JH9]: Not clear who “them” is.
(Jackson, 2006)

The 5 Lebanese males and the group of Anglo-Saxon Australians who
assaulted them on first day of riot, 11th December, 2005 (Jackson, 2006).

Some Anglo-Saxon Australians in Cronulla, Maroubra and Woolooware
and the group of Lebanese young men who assaulted them in the
Commented [JH10]: Good identification of primary parties.
retaliatory attacks (Jackson, 2006).
2. Secondary Parties
Secondary parties are usually indirectly involved with the conflict (Bright, 2015).
However, these parties can be allies or supporters of the primary parties and are
indirectly affected by the outcome of the conflict (Burgess, 2004). In some cases,
the secondary parties, during the progression of the conflict, can potentially
Commented [JH11]: Good,
become primary parties (Wilmot & Hocker, 2011).

The Lebanese community who attended the retaliatory attack gathering,
but was not involved in any attacks. Those attendees who later engaged
Commented [JH12]: Good point!
in the actual attacks became primary parties.

The Anglo-Saxon Australian community who attended riot day, but did not
engage in the attacks. Those attendees who later engaged in the attacks
Commented [JH13]: Good!
became primary parties.

Local residents/business owners (including both the Anglo-Saxon and
Lebanese community), and visitors of Cronulla beach.
4
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots

Some individuals working in the media sector that sided with either the
Anglo-Saxon or Lebanese community. For example, Radio show host,
Alan Jones, who sided with the Anglo-Saxon Australian surf lifeguards and
not only spoke negatively of Lebanese people, but also likely to have
encouraged violence towards Middle Eastern group (Bodey, 2007).
3. Other Interested Parties
Other interested parties usually shows a strong interest and have an opinion on
the resolution process (Wilmot & Hocker, 2011). These parties, during the
progression of the conflict, could potentially be drawn in by the primary parties
and become secondary parties (Burgess, 2004). The interested parties were the
media, Australians (includes both Anglo-Saxon and Lebanese community),
Commented [JH14]: Good.
politicians and the rest of the world who watched Australia.
4. Intervening Parties
The intervening parties are usually neutral and act as mediators or peacekeeping
forces, who could potentially intervene to facilitate resolution and de-escalation.
The main intervening party was the police force, religious and community leaders
Commented [JH15]: Good identification of all parties.
from the Lebanese community (Reporting Diversity, 2005).
B. Relationship/Power/Resources
The primary parties have incompatible interests or are competing for resources,
therefore their relationship are of a competitive and destructive nature (Wilmot &
Hocker, 2011). The primary parties in this conflict have limited power, the only
potential power they possess is personal power and communication skills (Wilmot
& Hocker, 2011), which could potentially have assisted in summoning the vast
number of people that attended the riot day and retaliatory event. The surf lifeguards
also possess social power (Consultancy, 2015), which is power to potentially
influence the actions and feelings of the community, as they are volunteer lifeguards
Commented [JH16]: Good.
they have a higher social status.
The secondary party, Alan Jones, being a popular radio program host also possess
social power coupled with access to a powerful resource, radio broadcast that can
reach a high number of the general public.
5
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
Other secondary parties, the Anglo-Saxon Australians who are the supporters of the
surf lifeguards that attended the riot and the Lebanese individuals who attended the
retaliatory event are supports of those Lebanese males that were assaulted. As the
conflict escalated, some of the individuals from both these groups became primary
Commented [JH17]: Good points made.
parties and engaged in assaults and damaging properties.
2. CONFLICT HISTORY
A. Continuum of Relationships
1. Competition
Competition between some individuals from the Cronulla local residents and
Lebanese youths started when the Lebanese youths went to the beach in groups,
engaging in activities that disturbed other users of the Cronulla beach, such as
kicking soccer-ball into people, littering (Poynting, 2006) and confronting AngloCommented [JH18]: It would be interesting to see if
Lebanese youths would agree with this or if they would think
that competition for them started much earlier and their
behavior was just a reaction to what they perceived as
competition…
Saxon Australian females regarding their clothing (Jackson, 2006).
2. Tension
Ongoing tension due to differences in personal identity and competing for
recreational space on Cronulla beach. Little conflicts between the local residents
of the Cronulla beach, lifeguards, Anglo-Saxon Australian females and the
Commented [JH19]: This is not a full sentence.
Lebanese youths added to the tension gradually.
3. Conflict
The conflict arose when there was a dispute when the Lebanese youths started
playing soccer on the beach and disturbed others, so the lifeguards on duty
intervened and asked them to stop playing soccer. This caused unease tension
between the two parties, which later led to the two parties engaging in verbal
insults towards each other and resulted in violence, assault of the lifeguards.
4. Crisis
The assault on the lifeguards by the Lebanese youths sparked anger in the AngloSaxon community and triggered the riots, which led to the assaults of a few
individuals from the Lebanese community. The first day of riot accompanied by
6
Commented [JH20]: And what happened during “the riots”.
Best to mention with a few words.
Commented [JH21]: What is “a few”
Commented [JH22]: We need to acknowledge that we make
this assumption based on the information provided. We do not
know if crisis stage was reached at an earlier point for the
Lebanese youths.
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
rumours via SMS, such as the death of a Lebanese young woman in Cronulla
from an assault and that the groups in Maroubra will come to the aid of Cronulla
community, fuelled the already angry Lebanese community (Jackson, 2006). As
a result, the Lebanese community launched a series of retaliatory attacks.
B. Past Relationship Between Parties
The analysis of significant events that affected the past relationship between the
parties could potentially assist in the understanding of their current relationship
(Bright, 2015).
Commented [JH23]: I wouldn’t have fully deleted the
Sydney Gang Rapes, but would have mentioned them briefly,
including a sentence or two about the media responses to
them.
1. Significant Events
September 11th attacks, which happened in 2001, where the Islamic terrorist
group of Middle Eastern origin crashed several passenger airplanes into
symbolic United States landmarks (Davidsson, 2013). Following the attacks,
there were rising suspicion of Middle Eastern individuals potentially having
linkage to the Islamic terrorists group or is part of the group (Houston, 2014).
This mentality grew in many Australians, including those in Cronulla, as a result,
they could potentially see Middle Eastern individuals as a threat to their safety.
Bali bombings, which happened in the year 2002, where the Islamic terrorist
of Middle Eastern origin sent suicide bombers to set off bombs in multiple areas
within Bali. 202 individuals were killed (majority being Australians) and 240
individuals injured (Tucker, 2011). With the majority of the casualties being
Australians, this could potentially influence Australians to think that the Islamic
Middle Eastern group specifically targeted Australians. This event further
increased the fear of personal safety for many Australians, including those in
Commented [JH24]: Good.
Cronulla.
3. CONFLICT CONTEXT
A. Level of Conflict
In order to gain further understanding, the complex conflict will be segmented into
different levels, which include, the individual, societal, national and international
levels, this can potentially assist in gaining insight into how the different levels
interlink or affect each other (Kotev, 2012).
7
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
1. Individual
The conflict between the surf lifeguards and the group of Lebanese youth is
interpersonal, where there could potentially be two resources that are perceived
as limited, including power and self-esteem (Wilmot & Hocker, 2011). The parties’
lack of self-esteem might encourage their need to assert personal power, including
force, in an attempt to change the opinion or views of the other party towards them
in order to reinstate their sense of identity or self-image.
2. Societal
The individuals in the trigger event, the surf lifeguards and Lebanese youths,
belong to two different ethnic communities within the society, Anglo-Saxon
Australians and Lebanese, respectively. The arise of these two different collective
identities based on ethnicity were due to ongoing tensions and past events being
portrayed or perceived as ethnicity-based, accompanied by stereotyping and
polarisation of the parties involved.
3. National
These communities are governed on a national level by the Australian government.
After ‘The Cronulla Riot’, the government responded by implementing new policies,
such as, giving police new powers to be able to seize cars and mobile phones,
close license premises and prohibit alcohol in lock-down zones. A new offence was
imposed, regarding violence during riots and sentencing of riots participants were
increased to deter the reoccurrence of similar events ("Police get the power,"
2005).
4. International
Australia attracted much attention on the international level via media coverage,
specifically relating to the issue of racism. The attention could potentially influence
how the government addresses the conflict, such as taking an avoidance stance
and denying that there might be potential racism issues. The media coverage of
‘The Cronulla Riots’ sparked international concerns and queries of whether
Australia is still a tolerating, multicultural country, which is what Australia is known
for (Babacan & Babacan, 2007). To a certain extent Australia’s multicultural image
was damaged in the world’s eyes (The Jakarta Post, 2005).
Commented [JH25]: Good points made in the paragraphs
above.
8
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
B. Multiple Levels
1. Political and economic structures
Racism is a very sensitive issue globally, which can potentially have severe
negative effects on the nation’s public image. Within the national level, Australia
is of a democratic political structure, and since the re-election of politicians is
dependent on the votes of Australians, the way in which the conflict is addressed
Commented [JH26]: Interesting point.
may be affected.
2. Media
Australia being a country that embraces freedom of speech fostered a highly
influential media group. The power of the media should be consider in this conflict
as it potentially can influence the progression of the conflict. The media, to
increase their ratings, could potentially attempt to prolong the conflict or fuel the
Commented [JH27]: Really good point.
conflict to create headlines.
C. Cultural Aspects
1. Attitude towards conflict/Perception of History
Under one of the Islamic law, Qisas, the Muslim Lebanese community are
allowed to perform revenge, therefore their attitude towards conflict is in the form
of retributive justice, based on punishments that resembles an eye for an eye
rather than rehabilitation (Phillip, 2015). Whereas, for the Anglo-Saxon
community their society structure involves rehabilitation. However, the behaviour
of individuals might differ to that of their society’s norm due to their personal
experiences and past interactions with others.
9
Commented [JH28]: This is not the best source to use for
such a big statement. I would have tried to find a reliable peerreviewed journal article to back this up. And I would have
phrased more carefully since you are not a Lebanon expert.
Commented [JH29]: Why? Where did you get this idea
from?
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
4. PARTY ORIENTATION
A. Determining Issues and Objectives
1. Circle of Conflict
a. Value Conflict
The primary opposing parties in ‘The Cronulla Riots’ belong to two different
ethnic groups with vastly different values. The Lebanese community’s religious
background (Islamic) provides guidelines of how females should behave,
namely their clothing should be conservative. Religion is also the heart of the
Lebanese community, therefore any criticism or attack towards the Islamic
religion could spark emotional reactions. Whereas, the Australian community
values perceives the beach as a national symbol and the surf lifeguards are
highly respected, therefore any disruption or disrespectful activities on the
beach or towards the surf lifeguards might spark adverse reaction from the
Commented [JH30]: Good.
Australian community (Poynting, 2006).
b. Relationship Conflict
Both the ethnic communities have strong emotions when the issue relates to
their values. The conflict involves individuals of different ethnicity, the different
communities were stereotyping and forming misperception of the opposing
ethnic community. For example, negative behaviour or actions of individuals
from each ethnic group can be used to stereotype the whole ethnic community.
The repetitive negative behaviour of Lebanese youths on Cronulla beach
fostered ongoing tension and relationship conflict. As for the Anglo-Saxon
community, instead of leaving the conflict matters in the hands of the local
authority, as retaliation or an attempt to prevent more conflicts, they resorted
to intimidating and insulting the Lebanese youths (Jackson, 2006).
c. Data Conflict
Lack of information and misinformation could potentially have been caused by
the channel and methods of how the information were circulated. For example,
individuals involved with the conflict and their immediate supporters might only
share information that will gain them more supporters. Whereas, the media
could report in a biased manner and portray the conflict in a subjective way.
Other data conflict that arose were the rumours that were spread as the conflict
progressed, such as a Muslim young girl died from injuries at Cronulla and
10
Commented [JH31]: Could be explained a bit more what this
means. Otherwise good.
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
some groups were planning to bomb the Lakemba Mosque (Jackson, 2006).
These rumours added fuel to the already angry Lebanese community and
Commented [JH32]: Good.
gathered even more people.
d. Interest Conflict
Lebanese youths and Surf Lifeguards
The interest of the Lebanese youths are mainly emotional interests, they want
people to respect them, accept who they are (including their origin, religion and
values). Their substantive interests are to be able to use the beach for their
recreational purposes, such as soccer and for locals to a certain extent to follow
their values, such as how females should dress, to show that they are
embracing them as part of the community and potentially an apology from the
lifeguards who insulted them. The interest of the lifeguards are mainly
Commented [JH33]: Start new paragraog and use subheading.
substantive, that they want peace and order on the beach, for the users of the
beach to respect each other’s rights of the recreational use of the beach and
also an apology from the insults made by the Lebanese youths. The lifeguards’
emotional interests are they want respect, appreciation and acknowledgement,
especially in their volunteer time as lifeguards on the beach. The interest
conflict arise due to different views on how the beach should be used and the
parties emotional interest were not met by the other and neither parties would
Commented [JH34]: Good.
step back or apologise, all this led to the assault.
Anglo-Saxon Community and Lebanese Community
The main interest of both the Anglo-Saxon and Lebanese community that
attended the riot, is personal safety, when the issue relates to safety, which is
a basic human need, there is limited space for negotiation (Burton, 1990). The
emotional interests of both communities are similar in that they want to be
respected and substantive interests is to reinstate the safety of individuals
within their community and potentially to a certain extent an apology from the
other community and to make promises that the violent behaviour will not
happen again. The interest conflict of the two community arise from both
communities feeling disrespected and since there was no intention of any
Commented [JH35]: Good.
apologies, they resorted to revenge by violence.
11
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
The cause of interest conflict, which is related to basic human needs, are
further analysed below.
2. Basic Human Needs
a. Safety/Security
On the societal level, after the violent outbreaks, the interest of both ethnic
community is to ensure the safety of their community, free from threats from
the opposing parties.
b. Identity
Recognition of different identities between the communities is also essential
that is individuals should not feel deprived of expressing their own identity. For
example, white Australian females and their beach attire should not be
restricted due to the Lebanese youths having a different view on the identity of
females.
c. Cultural security
Another basic need is cultural security, in particular in this conflict the need for
recognition of the ethic community’s traditions, religion and cultural values. For
example, on riot day the comments towards the Islamic religion will send fear
through the Lebanese community for their freedom in practising their religion.
As for the Anglo-Saxon Australian community, the beach is seen as a national
icon and the lifeguards are highly respected, therefore inappropriate behaviour
(e.g. disturbing the peace) on the beach or assault of the lifeguards will be
Commented [JH36]: Good points made.
seen as an attack on Australian pride.
12
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
5. CONFLICT DYNAMICS
A. Behaviour Styles
1. Conflict Styles
The conflict style that the primary parties employed is competing, where the
parties take a rigid stance in their aspirations and will potentially attempt to
persuade or force, such as intimidation, threats and violence, the other parties to
give-in (Ogunyemi et al., 2011). For example, the conflict between the Lebanese
youths and lifeguards started with verbal insults and later the Lebanese tried to
save face and protect their self-esteem by the violent assault of the lifeguards.
Commented [JH37]: This is your interpretation?
The Anglo-Saxon Australian community that supported the lifeguards then
gathered 5,000 people to attend the riot in order to reclaim the beach. The
Lebanese community then gathered and launched a series of retaliatory attacks
to revenge and to force the Anglo-Saxon Australian community to ensure they
respect their community and religion in the future.
B. Conflict Events
1. Precipitating Events
The triggering event that caused major conflict escalation in ‘The Cronulla Riots’,
is the assault of the Australian surf lifeguards.
Two Lebanese youths walked into the middle of the Anglo-Saxon Community,
which sparked verbal conflict and led to Anglo-Saxon Community assaulting them.
Another precipitating event was two Lebanese males arrived at the train station
and the Anglo-Saxon Community swamped the station, entered the carriage,
which the Lebanese males took refuge in and assaulted them. In both events, the
Commented [JH38]: Since these are single events, I am not
sure if I would have mentioned them as precipitating events…
police had to intervene to stop the violence and the conflict de-escalated.
The assaults on the first day of riot against the Lebanese males caused anger in
the Lebanese community, which led to a series of retaliatory attacks. Since the
community in Cronulla asked the community in Maroubra for help via SMS, an
Anglo-Saxon group, Maroubra was targeted as a warning for them to not get
involved (Jackson, 2006).
Rumours were spread via SMS, regarding the death of a Lebanese young woman
escalated the conflict, fuelling the already angry Lebanese community and the
13
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
rumour regarding a planned bombing of the Lakemba Mosque caused the
gathering of even more individuals from the Lebanese community. Lebanese
religious and community leaders intervened and attempted to de-escalate the
situation by asking people who was around the mosque to go inside and pray.
Commented [JH39]: Reference?
The major de-escalation event was when the local surfing community involved in
Sunday’s riot apologised to the Lebanese Muslim community and the apology
was accepted by the representatives from United Muslims of Australia (Reporting
Commented [JH40]: Good.
Diversity, 2005).
2. Issue Transformation
Collective Identity – As the conflict escalated, there was an increase in both ethnic
group’s cohesiveness. For example, both ethnic groups foster an increased
negative perception of the other group. Some of the individuals even fabricated
false rumours of events, which did not happen in an attempt to intensify the hatred
towards the opposing group.
Stereotype – The conflict caused stereotyping that is the generalisation or
assumptions of the characteristics of a particular group, often driven by actions of
individuals that belong to the same group (Spears, 1997). For example, the
behaviour of the Lebanese youths on the beach caused the Anglo-Saxon
Australian community to stereotype all Lebanese individuals disrespect the
Australian culture, eroding the Australian pride and in general are troublemakers.
Whereas, the behaviour of Anglo-Saxon Australian community on riot day caused
the Lebanese individuals to stereotype all Australians as racist and disrespectful
to their religion and culture.
Selective Perception – Selective perception is where individuals selectively
decides to only notice the negative behaviour of others (Ellis & Newton, 2005). For
example, the two ethnic groups selectively choose to see the negative behaviour
of the other, but neglect to see their own negative behaviour during the conflict.
3. Polarization
After the trigger event, the Anglo-Saxon Australian community sided with the
lifeguards and attended riot day. After the assaults that happened on the first day
14
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
of riot against a few Lebanese youths, the Lebanese community sided with them
Commented [JH41]: Good points made.
and launched a series of retaliatory attacks.
C. Action-Reaction Processes
1. Conflict Spiral
The parties involved in ‘The Cronulla Riots’ fostered escalation of the conflict by
employing heavier tactics compared with those of the initial party. The initial party
then take even heavier tactics, as a result forming a conflict spiral. For instance,
the conflict between the Lebanese youths and lifeguards started with verbal insults
and later the Lebanese tried to save face by the violent assault of the lifeguards.
The Anglo-Saxon Australian community that supported the lifeguards then
Commented [JH42]: Same as above. Is this your
interpretation? I would leave the “whys” out if you can’t back
them up with a reference.
gathered 5,000 people to attend the riot to show their anger, which resulted in
violent assaults. The riot led to the Lebanese community a series of retaliatory
Commented [JH43]: This is a bit repetitive.
attacks as revenge.
Conclusion
To conclude, a conflict map was used to analyse the causes and many aspects of ‘The
Cronulla Riots’ which can potentially assist in understanding the conflict and prevention
Commented [JH44]: This is a very short and not very
meaningful conclusion. Better to summarize the main points
made above.
of similar events happening in the future.
15
CONFLICT ANALYSIS – Cronulla Riots
REFERENCES
Commented [JH45]: I would have loved to see some more
academic resources relating to conflict analysis, such as the
readings used in the subject.
Babacan, A., & Babacan, H. (2007). New racism and fear: the Cronulla riots and racial
violence in Australia.
Bodey, M. (2007). Jones guilty of breach over Cronulla riots comments. The Australian.
Retrieved from www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/jones-guilty-of-breachover-cronulla-riots-comments/story-e6frg6nf-1111113320313
Bright, S. (2015). The Conflict mapping Chart. Retrieved from http://www.inmediation.eu/wp-content/uploads/file/ConflictMapping.pdf
Burgess, H. (2004). Parties to Intractable Conflict. Beyond Intractability. Retrieved from
http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/parties
Burton, J. (1990). Conflict Resolution and Prevention. New York: St. Martins Press.
Consultancy, B. (2015). Power and its role in conflict. Retrieved from
http://www.breakthrough.ie/articleissues/powerroleconflictvol3no2.htm
Davidsson, E. (2013). Hijacking America's Mind on 9/11 : Counterfeiting Evidence:
Algora Publishing.
Ellis, R. D., & Newton, N. (2005). Consciousness & emotion: agency, conscious choice,
and selective perception (Vol. 1). Amsterdam;Philadelphia;: John Benjamins Pub.
Houston, M. (2014). Sensitive documentary examines the Cronulla riots. Retrieved
from http://www.theleader.com.au/story/2761080/sensitive-documentaryexamines-the-cronulla-riots/?cs=1507
Jackson, L. (2006). Cronulla riots: Riot and Revenge. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2006/s1590953.htm
Kotev, S. (2012). The Nested Theory of Conflict Explained. Retrieved from
http://www.stephenkotev.com/2012/01/12/the-nested-theory-of-conflict-explained/
Lattas, A. (2007). ‘They Always Seem to be Angry’: The Cronulla Riot and the Civilising
Pleasures of the Sun. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 18(3), 300-319.
doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.2007.tb00098.x
Ogunyemi, D., Tangchitnob, E., Mahler, Y., Chung, C., Alexander, C., & Korwin, D.
(2011). Conflict styles in a cohort of graduate medical education administrators,
residents, and board-certified physicians. Journal of graduate medical education,
3(2), 176-181. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-10-00184.1
Phillip, A. (2015). Iran carries out an 'eye for an eye' punishment -- literally: The
practice, based on the principle "qisas" in Sharia law, is exceptionally rare in Iran.
Washington: WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post.
Police get the power. (2005). The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.smh.com.au/news/general/police-get-thepower/2005/12/15/1134500952647.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1
Poynting, S. (2006). What caused the Cronulla riot? Race & Class, 48(1), 85-92.
doi:10.1177/030639680604800116
Reporting Diversity. (2005). The Cronulla riots –the sequence of events. Retrieved
from http://www.reportingdiversity.org.au/cs_four.pdf
Spears, R. (1997). The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. Cambridge,
Mass: Blackwell.
The Jakarta Post. (2005). Cronulla Beach riots make waves in Asia Pacific, p. 1.
Tucker, S. (2011). Bali Bombings. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Wilmot, W. W., & Hocker, J. L. (2011). Interpersonal Conflict (8th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
16